353 Phys - CH7 - 3 PDF

353 Phys - CH7 part3
353 PHYS
Page 1
The Time independent Schr

Schrdinger Equation
h2 2
+V = i h
2m
t
TimeTime-dependent Schr
Schrdinger wave eq

353 PHYS
Page 2
TimeTime-independent Schr
Schrdinger equation

stationary .
V
) V ( x, t ) = V ( x
:
h2 2
=
+ V ( x)
t
2m x 2
)(1
) (RHS
) x t
ih
) (LHS
t
353 PHYS
Page 3
separation of variables
) ( x , t ) = ( x )T ( t
) (x ) T(t .
:
)(2
h2 2
]) [ ( x)T (t )] + V ( x) ( x)T (t ) = ih [ ( x)T (t

2m x 2
t
etc
Total
partial derivative
)(3
Page 4
2
d 2
=
(
x
)
T
(
t
)
T
(
t
)
[
]
dx 2
x 2
h
d
dT
T 2 + V ( x) T = ih
2m dx
dt
2
353 PHYS
)(4
h 2 d 2
dT
T 2 + V ( x ) T = ih
2m dx
dt
1 dT
h 2 1 d 2
+ V ( x) = ih
2
T dt
2m dx
x t
x t E) E (
)(5
)(6
1 dT
=E
T dt
ih
h 2 1 d 2
+V (x ) = E
2m dx 2

.
E
353 PHYS
Page 5
dt
iE
t
h
)(7
dT iE
=
T
h
= ln T
1 dT
=E
T dt
dT iE
T = h dt
ih
T (t ) = e i ( E / h )t
) (E/ .
:
(E/) 1/s
unit of E=unit of /s =J.s/s=J
J.s/s=J
E )(J
E
E=
)(8
Page 6
T (t ) = e iEt / h = e i t
353 PHYS
)(6
h 2 1 d 2
+V (x ) = E
2m dx 2
) (6 :
)(9
h 2 d 2
+V (x ) = E
2m dx 2
) (TISE :
)(10
)(11
)(12
d 2 2m
+
[ E V (x )] = 0
dx 2 h 2
2m
[ E V (x , y , z )] (x , y , z ) = 0
h2
2 (x , y , z ) +
H = E
353 PHYS
Page 7
) (TDSE :
( x, t ) = ( x )T (t ) = ( x )e iEt / h

Page 8
353 PHYS
SUMMARY
)(TISE
h2 2
+ V ( x, t ) = ih
2
2m x
t
P ( x, t ) dx = ( x, t ) dx = * ( x, t ) ( x, t ) dx
2
Probability
normalization
=1
)(TISE
) dx ( x, t
= ) dx P ( x, t
h 2 d 2
)+ V ( x) ( x) = E ( x
2m dx 2
( x, t ) = ( x )T (t ) = ( x )e iEt / h
:

353 PHYS
Page 9
TISE
d 2 2m
+
[ E V (x )] = 0
dx 2 h 2
)V(x
) (1 V(x) = V0 = 0
d 2 2m
+
E = 0
dx 2 h 2
:
2mE / h 2
N .
(x) = Ne i
) (2 V0 E > V0
(x) = Ae ikx + Be -ikx = A ' sin kx + B ' cos kx
Page 10
) 2m (V o E
h2
= k
A, B, A .
A, B
B
353 PHYS
) (2 V0 E > V0
d 2 2m
+
[ E V (x )] = 0
dx 2 h 2
) 2 m ( E V o
d 2
= k
+ k 2 = 0
2
h2
dx
(x) = Ae ikx + Be -ikx = A ' sin kx + B ' cos kx
A, B, A .
A, B
B
353 PHYS
Page 11
) (3 V0 E < V0
d 2m
+
[V 0 E ] = 0
dx 2 h 2
2
) 2 m ( E V o
h2
= k
d 2
k 2 = 0
2
dx
( x ) = Ce k 2x + De k 2 x
C,D .

:
) (1 discrete energy states
.
Page 12
353 PHYS

Applications: simple systems
Potential wells
Stationary states
atoms (crude model)
electrons in metals (surprisingly good model)
Potential barriers
Tunnelling
radioactive decay
Potential steps
Scattering
Boundary conditions at a potential discontinuity
353 PHYS
Page 13
Boundary conditions at a potential discontinuity

(1) The wavefunction,
wavefunction, , is continuous
(2) The gradient , d/dx,
/dx, is continuous
(x )
=0
when x = 0
353 PHYS
x =0
x =L
=0
when x = L
Page 14
The Infinite Square Well potential

