1

Copyright SalafiManhaj 2004

URL: www.SalafiManhaj.com
E-mail: [email protected]
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Contents
4

Acknowledgements

Introduction

The Afrocentric Assault on Islaam

10

Sudan

16

Black Arabs and Afrocentric Confusion

20

Does Islaam Teach Racism?

29

Slavery and Early Islaam

40

Abdur-Raheem Greens Response to

An African Asks Some Disturbing Questions of Islam

65

Edward Blyden

Acknowledgements
All praise is due to Allaah, we praise Him and seek
His aid and forgiveness. We seek refuge in Allaah
from the evils of our souls and the evils of our
actions. Whoever Allaah guides there is none to
misguide and whoever Allaah misguides there is none
to guide. I bear witness that none has the right to be
worshiped except Allaah alone, without any partners
and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant
and Messenger. To begin:
Thanks to: Abdul-Maalik Edwards, Jibreel AbdusShakoor, Hamzah Lewis, Alee Sierra Leonee, Eesaa
Caliste, Yoosuf Adam and Abdur-Raheem Green,
for their support during writing this project five years
ago in 1420 A.H./1999 C.E.1

A.H stands for After Hijrah, the Islamic dating beginning after the Hijrah of Muhammad and his

companions to Madeenah correlating to 622 C.E. C.E. stands for Christian Era, Muslims do nor use
A.D. as it stands for Anno Domini a Latin word meaning in the year of our lord, lord here
meaning Jesus. However Jesus, peace be upon him, is not lord for Muslims rather the Lord of Jesus is
also the Lord of Muslims and the Lord of all people.

Introduction
Since the rise of Afrocentric ideology in the West
amongst people of African origin, there has been the
argument that Islaam itself was a religion of Arab
conquerors that plundered Africa to the detriment of
the

African

peoples

themselves.

Moreover,

Afrocentrics have initiated writings with reference to

Islaam and have claimed that Islaam as a religion had,
and has, no benefit.
Defining Legends will critically evaluate Afrocentrist
claims about Islaam and bring new evidence to
challenge their false assumptions. The documentary
evidence presented in Afrocentric literature about
Islaam will be analyzed and dismissed where
necessary.

This study will manly dismiss Afrocentric perceptions

of Islaam with recourse to more corroborated criteria
and demonstrate the incoherence of their arguments
against Islaam.
Defining Legends also demonstrates how much of
Afrocentric thought regarding Islaam is in fact
entrenched in a Eurocentric origin, from anti-Islamic
European Christians and Freemasons.
Towards the end of the study, it is shown that one of
the main architects of pan-African thought, Edward
Wilmot Blyden, had great respect of Islaam and
viewed it as the only religion that could provide a real
change for the whole continent of Africa.

Ubayy ibn Kaab, may Allaah be pleased with him,

narrated that the Messenger of Allaah, may the peace
and blessings of Allaah be upon him, said If anyone proudly
asserts his descent in the manner of the people of Jaahiliyyah
(pre-Islamic days of ignorance) tell him to bite his fathers
penis, and do not use a euphemism.2
Aboo Hurayrah, may Allaah be pleased with him,
reported the Messenger of Allaah, may the peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him said Let the people cease to
boast about their ancestors who have died, who are merely fuel
for the Hell-fires, or they will certainly be of less account with
Allaah than the beetle which rolls dung with its nose. Allaah
has removed from you the pride of the pre-Islamic period and
its boasting of ancestors. One is only a pious believer or a
miserable sinner. All men are sons of Aadam and Aadam,
peace be upon him, came from dust.3

Sharh us-Sunnah of al-Baghawee in Mishkaat ul-Masaabih

ibid. transmitted by Aboo Daawood and at-Tirmidhi

The Afrocentric Assault on Islaam

The most vehement Afrocentric writer who criticized
Islaam was the late Chancellor Williams, especially his book
Destruction of Black Civilisation.4 This book is important as it
is used by the hostile Afrocentrics when attacking Islaam
and Muslims. The book has also been heavily relied upon
by Christian evangelists in their missionary work. Williams
himself was a committed Christian and he admits this in
the book, this probably explains his deep hatred for Islaam
and this effectively made his book emotionally biased.
Joseph Jay Smith,5 the Anglo-American evangelical flagbearer of contemporary Christian polemic against Islaam in
the UK has also used on this book.
4

First published in 1971, then re-printed in 1987

Joseph 'Jay' Smith is the 'arch-deacon' and senior Christian missionary polemicist against Islaam in

the UK. He is an Anglo-American born in India from an evangelical background and has a variety of
degrees and diplomas. He has studied 'divinity theology' in America and also studied at the School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Smith however is not even regarded highly by the
de-mythologiser orientalists at SOAS. When asked, a former lecturer of Smith's, G. Hawting, described
Smith as being: "A Christian missionary with his own agenda, obviously extreme in his theories,
too radical in his claims to be accepted at a scholarly level and a trouble maker." Enough said!

One of Smiths side-kicks who goes by the peculiar name

Brother Banda, even wrote a feeble criticism of Islaam
and alleged racism within Islaam and Williams work was
heavily relied upon.6 This propaganda tract was distributed
at Hyde Park Speakers Corner.
Chancellor Williams book is a fictitious race war between
black Africans and Arabs. The front cover of the book
displays an Arab on a horse with a sword fighting a seminaked African in leopard skin with a spear in his hand. (!?)
Even this image is not exactly Afrocentric as it seems to be
based on medieval and colonial European stereotypes of
both peoples. Williams argues, with no solid historical
evidence, an amazing story reminiscent of medieval
European Christian polemical writings against Islaam.
Williams mentioned that the Arabs used tactics such as
interbreeding with Africans in order to create an Islamically
brainwashed mongrel hybrid race that he calls a Mulatto.

This was called 'An African Asks Some Disturbing Questions of Islam,' and was made into one of the
Hyde Park Christian Fellowship's '99 Truth Tracts.'

Destruction of black artworks, monuments and writings,

enslavement of Africans and invasions also typified the
Arab Muslim invasions.
Sudan
The civil war in Sudan7 greatly affected Williams mind
even though the Sudan situation has nothing to do with
Islaam, but rather power and politics. The stereotype that
has been given in the West through the media is that the
civil wars in Sudan are between Arabs and black
Africans. The southern Sudanese Marxist Socialist, John
Garang and his SPLA have used Christianity in order to
gain wider support from Western agencies such as Tearfund,
World Vision, Christian Solidarity International, Caroline
Baroness Cox and others. Even the Archbishop of
Canterbury illegally visited southern Sudan during the civil
war and gave his support and backing to the SPLA.8

When I had written this a few years back the civil war in Sudan was still going on. But recently the

civil war in Sudan is currently over as a peace deal has been made between the government and the
southern Sudanese rebel groups.
8

"Christian have no right to dictate to Muslims," in The Muslim News (28th August 1998), p.2

10

The civil war in Sudan, which is now over due to the peace
deals, furthered the Islamophobia agenda and the amount of
articles written by the media in the West reflect this. Many
people had obviously blindly accepted these reports and
the Afrocentrics maintain exactly the same as the Western
media did. For example:
a) Peter Graff in Time Magazine9 stated: On one
evening in 1987, Arabs in Khartoum were
calling for a holy war against the blacks.
b) Bruce W. Nelan, with additional reports from
William Dowell of the United Nations, Clive
Mutiso in Khartoum and Douglas Waller in
Washington DC in Time Magazine10 again, state:
Africas largest country is really two: an
Islamic and Arabised north and a Christian and
Animist African south.
c) Patrick Sookhdeo, director of the obscure thinktank named The Institute for the Study of Islam and
Christianity stated: The tragic suffering of Sudan
arises from a war which is a response to a
ruthless campaign by the northern government

November 3rd 1997, pp.50-51

July 27th 1998, pp. 24-28

10

11

to Arabise and Islamise the non-Muslim black

African south of the country.11
d) Sam Keily writing for the London Times quoted a
Christian minister who claimed: The slavery is
racially biased. Black people are considered as
slaves by the regime12
The same hugely inaccurate claims are still being now
regarding the issue of the Darfur region in Western Sudan.
Again journalists have made the inaccurate claim that
Arabs are committing genocide on black Africans.13
(See:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3496731.stm)
Suffice to say that both in this case are Arabs and
Africans (!) Yet the media are just not mentioning the
colour of these Arabs. In Darfur the so called oppressed
black Africans speak only Arabic. This issue will be dealt
with later.

