rhJ Re;j H rpq;

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,e;j pa mg;N gh];j yd; rhJ Re;j H rpq;

1889 - 1929
nkd;ikahd MilapD}Nl gdpf; FspuhdJ gha;e;J nfhz;bue;jJ. fw;fSk; Kl;fSk; mtuJ
fhy;fisf; fpopj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jd. vd;whYk; gdpahy; %ba kiyfs;kPJ mtH ele;J nfhz;Nl
,Ue;jhH. mtUila ,uj;jk; frpAk; ghjq;fs; mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ntz;ikahd gdpapd;kPJ
mbr;Rtl;il Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jd. xuplj;jpy; mtH cl;fhHe;J jd; fhy;fspd; Gz;fisf; fl;l
Muk;gpj;jhH. mt;topNa mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhf te;j xUtH mtiug; ghHj;J epd;W mtNuhL Ngr
Muk;gpj;jhH. Iah vg;gb ,Uf;fpwPHfs;? vd;W Nfl;lhH. mjw;F vd;Dila mUik ,ul;rfuhk;
,NaR fpwp];Jtpy; ehd; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpNwd; vd;W rhJ re;jH rpq; gjpy; $wpdhH.
Vd; ePq;fs; ,uj;jk; frpAk; ntWk; fhy;fshy; kiykPJ ,t;tpjkhfg; gazk;nra;aNtz;Lk;?
fy;thup rpYitapNy jk; fhy;fspy; ,uj;jk; rpe;jpd mtiu kf;fSf;Ff; fhz;gpg;gjw;fhf
,t;tpjkhfr; nry;fpNwd; vd;W gjpyspj;jhH.
rpYitapy; miwAz;l ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; ew;nra;jpia jpngj; ehl;bw;F ,d;Dk; Mz;ltiug;
gw;wpf; Nfs;tpg;gl;buhj ,lq;fSf;Fk; vLj;jr; nry;tjw;fhfj; jdf;Ff; fpilj;j nja;tPf miog;ig
rhJ Re;jH rpq; KOtJk; ek;gp mijr; nray;gLj;jpdhH.

,sikg; gUtk;
rhJ Re;jH rpq; vd;W nghJthf miof;fg;gLk; Re;jH rpq; 1889k; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gH khjk; 3k; Njjp
gQ;rhg; khrpyj;jpy; cs;s uhk;g+H vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhH. ,tH ngw;NwhH rPf;fpa khHf;fj;ijr;
Nrhe;jtHfsha; ,Ue;jdH. mtUila jhahH kj ek;gpf;ifapy; kpfTk; gf;jp epiwe;jtuha;
,Ue;jhH. fhiyapy; Re;jH vOe;j clNd Kjd; Kjyhfj; Njitahd Neuj;ijf; flTsplj;jpy;
gpuhHj;jid nra;tjpy; nrytopf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk;> mjd; %yk; Md;kPf Mfhuj;ijAk; MrpfisAk;
ngw;W mjd; gpd;dNu mtH fhiy Mfhuj;ij cz;zNtz;Lk; vd;W mtuJ jha; kpfTk;
typAWj;jpdhH. jd; kfid kpfTk; mjpfkhf Nerpj;jjpdhy; jd;Dila kfDk; jq;fSila
khHf;fj;ij mjpfkhf Nerpj;J mjpNy xU gf;jp epiwe;j rhJthf khwNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhH.
,sikg; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj Re;jH ,e;J khHf;fj;jpd; Gdpj E}y;fis> Fwpg;ghf gftj; fPijia
Mo;e;J gbj;jhH. mtH VO tajhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mij kdg;ghlk; nra;aTk; Muk;gpj;jhH.
mtUf;F kpfTk; mUikahf ,Ue;j xU ez;gdpd; kiwT Gwkj;jpd; Gdpjg; gj;jfq;fisg;

mtUf;F kpfTk; mUikahf ,Ue;j xU ez;gdpd; kiwT Gwkj;jpd; Gdpjg; gj;jfq;fisg;