V ( x) =
x < -a/2 or x > a/2
-a/2 < x < a/2
For a/2 < x < a/2 the general solution is still
(x) = Asinkx + Bcoskx
k=
where
2mE
h
(x) = 0 at x = a/2
What are the boundary conditions ?
Asin(-ka/2) + Bcos(-ka/2) = 0
Asin(ka/2) + Bcos(ka/2) = 0
adding, we find
2Bcos(ka/2) = 0
subtracting we find
2Asin(ka/2) = 0
Since we require that A or B be different from zero, we get two classes of solutions:
Class One: A = 0, cos(ka/2) = 0
Class Two:B = 0, sin(ka/2) = 0
(x) = Bcos(kx)
ka/2 = /2, 3/2, 5/2,
kn = n/a, n odd
(x) = Asin(kx)
ka/2 = n
kn = n/a, n even 0.
En =
p n2 h 2 k n2 2 h 2 n 2
=
=
2m
2m
2 ma 2
353 PHYS
Page 15
En =
p n2 h 2 k n2 2 h 2 n 2
=
=
2m
2m
2 ma 2
consider E1: This is the lowest energy the particle

cannot have zero energy basically due to the uncertainty
principle. Equivalently, there must be zero-point energy
because there must be zero-point motion
Note alternating parity! (again)

353 PHYS
compare classical (dashed) with QM

Page 16
353 PHYS
Page 17
The Square Well potential

V ( x) =
V0
x < -a/2 or x > a/2
-a/2 < x < a/2
What do we expect classically ?

If E < V0 then classically (i) the particle will be bound
to the well, if E V0 particle is free
Many systems can be approximated with a square well
potential (i.e. many closely space ions in a line)
The general solution of Schrdingers equation inside the well is
( x ) = Ae ik x + Be ik x
I
2mE
h
k1 =
where
Alternatively, the two independent solutions can be written as
(x) = BcoskIx and (x) = AsinkIx
so the general solution is
(x) = AsinkIx + BcoskIx

Outside the well, for E < V0, we have
II
( x ) = Fe
What can we immediately say about D and F ?
353 PHYS
II x
x < -a/2
k II x
x > a/2
( x ) = Ce k x + De k
k II x
+ Ge
k II =
2m(V0 E )
h
Both zero
Page 18
As usual, the relations between A, B, C, and G are determined by the continuity of and
d/dx at x = a/2
So, we now have 4 equations and only 4 unknowns this is a problem. Why ?
We need to leave one constant free for amplitude (and so we can satisfy the normalization condition)
To solve this, we treat the total energy as an additional constant that can be adjusted as necessary
(where we will find that E can only take on certain values )
The general solution to the square-well potential is quite complex and involves a transcendental
equation see Appendix H
three bound eigenvalues
three bound eigenfunctions
Note alternating parity!

353 PHYS
Page 19
Before moving onto the next section, it is instructive to consider what happens as we let V0 becomes
very large
moderate height
infinite height
353 PHYS
Page 20
10
The Barrier potential

V ( x) =
So whats a barrier potential ?
V0
0<x<a
x < 0, x > a
Classically what do we expect for particle traveling in the +x direction towards x = 0 ?

If E < V0, particle bounces back, if E > V0, particle passes barrier, slow down in 0 < x < a, speed up x > a
Quantum mechanically we find tunneling through the barrier when E < V0, with a probability which
(a) increases as E - V0 increases and (b) decreases as a increases.
(b) We will also find that inside the barrier (x) decays exponentially.
In the next section we will consider several tunneling phenomena in detail
in this section we solve Schrdingers equation for (x)
Looking first at the regions x < 0 and x > a, what are the general solutions ?
( x) =
Ae ik1 x + Be ik1 x
Ce ik1x + De ik1x
x<0
where
x>a
k1 =
2mE
h
And since there is no particle moving in x > a towards x < a, what can we say about D ?
D=0
What info do we need before we can write down the general solution for the region 0 < x < a ?
Whether E < V0 or E > V0
Weve already examined both cases lets start with E < V0
So whats the general solution in the region 0 < x < a with E < V0 ?
( x) = Fe k x + Ge + k x
2
k2 =
where
2m(V0 E )
h
What are our continuity conditions ?
353 PHYS
Page 21
A+B=F+G
ik1(A - B) = k2(-F + G)
Ce ik1a = Fe k2 a + Ge + k 2 a
ik1Ce ik1a = k 2 {Ge + k 2 a Fe k 2 a }

As expected, we have indeed 4 linear equations in the 5 unknowns A, B, C, F, and G.
To solve, first express F and G in terms of A and B, then C in terms of A and B, then finally B in terms of A
What does * look like ?
For T we find T =
v1C * C
e k2a e k2a
= 1 +
v1 A * A 16 ( E / V0 )(1 E / V0 )
and if k2a >> 1 then
T 16
sinh 2 k 2 a
= 1 +
4( E / V0 )(1 E / V0 )
E
E
1 e 2 k 2 a
V0 V0
T decreases exponentially with increasing barrier width a. The last two results provide the
essence of barrier penetration or tunneling phenomena, which are purely quantum mechanical
353 PHYS
Page 22
11
The Step potential: energy > step height