11

"The Blood of the Martyrs," in The Daily Telegraph (Wednesday June 3rd 1998) p. 26
"Sudanese Children Sold as Slaves," in The London Times (16th March 1996)
13
An excellent example of these inaccuracies can be seen here:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3791713.stm
12

12

The southern Sudanese SPLA themselves were guilty of

slavery and oppression, if not more so than they and their
Christian evangelical cohorts were claiming were
happening to them. Yet as usual biased accounts only detail
the abuses enacted by ignorant Muslims and nothing else is
mentioned.
a) Sean Gabb, director of the Sudan Foundation in
London, has noted that since John Garang has led
the SPLA from 1983 he has yet to account for
kidnappings, abductions, forced labour, forced
conscriptions and other slavery-related practices
that his Christian organization has been involved
in.14
b) The 1990 US State Departments Country Reports on
Human Rights Practices records that the SPLA forced
southern Sudanese men to work as labourers or
porters and forcibly conscripted them into SPLA
ranks.15

14

See: MSA News, Sudan Foundation - Allegations of Slavery and Slavery-Related Practices, Part 2;
Open Letter to Caroline Baroness Cox (Saturday 22nd March 1997). www.sufo.demon.co.uk and can
be contacted at [email protected]
15
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1990, p. 387

13

c) Inter SPLA fighting also resulted in the taking of

slaves.16
d) The 1991 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
placed on record that the SPLA had forcibly
conscripted at least ten thousand minors.17
e) Human Rights Watch Africa in its 1994 report
entitled Civilian Destruction Abuses By All Parties in
the War in Southern Sudan, a 279 page study, reported
that: The SPLA has conducted forcible
recruitmentsince at least the mid-1980sforcing
civilians to porter supplies is a chronic abuse.18
f) Human Rights Watch Africa further noted that the
SPLA was guilty of, amongst other things,
indiscriminate attacks on civilians, abducting
civilians, mainly women and children, torture,
summary executions, the deliberate starvation of
civilians, forced recruitment, forced labour, theft of
civilian animals, food and grain and the holding of
long term political prisoners in prolonged arbitrary
detention.19

16

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1991, p. 391

ibid. p. 382
18
Civilian Devastation, pp. 174, 189, 192
19
ibid. p. 3
17

14

Are these the actions of oppressed black African

Christians under the rule of Islamic extremists, or
exploitation by those who are following their own interests
and desires for power? The answer is clear.
Importantly, it has to be known that the actions of ignorant
Muslims in any country cannot be taken to be
representative of Islaam. For example in Sudan, Hasan atTuraabee has been refuted by Muslim scholars for his
Mutazilah (rationalist) understanding of Islam which have
led him to reject sound and authentic hadeeth from the
Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu alayhi wassallam). Thus, the
late Ethiopian scholar of Madeenah University, Shaykh
Muhammad Amaan al-Jaamee (raheemahullaah) exposed the
philosophical leanings and modernist interpretations that
Turaabee has.20

20

Muhammad Amaan al-Jaamee, Rud 'alaa't-Turaabee (lecture in Arabic)

15

Black Arabs and Afrocentric Confusion

The Afrocentrics also need to study more in depth into
what exactly an Arab is. The Prophet Muhammad said I
was sent to every red and black.21 In Sudan for example, it is
clear that many in the north are black, if we mean by this
dark skin complexion. Northern Sudan has many different
tribes, yet it should be noted that Arab does not exclude
having a dark skin complexion.
There are Arabs from Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Palestine and
North Africa that are just as black as the average black
person. An Arab is better defined as a linguistic group as
opposed to a race.22 Aboo Uthmaan Amr ibn Bahr al21

Saheeh Muslim

22

Sudan for example is composed of many tribes, some of these tribes mixed with Arabs in the past

and some of the tribes are originally from the various tribes of Nubia (the name for what constitutes
where northern and central Sudan now is). They are Arabs now in the linguistic sense but not in the
ethnic sense. As many of the north Africans, some of them are descended from people that mixed with

16

Fuqaymee al-Basree al-Jaahiz23 (160 AH 225 AH/ 776

CE 869) wrote one of the earliest books in Arabic against
Arab nationalism and racism entitled Risaalah Fakhrus-Sudan
Alaa al-Baythaan (Treatise of the Pride of Black People Over the
White People).
In the book, al-Jaahiz has a chapter called Arabs Are
Amongst the Black People, he notes: There are black
tribes amongst the Arabs, such as the Banu Sulaym
ibn Mansoor. All who dwell in the Harrah other than
the Banu Sulaym are also black. They use Ashban24
slaves as shepherds, water carriers, workers and
servants and take Byzantine women for wives.25 AlJaahiz was a famed scholar of mainly science and history
and especially in regards to Arabic prose.

the Arabs, yet many of the north African Berbers for example are now Arabs linguistically, but
ethnically they are Berber.
23

His grandfather was Fazaarah who was black and possibly Ethiopian, a freed slave of 'Amr ibn Kila'.

Al-Jaahiz was one of the greatest writers in the Muslim world and is credited with the authorship of
two hundred works in several disciplines. His early years were spent in the prosperous and culturally
diverse town of Basra, where he was born. He was a Mu'tazilee so his Islamic belief was influenced by
rationalism as opposed to the Qur'aan and Sunnah. We quote him however here as he refers to a fact
that can be assessed which also refutes the claims of non-Muslims about Islam and Muslims.
24

This is what the translation stated in English, yet maybe what is meant here is Asbahaan/Isfahaan

which is located in Persia.

25

T. Khalidi (translator), Fakhrus-Sudan 'Alaa al-Baythaan (The Islamic Quarterly; Vol. 25; 1981), p.

3-26

17

With regards to Chancellor Williams then, it can be

observed that he makes a massive contradiction in his book
as he flips the script and begins praising the great Islamic
trade and education center of Timbuktu in Mali.
Thus, Williams is in a dilemma, as on the one hand he
cannot deny that Timbuktu was African and Islamic and
Arabic was studied as well as spoken, an issue that Williams
discretely neglects contemplation on, and on the other
hand Williams wants to assert that the Muslims and Arabs
systematically destroyed African civilization throughout the
continent!?
In a TV series aired on BBC2 in July 1999 entitled Wonders
of the African World (Into Africa), the Afrocentrist Henry
Louis Gates Junior made a brief tour of Africa. Gates
Junior also made some snide comments about Islaam. Yet
at the same time, Gates Junior constantly felt the need to
praise what he called the black achievement of our
ancestors in Timbuktu who had knowledge of Arabic and
science.

The

pragmatism

that

characterizes

the

Afrocentrics clearly indicates that they follow their own

desires and use whatever they want from African history
18

when it suits them. Gates Junior despite his Afrocentric

agenda fell into the trap of applying simplistic Western
concepts of racial classifications onto Africa. For example,
when Gates Junior went to Zanzibaar he asked one of the
people there are you black? The Zanzibaaree man was
clearly puzzled and simply replied that he was of Zanzibaar.
Similarly, whilst in Timbuktu, Gates Junior asked the
library keeper of the old Arabic manuscripts whether the
authors were black or not. (!?) This is one of the major
problems with the Afrocentrics, due to their Western
education and reliance on anti-Islamic European sources
they also apply simplistic Eurocentric and Western
classifications onto Africa. So it shocks them when a black
man regards himself as an Arab. As stated before, an Arab
is more of a linguistic group than a race as such and thus
the skin colour demarcations are not adequately pertinent.
The Afrocentrist Molefi Asante has also made historical
mistakes and wild claims: The Arabs with their Jihaads,
or holy wars, were thorough in their destruction of
much of the ancient culture. It is also as if small bands
(of fleeing Egyptian priests) keeping ahead of the
Islamic onslaught managed to preserve certain
19

aspects of the traditional culture of Egypt.26 Molefi

Asante thus asserts that these aspects of ancient Egyptian
culture were kept amongst the Wolof, Yoruba, Ashanti etc.
Other characters that have axes to grind are writers such as
Wole Soyinka, but his deep hatred for Islaam and Arabs
owes a lot to his internal Nigerian political schism, though
this is never openly acknowledged or admitted by Soyinka.

Does Islaam Teach Racism?

It should also be noted, in order to refute the Afrocentrics,
the Orientalists and the Christian missionaries, that
throughout the history of Islaam, Muslim scholars have
written monumental works to do with slavery, racism and
equality. These issues were never even discussed by any of
the worlds religions and civilisations until the last two
hundred years or so, let alone books written on such issues.
At times when ignorance was rife, it was only the Muslims
26

Afrocentrism Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes, pp.234-235

20

who carried the light of knowledge and some of the

examples that will be presented here should indicate to
people that Islaam has to be judged upon the Quraan and
Sunnah, not on ignorant Muslims.
Ibn ul-Jawzee27 (raheemahullaah) a Muslim scholar of
Baghdaad wrote a book in the late 12th century CE called
Tanweer al-Ghabash fee Fadl is-Sudan wal-Habash (The
Illumination of the Darkness on the Merits of the Black People and
the Ethiopians).28 It is an historical summary of the social
history of sub-Saharan Africa and the meritorious deed of
some well known persons of African origin in the Islamic
world. At the time of writing this book, Baghdaad was
becoming colour conscious and racism was beginning to
27

Abul-Faraj Abdur-Rahmaan ibn Hasan ibn ul-Jawzee (597 AH/ 1114 CE 1200 CE). He was

raised in the Iraaqee metropolis of Baghdaad where he was educated by his family who were scholars
and other scholars of the Hanbalee school of Islamic fiqh. He became outstanding in the fields of
Quraanic commentary, Arabic language, history and hadeeth. His works cover diverse areas and
among the most notable of his published works are: Sifah us-Safwah, a biography of the companions of
Prophet Muhammad and the early scholars of the Salaf; Taqseem ul-Lisaan, in Arabic language and
linguistics; Zaad al-Maseer fee Ilm ut-Tafseer, commentary on the Quraan; al-Mawdooaat, in
hadeeth; Talbees Iblees, about extreme and heretical understandings and practices; Rooh ul-Arwaah
and Sayd ul-Khaatir.
28

It has been edited by Mohamed Barakat (Sudan: Omdurman Islamic University Printing and

Publishing House, 1993 CE/1412 AH). It has also been translated into English as a Ph.D degree thesis
at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, by Imraan Hamza Alawiye. It was
translated by Dr. Alawiye as Ibn al-Jawzis Apologia on Behalf of the Black People & Their Status in
Islam: A Critical Edition and Translation of Kitab Tanwir al-Ghabash fi Fadl as-Sudan wal-Habash
(August 1985). It is in the SOAS library thesis section.