gbf;Fk;gb J}z;bw;W. mNef rkaq;fspy; tPl;by; midtUk; epj;jpiuf;Fr; nrd;wgpd;G rPf;fpaHfspd;
Gdpj Gj;jfkhfpa fpue;jj;ijNah> my;yJ ,e;J kj E}y;fisNah my;yJ K];yPk;fSila
FuhidNah mtH El;gkhfg; gbg;ghH. Mtpf;Fupa tho;f;ifapy; jpUg;jp fhzNtz;Lk; vd;Dk;
thQ;ir Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fSf;F cz;L. mNj thQ;ir Re;jiuAk; gw;wpf;nfhz;lJ.

IPtpf;Fk; fpwp];Jitr; re;jpj;jy;

Re;jH gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j fpuhkj;J kprd; gs;spf;$lj;jpy;jhd; Kjd; Kjyhf mtUf;Ff; fpwp];J
khHf;fj;NjhL njhlHG Vw;gl;lJ. NtjGj;jfj;jpypUe;J trdj;ij thrpf;fr;nrhd;dNghJ mtUila
cs;sk; mij vjpHj;Jf; FKwpaJ. Gjpa Vw;ghl;ilg; gfpuq;fkhf; fpopj;J vwpe;jjpd;%yk; fpwp];J
khHf;fj;jpid vjpHf;Fk; vy;yh khztHfSf;Fk; mtH jiytuhdhH. tpiutpy; mtH me;j kprd;
gs;spf;$lj;ij tpl;L muR gs;spf;$lj;jpy; Ngha;r; NrHe;jhH. NkYk; njhlHe;J fpwp];J
khHf;fj;ijAk; fpwp];jt tpRthrj;ijAk; mtH Mokhff; fz;bj;jhH. gy rkaq;fspy; njUtpy;
my;yJ jpwe;j ntspapy; epd;W gpurq;fpf;Fk; kprdwpkhHfs; kPJ fw;fisNah my;yJ Nrw;iwNah
vLj;J tPRk;gbahf KulHfis mth J}z;btpLtJk; cz;L. mJkl;Lky;yhky; mtH Gjpa
Vw;ghl;il gfpuq;fkhfg; gyh Kd;dpiyapy; jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;jpaJk; cz;L. fpwp];jt
khHf;fj;ijAk; vjpHj;Jg; NghuhbdhH. mjdhy; mtUila ,Uaj;jpy; Fog;gKk; mikjpapd;ikAk;
Vw;gl;lJ. ,Wjpapy; mtH Ntjj;ij thrpf;f Muk;gpj;jhH.
cz;ikahd rkhjhdj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ jd; tPl;bd; gf;fj;jpy; fle;J nry;Yk;
uapy; Kd; tpOe;J capiu kha;j;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;W cWjpG+z;lhH. xUehs; mjpfhiy
%d;W kzpf;nfy;yhk; mtH vOe;jhH. Fspj;J tpl;L flTNs> cz;ikahd flts; xUtH cz;L
vd;why; ck;ik vdf;Ff; fhz;gpAk;> ,ul;rpg;gpw;F cupa topiaAk; rhe;jpiaAk; ePH vdf;Fj;
juNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;yp mtH nIgpf;f Muk;gpj;jhH. clNd me;j miwapy; xU Ngnuhsp
tPrpaJ. mjpy; mtH kpfTk; ntWj;J te;j ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; rhaiyf; fz;lhH. mtH jkJ
Mzpfs; gha;e;j fuj;ijr; Re;jUf;Ff; fhz;gpj;J eP Vd; vd;idj; Jd;gg;gLj;Jfpwha;? ehd;
cd;Dila ,ul;rfH vd;W nrhd;dhH. ,g;nghONj Re;jupd; ,jak; khngUk; kfpo;r;rpapdhy;
epuk;gpaJ. mJtiuapy; jd; tho;f;ifapy; ehb jtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j Mtpf;Fupa jhfKk;
jzpe;jij mtH czHe;jhH. mtH tho;f;if KOtJk; khwpaJ. mtH mile;j ,e;j kfj;jhd
gutrkhd mDgtj;jpypUe;J mtiur; re;Njfg;gl itf;fNth my;yJ khw;wNth ahuhYk;
Kbatpy;iy.

