CS2307 MNL

FRANCIS XAVIER ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUNELVELI 627003
[ISO 9001: 2008 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION]
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCEAND

ENGINEERING
CS 2307 NETWORKS LAB

Year
Semester
: 2014 2015 (ODD SEM)

:V
PREPARED BY
J. DOULAS, AP/CSE
S.U.SOWMIYA, AP/CSE
http://francisxavier.ac.in
Page 1
INDEX
EX.No
Date
Name of the Experiment
1.
Implementation of ECHO Server using

Socket Programming
2.
Implementation of Socket Programming

using UDP
3.
Implementation of Socket programming

using TCP
4.
Program for Remote Procedure Call using

Remote Command Execution
5.
Implementation of RMI
6.
Simulation of Sliding window Protocols
7.
Implementation of ARP
8.
Implementation of RARP
9a.
Study of Network Simulator-NS 2
9b.
Network Simulator Glomosim
10.
Simulation of Dynamic Routing Protocol
Marks
Sigmature
Page 2
Ex. No.1
Date:
IMPLEMENTATION OF ECHO SERVER USING

SOCKET PROGRAMMMING
Abstract:
The Echo server simply receives data from its client and echoes it back. The Echo server
is a well-known service that clients can rendezvous with on port 7.EchoClient creates a socket
thereby getting a connection to the Echo server. It reads input from the user on the standard input
stream, and then forwards that text to the Echo server by writing the text to the socket. The
server echoes the input back through the socket to the client. The client program reads and
displays the data passed back to it from the server:
Aim:
To implement the echo server using Socket Programming.
Algorithm:
1.Create two programs one for the server side and one for the client side
2.In the server side, create a server socket.
3.The return value of the accept() method is assigned to a new socket created.
4.Send the input received from the client at the server side back to the client.
5.In the client side, create a socket to connect to the server.
6.Create the object of DataInputStream to accept input from the server
7.Display the input received from the server.
8.Type quit at the client side to finish execution of both the programs.
9.Stop.
Page 3
PROGRAM:
ECHOSERVER:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class echoserver
{
public static void main(String args[])throws IOException
{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(500);
Socket s=ss.accept();
System.out.println("Server is ready");
DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
PrintStream p=new PrintStream(s.getOutputStream());
while(true)
{
String t=dis.readLine();
if(t==null)
break;
System.out.println(t);
p.println(t);
}
}
}
Page 4
PROGRAM:
ECHO CLIENT:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class echoclient
{
{
InetAddress obj=InetAddress.getLocalHost();
Socket s=new Socket(obj,500);
System.out.println("TYPE YOUR MESSAGE TO SERVER AND TYPE QIUT
TO EXIT");
while(true)
{
String t=new DataInputStream(System.in).readLine();
if(t.equals("quit"))
{
p.close();
System.exit(0);
}
else
{
p.println(t);
t=dis.readLine();
}
}
}
}
Page 5
OUTPUT:
ECHO SERVER:
C:\Documents and settings\STUDENT> d:
D:\>cd D:\jdk1.6.0\bin
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac echoserver.java
Note: echoserver.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.

Note: Recompile with -deprecation for details.
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java echoserver
Server is ready
A MESSAGE FROM CLIENT TO SERVER
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
ECHO CLIENT:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac echoclient.java
Note: echoclient.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java echoclient
TYPE YOUR MESSAGE TO SERVER AND TYPE QUIT TO EXIT
quit
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
Page 6
OUTPUT:
ECHO SERVER:

Server is ready
CLIENT TO SERVER
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
ECHO CLIENT:
CLIENT TO SERVER
CLIENT TO SERVER
Quit
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
Page 7
OUTPUT:
ECHO SERVER:

Server is ready
MESSAGE
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
ECHO CLIENT:
MESSAGE
MESSAGE
Quit
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
Page 8
RESULT
Thus the java program to implement the echo server using Socket Programming was
written and executed successfully.
Page 9
Ex. No.2
Implementation of Socket Programming using UDP.
Date:
Abstract:
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol
suite. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams,
to other hosts on an Internet Protocol(IP) network without prior communications to set up special
transmission channels or data paths.UDP uses a simple transmission model with a minimum of
protocol mechanism.It has no handshaking dialogues.
Aim:
To implement socket programming using UDP.
Algorithm:
1.Create two programs one for the server side(udpserver.java) and one for the client
side(udpclient.java).
2.Create an instance of Datagramsocket and an instance of Datagram packet in the server.
3.Receive the packet from the client using Datagram sockets receive method.
4.Get data from the Datagram packet and print it.
5.Get the message using getBytes() to send to client.
6.Send the packet to the client side using Datagram Sockets send command.
7.At the client first the packet is sent and then received using Datagram Sockets send
and receive method after creation of an instance of Datagram socket.
8.A message quit is sent from the client to end both the sessions.
Page 10
PROGRAM:
UDPSERVER:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class udpserver
{
{
DatagramSocket ds=new DatagramSocket(600);
System.out.println("Server is ready");
DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(System.in);
while(true)
{
byte c[]=new byte[100];
DatagramPacket dp2=new DatagramPacket(c,c.length);
ds.receive(dp2);
String t=new String(dp2.getData());
if(t.trim().toLowerCase().equals("quit"))
{
ds.close();
dis.close();
System.exit(0);
}
else
{
for(int i=0;i<dp2.getLength();i++)
System.out.print((char)dp2.getData()[i]);
System.out.println();
t=dis.readLine();
byte b[]=t.getBytes();
DatagramPacket dp1=new DatagramPacket(b,b.length,obj,200);
ds.send(dp1);
}
}
}
}
Page 11
PROGRAM:
UDP CLIENT:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class udpclient
{
{
DatagramSocket ds=new DatagramSocket(200);
DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(System.in);
System.out.println("TYPE YOUR MESSAGE TO SERVER AND TYPE QUIT
TO EXIT");
while(true)
{
{
byte c[]=t.getBytes();
DatagramPacket dp2=new DatagramPacket(c,c.length,obj,600);
ds.send(dp2);
ds.close();
dis.close();
System.exit(0);
}
else
{
byte c[]=t.getBytes();
DatagramPacket dp2=new DatagramPacket(c,c.length,obj,600);
ds.send(dp2);
}
byte b[]=new byte[100];
DatagramPacket dp1=new DatagramPacket(b,b.length);
ds.receive(dp1);
for(int i=0;i<dp1.getLength();i++)
System.out.println((char)dp1.getData()[i]);
}
}
}
Page 12
OUTPUT:
UDP SERVER:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac udpserver.java
Note: udpserver.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java udpserver
Server is ready
S
E
R
V
E
R
Quit
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
UDP CLIENT:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac udpclient.java
Note: udpclient.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java udpclient
SERVER
q
u
i
t
quit
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
Page 13
OUTPUT:
UDP SERVER:

Server is ready
o
u
t
quit
UDP CLIENT:
out
q
u
i
t
quit
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
Page 14
OUTPUT:
UDP SERVER:

Server is ready
f
r
o
m
quit
UDP CLIENT:
from
q
u
i
t
quit
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
Page 15
RESULT
Thus the java program to implement socket programming using UDP was written and
executed successfully.
Page 16
Ex. No.3
Implementation of Socket Programming using TCP
Date:
Abstract:
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet
protocol suite (IP), and is so common that the entire suite is often called TCP/IP. TCP provides
reliable, ordered, error-checked delivery of a stream of octets between programs running on
computers connected to a local area network, intranet or the public Internet. It resides at the
transport layer. TCP provides a connection oriented service, since it is based on connections
between clients and servers. TCP provides reliability. When a TCP client send data to the server,
it requires an acknowledgement in return. If an acknowledgement is not received, TCP
automatically retransmit the data and waits for a longer period of time.
TCP is instead a byte-stream protocol, without any boundaries at all.
Aim:
To implement socket programming using TCP/IP.
Algorithm:
1.Create two programs one for the server side(tcpserver.java) and one for the client
side(tcpclient.java).
2.In the server side, create a server socket.
3.The return value of accept is assigned to a new socket created.
4.Create the object of DataInputStream to accept input from the client.
5.Display the input received from the client.
6.In the client side, create a socket to connect to the server.
7.Create the object of DataInputStream to accept input from the server.
8.Display the input received from the server.
9.Type quit at the client side to finish execution of both the programs.
10.Stop.
Page 17
PROGRAM:
TCP CLIENT:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class tcpclient
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
System.out.println("TYPE TOUR MESSAGE TO SERVER AND TYPE QUIT
TO EXIT..");
while(true)
{
{
p.close();
System.exit(0);
}
else
{
p.println(t);
t=dis.readLine();
}
}
}
}
Page 18
PROGRAM:
TCP SERVER:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class tcpserver
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
System.out.println("SERVER IS READY...");
while(true)
{
if(t==null)
break;
t=new DataInputStream(System.in).readLine();
p.println(t);
}
}
}
Page 19
OUTPUT:
TCP SERVER:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac tcpserver.java
Note: tcpserver.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java tcpserver
SERVER IS READY...
A MESSAGE FROM TCP CLIENT TO TCPSERVER...
A REPLY MESSAGE FROM TCP SERVER TO TCP CLIENT: SERVER GOT THE
MESSAGE AND STARTED PROCESSING
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
TCP CLIENT:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac tcpclient.java
Note: tcpclient.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java tcpclient
TYPE TOUR MESSAGE TO SERVER AND TYPE QUIT TO EXIT..
A MESSAGE FROM TCP CLIENT TO TCPSERVER...
A REPLY MESSAGE FROM TCP SERVER TO TCP CLIENT:

SERVER GOT THE MESSAGE AND STARTED PROCESSING
Quit
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
Page 20
OUTPUT:
TCP SERVER:
SERVER IS READY...
Computer
Network
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
TCP CLIENT:
Computer
Network
Quit
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
Page 21
OUTPUT:
TCP SERVER:
SERVER IS READY...
Server
Ready
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
TCP CLIENT:
Server
Ready
Quit
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>
Page 22
RESULT
Thus the java program to implement socket programming using TCP/IP was written and
Page 23
Ex. No.4
Date:
Program for Remote Procedure Call using Remote Command