21

set in, deviating from the justice and equality that Islaam
emphasizes.
Before the contents of the book are looked at, it must be
noted that Ibn ul-Jawzee was not just any simple Muslim
scholar writing a book to be pious, rather he was one of
the most prolific writers and erudite scholars to have
existed in Islamic history. He was a specialist in hadeeth,
jurisprudence (fiqh), and history. He was also famed for his
Dawah activities (calling to Islaam), teaching and writing.
In 1965 CE, Abdul-Hameed al-Ajoolee produced a
comprehensive account of Ibn ul-Jawzees works, wherein
he classified them and stated where they could also be
found, he listed 384 books to Ibn ul-Jawzees name.29
Shaykh ul-Islaam Ahmad Taqiyyuddeen Ibn AbdulHameed Ibn Taymiyyah30 (raheemahullaah) said that Ibn ulJawzee wrote over one thousand books.31
29

Arabic text entitled Muallafaat Ibn ul-Jawzee (A Study of the Works of Ibn ul-Jawzee), 1965

30

Ahmad ibn Abdul-Haleem Ibn Taymiyyah (1263 CE 1328 CE/ 728 AH) was born in Harraan near

Edessa which was in northern Iraaq but is now called Orfa and is a part of Turkey. His father and
grandfather were themselves leading scholars of the Hanbalee school of Islamic jurisprudence. He
grew up in Damascus where he mastered at an early age the various sciences and disciplines of Islam.
Much of his time and effort was spent in defending the early Islamic understandings against the
deviations that were current during his era. Apart from being incredibly well versed in the Islamic
sciences he also refuted with scholarly endeavor the tenets of Christianity, Sheeahism, Soofism,

22

Ibn ul Jawzee in Tanweer tried to restore the purity of

Islaam and raise the morale of some of the black
community in Baghdaad at that time by reminding of their
role in history.
The contents of the book are as follows:
(a)

Those Who Belong to the Sudan

(b)

The Cause of Their Dark-skin

(c)

The Enlivening of Shem, the Son of Noah, by Jesus the

Son of Mary

(d)

The Kingdoms of the Black People and Their Extent

(e)

The Collective Moral Excellence of the Character of the

Black People

Kalaam (speculative theology, philosophy and rhetoric) etc. He was also prominent in fighting the
Mongol invaders whilst other Muslims were fleeing Syria with their wealth. Due to his strong stand for
the truth against those who were distorting Islaam for their own desires, a great deal of his later life was
spent in prison in Cairo and Damascus. His outspoken lectures against the excessive theological and
philosophical scholars of his time cost him his post as professor. Whilst in prison in Cairo, Ibn
Taymiyyah was responsible for changing the prison into more of a library for the other prisoners,
teaching and helping them to study instead of waste their time. This further angered his pitiful enemies
from amongst the Soofees who had already taken to praying to dead saints in graves, it would be
those Soofees who would instigate futile arguments against him. Shaykh ul-Islaam Ibn Taymiyyah
refuted these fault finders with clear evidences, leaving them dumb-founded to this day. However, even
in jail Ibn Taymiyyah was still a prolific writer. Some of his famous published works are: as-Siyaasah
ash-Shariyyah, al-Eemaan, Minhaj us-Sunnah, al-Furqaan, ar-Rasaail, at-Tawassul wal-Waseelah,
al-Jawab as-Saheeh, Iqtidaa Ahl us-Sunnah and Majmoo al-Fatawaa. It was this massive intellect
and extraordinary ability to keep Islaam in its pure form inherited from the early Muslims, whilst still
master other sciences without incorporating them into Islaam itself, which earned Ibn Taymiyyah the
title Shaykh ul-Islaam.
31

Ibn Rajab al-Hanbalee, Kitaab ad-Dayhl Alaa Tabaqaat ul-Hanabilah

23

(f)

Things Distinguished by Darkness from Amongst

Animals, Trees and Plants

(g)

The Obviousness that there is no Preference for LightSkinned Peoples Over Dark-Skinned People Based
Upon Colour; Indeed Preference is Based Upon Piety

(h)

The Companions Who Migrated to Ethiopia

(i)

The Deputation of Quraysh to the Negus (Najaashi) to

Retrieve the Companions of the Messenger of Allaah

(j)

The Correspondence of the Prophet with the Negus

(Najaashi)

(k) The Arrival of the Ethiopians to the Messenger of

AllaahAnd Their Play With Hiraab (Lances) in the
Mosque During His Presence
(l)

Quraanic Words of Ethiopian Origin

(m) What the Messenger Heard of the Ethiopian Language

That Pleased Him
(n)

The Assignment of the Call to the Ethiopians

(o)

The Prophets Who Were Black

(p)

The Eminent King of Ethiopia

(q)

The

Distinguished

Black

Males

Amongst

the

Companions of the Prophet Muhammad

(r)

The Distinguished Black Females Amongst the

Companions of the Prophet Muhammad
24

(s)

Prominent Black Learned People

(t)

Poets and Those Who Composed Poetry Amongst the

Black People

(u)

Groups of Clever, Intelligent and Generous Black Males

and Females

(v)

The Pious and Ascetic of the Black People

(w) The Famous Black Females

(x) Those Who Preferred Black Concubines to LightSkinned Ones and Who Loved and Died From Their
Love of Them
(y)

Qurayshees Who Were Sons of Ethiopian Women

(z)

Some Exhortations and Injunctions

(aa) Some Invocations and Glorifications of Allaah, Mighty

and Majestic
(bb) Some Transmitted Supplications

25

All of this from a Muslim scholar writing in the 12th

century C.E. and by the contents one could assume that
Ibn ul-Jawzee is even more Afrocentric than the
Afrocentrics, without even once having to refer to
European Christians and Freemasons!! Rather, Ibn ulJawzee was writing from Islamic sources.
Other Muslim scholars who wrote similar books include
Jalaaluddeen as-Suyootee32

(raheemahullaah) who wrote

three books about black people which were: Raf Shan alHubshaan (Raising the Status of the Ethiopians), Azhaar ulUroosh fee Akhbaar ul-Huboosh (The Flowers of the Thrones
Concerning Information About the Ethiopians) and Nuzhat ulUmr feet-Tafdeel Bayna al-Bid was-Sood was-Sumr (The

32

Abdur-Rahmaan ibn Abee Bakr, known as Jalaaluddeen as-Suyootee (1145 CE 1505 C.E./ 911

A.H.) was a hadeeth scholar, historian, linguist and Faqeeh (jurist). He was born in Asyoot (Assiut) in
Upper Egypt and was of Persian and Circassian origin. He flourished in Cairo during the declining
years of the Mamluk dynasty. In that city, as-Suyootee was taught by some of the most prominent
scholars of his time and he became known for his erudition at an early age, later becoming a teacher of
high repute himself. At the age of forty he was a leading scholar in all of the various Islamic sciences,
secluding himself and devoting his time to writing. About 400 works are attributed to him the most
notable are his Quraanic commentary that he wrote along with Jalaaluddeen al-Mahaalee, the famous
commentary known as al-Jalaalayn. As-Suyootees other noted works are al-Itqaan fee Uloom ilQuraan, Tadreeb ur-Raawee, al-Jaamis-Sagheer and ad-Durr al-Manthoor feet-Tafseer bilMathoor.

26

Promenade of a Lifetime Concerning Prefernce for Light-Skinned,

Dark Skinned and Brown Skinned Peoples).33
These scholars were arguing and writing as Muslims using
the Quraan and Sunnah as their main sources. Other Arab
scholars who made racist and so called rationalist,
comments were not basing their foolish claims on the
Quraan and Sunnah, but rather upon the ideas and
methods of Galen,34 Hippocrates, Strabo35 and Ptolemy.36
Similarly, some scholars relied heavily on the Israaeeliyat
(Jewish sources) and they thus regurgitated distorted ideas
from the Biblical and Talmudic sources.
Thus, we find that scholars that lived in the Muslim world
in the past who relied on Greek and biblical-Talmudic
sources echoed racism in their writings. But this racism
33

For more info on these works see: Akbar Muhammad, The Image of Africans in Arabic Literature

Some Unpublished Manuscripts, in Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa, Volume 1 Islam and the
Ideology of Enslavement (Frank Cass Publisher: 1985), John Ralph Willis (ed.), pp.67-65
34

A Greek physician who died circa 199 CE

35

A famous Greek geographer and traveler, died circa 24 CE

36

Greco-Egyptian geographer, astronomer and mathematician of the 2nd century CE

For example, scholars such as Ibn Khaldoon, al-Masoodee (in Murooj ul-Dhahab), Ibn Qutayba (died
276 AH/ 889 CE), Avicenna/Ibn Seenaa (died 1037 CE), al-Yaqoobee (died circa 284 AH/ 897 CE)
contain many unacceptable stories and analysis. This was due to their over-use of non-Islamic sources
in order to understand certain phenomena.

