8.1.2.7 Lab - Using The Windows Calculator With Network Addresses
8.1.2.7 Lab - Using The Windows Calculator With Network Addresses
8.1.2.7 Lab - Using The Windows Calculator With Network Addresses
Objectives
Part 1: Access the Windows Calculator
Part 2: Convert between Numbering Systems
Part 3: Convert Host IPv4 Addresses and Subnet Masks into Binary
Part 4: Determine the Number of Hosts in a Network Using Powers of 2
Part 5: Convert MAC Addresses and IPv6 Addresses to Binary
Background / Scenario
Network technicians use binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers when working with computers and
networking devices. Microsoft provides a built-in Calculator application as part of the operating system. The
Windows 7 version of Calculator includes a Standard view that can be used to perform basic arithmetic tasks
such as addition, subtract, multiplication, and division. The Calculator application also has advanced
programming, scientific, and statistical capabilities.
In this lab, you will use the Windows 7 Calculator application Programmer view to convert between the binary,
decimal, and hexadecimal number systems. You will also use the Scientific view powers function to determine
the number of hosts that can be addressed based on the number of host bits available.
Required Resources
Note: If using an operating system other than Windows 7, the Calculator application views and functions
available may vary from those shown in this lab. However, you should be able to perform the calculations.
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Step 1: Click the Windows Start button and select All Programs.
Step 2: Click the Accessories folder and select Calculator.
Step 3: After Calculator opens, click the View menu.
What are the four available modes?
Standard, scientific, programmer, statistics.
Note: The Programmer and Scientific modes are used in this lab.
Click the Hex (Hexadecimal) radio button. Which characters are activated on the number pad now?
__________________A - F_______________________
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Click the Hex radio button to change to Hexadecimal mode. Which hexadecimal character (0 through 9
or A to F) represents decimal 15? ____________F___________
g. As you were switching between the numbering systems, you may have noticed the binary number 1111 is
displayed during the conversion. This assists you in relating the binary digits to other numbering system
values. Each set of 4 bits represents a hexadecimal character or potentially multiple decimal characters.
h. Clear the values in the window by clicking C above the 9 on the calculator keypad. Convert the following
numbers between the binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbering systems.
i.
Decimal
Binary
Hexadecimal
86
01010110
56
175
10101111
AF
204
11001100
CC
19
0001 0011
13
77
0100 1101
4D
42
0010 1010
2A
56
0011 1000
38
147
1001 0011
93
228
1110 0100
E4
As you record the values in the table above, do you see a pattern between the binary and hexadecimal
numbers?
_____________________________Binary always have more number than hexadecimal.______
_________________________________
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Part 3: Convert Host IPv4 Addresses and Subnet Masks into Binary
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addresses and subnet masks are represented in a dotted decimal format
(four octets), such as 192.168.1.10 and 255.255.255.0, respectively. This makes these addresses more
readable to humans. Each of the decimal octets in the address or a mask can be converted to 8 binary bits.
An octet is always 8 binary bits. If all 4 octets were converted to binary, how many bits would there be?
___________32_____________
a. Use the Windows Calculator application to convert the IP address 192.168.1.10 into binary and record the
binary numbers in the following table:
Decimal
Binary
192
11000000
168
10101000
00000001
10
00001010
b. Subnet masks, such as 255.255.255.0, are also represented in a dotted decimal format. A subnet mask
will always consist of four 8-bit octets, each represented as a decimal number. Using the Windows
Calculator, convert the 8 possible decimal subnet mask octet values to binary numbers and record the
binary numbers in the following table:
c.
Decimal
Binary
00000000
128
10000000
192
11000000
224
11100000
240
11110000
248
11111000
252
11111100
254
11111110
255
11111111
With the combination of IPv4 address and the subnet mask, the network portion can be determined and
the number of hosts available in a given IPv4 subnet can also be calculated. The process is examined in
Part 4.
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192.168.1.10
11000000.10101000.00000001.00001010
255.255.248.0
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
Because the first 21 bits in the subnet mask are consecutive numeral ones, the corresponding first 21 bits
in the IP address in binary is 110000001010100000000; these represent the network portion of the
address. The remaining 11 bits are 00100001010 and represent the host portion of the address.
What is the decimal and binary network number for this address?
__192.168__________11000000.10101000_________________________________________________
______________________
What is the decimal and binary host portion for this address?
___1.10_________00000001.00001010____________________________________________________
________
Because the network number and the broadcast address use two addresses out of the subnet, the
formula to determine the number of hosts available in an IPv4 subnet is the number 2 to the power of the
number of host bits available, minus 2:25
Number of available hosts = 2
b. Using the Windows Calculator application, switch to the Scientific mode by clicking the View menu, then
select Scientific.
c.
d. Input 11. Click =, or press Enter on the keyboard for the answer.
e. Subtract 2 from the answer by using the calculator if desired.
f.
11
In this example, there are 2046 hosts are available on this network (2 -2).
g. If given the number of host bits, determine the number of hosts available and record the number in the
following table.
Number of Available Host Bits
30
14
16382
24
167772414
10
1022
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Subnet Mask
Number of
Available
Host Bits
Number of
Available
Hosts
255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
24
16777217
255.255.240.0
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
20
1048574
255.255.255.128
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
25
33554430
255.255.255.252
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
30
1073741822
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
16
65534
Convert the MAC address into binary digits using the Windows Calculator application.
__________0111-1000-0010-1011-1100-1011-1001-0111-0110-1011-1001-1110______________
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Hexadecimal
Binary
2001
00100000.00000001
0DB8
00001101.10111000
ACAD
10101100.10101101
0001
00000000.00000001
0000
00000000.00000000
0000
00000000.00000000
0000
00000000.00000000
0001
00000000.00000001
Reflection
1. Can you perform all the conversions without the assistance of the calculator? What can you do to make it
happen?
___________I can, but it will take 10 years to do it_______________________________
2. For most IPv6 addresses, the network portion of the address is usually 64 bits. How many hosts are available
on a subnet where the first 64 bits represent the network? Hint: All host addresses are available in the subnet
for hosts.
__________18446744073709551614_________________________________________________________
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