Execution
Abstract:
RPC is a powerful technique for constructing distributed, client-server based applications.
It is based on extending the notion of conventional, or local procedure calling, so that the called
procedure need not exist in the same address space as the calling procedure. The two processes
may be on the same system, or they may be on different systems with a network connecting
them. By using RPC, programmers of distributed applications avoid the details of the interface
with the network. The transport independence of RPC isolates the applicatio n from the physical
and logical elements of the data communications mechanism and allows the application to use a
variety of transports. An RPC is analogous to a function call. Like a function call, when an RPC
is made, the calling arguments are passed to the remote procedure and the caller waits for a
response to be returned from the remote procedure. The client makes a procedure call that sends
a request to the server and waits. The thread is blocked from processing until either a reply is
received, or it times out. When the request arrives, the server calls a dispatch routine that
performs the requested service, and sends the reply to the client. After the RPC call is completed,
the client program continues. RPC specifically supports network applications.
Aim:
To create a program for Remote Procedure Call
Algorithm:
1.Start.
2.Create a server socket at the server side.
3.Create a socket at the client side and the connection is set to accept by the server socket
using the accept() method.
4.In the client side the command to be executed is given as input.
5.The command is obtained using the readLine() method of Buffer Reader.
6.Get the runtime object of the runtime class using getruntime().
7.Execute the command using the exec() method of runtime.
8.stop.
Page 24
PROGRAM:
RCSERVER:
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
class rcserver
{
public static final int port=8086;
{
ServerSocket s=new ServerSocket(port);
Runtime r=Runtime.getRuntime();
System.out.println("started"+s);
try
{
Socket ser=s.accept();
try
{
System.out.println("connection started"+ser);
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(ser.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter out=new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new
OutputStreamWriter(ser.getOutputStream())),true);
String str=in.readLine();
out.println(str);
Process p=r.exec(str);
}
finally
{
System.out.println("closing");
ser.close();
}
}
finally
{
s.close();
}
}
}
Page 25
PROGRAM:
RCCLIENT:
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
class rcclient
{
{
InetAddress adr=InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println("adr="+adr);
Socket ser=new Socket(adr,8086);
try
{
System.out.println("ser"+ser);
BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new
OutputStreamWriter(ser.getOutputStream())),true);
System.out.println("Enter a command to be executed remotely");
String str=in.readLine();
pw.println(str);
}
finally
{
System.out.println("closing");
ser.close();
}
}
}
Page 26
OUTPUT:
RCSERVER:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac rcserver.java
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java rcserver
startedServerSocket[addr=0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0,port=0,localport=8086]
connection startedSocket[addr=LAB3-13/10.0.3.26,port=1059,localport=8086]
closing
RCCLIENT:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac rcclient.java
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java rcclient
adr=lab3-13/10.0.3.26
serSocket[addr=lab3-13/10.0.3.26,port=8086,localport=1059]
Enter a command to be executed remotely
notepad
closing
Page 27
Page 28
OUTPUT:
RCSERVER:
closing
RCCLIENT:
adr=lab3-13/10.0.3.26
notepad
closing
Page 29
OUTPUT:
RCSERVER:
closing
RCCLIENT:
adr=lab3-13/10.0.3.26
calc
closing
Page 30
Page 31
RESULT
Thus the java program to implement Remote Procedure Call using Remote Command
Execution was written and executed successfully.
Page 32
Ex. No.5
Implementation of RMI
Date:
Abstract:
Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is a Java technology in which an object running in
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) could be invoked from another object running in a different JVM.
The technology provides a remote access of objects in Java programming language. The RMI
technology consists of a server and a client. The server usually creates remote objects and binds
these objects to the rmiregistry allowing the objects to be accessed remotely. The client would
connect to the server and get one or more remote reference and then invoke the methods on the
remote objects. The RMI technology wraps the underlying communication and hence the
developer only needs to code the business logic, instead of worrying about the communication
between the client and the server.Remote objects are objects that could be called across JVMs.
An object becomes remote by implementing a remote interface. The implemented remote
interface should extend the java.rmi.Remote interface and all the methods declared in the
interface should throw the exception java.rmi.RemoteException.RMI passes a remote stub for a
remote object.
Aim:
To create a program for the implementation of RMI.
Algorithm:
1.Write an interface program with method AddServerIntf that finds the sum of 2 values.
2.Write an Implementation program to define the AddServerIntf with a method
AddServerImpl method.
3.Write a server program rmiserver in which the instance of the implementation is
created.
4.Create a register by issuing the start rmiregistry co mmand at the command prompt.
5.Compile using the rmi compiler the implementation program for creation of the stub
and skeleton.
6.Bind the implementation object to the registry and name it.
Page 33
7.Write a client program in which the inputs of two values are obtained from the
command line and the result is diaplayed.
8.Stop.
PROGRAM:
SERVER:
import java.rmi.*;
import java.net.*;
public class AddServer
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
AddServerImpl AddServerImpl=new AddServerImpl();
Naming.rebind("AddServer",AddServerImpl);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Exception"+e);
}
}
}
Page 34
CLIENT:
import java.rmi.*;
public class addClient
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
String addserverURL="rmi://"+args[0]+"/addserver";
addserverinf addserverinf=(addserverinf)Naming.lockup(addserverURL);
System.out.println("The First Number is="+args[1]);
double d1=Double.valueOf(args[1]).doubleValue();
Sytem.out.println("The Second Number is="+args[2]);
double d2=Double.valueOf(args[2]).doubleValue();
System.out.println("The Sum of the number is ="+addserverinf.add(d1,d2));
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
INTERFACE:
import java.rmi.*;
public interface AddServerIntf extends Remote
{
double add(double d1,double d2)throws RemoteException;
}
IMPLEMENTATION:
import java.rmi.*;
import java.rmi.server.*;
public class AddServerImpl extends UnicastRemoteObject implements AddServerIntf
{
public AddServerImpl()throws RemoteException
{
}
public double add(double d1,double d2)throws RemoteException
{
return d1+d2;
Page 35
}
}
OUTPUT:
AT SERVER SIDE:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac AddServerIntf.java
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac AddServerImpl.java
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>rmic AddServerImpl
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac AddServer.java
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>start rmiregistry
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java AddServer
AT CLIENT SIDE:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac AddClient.java
Note: AddClient.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java AddClient
Enter the first number:
12
Enter the second number
232
The sum is244.0
Page 36
OUTPUT:
AT SERVER SIDE:
AT CLIENT SIDE:
12
253
The sum is265.0
Page 37
OUTPUT:
AT SERVER SIDE:
AT CLIENT SIDE:
72
132
The sum is204.0
Page 38
RESULT
Thus the java program to create a program for the implementation of RMI was written and
Page 39
Ex. No.6
Simulation of Sliding Window Protocols.
Date:
Abstract:
A sliding window protocol is a feature of packet-based data transmission protocols
Conceptually, each portion of the transmission (packets in most data link layers, but bytes in
TCP) is assigned a unique consecutive sequence number, and the receiver uses the numbers to
place received packets in the correct order, discarding duplicate packets and identifying missing
ones.By placing limits on the number of packets that can be transmitted or received at any given
time, a sliding window protocol allows an unlimited number of packets to be communicated
using fixed-size sequence numbers. The term "window" on transmitter side represents the logical
boundary of the total number of packets yet to be acknowledged by the receiver. The receiver
informs the transmitter in each acknowledgment packet the current maximum receiver buffer
size (window boundary).
Aim:
To create a program for the simulation of sliding window protocols.
Algorithm:
1.Initialize all variables.
2.Get the socket to send the string from sender to receiver.
3.Give the data as input.
4.The sliding window will send as many data as the sending window size to the receiver
and wait for the acknowledgement.
5.Once it receives the acknowledgment from the receiver it sends the next set of data.
6.Steps 3 and 4 are repeated as long as the input data is sent and acknowledgement is
received.
7.Once it sends the first set of data it is ready to send the next input string.
8.Type quit to end the session.
9.Stop.
Page 40
PROGRAM:
SLIDING WINDOW SENDER:
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class SWsender
{
{
int SWS=8;
int LAR=0;
int LFS=0;
System.out.println("Type your Message...");
while(true)
{
int i=0,j=0;
if(t.trim().toLowerCase().equals("quit"))
{
p.println(t);
System.exit(0);
}
char c[]=new char[100];
c=t.toCharArray();
int sent=1;
while(i<t.length())
{
while(i<t.length()&&i<SWS*sent)
{
if(LFS-LAR<=SWS)
{
p.println(c[i]);
LFS++;
System.out.println("sent="+c[i++]+"Successfully");
}
}
while(j<t.length()&&j<SWS*sent)
{
String t1=dis.readLine();
System.out.println(t1);
Page 41
j++;
LAR++;
}
sent++;
}
}
}
}
SLIDING WINDOW RECEIVER:

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class SWreceiver
{
{
int RWS=8;
int LAF=0;
int LFR=0;
while(true)
{
int i=0;
while(i<RWS)
{
String t;
if(LAF-LFR<=RWS)
{
t=dis.readLine();
if(t.equals("QUIT"))
System.exit(0);
System.out.println("received"+t+"Successfully");
LFR++;
p.println("Acknowledgement for"+t);
LAF++;
}
i++;
}
}
Page 42
}
}
OUTPUT:
AT SERVER SIDE:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac SWsender.java
Note: SWsender.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java SWsender
Type your Message...
HAI
sent=H Successfully
sent=A Successfully
sent=I Successfully
Acknowledgement for H
Acknowledgement for A
Acknowledgement for I
AT RECEIVER SIDE:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac SWreceiver.java
Note: SWreceiver.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
Page 43

D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java SWreceiver
Received H Successfully
Received A Successfully
Received I Successfully
OUTPUT:
AT SERVER SIDE:
WORK
sent=W Successfully
sent=OSuccessfully
sent=R Ruccessfully
sent=K Ruccessfully
Acknowledgement for W
Acknowledgement for O
Acknowledgement for R
Acknowledgement for K
AT RECEIVER SIDE:
Page 44
Received W Successfully
Received O Successfully
Received R Successfully
OUTPUT:
AT SERVER SIDE:
TRY
sent=T Successfully
sent=R Successfully
sent=Y Successfully
Acknowledgement for T
Acknowledgement for R
Acknowledgement for Y
Page 45
AT RECEIVER SIDE:
Received T Successfully
Received Y Successfully
RESULT
Thus the java program to implement simulation of Sliding Window was written and
Page 46
Ex. No.7
Date:
Implementation of ARP
.
Abstract:
ARP basically maps IP address with the MAC address or hardware address. For the
successful data transfer the software searches the corresponding MAC address of the destination
in the cache. If it founds, it returns the MAC address to sender but if it doesn't then it broadcast
the IP address on the LAN. The matching IP address machine replies directly to the sender. In
this way it works. For broadcasting, the software call functions or procedures (which act as
machines in the LAN) and sends ARP request in a particular format.
Aim:
To create a program for the implementation of ARP.
Algorithm:
1.Establish connection between the server and the client.
2.Read the IP address from the standard input.
3.The IP address is searched in the file and corresponding MAC address is displayed
4.If not found, an error is displayed.
5.Stop.
Page 47
PROGRAM:
ARP:
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.util.*;
class arp
{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
{
int flag=0;
File f=new File("arp.txt");
FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream(f);
InputStreamReader isr=new InputStreamReader(fis);
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(isr);
String str=br.readLine();
System.out.print("Enter IP Address");
String mac=new DataInputStream(System.in).readLine();
while(str!=null)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer(str,":");
String s=st.nextToken();
if(s.equals(mac))
{
System.out.println("The MAC Address is"+st.nextToken());
flag=1;
break;
}
str=br.readLine();
}
if(flag==0)
System.out.println("No such IP Exists");
}
}
Page 48
OUTPUT:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac arp.java
Note: arp.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java arp
Enter IP Address 127.0.0.5
The MAC Address is 12-32-45-0-0-1
Enter IP Address 213.0l.0.5
No such IP Exists
Page 49
OUTPUT:
No such IP Exists
Page 50
OUTPUT:
No such IP Exists
Page 51
RESULT
Thus the java program to implementation of ARP was written and the output was
Page 52
Ex. No.8
Date:
Implementation of RARP
.
Abstract:
RARP is Reverse Address Resolution Protocol that determines source network address
(IP address) from source data link address MAC (Media Access Control) address. RARP is used
to determine systems own IP address when it comes up. When system boots it sends a RARP
request which contains its own layer 2(Data link layer) MAC address to Ethernet broadcast
address. RARP server in the subnet which contains the mapping table from MAC address to IP
address responds to such requests with corresponding IP address. RARP is used in Ethernet,
Fiber Distributed-Data Interface (FDDI) and Token Ring LANs. DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol) is modern implementation of RARP, Which allocates IP address
dynamically when system comes up. Thus IP address can be reused if it is no longer needed.
Aim:
To create a program for the implementation of ARP.
Algorithm:
1.Establish connection between the server and the client.
2.Read the MAC address from the input
3.The MAC address Is searched in the file and the corresponding IP address is displayed.
4.If not found an error in the search file and hence display the error.
5.Stop.
Page 53
PROGRAM:
RARP:
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
class rarp
{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
{
int flag=0;
File f=new File("rarp.txt");
FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream(f);
InputStreamReader isr=new InputStreamReader(fis);
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(isr);
String str=br.readLine();
System.out.println("Enter MAC Address :");
String ip=new DataInputStream(System.in).readLine();
while(str!=null)
{
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer(str,":");
String s=st.nextToken();
if(s.equals(ip))
{
System.out.println("The IP Address is"+st.nextToken());
break;
}
str=br.readLine();
if(flag==0)
System.out.println("No such IP Address exists");
}
}
}
Page 54
OUTPUT:
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>javac rarp.java
Note: rarp.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
D:\jdk1.6.0\bin>java rarp
Enter MAC Address :
10-32-45-0-0-1
The IP Address is17.0.0.5
Enter MAC Address :
19-20-0-0-3-0
No such IP Address exists
Page 55
OUTPUT:
Enter MAC Address :
12-12-45-0-0-1
Enter MAC Address :
19-20-0-0-3-0
Page 56
OUTPUT:
Enter MAC Address :
12-32-45-0-0-1
Enter MAC Address :
19-20-0-0-3-0
Page 57
RESULT
Thus the java program to implementation of RARP was created and the output was
Page 58
Ex. No.9a
STUDY OF NETWORK SIMULATOR NS2
Date:
Aim:
To study about the Network Simulator NS2.
Introduction:
NS is a discrete event simulator targeted at networking research. NS provides subs tantial
support for simulation of TCP, routing and multicast protocols over wired and wireless
networks.
A simulation is an imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. The act of
simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or
behaviour of a selected physical or abstract system.
Key issues in simulation include acquisition of valid source information about referent
selection of key characteristics and behaviours, the use of simplifying approximations
and assumptions within the simulation and fieldility and validity of the simulation
outcomes.
NS is a public domain simulator boating a rich set of Internet protocols, including
terrestrial, wireless and satellite networks.
NS began as a variant of the REAL network simulator in 1989 and has evolved
substantially over the past few years. In 1995 NS development was supported by DARPA
through the VINT project at LBL, Xerox PARC, UCB and USC/IS.
NS 2 is written in C++ and an Object Oriented version of Tcl called OTcl.
NS is constantly maintained and updated by its large user base and a small group of
developers at ISI.
12.1 Network Animator NAM:

Nam is a Tcl/TK based animation tool for viewing network simulation traces and real
world packet traces. It is mainly intended as a companion animator to the NS simulator.
It supports topology layout, packet level animation, and various data inspection tools.
Nam began at LBL. It has evolved substantially over the past few years. The nam
development effort was an ongoing collaboration with the VINT project.
Currently, it is being developed at ISI as part of the SAMAN and Conser projects.
NS together with its companion, Nam form a very powerful set of tools for teaching
networking concepts.
Page 59
NS contains all the IP protocols typically covered in undergraduate and most graduate
courses, and many experimental protocols contributed by its ever-expanding users. With
nam, these protocols can Visualized as animations.
Below is the screenshot of a nam window where the most importa nt functions are being
explained.
12.2 Installing NS:

1. Requirements:
To build NS we need a computer and a C++ compiler. We develop NS on several kinks
of Unix (FreeBSD, LINUX, SunOS, Solaris), so it installs smoothest there, but it should
run on a Posix- like computer, possibly with some thwacking.
NS also builds and runs under Windows.
Simple scenarios should run on reasonable machine, but very large scenarios benefit from
large amounts of memory.
NS is fairly large. The allinonc package requires about 320MB of disk space to build.
Building NS from pieces can save some disk space.
2. Downloading And Building NS:
NS requires a modestly up-to-date installation of Tcl/TK (with header files), and two
additional packages: tclcl and otcl.
Page 60
TCL (Tools Command Language) is a very powerful but easy to learn dynamic
programming language, suitable for a very wide range of uscs, including web and
desktop applications, networking, administration, testing and many more.
TK is a graphical user interface toolkit. TK is the standard GUI not only for Tcl, but also
for many other dynamic languages, and can produce rich, native applications that run
unchanged across Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and more.
Most OS installations do not come with full Tcl/TK installations or with these other
packages, so we will most likely need to install several packages.
Windows Specific Instructions:

NS runs on windows platforms using Cygwin emulation.
Cygwin is a Linux- like environment for Windows. It consists of two parts:
A DLL (cygwin1.dll), which acts as a Linux API emulation layer providing substantial
Linux API functionality.
A Collection of tools, which provide Linux look and feel.
12.3 Protocols Supported By NS2:

A lot almost all variants of TCP, several forms of multicast, wired networking, several
adhoc routing protocols and propagation models (but not cellular phones), data diffusion,
satellite, and other stuff.
12.4 Documentation:
Core Documentation
NS Manual (formerly called NS Notes and Documentation)
The NS Manual (formerly known as NS Notes and Documentation) is the main
source of documentation. It is available in three formats.
Formats:
NS Manual html format.
NS Manual gziped postscript format.
NS Manual pdf format.
Functionality In Both NS 1 And NS 2:

One-way TCP (Tahoe, Reno, Vegas, SACK). These do not include SYN/FIN packets.
(The Vegas implementation has only limited validation).
Two-way Reno TCP (with SYN/FIN packets and two-way data flow).
RED queue management; CBQ (Class Based Scheduling).
Dynamic routing, dense- mode multicast routing.
The flow manager.
Lossy links (different interface than NS-1).
Two-way TCP.
Page 61
Telnet sources.
Functionality In NS 2 But Not In NS 1:
Multi-path routing.
RTP (Real Time Protocol)
Scheduling Algorithms:
SFQ (Stochastic Fair Queueing)
FQ (Fair Queueing)
DRR (Deficit Round Robin Scheduling)
SRM (Scalable Reliable Multicast)
Centralized Multcast for speeding up large-scale simulations.
Support for mobile hosts. (Link- layer, MAC, and shared channel modules have been
implemented).
Some random bug fixes (TCP Transmit Timer Behavior).
12.5 Functions Of NS:

Education Uses
General information about using NS / nam for networking education.
Web index of education scripts.
Contributed Code And Contributing Code
Contributed Modules.
How to contribute our NS code.
Research using NS.
Parallel/Distributed NS (PDns) from the COMPASS research group at Georgia
Tech.
Other Applications
Topology Generation for large simulations.
Scenario generation in NS.
NS Network Emulation Capability.
12.6 How to start with NS2:

First of all, you need to create a simulator object. This is done with the command
set ns [new Simulator]
Now we open a file for writing that is going to be used for the nam trace data.
set nf [open out.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf
The first line opens the file 'out.nam' for writing and gives it the file handle 'nf'. In the second
line we tell the simulator object that we created above to write all simulation data that is going to
be relevant for nam into this file.The next step is to add a 'finish' procedure that closes the trace
file and starts nam.
Page 62
proc finish {} {
global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
close $nf
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
You don't really have to understand all of the above code yet. It will get clearer to you once you
see what the code does. The next line tells the simulator object to execute the 'finish' procedure
after 5.0 seconds of simulation time.
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
You probably understand what this line does just by looking at it. ns provides you with a very
simple way to schedule events with the 'at' command. The last line finally starts the simulation.
$ns run
You can actually save the file now and try to run it with 'ns example1.tcl'. You are going to get
an error message like 'nam: empty trace file out.nam' though, because until now we haven't
defined any objects (nodes, links, etc.) or events.
#Create a simu lator object
#Open the nam trace file
#Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
#Close the trace file
close $nf
#Execute nam on the trace file
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
# Insert your own code for topology creation
# and agent definitions, etc. here
#Call the finish procedure after 5 seconds simulation time
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
#Run the simulation
$ns run
Two nodes, one link

In this section we are going to define a very simple topology with two nodes that are
connected by a link. The following two lines define the two nodes. (Note: You have to insert the
code in this section before the line '$ns run', or even better, before the line '$ns at 5.0 "finish"').
set n0 [$ns node]
Page 63
set n1 [$ns node]

A new node object is created with the command '$ns node'. The above code creates two nodes
and assigns them to the handles 'n0' and 'n1'. The next line connects the two nodes.
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1Mb 10ms DropTail
This line tells the simulator object to connect the nodes n0 and n1 with a duplex link with the
bandwidth 1Megabit, a delay of 10ms and a DropTail queue. Now you can save your file and
start the script with 'ns example1.tcl'. nam will be started automatically and you should see an
output that resembles the picture below.
#Create a simulator object

proc finish {} {
global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
close $nf
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
#Create two nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
#Create a duplex link between the nodes
#Call the finish procedure after 5 seconds of simulation time
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
#Run the simulation
$ns run
Sending data
Page 64
The next step is to send some data from node n0 to node n1. In ns, data is always being sent from
one 'agent' to another. So the next step is to create an a gent object that sends data from node n0,
and another agent object that receives the data on node n1.
#Create a UDP agent and attach it to node n0
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0
# Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp0
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.005
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
These lines create a UDP agent and attach it to the node n0, then attach a CBR traffic generator
to the UDP agent. CBR stands for 'constant bit rate'. Line 7 and 8 should be self-explaining. The
packet Size is being set to 500 bytes and a packet will be sent every 0.005 seconds (i.e. 200
packets per second). The next lines create a Null agent which acts as traffic sink and attach it to
node n1.
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $null0
Now the two agents have to be connected with each other.
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
And now we have to tell the CBR agent when to send data and when to stop sending. Note: It's
probably best to put the following lines just before the line '$ns at 5.0 "finish"'.
$ns at 0.5 "$cbr0 start"
$ns at 4.5 "$cbr0 stop"
This code should be self-explaining again. Now you can save the file and start the simulation
again. When you click on the 'play' button in the nam window, you will see that after 0.5
simulation seconds, node 0 starts sending data packets to node 1. You might want to slow nam
down then with the 'Step' slider.
Now you start some experiments with nam and the Tcl script. You can click on any
packet in the nam window to monitor it, and you can also click directly on the link to get some
graphs with statistics. Try to change the 'packetsize_' and 'interval_' parameters in the Tcl script
to see what happens.
Page 65

proc finish {} {
global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
close $nf
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
#Create two nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
#Create a duplex link between the nodes
#Create a Null agent (a traffic sink) a nd attach it to node n1
#Connect the traffic source with t he traffic si nk
#Schedule events for t he CBR agent
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
#Run the simulation
$ns run
The topology
You will always have to create a simulator object, you will always have to start the simulation
with the same command, and if you want to run nam automatically, you will always ha ve to open
a trace file, initialize it, and define a procedure which closes it and starts nam.
Now insert the following lines into the code to create four nodes.
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
Page 66
set n3 [$ns node]