27

could not have been justified from the Quraan and

Sunnah.
Even today the Islamic world displays how Islam unites
people from all over the world and an example of this can
be seen at Madeenah Islamic University. Being one of the
sacred places on the Earth for Muslims, Madeenah itself is
a centre for the Muslims. The Islamic University of
Madeenah includes Islamic scholars from all over the world
such as Ghana, Nigeria, Algeria, Mali, Mauritania, India,
Bukhaara in central Asia, China, Afghaanisataan and many
other countries. It is a learning centre that demonstrates
how Islamic knowledge has been spread across the world
and not exclusive to any particular group of people.37

37

See the biographies of such scholars at: www.al-manhaj.com and www.fatwa-online.com

28

Slavery and Early Islaam

Slavery has also been an issue that the Afrocentrics have
attacked Islaam for. As usual they cite the examples of
ignorant Muslims as the result of Islamic teachings. This is
not to deny that Islaam allows slavery, as Islaam clearly
allows the enslavement of war captives etc. Yet Islaam does
not allow the enslavement of free-people of whatever
religion and does not allow the enslavement of Muslims.
This is important as many who criticize Islaam for slavery
are unaware that many gluttonous Muslims who traded and
kept slaves also enslaved Muslims and this is forbidden in
Islaam.
The huge trading, kidnapping and enslavement of free
people outside of warfare with Muslims has nothing to do
with Islaam at all. The Lajna ad-Daaimah (Permanent
Committee for Islamic Research) of the top Islamic scholars in
Saudi Arabia issued a Fatwaa wherein they were asked
about the issue of slavery and why does not Islaam outlaw
slavery, from their reply:
By this it is known that the basis of slavery is only
through prisoners-of-war or captives obtained when
29

fighting Jihad against the disbelievers. Its purpose is

to reform those enslaved by removing them from an
evil environment and allowing them to live in a
Muslim society, who will guide them to the path of
goodness, save them from the clutches of evil, purify
them from the filth of disbelief and misguidance, and
make them deserving of a life of freedom in which
they enjoy security and peace.
They furthered stated: And if there are no lawful
Islamic wars, then it is not permissible to establish or
institute slavery.38

38

Fatawa Islamiyah, Islamic Verdicts [Volume 5] (Darussalam: 2002), pp.96-99

30

Therefore in order for slaves to be taken in Islaam there

must have been a legitimate war between Muslims and their
non-Muslim enemies. In this case, the disgusting slave
trading, which in reality was through kidnapping free
people, that took place in Mauritania, Morocco and the
sultaans of Omaan in Zanzibaar throughout history are
only examples of how these former Islamic countries
strayed from the correct understandings of Islaam. This
straying

from

the

correct

Islamic

understandings

contributed to these countries only to be later destroyed

themselves by the superior fire-power of the Europeans,
leaving their own Islamic societies and traces of Islamic
culture totally destroyed up until today.
Shaykh Ahmad Baabaa at-Timbuktee39 (raheemahullaah) a
Muslim scholar of Berber origin from Mali wrote a book
on slavery in 1614 CE called Miraaj us-Sood illa Nayl Hukm
Majloob us-Sood40 which he condemned the enslavement of
Muslims.

39
40

1556 1627 CE
Also known as al-Kashf wal-Bayaan lee Ansaaf Majloob us-Sudan

31

Furthermore, in the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad

(sallallaahu alayhi wassallam) we find that he encouraged
those who kept slaves to make contracts which facilitated
the release and manumission of slaves. For example, when
Seereen, the father of Muhammad Ibn Seereen asked his
master Anas to make a manumission agreement with him,
Anas refused. On hearing about this, Umar Ibn al-Khattab
whipped Anas saying, It is Allaahs command to enter into a
manumission agreement.41
Early Islaam, the epoch of the Salaf, shows many examples
and appeals to emancipate slaves. People were also obliged
to free slaves as expiation for sins and to achieve salvation
in the next life.

41

Bukhaaree

32

Even though there are racist statements from certain

Muslims these have nothing at all do to with Islaam.
Racist poems and proverbs to exist in some Arab literature,
these statements are not exactly from good practicing
Muslims and contradict what Muhammad (sallallaahu alayhi
wassallam) taught.
For example, these racist Arab proverbs were collected by
writers such as al-Maydaanee (d. 1124 CE) in his Majma alAmthaal ,42 al-Askaaree (d. 1005 CE) and Ibn AbdurRabbih (d.940 CE) in Iqd ul-Fareed. Yet is should also be
known that these authors were merely relaying what others
say and not their own belief or ideas.
The Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu alayhi wassallam)
however said, Feed slaves from the food you eat, and clothe them
from the clothes you wear.43 One hadeeth mention that a
person will have two rewards in the after-life if they had
slaves and then educated them and then freed them.44

42

Published in Egypt in two volumes in 1352 AH

Bukhaaree, Muslim and Aboo Daawood
44
Bukhaaree, Muslim, an-Nasaaee and Ibn Maajah
43

33

The Prophet Muhammad also said slaves are your

brothersnever give them more to do than they are capable of doing.
If you ever do so, then help them do it.45 He also said (sallallaahu
alayhi wassallam) No one should say my slave, as all of you are
slaves of Allaah.46

He also said (sallallaahu alayhi

wassallam), Whoever frees a slave, Allaah will free his body from
the hellfire, just as he freed the body of the slave.47 There are many
other hadeeth to this effect from the Prophet Muhammad.
There is also a very interesting example from the time of
the early Muslims, the Salaf us-Saalih found in the book
Zuhoor ul-Basaateen Tareekh as-Sawaadeen (Flowers in the Garden
Regardng the History of the Blacks) by Shaykh Moosaa Kamara
(raheemahullaah).48

45

Bukhaaree, Muslim, Aboo Daawood, Tirmidhi and Ibn Maajah

Bukhaaree, Muslim, an-Nasaaee and Ibn Hibbaan
47
Bukhaaree
48
He is Shaykh Moosaa Ibn Ahmad al-Habeeb al-Kamara of Senegal, 1864 1945 CE. He was born in
Gouriki, Samba-Diom, in a small village in the Damga encompassed by the Futa-Toro region in
Senegal. He studied Arabic and the Quraan at a young age in his village and he also studied with
scholars of the region and Mauritania. He is regarded as an heir to the literary traditions of Timbuktu
and Songhay and he lived at a period which witnessed many Islamic confrontations with the
encroaching European penetration into West Africa. His book Zuhoor ul-Basaateen is his most
voluminous work and is a massive ethno-historical study of his region in West Africa. Another
historical work authored by him was al-Majmoo an-Nafees Sirran wa Alaaniyya an bad as-Saadaat
al-Baydaaniyya was-Sudaaniyya (The Precious Collection, Secret and Public, on Some White and
Black Notables) which is a history of the scholarly Tordobe clan in West Africa and parts of it have
been translated by Constance Hilliard. Hilliard says, His works offer the most sizeable unpublished
reservoir of indigenous intellectual history and commentary existing today in West Africa. For
an English translation of parts of al-Majmoo an-Nafees by Hilliard see the French journal/periodical
Islam Et Societies Au Sud du Sahara (Paris: Fondation de la Maison des Sciences de l-Homme, 1997)
p. 175
46

34

He quotes a passage from a book by Muhammad Ibn

Moosaa Ibn Eesaa Kamaaluddeen ad-Dameeree49 called
Hayaat ul-Hayawaan al-Kubraa.50 In Hayaat ul-Hayawaan, adDameeree in turn quotes the Rihlah of Ibn as-Salaah51 who
narrated a report from az-Zuhree52 (raheemahullaah), who
related as follows:
49

Abul-Bakr Muhammad Ibn Moosaa Ibn Eesaa Ibn Abdul-Qaadir Kamaaluddeeb ad-Dameeree,

born in Cairo in 750 AH/ 1349 CE or 742 AH/ 1341 CE. He was from Dameerah in Egypt and studied
under numerous teachers, principally focusing on the sciences of hadeeth, jurisprudence and philology.
He went on to lecture in Cairo and delivered sermons and exhortations in many other places in Egypt.
He composed several works, mainly commentaries including a four volume work on the methodology
of Imaam Yahyaa an-Nawaee called an-Najm ul-Wahhaaj (The Shining Star), and a commentary of the
Sunan of Ibn Maajah. He became one of the main scholars of the al-Azhar University and died on the
3rd of Jumadaa 808 AH/ 1405 CE at the age of 58 or 66.
50

Hayaat ul-Hayawaan is probably the most important work that gained ad-Dameeree his recognition.

It was the first attempt to give in a systematic form the mass of knowledge of the nature of the animal
and plant kingdoms in Arabic literature. The book is mainly a para-zoological encyclopedia but it is
also full of detailed accounts from the early Muslims. It has been translated into English as Hayat alHayawan A Zoological Lexicon; translated by ASG Jayakar of Bombay University (London: Luzac &
Co., Bombay: Fort Printing Press; Volume 1: 1906 CE/ Volume 2: 1908 CE).
51

Aboo Amr Uthmaan Ibn Abdur-Rahmaan Salaahudden Ibn Uthmaan Ibn Moosaa ash-

Shahrazuree. Born in Sharkhaan in 577 AH/ 1181 CE and he was of Kurdish descent. He was a hadeeth
scholar and studied in Mosul, Baghdaad, Nishapoor, Merw and in Damascus under Ibn Qudaamah alMaqdisee. Ibn as-Salaah composed many works on fiqh and excelled in other areas. He taught at the
Salaahiyya school in Jerusalem and then later went on to teach in the Daar ul-Hadeeth in Damascus.
He died in 643 AH/ 1245 CE.
52

Muhammad Ibn Muslim Ibn Ubaydullaah Ibn Shihaab as-Zuhree 50 AH 124 AH/ 742 CE. He was

one of the early hadeeth scholars and writers of Islamic literature. His grandfather, Abdullaah Ibn
Shihaab fought on the side of the polytheists against the Prophet Muhammad and his companions at
Badr and Uhud, and his father was on the side of Abdullaah Ibn az-Zubayr against the Umayyads.
Az-Zuhree himself along with other scholars, including al-Hasan al-Basree, were later accused of being
government scholars as az-Zuhree accepted office with the Umayyads. Even though az-Zuhree was
poor in wealth he was rich in knowledge having memorized the whole Quraan in three months and
constantly engaged in searching for knowledge. He also studied the genealogies and the poetry of the
Arabs, much of which he had also memorized due to his tremendous memory. Aboo Zinaad

35

I introduced myself to Abdul-Maalik.