Jd;gg;gLtjw;fhf miog;G
,t;tpjkhd ,e;jg; Gjpa mDgtj;ijg; ngw;w Re;jH cldbahf jdJ je;ijaplk; nrd;W jhd; xU
fpwp];jtdhfp tpl;lijf; $wpdhH. mtUila je;ij ,ij Kjypy; ek;gtpy;iy. Mdhy; gpwF
mtUila FLk;gk; KOtJNk Re;jH fpwp];jtdhf khWtjw;F vLj;j jPHkhdj;ijf; fz;L
mjpHr;rpAw;wJ. jd;Dila jhahupd; khHf;fj;jpw;F ve;j tpjkhd fsq;fKK; Vw;gLj;jptplf;$lhJ
vd;W Re;jiu mtuJ je;ijahH kpfTk; mjpfkhff; nfQ;rpf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhH. mtUila
nry;te;juhd khkh xUtH jd;Dila ngupa khspiff;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W mq;Nf Ftpay;
Ftpayhf itf;fg;gl;l gzj;ijAk;> ituj;ijAk;> gytpjkhd tpiyAaHe;j fw;fisAk; mtUf;Ff;
fhl;bdhH. Re;jH Gjpjhf Vw;wpUf;fpw ,e;j tpRthrj;ijf; iftpLtjhdhy; Vw;wpUf;fpw ,e;j
tpRthrj;ijf; iftpLthuhdhy; ,it vy;yhk; nfhLg;gjhf $wpdhH. Mdhy; ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd;
md;G kpfTk; typikAld; Mokhf ,Ue;jJ. Re;jupd; ,Ujak; ,NaRit kWjypf;ftpy;iy. Re;jH
tPl;il tpl;Lj; Juj;jg;gl;lhH. cz;gjw;Nfh czNth> jq;Ftjw;F ciwtplNkh ,y;iy. xU
kuj;jpd; mbapy; jq;fpdhH. gpwF kPz;Lk; mtH tPl;bw;Fs; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhH. Mdhy; tPl;Lf;F
ntspapy; itj;J czT nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. jho;j;jg;gl;l Ntiy Ml;fNshL mtH jq;Ftjw;F
mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhH. ,NaR fpwp];JTf;fhf ,dp njhlHe;J mtH mDgtpf;fg;Nghfpw ghLfSf;F ,J
Muk;g fl;lkhFk;. vd;whYk; kdjpNy gupg+uz kfpo;r;rpNahL jdJ ehafuhk; ,NaR
fpwp];JTf;fhf vijAk; nghWikNahL Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhH. filrpahf eQ;R nfhLf;fg;gl;L
tPlbypUe;Nj Juj;jg;gl;L Neha;tha;g;gl;lhH. ,wf;Fk; epiyiaAk; mile;jhH. vd;whYk; mtuplk;
md;Gnfhz;l Mz;ltH jk; rpj;jj;ijr; Re;jupNy epiwNtw;w kuzg; gpbapypUe;J tpLtpj;jhH.
,e;jf; nfhb NehapypUe;J Re;jH tpLgl;lhH. ,tH Y}jpahdhtpy; ,Ue;j kprdwpfsplj;jpy; nrd;W
mtHfNshL jq;fpdhH. Ntjtrdq;fisf; fw;f Muk;gpj;jhH. Re;jH jk; 16k; gpwe;j jpdj;jd;W rpk;yh
efuj;jpy; Qhd];ehdk; ngw;whH. Mokhd rpe;jidf;Fk; cWjpahd nIgj;jpw;Fk; gpd;dH rhJ Re;jH
rpq; jd;idg; gupg+uzkhf fpwp];Jtpd; fuj;jpy; mHg;gzpj;jhH. mtH xU fpwp];jt rhJthf
khwpdhH. jdpg;gl;l KiwapNy jdf;Fr; nrhe;jk; vd;W itj;jpUf;f cilikfs;> jd;Dila