The following piece of Tcl code creates three duplex links between the nodes.
You can save and start the script now. You might notice that the topolo gy looks a bit awkward in
nam. You can hit the 're-layout' button to make it look better, but it would be nice to have some
more control over the layout. Add the next three lines to your Tcl script and start it again.
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right
You will probably understand what this code does when you look at the topology in the nam
window now. It should look like the picture below.
The events
Now we create two UDP agents with CBR traffic sources and attach them to the nodes n0 and
n1. Then we create a Null agent and attach it to node n3.
Page 67

The two CBR agents have to be connected to the Null agent.
We want the first CBR agent to start sending at 0.5 seconds and to stop at 4.5 seconds
while the second CBR agent starts at 1.0 seconds and stops at 4.0 seconds.
When you start the script now with 'ns example2.tcl', you will notice that there is more
traffic on the links from n0 to n2 and n1 to n2 than the link from n2 to n3 can carry. A simple
calculation confirms this: We are sending 200 packets per second on each of the first two links
and the packet size is 500 bytes. This results in a bandwidth of 0.8 megabits per second for the
links from n0 to n2 and from n1 to n2. That's a total bandwidth of 1.6Mb/s, but the link between
n2 and n3 only has a capacity of 1Mb/s, so obviously some packets are being discarded. But
which ones? Both flows are black, so the only way to find out what is happening to the packets is
to monitor them in nam by clicking on them.
Marking-flows
Add the following two lines to your CBR agent definitions.
$udp0 set class_ 1
$udp1 set class_ 2
The parameter 'fid_' stands for 'flow id'.
Now add the following piece of code to your Tcl script, preferably at the beginning after the
simulator object has been created, since this is a part of the simulator setup.
$ns color 1 Blue
$ns color 2 Red
This code allows you to set different colors for each flow id.
Page 68
Now you can start the script again and one flow should be blue, while the other one is red. Watch
the link from node n2 to n3 for a while, and you will notice that after some time the distribution
between blue and red packets isn't too fair anymore
Monitoring a queue
You only have to add the following line to your code to monitor the queue for the link from n2 to
n3.
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 queuePos 0.5
Start ns again and you will see a picture similar to the one below after a few moments.
You can see the packets in the queue now, and after a while yo u can even see how the
packets are being dropped, though (at least on my system, I guess it might be different in later or
earlier releases) only blue packets are being dropped. But you can't really expect too much
'fairness' from a simple Drop Tail queue. Change the link definition for the link between n2 and
n3 to the following line.
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n2 1Mb 10ms SFQ
The queuing should be 'fair' now. The same amount of blue and red packets should be dropped.
Page 69
Result:
Thus the basics of Network Simulator NS 2 was studied.
Page 70
Ex. No.9b
NETWORK SIMULATOR GLOMOSIM
Date:
AIM:
To perform a detailed study on Network simulator GloMoSim.
GloMoSim:
GloMoSim stands for global mobile simulation.GloMoSim provides a scalable simulation
environment for wireless and wired network systems.GloMoSim currently supports protocols
for a purely wireless network.
Standard APIs will be used between the different simulation layers.This will allow
the rapid integration of models developed at different layers by different people.
NETWORK GRIDDING:
With network gridding a single entity can simulate network nodes in the system.A
separate data structure representing the complete state of each node is maintained within
entity.Similarly we need to maintain the right level of abstraction.
The networh gridding technique means that we can increase the number of nodes in the
system while maintaining the same number of entities in the simulation.
In GloMoSim, each entity represents a geographical area of simulation.
LAYERED STRUCTURE :
Most network are currently built using a layered approach that is similar to the OSI seven
layer network architechture.The plan is to build GloMoSim using a similar layered
approach.The protocols being stripped with the current library include the following.
GloMoSim layers are integrated into a single entity.Each entity now

encompasses all the layers of a simulation.Instead each layer is now
implemented as functions in the new design.
When layer receives a particular message, it will automatically invoke a

function that is provided by the developer of the particular layer.And
based on the contents of the message,the function can then execute the
appropriate instructions.At the end of the simulation,a function is also
called for each layer of each node.
Page 71
Glomosim Simulation Layers

Application
processing
Application
RTP Wrapper
Transport
Application
setup
RGIP
Transport
wrapper
TCP/UDP
Control
RSVP
Ip
wrapper
IP
Network
Pack store
/fwd
IP
Routing
mobile
VC
Flow Rouctrl ting
Link layer
Factor
/fwd
ACK / Flow ctrl
MAC layer
Frame
wrapper
RTS / CTS Radio
Frame
processing
Radio status /
setup
Propagation
model
Mobility
Radio
Channel
Clustering
Clustering
Page 72
Glomo Simulation Scenario