Where do you come from, Oh az-Zuhree? he asked me.
I responded, from Makkah.
Whom have you left in your place to lead (as Imaams and teachers)
their inhabitants? he asked me.
Ataa Ibn Abee Rabaah, I answered.
Is he an Arab or a freed slave? he asked.
A freed slave, I said.
How can he lead the Makkans? he asked.
By Deen (religion) and Sunnah, I replied.
Certainly it is suitable that those who possess Deen and Sunnah
lead men. But who then leads the people of Yemen?
Taoos Ibn Kaysaan, I answered.
He asked, Is he an Arab or a freed slave?
A freed slave, I responded.
(raheemahullaah) said of az-Zuhree, When I would be with az-Zuhree he used to go about with
tablets and sheets of paper with him, writing down everything that he heard, we used to laugh at
him for that. A student of az-Zuhree, Mamar reports that his teacher would even write on the soles
of shoes when paper was not available. The first Mujaddid, Umar Ibn Abdul-Azeez
(raheemahullaah) admired az-Zuhree and advised people to attend his study circles. Other scholars
testify that az-Zuhree was a major hadeeth scholar and was trustworthy. Az-Zuhree was also very
benevolent and gave much to the needy, having known poverty himself. One other early scholar, alLayth Ibn Sad (raheemahullaah) stated that I have not seen anyone more generous than Ibn
Shihaab. He used to help anyone who came to him and if he had nothing he used to borrow. Ibn
Sad in his Tabaqaat noted that az-Zuhree collected so many ahadeeth that after his death his
manuscripts needed several large animals to transport them. For more on az-Zuhree and the Arabic
sources where his life and achievements are recorded see: Dr. Muhammad Mustafa Azami, Studies in
Early Hadith Literature (American Trust Publications, 3rd Edition, 1992) pp. 279-293.

36

How can he lead them? he asked.

In the same way as Ataa, I responded.
He then said, It is suitable that people of this kind lead men, but
then who will then lead the people of Egypt?
I replied, Yazeed Ibn Abee Habeeb.
He asked, Is he an Arab or a freed slave?
It was the same response as for the others. Then who will lead and
command the people of Syria? he asked.
I said Makhoot ad-Dimishqee.
He asked, Is he an Arab or a freed slave?
I replied, He is a Nubian that was a slave and released by
Hadooyl.
The same discussion continued, then Abdul-Maalik asked, Who
will then lead (in prayer as Imaams and teachers) the people of
Iraaq?
The response, Maymoon Ibn Mahraam.
He asked, Is he an Arab or a freed slave?
[The same discussion]
Then who will lead the people of Khurasaan?
Ad-Dakhaah Ibn Muzaahin, I replied.
He asked, Is he an Arab or a freed slave?
A freed slave, I replied.
[Same discussion]
37

Then who leads the people of Basrah? Abdul-Maalik asked.

I responded, al-Hasan Ibn Abil-Hasan.
He asked, Is he an Arab or a freed slave?
A freed slave, I responded.
And who leads the people of Koofah? Is he an Arab or a freed
slave?
An Arab, I replied.
Abdul-Maalik said, Oh az-Zuhree you relieve me. By Allaah the
freed slaves rule the Arabs to such an extent that they preach to them
from the pulpits whilst the Arabs remain beneath them.
Oh commander of the faithful, I responded, such is the will of
Allaah and such is the Deen. Whoever practices it is the leader and
whoever ignores it shall fall.53
This is an example of the reality of Islaam as it was
practiced by the early Muslims, as-Salaf us-Saalih and thus
this archetype represents the veracity of how Islaam
liberated people from slavery to men to scholastic height
and achievement. Islaam took people out of the degrading
servitude to men to servitude to Allaah with knowledge
and scholarly endeavor.

53

Hayat ul-Hayawan (Volume 2, Part 1) pp.224-225

38

Quite simply, Islaam is about liberation and the Quraan

contains many verses about equality and human dignity.
Later generations of Muslims had not remained true to the
teachings of Islaam and thus the horrific and terrible
examples of rapacious and miserly Muslims can be seen
with the histories of Zanzibaar, Morocco, Mauritania and
Iraaq, all attesting to this.

39

Abdur-Raheem Greens Response to An African Asks

Some Disturbing Questions of Islam54
This is a response to one of the tracts distributed by the
Pharisee Joseph Smith55 al-Kadhaab56: An African Asks
Some Disturbing Questions of Islam.
This pamphlet is just one example of the hypocrisy, lies
and falsehood of the Christian missionaries and in
particular the infidel Smith, whose papers are rampant with
such falsehoods. We pray that Allaah allows us to expose
every single one of their lies to the world, and especially to
54

Aboo Abdullaah Abdur-Raheem Ibn Green is a Muslim daee (caller to Islam) noted for his

powerful talks at Hyde Park Speakers Corner in London over the last decade wherein many people
embraced Islaam. He is currently in charge of Islamic propagation at Central Mosque Regents Park.
The original work An African Asks Some Disturbing Questions of Islam was by an evangelical
Christian pamphleteer by the name of Brother Banda. Banda utilized many Afrocentric arguments
mainly borrowed from Chancellor Williams and the leaflet was distributed at Hyde Park Speakers
Corner. This particular work also indicates the unity of Islaam as Abdrur-Raheem being a white
English Muslim, took it upon himself to refute the simplistic allegations that Islaam was an
intrinsically racist religion.
55

Joseph 'Jay' Smith is the 'arch-deacon' and senior Christian missionary polemicist against Islaam in

the UK. He is an Anglo-American born in India from a radical Evangelical background and has a
variety of degrees and diplomas. He has studied 'divinity theology' and its like in America and also
studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Smith however is not even
regarded highly by the de-mythologiser orientalists at SOAS. When asked, a former lecturer of Smith's,
G. Hawting, described Smith as being: "A Christian missionary with his own agenda, obviously
extreme in his theories, too radical in his claims to be accepted at a scholarly level and a trouble
maker." Enough said!
56

An Arabic term for a compulsive liar.

40

those who innocently trust their slanderous writings, so the

truth of the reality of thee worst of created beings can be
known. The Bible says a lot of nice things, but it also
contains some horrifyingly brutal and racist comments as
well. The fact is that Western Christianity has often used
the Bible to support its racist ideals. Indeed, the God of the
Old Testament often seems to be portrayed as an exclusive
God of the Israelites:
There is no god in all earth, but in Israel.
{Kings 5: 15}
You (Children of Israel) are a holy people unto the
Lord your God, The Lord has chosen you to be a
special people that are upon the face of the earth.
{Deuteronomy 7: 6}

Some of the sayings attributed to Jesus seem to reflect this

attitude. When a non-Jew Samaritan asks him for help he
refers to them as dogs. Jesus also stated that he was only
41

sent to the lost sheep of the Children of Israel. Interestingly,

the passage where he is supposed to have told his disciples
to go unto the nations, is not found in any of the most
ancient manuscripts and is now considered spurious.
Furthermore, the concept that Jesus was the acclaimed
Son of God, and so called manifestation of God does have
some racist overtones, i.e. that God made flesh was a Jew.
Now concerning the Cushite wife of Moses mentioned in
Numbers, without trying to dismiss entirely the proposition
that the God of the Bible hates racism, the context
seems to be more suggestive that Gods anger was for their
upsetting Moses than any hatred of racism. Not that I
believe the Bible is inherently racist (Gods favour to the
Israelites has other acceptable explanations) but there has
been a history of racism associated with Christianity that
has caused many to flee, and often in numbers, to Islaam.

What follows in A Disturbing Question Concerning the Muslim

Quran is illustrative of the idiotic type of problems these
monkeys use in their desperate attempts to slander Gods
final revelation, the Quraan. The verse quoted (Soorah 3
Alee Imraan: 106-107) clearly has nothing to do with skin
42

colour or race. If a white man was thrown into a fire, what

colour would he become? And if a dark-skinned person
were to be put under an intense light his skin would shine
with that light. Whats racist about that? Interesting
enough, there is another passage in the Quraan which the
Black nationalist Nation of Islam, another group of
perverters of the true meanings of Gods word, use to
support their racist ideals that all white people are damned.
This verse describes the unbelievers on the Day of Judgement
as being blue-eyed!57 In fact, the words are only common
Arabic idiomatic usage to describe terror, as in the English
term green with envy. Only misguided fools would use such
passages to support claims of racism. It becomes all the
more incredible in light of the clear verse of the Quraan
that states:

57

This is the verse in the Quraan wherein Allaah, Most Wise, says, The Day when the Trumpet

shall be blown, and We shall gather the criminals (sinners), blue-eyed {Soorah 20 Taa Haa: 102}.
The Arabic word here Zurq is a plural form of Azraq. This verse has been interpreted by some
commentators of the Quraan to mean that out of fear all human beings on the Day of Judgement will
turn blue. Because of fear, their blood would dry up and it would seem as if there was no blood left in
their veins making them look bluish-white. The other, and much stronger opinion, is that the horror of
the Day of Judgement will turn eyes bluish-white, the sense of horror will seize them causing their eyes
to petrify. The verse has never been understood by the early Muslims to mean white blue eyed
Europeans will only be punished and gathered on the Day of Judgement!!