khwpdhH. jdpg;gl;l KiwapNy jdf;Fr; nrhe;jk; vd;W itj;jpUf;f cilikfs;> jd;Dila

Gj;jfq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl;Ltpl;L mtH fhtpcil mzpe;Jnfhz;lhH. ntWk; fhy;fNshLk;
ifapy; Ve;jpa NtjGj;jfj;jpd; gFjpahd Gjpa Vw;ghl;NlhLk; ve;jtpjkhd kdpjupd; cjtpAk;
,y;yhj epiyikapy; jd;id Ml;nfhz;l fpwp];JTf;fh mtH Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;whH.
ehNdh ek;Kila fHj;juhfpa ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; rpYitiaf; Fwpj;Njay;yhky;
Ntnwhd;iwAq;Fwpj;J Nkd;ik ghuhl;lhjpUg;Ngdhf. mtuhy; cyfk; vdf;Fr; rpYitapy;
miwag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ehDk; cyfj;jpw;Fr; rpYitapyiwag;gl;bUf;fpNwd; (fyh.6:14) vd;w
trdj;ijj; jd;Dila tho;f;ifapy; Fwpf;Nfhshf mtH Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhH. vd;kPJ cs;s md;gpdhy;
,NaR fpwp];J jk;ikj; jpahfk; gz;zpdhH. mijg; NghyNt ehDk; ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd;Nky;
cs;s vd;Dila md;gpdhy; vd;idj; jpahfk; nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;W mbf;fb $WtJ cz;L.

