Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 2K views

    18 Dna Structure and Replication-S

    Uploaded by

    api-262378640
    DNA is the molecule of heredity. It contains the genetic blueprint for life. For organisms to grow and repair damaged cells, each cell must be capable of accurately copying itself. How does the structure of DNA allow it to copy itself so accurately?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    18 Dna Structure and Replication-S

    Uploaded by

    api-262378640
    2K views5 pages
    DNA is the molecule of heredity. It contains the genetic blueprint for life. For organisms to grow and repair damaged cells, each cell must be capable of accurately copying itself. How does the structure of DNA allow it to copy itself so accurately?

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    18 dna structure and replication-s

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    DNA is the molecule of heredity. It contains the genetic blueprint for life. For organisms to grow and repair damaged cells, each cell must be capable of accurately copying itself. How does the structure of DNA allow it to copy itself so accurately?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views5 pages

    18 Dna Structure and Replication-S

    Uploaded by

    api-262378640
    DNA is the molecule of heredity. It contains the genetic blueprint for life. For organisms to grow and repair damaged cells, each cell must be capable of accurately copying itself. How does the structure of DNA allow it to copy itself so accurately?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    DNA Structure and Replication

    How is genetic information stored and copied?

    Why?
    Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the molecule of heredity. It contains the genetic blueprint for life. For
    organisms to grow and repair damaged cells, each cell must be capable of accurately copying itself. So how
    does the structure of DNA allow it to copy itself so accurately?

    Model 1 The Structure of DNA


    Ladder Model of DNA

    Nucleotide

    Helix Model of DNA

    Phosphate

    Deoxyribose
    sugar

    Nitrogencontaining
    base

    Nitrogen Bases
    Adenine
    Thymine
    Guanine
    Cytosine

    1. Refer to the diagram in Model 1.


    a. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
    b. What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide?
    c. Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?
    d. Name the four nitrogen bases shown in Model 1.
    2. DNA is often drawn in a ladder model. Locate this drawing in Model 1.
    a. Circle a single nucleotide on each side of the ladder model of DNA.

    DNA Structure and Replication

    b. What part(s) of the nucleotides make up the rungs of the ladder?


    c. What parts of the nucleotides make up the sides (backbone) of the ladder?
    d. Look at the bottom and top of the ladder in Model 1. Are the rungs parallel (the ends of
    the strands match) or antiparallel (the ends of the strands are opposites)?
    3. On the ladder model of DNA label each of the bases with the letter A, T, C or G.
    4. Refer to Model 1. When one nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine
    attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?
    5. The two strands of DNA are held together with hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases.
    These are weak bonds between polar molecules. How many hydrogen bonds connect the two
    bases from Question 4?
    6. Refer to Model 1. When one nucleotide contains cytosine, what type of base is the cytosine
    attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?
    7. How many hydrogen bonds connect the two bases from Question 6?
    8. With your group, use a complete sentence to write a rule for how the bases are arranged in the
    ladder model of DNA.

    Read This!
    Erwin Chargaff (19052002), an Austrian-American biochemist, investigated the ratio of nucleotide bases
    found in the DNA from a variety of organisms. From his research, as well as research by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, Watson and Crick developed the complementary base-pair rule during their
    race to discover the structure of DNA. The complementary base-pair rule states that adenine and thymine
    form pairs across two strands, and guanine and cytosine form pairs across two strands.
    9. Fill in the complementary bases on the strand below according to the base-pair rule.
    A

    10. The ladder model of DNA is a simplified representation of the actual structure and shape of a
    DNA molecule. In reality, the strands of DNA form a double helix. Refer to the double helix
    diagram in Model 1 and describe its shape using a complete sentence.

    POGIL Activities for High School Biology

    Model 2 DNA Replication

    Direction of DNA
    helicase

    Free Nucleotides

    DNA helicase

    11. Examine Model 2. Number the steps below in order to describe the replication of DNA in a cell.
    ______ Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form.
    ______ Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break.
    ______ Strands of DNA separate.
    ______ Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA.
    12. Locate the DNA helicase on Model 2.
    a. What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase?
    b. What is the role of DNA helicase in the replication of DNA?
    13. What rule is used to join the free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the DNA?
    14. This type of replication is called semi-conservative replication. Considering the meaning of
    these words (semihalf; conserveto keep), explain why DNA replication is called
    semi-conservative.

    DNA Structure and Replication

    15. DNA molecules can be tens of thousands of base pairs in length. Mistakes in DNA replication
    lead to mutations, which may or may not be harmful to an organism. How does semi-conservative
    replication help prevent mutations during DNA replication?

    16. The proportions of the bases are consistent within a species; however they do vary between
    species. Using the base-pair rules, complete the following table to show the percentage of each
    type of base in the five different organisms.
    Organism

    Percentage of each type of base


    Adenine

    Human

    31

    Cow

    28

    Guanine

    Cytosine
    19

    22

    Salmon

    21

    Wheat

    27

    Yeast

    31

    Thymine

    29

    19

    4 POGIL Activities for High School Biology

    Extension Questions
    Model 3 Timing of DNA Replication
    If the chromatin were
    condensed, replicated
    chromosomes would
    be visible. (End of S)

    S
    G2
    If the chromatin were
    condensed, homologous
    chromosomes would
    be visible. (End of G1)

    Chromosomes are condensed.


    Matching sisgter chromatids are
    connected by a centromere.
    (Beginning of M)

    M
    G1

    17. According to Model 3, what term refers to loose DNA inside of a nucleus?
    18. During what part of the cell cycle is the DNA in a cells nucleus replicated?
    19. During what part of the cell cycle is the DNA in a cell condensed into chromosomes?
    20. Replicated chromosomes are often illustrated as an X shape to match how they look in real life
    just before cell division.
    a. According to Model 3, which of the following diagrams correctly show an original set of
    homologous chromosomes (grey) and their sister chromatids (black)the replicated portion?

    b. What structure holds the two sister chromatids together as they prepare for cell division?

    DNA Structure and Replication

    You might also like