43

We made you into tribes and nations that you may get
to know one another (not that you should hate each
other) And the best of you in the sight of Allaah are
those who are most conscious of Allaah
{Soorah 49 al-Hujooraa: 13}
And the well known authenticated statement of the
Prophet Muhammad: There is no difference between
the white and the black, the Arab and non-Arab,
except in Taqwaa (God-consciousness).58 Also the
verses in the Quraan that clearly state that it is a revelation
for all mankind, that all mankind is descended from Adam
and Eve, and Adam was made from dust, are more than
sufficient proof to dispel concerns of racism in the Quraan
or the religion of Islaam. Furthermore, the lack of racism is
something found practically manifested amongst the
Muslim nations, as epitomized in the Hajj, where pilgrims
from all over the world join together in the worship of the
One True God, Allaah, dressed in the same two pieces of
seamless white cloth. The sight was enough to change

58

Musnad Ahmad

44

Malcolm X from a racist black nationalist to a true Sunnee

Muslim.59
How could this Christian be blind to these facts, when
even the scholars amongst his co-religionists have
recognized the distinctive non-racial quality of Islaam?
The extinction of race consciousness as between
Muslims is one of the outstanding achievements of
Islam, and in the contemporary world there is a crying
need for the propagation of this Islamic virtue.60
No other society has such a record of success in
uniting in an equality of status, or opportunity and
endeavor so many and so varied races of mankind.
The great Muslim communities of Africa, India and
Indonesia, perhaps also the small community in
Japan, show that Islam has still the power to reconcile
apparently irreconcilable elements of race and
tradition.61

59

Refer to The Autobiography of Malcolm X, by Alex Haley

60

Civilisation on Trial, by AJ Toynbee

61

Whither Islam, by HAR Gibb

45

It seems to me that Banda is either willfully blind, or

merely trying to slander Islaam with anything he can lay his
hands on, and if he cant find anything hell happily lie and
invent it! We need to ask if this is truly the way of one who
claims to be a follower of the Prince of Peace the one who
praised meekness, humility, honesty and justice, and
condemned the lying hypocrisy of the Scribes and the
Pharisees? This Christian writer reeks of that very same
type of lying hypocrisy that Jesus, peace be upon him, was so
vocal in condemning.
In the light of what we have discovered so far, can we trust
those comments that follow?

46

In the next section A Disturbing Question Concerning African

History,62 Banda is puzzled about the lack of unbiased
historical research by Muslims concerning the African
people. We have already witnessed how unbiased Banda
has proved to be, and his own complete lack of objectivity
will become even more apparent when we further examine
his claims. The first lie we find is in his accusation that
Islaam destroyed the African churches. If he means by that
that Islaam destroyed them because when Islaam came
people voluntarily left Christianity in droves and embraced
Islaam through their own realization that it is indeed the
true religion, then emphatically YES! And no Muslim
would fail to be proud of that. But this is not what Banda
means, as he clearly shows further on when he gives his
reasons for the disappearance of the Christian Church as

62

Banda stated: As an African I am very puzzled at the lack of balanced historical research by

Muslims concerning the African people. This statement displays the clear lack of any real
historiographical knowledge that fools like Banda have. If Banda knew African historical research
himself he would have known that there is a mass of literature in Africa written in Arabic by African
Muslims. Such as Tareekh as-Sudan written in 1653 by Abdur-Rahmaan as-Sadee at-Timbuktee,
Tareekh al-Fattaash written in the 18th century CE by Mahmood al-Kaatee, and also the work of
Ahmad Baabaa at-Timbuktee and Moosaa Kamarah. Not to mention other scholars such as Ibn ulJawzee and as-Suyootee and Muslim historians, travelers and geographers such as Ibn Munabbah,
Abul-Fida, Ibn ul-Mukhtaar, Ibn Fadhlallaah al-Umaree and al-Bakree. This basic evidence can be
found in any concise West African history book regarding Islaam, so Banda has little excuse to make
this pathetic claim.

47

forced conversion and slaughter at the hands of the

Muslims. This, you guessed it, is another complete lie.
De Lacy O Leary wrote in his book on Islaam: History
makes it clear, however, that the legend of fanatical
Muslims sweeping through the world and forcing
Islaam at the point of the sword upon conquered races
is one of the most fantastically absurd myths that
historians have ever repeated.63
The Quraanic verse that Banda quotes are, of course,
quoted out of context, and the correct understand is
established by reference to other Quraanic verses and the
sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. Without a doubt
Islaam calls upon Muslims to fight against the forces of
disbelief, oppression and tyranny. This is nothing new in
fact, Banda could find some even more brutal verses in his
own book if only he had eyes to see:
And the Lord said, Go through the city, and smite;
let not your eye spare, neither have you pity. Slay

63

De Lacy OLeary, Islam at the Crossroads A Brief Survey of the Present Position and Problems of

the World of Islam (1923)

48

utterly the old and young, both maids and little

children, and women.
{Ezekiel 9: 5}
And as for not taking friends those who have insulted
Allaah by saying that he has a Son and committed the
crime of ascribing divinity to His creation, the ultimate evil,
then does Paul not say something similar? Do not be
yoked together with the unbelievers. For what do
righteousness and wickedness have in common? Or
what fellowship can light have with darkness?64
What becomes even more laughable is when he quotes the
names of so-called African Christians, such as Augustine
of Hippo (whose mothers name was Monica and father
Patricius), Tertullian, Clement and Athanasius. Now do
they sound like African names to you? A little unbiased
historical research will show the origins of these names and
the racial origins of these Great thinkers. They are Greek
and Roman colonialists, which is rather like quoting Pit
Bota or Cecil Rhodes as founders of African civilisation.

64

Corinthians 6: 17

49

Now for a real African church we might turn our

attention to Ethiopia, but the Christian would rather ignore
that, since Negus, the King of Ethiopia at the time of the
Prophet Muhammad (may the peace and blessings of Allaah be
upon him) and a good number of his bishops, as well as
many of the Ethiopians, became Muslims, voluntarily,
recognizing Muhammad as a true Prophet. Indeed, large
numbers of the Muslim armies that liberated north Africa
from the tyranny of the Christian Byzantine empire were
Ethiopians. The very same Roman colonialist stock that
Banda quotes as examples of African Christianity actually
complained to the Muslim Ameer about the large numbers
of blacks in his army and asked him to keep them well
away because they were frightening them. Take away
that black man, I can have no distinction with him,
exclaimed the Christian Archbishop Cyrus when the Arab
conquerors has sent a deputation of their ablest men to
discuss terms of surrender of the capital of Egypt, headed
by the companion of the Prophet Muhammad, Ubaadah
Ibn as-Saamit, may Allaah be pleased with him, as the most
ablest of them all, Ubaadah Ibn as-Saamit was black.65 To
65

These facts refute the mass of Afrocentric and Orientalist literature that mention Arab invasions,

conquests and rises, in North Africa, when the main leaders and many of those fighting to spread
Islaam were in fact black. Usaamah bin Zayd (radi Allaahu anhu) who was one of the young

50

the sacred archbishops astonishment, he was told that this

man was commissioned by the General, Amr Ibn al-Aas;
that the Muslims held blacks and whites in equal respect,
judging a man by his character not his colour. Well if the
black man must lead, then he must speak gently,
ordered the prelate, so as not to frighten his white
auditors.66
Furthermore, Banda and his evangelical brethren must be
walking with blinkers on their eyes and cotton wool in their
ears when he asks, So why do we not hear of this
African church, and why do we not see any remnants
of it today? I lived in Egypt for ten years. One third of
the population, after one thousand and four hundred years
of Muslim rule, is still Coptic, which is one of the oldest
Christian Churches. I passed their Churches many times
and visited their monasteries in the desert. The Ethiopian
Church is still existing, as are the Catholic, Orthodox,
Syriac, Maronite and numerous other Churches still
commanders of the companions of Muhammad (sallallaahu alayhi wassallam) was of African origin,
Ubaadah Ibn as-Saamit (radi Allaah anhu) for example, the commander of the Muslims that went into
Egypt, was a black (dark-skinned) Arab and Taariq bin Ziyaad (radi Allaahu anhu) who was the
commander of the Muslims that went into Spain was also originally from one of the north African
tribes.
66

SS Leeder, Veiled Mysteries of Egypt

51

existing all over the lands liberated by the Muslims.67

Historical records show that Christian Churches actually
wrote to the Muslims inviting them to come and liberate
them from the tyranny of their Christian brethren the
Byzantines!
Banda goes as far as to expose himself with a blatant
contradiction when he mentions the three Christian minisates of Sudan having their own written language, centres
of learning etcfrom 350 CE to 1500 CE, yet claims that
it was all destroyed by Muslim invaders in 1275 CE? As for
the present war, we ask all inquiring minds to ponder what
peace-loving,

turn-the-other-cheek,

resist-not-your-

enemies Christians are doing fighting a civil war against

the legitimate government of Sudan, and what the peaceloving,

turn-the-other-cheek,

resist-not-your-enemies

European and American Evangelists are doing funding

these rebels. It is also noteworthy that over half of the
deaths in that civil war, and much of the destruction, has
been caused by the rival Christian groups fighting each
other!
67

For example in Muslim Spain, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, Tunisia, Morocco, with these last three

countries still home to large communities of Jews.