Re;jH xU rhJ
jdJ thypgj;jpd; Jtf;fj;jpy; Re;jH jdJ vIkhdhfpa ,NaR fpwp];JTf;fhfg; gl;bdp> FspH>
RftPdk;> kw;Wk; rpiwthrj;ijAq;$l mDgtpj;J tpl;lhH. jdJ vIkhdpd; md;igg; Nfl;buhj
kf;fSf;F mjid mwptpf;Fk;gb mtH Mz;LNjhWk; gQ;rhg;> fh];kPH> Mg;fhdp];jhd;> Neghsk;>
jpngj; Mfpa ,lq;fSf;F kiyfs;> fhLfs; topahfj; jd;de;jdpahfg; gpuahzk; nra;jhH. gy
Ntisfpsy; gif> vjpHg;G ,tw;iwr; re;jpj;jJz;L. grpNahL tpul;lg;gl;l epyikapy; mtH
fhLfSf;F cs;shfr; nrd;W mq;Nf jq;FtH cz;L. FspHe;j fhw;wpw;Fk; kiof;Fk; jd;idj;
jg;gtpg;gjw;fhff; fhLfspNy cs;s Fiffspy; mtH jq;FtJ cz;L. gy Ntisfspy; mtH jhd;
jq;fapUf;Fk; Fiffisf; fhl;L kpUfq;fNshL gfpHe;J nfhs;tJk; cz;L. xUehs; fhiyapy; xU
rpWj;ij jhd; jq;fpapUe;j Fifapy; jdf;Fr; rkPgj;jpy; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gij mtH ghHj;jhH.
kw;nwhU Kiw xU Ntq;ifg;GypNahL$l mtH gLj;J cwq;fpaijAk; mwpe;jhH. xU ehs;
mjpfhiyapy; jd;Dila NghHitapd; fPNo VNjh xd;W ,Ug;gJNghy> czHe;j mtH mJ vd;d
vd;W ghHj;jNghJ> Fspuhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l xU ngupa ey;y ghk;G mdy; ngWtjw;fhf mtNuhL$lg;
gLj;jpUe;jijAk; mwpe;jhH. ,kakiyg; gFjpfspy; cs;s fztha; topahfg; gpuahzk;gz;ZtJ
vd;whYk; mtH vg;NghJNk ntWq;fhy;fNshLjhd; jd; gpuahzj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhH. mdgbapdhy;>
fw;fs;> gdpf;fl;bfs; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; mtH fhy;fs; fpopf;fg;gl;L mtH fhy;fspy; ,ue;J ,uj;jk;
frpe;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. MfNt mtH ,uj;jk; frpAk; fhy;fis cila mg;Ngh];jyd; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhH.
gy Ntisfspy; gytpjkhd Kiwfspy; mtH Jd;gg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJk;> mtH kfpo;r;rpNahLk;
nghWg;NghLk; ,Ug;gijf; fz;l mNefH mtUila ew;nra;jpia Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kd;te;jdH. xU
rkak; xU fpuhkj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W mq;fpUe;j kuj;jbapy; cl;fhHe;J ghly;fs; ghl Muk;gpj;jhH. mjp
rPf;fpuj;jpy; xU ngupa $l;lk; $btpl;lJ. Mdhy; mtH ,NaR fpwp];Jitg; gw;wp mq;F NgRtijf;
Nfl;l clNd me;jf; $l;lk; mtHNky; Nfhgk; nfhz;lJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; F&g;guhk; vd;w xUtd;
kpfTk; %Hf;fk;nfhz;L> rhJitg; gykhfj; jhf;fpdgbapdhy; mtH cl;fhHe;jpUe;j ,lj;jpypUe;J
fPNo tpOe;jhH. mtH iffSk;> KfKk; > fd;dq;fSk; fPNo fple;j ghiwfspdhy; fhag;gl;L
,uj;jk; frpa Muk;gpj;jJ. vd;whYk; kpfTk; rhe;jkhf mtH vOe;J me;j kf;fspd; kd;dpg;Gf;fh
nIgk;nra;J tpl;L> kWgbAk; Mz;ltupd; md;igg; gw;wpf; $w Muk;gpj;jhH. ,tuJ rhe;jk;
F&g;guhk; vd;gtid Mokhfj; njhl;lJ. gpd;G mtd; xU tpRthrpahf khwpdhd;.
nfhs;isf;fhudpd; ciwtplkhd xU fhl;bid xUKiw Re;ju; rpq; fle;J nry;y Neupl;lJ.
jPbnud;W mtiu Nehf;fp jpUlH ehy;tH gha;e;J te;jdH. xUtd; ifapNy $Hikahd fj;jpia
itj;jpUe;jhd;. jdf;F KbT te;Jtpl;lJ vd;W vz;zpa Re;jH nksdkhf nIgpf;f Muk;gpj;jhH.
,t;tpjkhf mtH nIgpg;gijf; fz;l mtd; mr;rupag;gl;L mtH ahH vd;W tprhupj;jhd;. jhd; xU
fpwp];jt rhJ vd;whH. mj;Jld; jd;Dila ifapy; cs;s Gjpa Vw;ghl;ilj; jpwe;J IRtupathd;>
yhrU gw;wp vOjpapUf;fpw gFjpia thrpj;J tpsf;fpdhH. fj;jpNahL mtiu neUq;fpa me;j
kdpjdpy; Mokhd ght czHT Vw;gl;lJ. mtd; Re;jiuj; jdJ Fiff;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W
mq;F mtd; nfhd;W Ftpj;jpUe;j kdpjHfspd; vYk;Gf;$Lfis mtUf;Ff; fhz;gpj;J> ,j;jid
nfhiyfSf;Fk; jhd;jhd; nghWg;G vd;W Jf;fj;NjhL $wpdhd;. Re;jH ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; %ykhf
mtDf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kd;dpg;gpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;gbahff; $wp mtid ,ul;rpg;gpw;Fs;
elj;jpdhH.