host
work
t
e
N
Wired
host
Wireless Multihop
Network
APPLICATION:
Data applications-Eg. File Transfer, rumor reconciliation etc.
Real time application-Eg. Audio,Video,Video conference etc.
Page 73
RESULT:
Thus the Network Simulator GloMoSim is studied.
Page 74
Ex. No.10
SIMULATION OF A DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL
Date:
-- LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL
Aim:
To Study and Simulate Dynamic Routing Protocol in NS2.
Description:
Routing:
Routing is the process of selecting paths in computer networking along which to send
data or physical traffic. Routing is performed for many kinds of netwo rks, including the
telephone network, the Internet, and transport networks.
Routing directs forwarding, the passing of logically addressed packets from their source toward
their ultimate destination through intermediary nodes; typically hardware devices ca lled routers,
bridges, gateways, firewalls, or switches. Ordinary computers with multiple network cards can
also forward packets and perform routing, though with more limited performance. The routing
process usually directs forwarding on the basis of routing tables which maintain a record of the
routes to various network destinations. Thus constructing routing tables, which are held in the
routers' memory, becomes very important for efficient routing.
Routers create broadcast domains. A network broadcast is a message that is sent to all hosts
on a network. The reason for a broadcast is for a host on a network to retrieve information about
an unknown host. Broadcasts can be necessary and useful tools for protocols on networks to
enable data communication. The larger the number of hosts on a network, the more of a problem
broadcasts become. More hosts equals more broadcasts equals more consumed bandwidth on the
network. When these broadcasts are sent, the host that receive the broadcasts need to process
them, and this processing takes away valuable time from performing other important network
functions. Broadcasts are contained within networks by the Router, these networks are know as
Broadcast Domains
Routing Protocol :
A routing protocol is the language a router speaks with other routers in order to share
information about the reach ability and status of networks.
Dynamic Routing Protocol:
Page 75
Conceptually, the dynamic routing method has two parts: the routing protocol that is used
between neighboring routers to convey information about their network environment, and the
routing algorithm that determines paths through that network. The protocol defines the method
used to share the information externally, whereas the algorithm is the method used to process the
information internally.
The routing tables on dynamic routers are updated automatically based on the exchange of
routing information with other routers. The most common dynamic routing protocols are:
Distance vector routing protocols
Link state routing protocols
Dynamic routing protocols not only perform these path determination and route table update
functions but also determine the next-best path if the best path to a destination becomes
unusable. The capability to compensate for topology changes is the most important
advantage dynamic routing offers over static routing.
Routing Protocol Basics
All dynamic routing protocols are built around an algorithm. Generally, an algorithm is
a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem. A routing algorithm must, at a minimum,
specify the following:
A procedure for passing reachability information about networks to other routers
A procedure for receiving reachability information from other routers
A procedure for determining optimal routes based on the reachability information it

has and for recording this information in a route table
A procedure for reacting to, compensating for, and advertising topology changes in
an internetwork
A few issues common to any routing protocol are path determination, metrics, convergence,
and load balancing.
Link State Routing Protocols
Link state routing protocols address some of the limitations of distance vector routing
protocols. For example, link state routing protocols provide faster convergence than do
distance vector routing protocols. Convergence is the process by which routers update routing
tables after a change in network topology the change is replicated to all routers that need to
know about it. Although link state routing protocols are more reliable and require less
bandwidth than do distance vector routing protocols, they are also more complex, more
memory- intensive, and place a greater load on the CPU.
Path Determination
Page 76
All networks within an internetwork must be connected to a router, and wherever a

router has an interface on a network that interface must have an address on the network. This
address is the originating point for reach ability information.
Program: (ex3.tcl)

#Tell the simulator to use dynamic routing
$ns rtproto DV
proc finish {} {
global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
close $nf
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
#Create seven nodes
for {set i 0} {$i < 7} {incr i} {
set n($i) [$ns node]
}
#Create links between the nodes
for {set i 0} {$i < 7} {incr i} {
$ns duplex-link $n($i) $n([expr ($i+1)%7]) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
Page 77
}
#Create a UDP agent and attach it to node n(0)
$ns attach-agent $n(0) $udp0
#Create a Null agent (a traffic sink) and attach it to node n(3)
$ns attach-agent $n(3) $null0
#Connect the traffic source with the traffic sink
#Schedule events for the CBR agent and the network dynamics
$ns rtmodel-at 1.0 down $n(1) $n(2)
$ns rtmodel-at 2.0 up $n(1) $n(2)
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
#Run the simulation
$ns run
Page 78
OUTPUT:
Transmission of data packets with Dynamic Routing protocol when the link between Node1 and
Node 2 is down (1 ms)
Transmission of data packets with Dynamic Routing protocol when the link between Node1 and
Node 2 is up (2Ms)
Page 79
Initial Layout (0 ms)
Page 80
Transmission of data packets from node 0 to node 3 (0.79 ms)
Page 81
Result:
Thus the Study and Simulation in Dynamic Routing Protocol in NS2 was studied and
executed.
Page 82

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FRANCIS XAVIER ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCEAND

CS 2307 NETWORKS LAB

: 2014 2015 (ODD SEM)

Name of the Experiment

Implementation of ECHO Server using

Implementation of Socket Programming

Implementation of Socket programming

Program for Remote Procedure Call using

Simulation of Sliding window Protocols

Study of Network Simulator-NS 2

Network Simulator Glomosim

Simulation of Dynamic Routing Protocol

IMPLEMENTATION OF ECHO SERVER USING

Note: echoserver.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.

Note: echoserver.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.

Note: echoserver.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.

Note: udpserver.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.

Note: udpserver.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.

A REPLY MESSAGE FROM TCP SERVER TO TCP CLIENT:

Program for Remote Procedure Call using Remote Command

SLIDING WINDOW RECEIVER:

Note: Recompile with -deprecation for details.

STUDY OF NETWORK SIMULATOR NS2

12.1 Network Animator NAM:

12.2 Installing NS:

Windows Specific Instructions:

12.3 Protocols Supported By NS2:

Functionality In Both NS 1 And NS 2:

12.5 Functions Of NS:

12.6 How to start with NS2:

Two nodes, one link

set n1 [$ns node]

#Create a simulator object

#Open the nam trace file

set n3 [$ns node]

set null0 [new Agent/Null]

NETWORK SIMULATOR GLOMOSIM

GloMoSim layers are integrated into a single entity.Each entity now

When layer receives a particular message, it will automatically invoke a

Glomosim Simulation Layers

Flow Rouctrl ting

ACK / Flow ctrl

RTS / CTS Radio

Glomo Simulation Scenario

SIMULATION OF A DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL

-- LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL

A procedure for passing reachability information about networks to other routers

A procedure for receiving reachability information from other routers

A procedure for determining optimal routes based on the reachability information it

All networks within an internetwork must be connected to a router, and wherever a

#Create a simulator object

Initial Layout (0 ms)

Transmission of data packets from node 0 to node 3 (0.79 ms)

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