52

I suggest anyone who is interested in reading a truly

unbiased account of the treatment of Christians by the
Muslims get hold of The Preaching of Islam by TW Arnold.
Alexander Powell says in his book The Struggle for Power in
Muslim Asia, In their wars of conquest, however, the
Muslims exhibited a degree of toleration which puts
many Christian nations to shame.
Through my reading of Joseph Smiths papers, I have
developed a method for predicting Evangelical Christian
lies about Islaam. When you read, The Muslims say or
The Muslims believe or something similar, then there is
about an 85% chance that what will follow will either be a
complete lie or gross distortion. The section on slavery is
an excellent example. In the second line he sates that,
concerning slavery, wait for it, Muslims say it was only

a Christian phenomena. Do they? Which Muslims is he

talking about? I dont think that there are any Muslims that
say slavery was only a Christian phenomenon, since slavery
existed before Christianity came along. The facts are that
the Bible, both the Old and New Testaments approve of
slavery and there is not one single Biblical verse
53

condemning it. The only verse that comes within a

hundred miles is Pauls recommendation to Christians to
try and free themselves if they are slaves because they
should be slaves to Christ alone. In fact Biblical teachings
approve of slavery and even enjoin it. If the hypocrite
Banda condemns Islaam because of slavery, then he also
condemns his own book. Lets browse through a few
examples:

And the Lord said unto Moses, Avenge the children

of the Midianites, They warred against the
Midianites, as the Lord commanded Moses, and they
killed the males. And they took all of the women as
captives, and their children, and took the spoil of their
cattle, and took all of their flocks, and all of their
goods. And they burnt all their cities wherein they
54

dwelt, and all their goodly castles with fire. Moses

said, Have you kept all of the women alive? Now kill
every male among the children, and kill every woman
that has known a man by lying with him, but keep all
of the young girls for yourselves.
{Numbers 31: 1}

When you draw near to a city fight against it, offer

terms of peace to it, and if its answer to you is peace
and it opens to you, then all of the people that are
found within it shall do forced labour for you and shall
serve you. But if the city does not make peace with
you, then you shall besiege ityou shall put all its
males to the sword, but the women and the children,
the cattle and everything else in the city, all its spoil,
you shall take as booty for yourselves; and you shall
enjoy the spoil of your enemies.
{Deuteronomy 20: 10-17}
Oh no! Thats the Old Testament, cries the Christian! The
New Testament has replaced all that! Not so. Paul actually
instructs the flock on how to behave as slaves:

55

Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and

fear, and with sincerity of heart, just as you would
ChristServe wholeheartedlyAnd masters, treat
your slaves in the same way. Do not threaten them
{Ephesians 6: 5}
Nota Bene: Paul does not order Christian masters to release
their Christian slaves, just to be nice to them! What reeks
even more of hypocrisy is that Banda tries to use the
secular Western nations condemnation of slavery to show
how Christianity condemned slavery. Yet this very liberal,
non-literal, non-Biblical based form of Christianity, followed by the likes of Livingstone and Wilberforce68 is
the very same type of Christianity these evangelicals, like
Banda and his bunch, so vehemently attack for their
understandable refusal to believe the Bible is the Word of
God, and their readiness to accept the modern scientific
criticisms of the Biblical texts.
When one shows the short-comings and corruption of
Imperialism and the Western consumer societies they cry
68

William Wilberforce of Hull was active n the 19th century CE abolition of slavery movement and

called for the ending of New World slavery and British involvement in it.

56

this is not Christianity and they are not true Christians.

But when, as in this article, they wish to condemn Islaam,
or any other religion, they produce statistics to show how
much better the Christian Europe is. They want to have
their cake and eat it too. Now let us not forget that the
USA fought a civil war against the Southern Bible Belt
States just over one hundred years ago, and partly over the
issue of slavery (Southern white American Christians
approved of it and found support in the Bible).

Islaam does not encourage slavery, nor does it forbid it. It

does however, encourage the freeing and kind treatment of
slaves. A slave in Islaam is treated as a member of the
household, and must be fed with the same food and
clothed with the same clothes as the master or mistress. It
is forbidden to overwork a slave and the slave has the right
to buy his or her freedom and the owner does not have the
right to refuse. In fact, they way slaves are treated in
Islaam, as one European writer commented, was better
than the way servants were treated in Europe. Slavery in
Islaam has never been a racial issue. In fact, North
57

African black Muslims, as well as Turks and Mongols, had

Caucasian slaves. Those are the facts. As for slavery being a
means of people coming to the true religion, then I swear
by Allaah, on the Day of Judgement, Banda will wish that
he had been enslaved and become a Muslim than meet
Allaah as a Christian.

58

Culture and Conclusion

Bandas Truth Tract proudly points out that Moses was
married to a Cushite African, according to the Bible.
Muslims also believe, and in fact the Prophet Muhammad,
may the peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him, described
Moses as being Black with curly hair.69 Furthermore, this
same Truth Tract completely fails to point out that
Abraham was also married to an African, Haggar,70 whose
son Ishmael, is descended. Joseph Jay Smith, one of the
Evangelicals responsible for other truth tracts, is in love
with a book called The Haggareenes71, which was another

69

These ahaadeeth are in Bukhaaree and Muslim. In Kitaab ul-Eemaan in Saheeh Muslim for

example, it is narrated from Ibn Abbaas, referring to the miraculous Night Journey (al-Israa walMiraaj) of the Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu alayhi wassallam), that the Prophet met Prophet
Moosaa. About Moosaas appearance Muhammad said: Moosaa was Aadam (dark brown) and he
had curly hair, like a man from Shaanooshaah (one of the old tribes in Yemen).
70

In Islaam, her Arabic name, peace be upon her, is Haajaar

71

What Abdur-Raheem meant here was the book Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World

(Cambridge University Press: 1977) by Patricia Crone and Michael Cook. Abdur-Raheem forgot the
exact name as he wrote this refutation from memory. The book argues that the Arabs invented Islaam
and that Islaam was not fully solidified until two hundred years after the death of the Prophet
Muhammad (sallallaahu alayhi wassallam). Additionally, the book claims that in inventing their new
religion and culture, the Arabs took bits from other established and past civilizations to help them in
building their own new Islamic civilisation. The book is a popular reference work for ignorant and
anti-Islamic Jews and Christians who wish to further their futile and vain polemic against Islaam. The
book is even studied on the Origins of Islam course at the School of Oriental and African Studies,
University of London! Furthermore, in Abdur-Raheems devastating 73 page refutation of Joseph
Smiths writings, Abdur-Raheem collected the statements of 16 other non-Muslim scholars of

59

name for the Arabs who were therefore named after an

African. This title Haggareenes was used by the Christians
as a derogatory term against the descendents of a son and
daughter of Africa, as was the term Saracens (the term
that the Crusaders used for the Muslims), which means
Those rejected by Sarah.
Now a closer look at Christian/Pauline theology
concerning Abraham, Haggar and Ishmael, would have
leave one wondering why Sarahs racism went unpunished?
Islaam teaches the true history, corrupted by the Jews72
and Christians, of Abraham and Ishmael. It was Ishmael,
the half-African, who was the first son of Abraham. It was
both Abraham and his half African son Ishmael that were
tested and favoured by Allaah. It was Abraham, the Friend
of God, and his half-African son Ishmael that raised the
foundations and built the first house, the Kaabah, for the
worship of the One True God, Allaah. Muhammad, may the
Islamic history that have strongly rejected the claims of the book Hagarism. The book is not even
recognised by their own Orientalists!
72

For example a contemporary and popular orthodox Jewish Rabbi has verified this. Rabbi Schmeul

Botech, or Schmuelee, of Oxford, head of the Jewish LChaim Society of Oxford University, who is
popular in the West as a Rabbi up-to-date with modernity, recognized by his New York accent, wrote
an article in the Guardian Newspapers religion column in 1998 stating: Ishmael had already gone
off the path

60

peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him, a descendent of

Ishmael, returned the Kaabah and the world to the pure
monotheism of Abraham.
In this same city, Makkah, whenever anyone visits, they
must circumbulate the Kaabah, and make Saiee, that is
running between the two hills of Saffaa and Marwah in
remembrance of Haggar, daughter of Africa, who ran from
one hill to the other looking for help, as Ishmael lay crying
in the sand. It is from the well of Zamzam that every
pilgrim drinks, where none other than the Angel Gabriel
dug with his wing and the water started to flow, and
Haggar and Ishmael drank. What better reason can one
think of for the sons of Africa to turn up there to pray?
As for the Arab dress which Banda complains that has to
be worn (another lie!)73 it is no different from that which
was worn by Jesus, and most of the people of North Africa
and Ethiopia. In fact Nigerian and East African Muslims
have their own, immediately identifiable, African dress.
73

Banda stated in his leaflet: Yet why is it that we are obliged to start wearing 7th century Arab

dress once Islaam is taken on? Whats wrong with my good African cultural dress? In addition to
what Abdu-Raheem has stated about this foolish comment, it is also noteworthy to mention that none
of the Hyde Park Christian Fellowship Africans (in fact only about three of the main Speakers
Corner Evangelicals are African anyway) wear good African cultural dress. Rather they parade
about Hyde Park in Western suits, cowboy hats and some not even bothered about their appearance!