jpngj; ehl;by; Re;jH

fpwp];JitNa Nfs;tpg;gl;buhj fbdkhd mghak; epiwe;j ,lq;fSf;nfy;yhk; Re;jH
jPHkhdj;JlDk; ijupaj;JlDk; nrd;whH. mtUila ,UjaKk; vz;zKk; jpngj;jpd;Nky;jhd;

jPHkhdj;JlDk; ijupaj;JlDk; nrd;whH. mtUila ,UjaKk; vz;zKk; jpngj;jpd;Nky;jhd;

mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. Nga;fSf;fg; gag;gLtjpYk;> gpy;yp R+dpaq;fs; nra;tjpYk;> gy
%lek;gpf;iffspYk; jpngj; %o;fpapUe;jJ. yhkhf;fs; vd;w kjj;jiytHfshy; jpngj; ehl;bd; Vio
kf;fs; mjpfkhf xLf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. jpngj; kf;fs; Gj;j khHf;fj;ijj; jOtpathfshf ,Ue;jhHfs;.
gytpjkhd nIgq;fs; vOjg;gl;bUe;j rf;fuq;fisr; Rw;WtJk;> nIgq;fs; vOjg;gl;bUe;j
nfhbfisf; fhw;wpNy gwf;f tpLtJNkjhd; mtHfs; nIgpg;gjw;Fupa xNu top vd;W vz;zpdH.
,tHfs; xUNghJk; ,NaR fpwp];Jitg; gw;wpf; Nfs;tpg;glhjtHfs;. MfNt Re;jH gyKiw jpngj;
ehl;bw;Fr; nrd;whH. xUKiw fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 16 000 mb cauk; cs;s FspH epiwe;j
xuplj;jpy; jpwe;j ntspapy; gLj;J cwq;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
xUKiw mtH xU rpW gl;lzj;jpy; Mz;ltiug; gw;wpr; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ ntspehl;L
khHf;fj;ij ,q;F gpurq;fpj;jjw;fhf mtH Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;Lf; ifjpahf;fg;gl;lhH. mtUila
Milfis cupe;Jtpl;L mtiu Mokhd jz;zPH mw;w fpzw;wpy; Nkw;Gwj;ij %b g+l;b
tpl;lhHfs;. ,jw;F Kd;dhy; ,t;tpjkhfg; gyH me;jf; fpzw;wpy; js;sg;gl;bUe;jdH. Re;jH
fpzw;wpDs; fple;j vYk;Gf; Ftpay; kw;Wk; mOfpf; fple;j rlyq;fs; ,tw;wpd;Nky; tpOe;jhH. ,g;
gho; Fopf;Fs; tpOe;jNghJ mtH if fhag;gl;ljpdhYk; Fopapy; ,ue;j JHehw;wj;jpdhYk; mtH
mjpfkhf Ntjidg;gl;lhH. me;j ,Uz;l fpzw;wpDs; czNth> jz;zPNuh> J}f;fNkh ,d;wp mtH
%d;W ehl;fs; fple;jhH. %d;whtJ ,utpy; mtH Mz;ltiu Nehf;fp nIgpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ
xU rj;jk; vOk;Gtijf; Nfl;lhH. me;jf; fpzw;wpd; Nky; ghfj;jpy; cs;s me;jf; fjT
jpwf;fg;gLtijAk;> mjpypUe;J ,wf;fg;gLk; fapw;wpidg; gw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;gbahfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l xU
rj;jj;ijAk; Nfl;lhH. mtH fapw;iwg; gpbj;jhH. rPf;fpukhf mtH fpzw;wpypUe;J ntspNa
vLf;fg;gl;lhH. mtiu mf; fpzw;wpypUe;J tpLtpj;j milahsk; njupahj mk; kdpjd; me;jf;
fjitg; g+l;btpl;L ,utpd; ,UspNy kiwe;Jtpl;lhH. jd;idf; flts;jhd; ,t;tpjkhff;
fhg;ghw;wpdhH vd;gij Re;jH gpd;dH Gupe;Jnfhz;lhH. jd;Dila clypy; Njitahd gyk;
ngw;wTld; kPz;Lk; mtH ,ul;rpg;Gf;fhf Vq;fpj; jtpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; cs;sq;fSf;F
ew;nra;jpiag; gpurq;fpf; Muk;gpj;jhH. gyH ,ul;rpg;igg; ngw;wdH.