First question: what happens to a classical particle ?
A particle moving in the +x direction will simply slow
down at x = 0, from v1 = p1/m = [2E/m]1/2 to
v2 = p2/m = [2(E - V0)/m]1/2
What happens to a wave ?
A wave traveling in the +x direction and passing from the first medium to the second medium will be
partially reflected and partially transmitted
So, the quantum mechanical interpretation for a particle would be ?
The particle has a certain probability T of being transmitted and a probability R = 1 T of being reflected
The general solution here is, of course, the same as for the x < 0 part of the E < V0 case, who remembers ?
( x) =
Ae ik1 x + Be ik1x
Ce ik 2 x + De ik 2 x
x<0
x>0
where
k1 =
Noting - the physical meaning of each term

- that the particle is moving from x <0 towards x > 0
- that there is no particle moving in x > 0 towards x < 0
2mE
h
and k 2 =
2m( E V0 )
h
What can we say about D ?

D=0?
And from the continuity of (x) at x = 0 what constraint do we have ? A + B = C

What do we get from the continuity of d(x)/dx at x = 0 ? ik1(A B) = ik2C
A B = k2/k1 C
353 PHYS
Page 23
Adding these two equations we get
k C k +k C
A = 1 + 2 = 1 2
k1 2 k1 2
C=
2k1
A
k1 + k 2
And subtracting
k C k k C
B = 1 2 = 1 2
k1 2 k1 2
B=
k1 k 2
A
k1 + k 2
For x 0, what does the first term represent ?

incident particle
and the second term ?
( x) =
reflected particle
For x 0, what does the only term represent ?
transmitted particle
So, what does P(x,t) = * look like ?
k1 k 2 ik1 x
e
k1 + k 2
2 k1 ik 2 x
A
e
k1 + k 2
Ae ik1 x + A
x0
x0
choosing
k1 = 2k2
x 0: combination of a traveling plane wave

+ oscillatory standing wave
x 0: traveling plane wave
The reflection coefficient R is
R=
B * B k1 k 2
=
A * A k1 + k 2
is < 1 when k2 < k1 (E > V0 )

353 PHYS
The transmission probability is

woops! Why doesnt T equal
T = 1 R =
4k1k 2
(k1 + k 2 )2
C *C
A* A
C *C
?
A* A
Page 24
12
353 PHYS
Page 25
353 PHYS
Page 26
13

GOOD LUCK FOR EVERY 106 Phys
STUDENTS
106
353 PHYS
Page 27
14

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353 Phys - CH7 part3

The Time independent Schr

353 Phys - CH7 part3

]) [ ( x)T (t )] + V ( x) ( x)T (t ) = ih [ ( x)T (t

353 Phys - CH7 part3

353 Phys - CH7 part3

353 Phys - CH7 part3

(x) = Ae ikx + Be -ikx = A ' sin kx + B ' cos kx

353 Phys - CH7 part3

353 Phys - CH7 part3

Boundary conditions at a potential discontinuity

353 Phys - CH7 part3

The Infinite Square Well potential

x < -a/2 or x > a/2

-a/2 < x < a/2

For a/2 < x < a/2 the general solution is still

(x) = Asinkx + Bcoskx

What are the boundary conditions ?

Class Two:B = 0, sin(ka/2) = 0

consider E1: This is the lowest energy the particle

Note alternating parity! (again)

compare classical (dashed) with QM

353 Phys - CH7 part3

The Square Well potential

x < -a/2 or x > a/2

-a/2 < x < a/2

What do we expect classically ?

Alternatively, the two independent solutions can be written as

(x) = BcoskIx and (x) = AsinkIx

so the general solution is

(x) = AsinkIx + BcoskIx

353 Phys - CH7 part3

three bound eigenfunctions

Note alternating parity!

353 Phys - CH7 part3

The Barrier potential

So whats a barrier potential ?

Classically what do we expect for particle traveling in the +x direction towards x = 0 ?

Weve already examined both cases lets start with E < V0

What are our continuity conditions ?

ik1Ce ik1a = k 2 {Ge + k 2 a Fe k 2 a }

What does * look like ?

and if k2a >> 1 then

353 Phys - CH7 part3

The Step potential: energy > step height

Noting - the physical meaning of each term

What can we say about D ?

And from the continuity of (x) at x = 0 what constraint do we have ? A + B = C

Adding these two equations we get

For x 0, what does the first term represent ?

x 0: combination of a traveling plane wave

is < 1 when k2 < k1 (E > V0 )

The transmission probability is

353 Phys - CH7 part3

353 Phys - CH7 part3

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