61

As for Bandas other idiotic statements,74 then the Quraan

is also translated into many languages, and no Muslim
doubts that Allaah can communicate in and understand
every language also, but Allaah, in His infinite wisdom,
chose to reveal His final revelation in the Arabic tongue,
and he has preserved that language. Banda talks about his
Bible, but compare some of these translations with their
most ancient manuscripts which are in Greek (not an
African language I think) which itself was not the original
language of Jesus and the Prophets, you will see how they
have fulfilled exactly Gods accusation in the Quraan of
changing and perverting Gods word. Now if Banda and
his like have so little regard for God that they feel free to
pervert His message, then do you think they will feel shy to
lie to you and me?
Banda and his Evangelical bunch do not love the truth, nor
do they love you. They love only their father, the father of
lies, the Devil, who wants to mislead you from the true
74

Banda said: Furthermore, why are we required to read Gods word and only speak to Him only in

Arabic? Does God only speak Arabic? Is He not capable of understanding my African language?
Thank God that the Holy Bible is now in over 2000 known languages around the world. Because I

62

religion, the pure monotheism of Abraham and Ishmael

and Muhammad, may Allaahs peace and blessings be upon them
all.
As for Bandas final question,75 I will let some unbiased
non-Muslims answer:

Truly if the question must be put, whether it is

Mohammadan76 or Christian nations that have done
most for Africa, the answer must be that it is not the
Christian. Christian travelers, with every wish to think
otherwise have remarked that the Negro who accepts
Mohammadanism acquires at once a sense of dignity
of human nature not commonly found even among
those who have been brought to accept Christianity.
Here we find in central Africa, the use of decent
clothing, the arts of reading and writing and, what is
more, which had forbidden and to a great extent, has
know my God is able to speak every language. Its not a problem for Him. Suffice to say that Banda
did not mention what African language he understands?!
75

Bandas final remark in his petite leaflet was: Now that I have asked my questions, you too ask

yours. Who indeed has helped me as an African the most: Islam or Christianity? You need to choose
wisely, because your life depends on it.
76

At the time Reverend Bosworth-Smith was writing, the ignorant term Mohammadan was used to

describe a Muslim and Mohammadanism for Islaam.

63

abolished immodest dancing and gambling and

drinking, which inculcated upon the whole a pure
morality, and sets forth a sublime and at the same
time, a simple theology, is surely deserving of other
feelings than the hatred and the contempt which some
portions of our religions press habitually pour onto
it.77
As a religion the Mohammadan religion, it must be
confessed, is more suited to Africa than is the
Christian religion; indeed, I would even say that it is
suited to the world as a whole.78
Waal-Hamdulillahi Rabbil al-Ameen
And all praise is due to Allaah, Lord of the Worlds

77

Reverend Bosworth-Smith, Mohammad and Mohammadanism

78

Lancelot Lawton, The Sphere

64

Edward Blyden
One of the most important Pan-Africanist thinkers of the
19th century was Edward Blyden (1832 1912 CE). Born
in St. Thomas, West Indies, he spent most of his life on the
African continent. He was an accomplished linguist, writer,
educator and world traveler who strongly defended Africa
and its cultural and social heritage. Not only was he clearly
more knowledgeable but he was also more active in actual
realities than the Afrocentrists and other armchair black
historians. Most important here though is the fact that
Blyden had positive attitudes towards Islaam and viewed
Islaam as a major vehicle for regenerating Africa, despite
the fact that Blyden was recognized as being a Christian.
Blyden believed that Islaam gave Africans, and black
people in general, more of an identity as opposed to
Christianity. Blyden had experience himself of the
hypocrisy of Christianity as he as even refused entry as a
student to enroll at the Rutgers Theological College by fellow
white Christians because he was West Indian.79

79

Richard Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience (1997)

65

Blydens book Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race80 is

collection of his writings on race, culture and the African
personality. Blyden mentions that under Christianity,
African avenues to intellectual improvement were
closed, and thus Africans were doomed to perpetual
ignorance.81 Blyden also notes that, The Negro82 in
Christian lands, where he has been under the training
of the white man, exhibits a cringing and servile
spirit.83
Further, Blydens research and eyewitness accounts refute
the simplistic arguments put forward by the anti-Islaamic
and Islamophobic Afrocentrics and black Christians. For
example, Blyden states, The political and social
institutions of the Arabs had already been tried and
found suitable to the wants and tastes of the Negro
tribes. Indeed, the two peoples, if not of cognate
origin, have protracted inter-communications, and by
the similarity of the physical influences which have,
for ages, operated upon them, become similar in
tastes. And it was not difficult for the Arabs to
80

This book was first published in 1888 and the re-published in 1994 by Black Classic Press.

81

ibid. p.15

82

During the time that Blyden was writing, the Spanish word Negro was used in the English language

to describe people dark skinned African descent.

66

conform to a great extent to the social and domestic

customs of the Africans: by their teaching, by their
intelligence, by their intermarriages with the natives,
by the trade and generosity of their merchants, they
enlisted so many interests and such deep sympathies
that they rapidly took root in the country.84
Blyden further stated in Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race:
Every traveler who enters the Muslim regions of West
and Central Africa with sufficient basis of information
is forced to admit that the man makes a great mistake
who approaches the Negro Muslims with the idea that
they are benighted Africans. Islam in Africa, instead
of being treated in the offhand and contemptuous
manner adopted by some, who seem to have gathered
all their knowledge of Islaam from the Arabian
Nights, ought to be approached with earnestness and
respect; for there is much in Islam which Christians
may profitably study, and from which Christians
might learn important lessons.85

83

ibid. p.22

84

ibid. p.23

85

ibid. p.73

67

From Blydens positive remarks about Islaam are:

It is certain that many of these West African tribes
have received the religion of Islaam without it being
forced upon them by the overpowering arms of
victorious invaders.86
The introduction of Islam into Central and West
Africa has been the most important, if not the sole,
preservative against the desolations of the slave trade.
Islam furnished a protection to the tribes who
embraced it by effectively binding them together in
one strong religious fraternity and enabling them by
their united efforts to baffle the attempts of powerful
pagan slave hunters. Enjoying this comparative
immunity from sudden hostile incursions, industry
was stimulated among themLarge towns and cities
have grown under Islams energy and industry. Dr
Barth87 was surprised to find such towns or cities such
as Kano and Sokoto in the centre of Africa to
86

ibid. p.199

87

Heinrich Barth was one of the early European Saharan and West African travelers. His published

works include the five volume Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa A Journal of an
Expedition Undertaken Under the Auspices of H.B.Ms Government in the Years 1849-1855

68

discover the focus of a complex and widely ramified

commerce, and a bust hive of manufacturing industry,
in a region which most people believed to have been a
desert.88
Islam extinguishes all distinctions founded upon
race, colour or nationality, I admonish you to fear
Allah

said

the

Prophet

Muhammad

to

his

companions, And yield obedience to my successors,

even if he is a black Ethiopian slave.89 And therefore,
throughout the history of Islam, in all countries, race
or previous condition has been no barrier to
elevation.90 Blyden then gives the example of the former
slave Kaafoor91 who governed and ruled Egypt and Syria
after proving to be a great soldier and statesman.92

An American missionary, residing in Egypt, calls

attention to the entire absence of all colour and race
88

Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race, p. 215

89

This hadeeth is found in Mishkaat al-Masaabih, at-Tabreezee

90

Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race, p. 281

91

Abul-Misk Kaafoor al-Ikhsheedee ruled Egypt from 334 AH/ 945 CE 356 AH/ 966 CE.

92

Ibn Khallilkans Biographical Dictionary, Volume 2, translated by Baron de Slone (Paris: Oriental

Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland) p. 524

69

prejudice in the country, which seems to have struck

him the more from his experience of the unreasonable
and superstitious caste prejudices in the land of his
birth.93 Ibn Khaldoon, a celebrated Muslim author,
makes the following observations: It is a curious
circumstance that the majority of learned amongst the
Muslims belonged to a foreign race, very few persons
of Arab descent having obtained distinction in the
sciences connected with the law, or in those based on
human reason. And yet the promulgator of the law
was an Arab and the Quran, that source of so many
sciences, an Arabic book.94
The religion of the Jews, after 800 years, nowhere
furnishes such practical evidence of cosmopolitan
adaptation and power.95

There is nothing in the original teachings of Islam

that requires hostility to Christians. There are, no
doubt, bigots and fanatics among Muslims, as there
93

Lansing, Egypts Princes

94

Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race, p.282

95

ibid. p. 283

70

have been and are now, bigots and fanatics among

Christians; but the spirit of Islam, as taught by in its
original records, is tolerant.96
All of these remarks from an African centered scholar
writing in the 19th century refute the radical black
Christian and Afrocentric tale of events about Islaam put
forward by many.

96

ibid. p. 297

71