Neghsj;jpy; Re;jH
,e;jpahtpd; tlghfj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU ehL Neghsk;. rhJ Re;jH rpq; fhyj;jpy; ,q;F
ew;nra;jp gpurq;fpf;fg;gLtjw;Fj; jiltpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Re;jH Neghsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W mq;F
fpwp];Jitg; gpurq;fpj;jhH. ,jdhy; mtH ifJnra;ag;gl;L rpiwr;rhiyapy; milf;fg;gl;lhH.
rpiwr;rhiyapy; ,Ue;j kw;w ifjpfSf;F mtH fpwp];Jitg; gw;wpf; $wpdhH. fpwp];Jitg; gw;wpf;
$WtjpNyNa jk; Neuj;ijg; Nghf;fpdhH. vdNt mtiuj; jdpahf xU rpwpa miwapy;
milj;Jtpl;lhHfs;. mJ xU khl;Lf; nfhl;ilahf ,Ue;jJ. mtuJ Milfisf; fow;wp>
iffisAk; fhy;fisAk; xU fk;gj;jpy; fl;b mtHkPJ ml;ilfis tplLtpl;lhHfs;. mit
mtUila ,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;rpaJ. gyk; Fd;wpg;NghdhH. vd;whYk; me;j mjpfkhf NtjidapYk;
flTsplk; nIgpf;fTk; mtij; Jjpf;fTk; Muk;gpj;jhH. ,ijg; ghHj;j mjpfhupfs; mtUf;Fg; Gj;jp
RahjPdk; ,y;iy vd;W vz;zp cldbahf tpLjiy nra;jhHfs;. ml;ilfspdhy; ,uj;jk;
cwpQ;rg;gl;Lg; gytPdkhd epiyapy; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; kWgbAkhfg; gf;fj;jpypUe;j cUf;Fr; nrd;W
njUtpy; epd;W ew;nra;jpiar; nrhy;y Muk;gpj;jhH.
mtUf;F Neupl;l vy;yh Jd;gj;jpYk; vd;Dila ,ul;rfuhfpa ,NaR fpwp];JTf;fhf ehd; ghL
mDgtpg;gJ xU khngUk; kfpo;rpapd; ,ufrpak; vd;W Re;jH $WthH. ,e;j khngUk; kfpo;r;rpapd;
,ufrpak; vd;d vd;why; vd;Dila vy;h tpj Jd;gq;fspYk; Mj;Jkhf;fSf;fhd fLk;
ciog;GfspYk; vd;Dila MWjy;> ek;gpf;if> Cf;fk; midj;Jk; fpwp];Jtpd; rpYitNa md;wp
Ntwy;y. vdf;fhf fpwp];J guNyhfj;ijtpl;L ,wq;fp rpYit ghuj;ijr; Rke;jhH. Mifahy; ehd;
fpwp];JTf;fhf Mj;Jkhf;fis Mjhak; gz;Ztjpy; ghLgLtJ xU ngupa fhupak; my;y vd;W
$wpdhH. Neghsj;jpy; rpiwr;rhiy mDgtk; vg;gbg;gl;ljha; ,Ue;jJ vd;W $Wk;NghJ fpwp];Jtpd;
gpurd;dk; mr; rpiwr;rhiyapy; vd;NdhL $l ,Ue;jgbapdhNy mJ MrPHthjkhd xU Nkhl;rkhf
,Ue;jJ vd;Wk; $wpdhH.

cyfj;jpw;F mtuJ miw$ty;

mtH gl;l ghLfSk; mtuJ xg;gw;w mDgtq;fSk; tpiutpy; ntsp cyfpd; ftdj;jpw;F te;jJ.
cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; cs;s fpwp];jt kf;fspd; rpe;jid ,e;j ,e;jpa mg;Ngh];jyH kPJ gjpa
Muk;gpj;jJ. fpwp];jtHfSf;Fk; kw;wtHfSf;Fk; gpurq;fpf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w miog;G mtUf;F
,e;jpahtpd; vy;yh ghfq;fspYkpUe;J te;jJ. mtH nrd;w ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk;> jd;idj;jhd;
ntWj;J jd; rpYitia vLj;Jf;nfhz;L rpYit ehjiug; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk; vd;gijNa

ntWj;J jd; rpYitia vLj;Jf;nfhz;L rpYit ehjiug; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk; vd;gijNa

miw$tyhfTk;> kprdwp miog;ghfTk; $wpdhH. ,tuJ kprdwp miw$ty;fs; mNefiu
nIgpg;gjw;Fk;> nray;gLtjw;Fk; J}z;b tpl;lJ. rpNyhd;> gHkh> kNyah> rPdh> Ig;ghd; Mfpa
ehlfSf;fr; nrd;W gpurq;fpj;jhH. NkYk; ,q;fpyhe;J> mnkupf;fh> m];jpNuypah ,d;Dk; xU rpy
INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fk; nrd;W ew;nra;jp tof;fpdhH.
mtH vq;nfq;Nf nrd;whNuh mq;nfy;yhk; mtiuf; fz;l kf;fs; mtupy; ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd;
rhaiyf; ftdpj;jhHfs;. xUKiw mtH Ngrpf;nfhz;bUe;j xU $l;lj;jpy; xU rpWkp ,tH ,NaR
fpwp];Jth? vd;W Nfl;lhshk;. Mj;Jkhf;fisf; Fwpj;j ghuj;jpYk;> J}a;ikahfj; jd;idf;
fhj;Jf;nfhs;tjpYk; Re;jH epr;rakhfNt jd;Dila mUikehjuhk; ,NaR fpwp];Jitg;
gpujpgypj;Jf; fhzg;gpj;jhH.

mtuJ ,Wjp thHj;ijfs;

gpuahzj;jpd; fbdj;ijAk; mjpNy Vw;gltpUf;Fk; mghaq;fisAk; ehd; KOtJkhf
czHfpwNghjpYk;> ehd; ,d;iwf;F jpngj; Nehf;fpg;gpuahzk; nra;fpNwd;. Vndd;why; ehd;
vd;Dila flikia KOikahf epiwNtw;wNtz;Lk; vd;W 1929k; Mz;L Vg;u y; khjk; 18k; jpfjp
jd;Dila ez;gHfSf;F vOjpa Fwpg;gpNy vOjpapUe;jhH. jpngj; nrd;W tpl;Lj; jpUk;gp
tUtjw;fhd rkak; fle;Jtpl;lJ. Mdhy; mtNuh tutpy;iy. ve;jtpjkhd nra;jpAk; mtuplj;jpy;
,Ue;J fpilf;ftpy;iy. xUNtis mth gpuahzj;jpy; kiyr; rpfuq;fisf; fle;J nry;Yk;NghJ
VNjh xU ghjhsj;jpy; tpOe;J ,we;jpUf;fyhk;. my;yJ XH Mokhd fpzw;wpNy J}f;fpg;
Nghlg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. my;yJ ahf; vd;Dk; vUikapd; eide;j NjhYf;Fs;shf itj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;L
RUl;lg;gl;L mtUila vYk;Gfs; Kwpf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; mtH XH ,uj;j rhl;rpahf
kupj;jpUf;fyhk;. mtuJ KbT vg;gbahf ,Ue;jhYk; ,e;jpahtpd; mg;Ngh];jyuhfpa rhJ Re;jH
rpq; jdJ IPtfpuplj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhH vd;gJ kl;Lk; cWjpahdJ.
22.09.2000

gpujhd gf;fk;
Be st vie we d with

R e solution 800x 600