H Trigonometry

6
Trigonometry
TERMINOLOGY
Angle of depression: The angle between the horizontal
and the line of sight when looking down to an object
below
Angle of elevation: The angle between the horizontal and
the line of sight when looking up to an object above
Angles of any magnitude: Angles can be measured around
a circle at the centre to find the trigonometric ratios of
angles of any size from 0c to 360c and beyond
Bearing: The direction relative to north. Bearings may
be written as true bearings (clockwise from North) or as
compass bearings (using N, S, E and W)
Complementary angles: Two or more angles that add up

to 90c
Cosecant: The reciprocal ratio of sine (sin). It is the
hypotenuse over the opposite side in a right triangle
Cotangent: The reciprocal ratio of tangent (tan). It is the
adjacent over the opposite side in a right triangle
Secant: The reciprocal ratio of cosine (cos). It is the
hypotenuse over the adjacent side in a right triangle
Trigonometric identities: A statement that is true for
all trigonometric values in the domain. Relationships
between trigonometric ratios
Chapter 6 Trigonometry
291
INTRODUCTION
TRIGONOMETRY IS USED IN many fields, such as building, surveying and
navigating. Wave theory also uses trigonometry.
This chapter revises basic right-angled triangle problems and applies them
to real-life situations. Some properties of trigonometric ratios, angles greater
than 90c and trigonometric equations are introduced. You will also study
trigonometry in non-right-angled triangles.
DID YOU KNOW?

Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), in the second century, wrote He mathematike syntaxis (or
Almagest as it is now known) on astronomy. This is considered to be the first treatise on
trigonometry, but was based on circles and spheres rather than on triangles. The notation chord
of an angle was used rather than sin, cos or tan.
Ptolemy constructed a table of sines from 0c to 90c in steps of a quarter of a degree. He also
calculated a value of r to 5 decimal places, and established the relationship for sin (X ! Y ) and
cos (X ! Y ) .
Trigonometric Ratios
In similar triangles, pairs of corresponding angles are equal and sides are in
proportion. For example:
You studied similar triangles in

Geometry in Chapter 4.
In any triangle containing an angle of 30c, the ratio of AB:AC = 1:2.

Similarly, the ratios of other corresponding sides will be equal. These ratios of
sides form the basis of the trigonometric ratios.
In order to refer to these ratios, we name the sides in relation to the angle
being studied:
the hypotenuse is the longest side, and is always opposite

the right angle
the opposite side is opposite the angle marked in the
triangle
the adjacent side is next to the angle marked
ch6.indd 291
8/11/09 10:58:08 AM
292
Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
The opposite and adjacent sides vary according to where the angle is
marked. For example:
The trigonometric ratios are
You can learn these by their

initials SOH, CAH, TOA.
What about Some Old Hags

Cant Always Hide Their Old
Age?
Sine
sin i =
Cosine
cos i =
Tangent tan i =
opposite
hypotenuse
adjacent
hypotenuse
opposite
adjacent
As well as these ratios, there are three inverse ratios,
Cosecant cosec i =
1
sin i
Secant
sec i =
1
cos i
Cotangent cot i =
1
tan i
hypotenuse
p
opposite
hypotenuse
f=
p
adjacent
adjacent
f=
p
opposite
f=
DID YOU KNOW?

Trigonometry, or triangle measurement, progressed from the study of geometry in ancient
Greece. Trigonometry was seen as applied mathematics. It gave a tool for the measurement of
planets and their motion. It was also used extensively in navigation, surveying and mapping,
and it is still used in these fields today.
Trigonometry was crucial in the setting up of an accurate calendar, since this involved
measuring the distances between the Earth, sun and moon.
293
EXAMPLES
1. Find sin a, tan a and sec a.
Solution
AB = hypotenuse = 5
BC = opposite side = 3
AC = adjacent side = 4
opposite
sin a =
hypotenuse
3
=
5
opposite
tan a =
adjacent
3
=
4
1
sec a =
cos a
hypotenuse
=
adjacent
5
=
4
2. If sin i =
2
, find the exact ratios of cos i, tan i and cot i.
7
Solution
To find the other ratios
you need to find the
adjacent side.
By Pythagoras theorem:
c2 = a2 + b2
72 = a2 + 22
49 = a 2 + 4
45 = a 2
`a=
45
CONTINUED
294
cos i =
=
tan i =
adjacent
hypotenuse
45
7
opposite
adjacent
2
=
45
1
cot i =
tan i
45
=
2
Complementary angles
In D ABC, if+B = i, then +A = 90c - i
(angle sum of a )
a
(90c - i) = c
b
cos (90c - i) = c
a
tan (90c - i) =
b
c
sec (90c - i) =
b
c
cosec (90c - i) = a
b
cot (90c - i) = a
b
i= c
a
cos i = c
b
tan i = a
c
sec i = a
c
cosec i =
b
a
cot i =
b
sin
sin
From these ratios come the results.
sin i = cos (90 - i)

cos i = sin (90 - i)
sec i = cosec (90 - i)
cosec i = sec (90 - i)
tan i = cot (90 - i)
cot i = tan (90 - i)
295
EXAMPLES
1. Simplify tan 50c - cot 40c.
Solution
tan 50c = cot ] 90c - 50c g

= cot 40c
` tan 50c - cot 40c = tan 50c - tan 50c
=0
Check this answer on

your calculator.
2. Find the value of m if sec 55c = cosec ] 2m - 15 g c.
Solution
sec 55c = cosec ] 90c - 55c g

= cosec 35c
` 2m - 15 = 35
2m = 50
m = 25
Check this by substituting

m into the equation.
6.1 Exercises
1.
Write down the ratios of

cos i, sin i and tan i.
2.
Find sin b, cot b and sec b.
3.
Find the exact ratios of

sin b, tan b and cos b.
4.
Find exact values for cos x, tan x

and cosec x.
296
5.
6.
7.
Hint: Change 0.7 to a fraction.
4
, find cos i and sin i.
3
2
If cos i = , find exact values for
3
tan i, sec i and sin i.
If tan i =
1
If sin i = , find the exact ratios
6
of cos i and tan i.
8.
If cos i = 0.7, find exact values

for tan i and sin i.
9.
D ABC is a right-angled isosceles

triangle with +ABC = 90c and
AB = BC = 1.
(a) Find the exact length of AC.
(b) Find +BAC.
(c) From the triangle, write down
the exact ratios of sin 45c, cos 45c
and tan 45c.
(c) Write down the exact ratios of

sin 60c, cos 60c and tan 60c.
11. Show sin 67c = cos 23c.
12. Show sec 82c = cosec 8c.
13. Show tan 48c = cot 42c.
14. Simplify
(a) cos 61c + sin 29c
(b) sec i - cosec ] 90c - i g
(c) tan 70c + cot 20c - 2 tan 70c
(d)
sin 55c
cos 35c
(e)
cot 25c + tan 65c

cot 25c
15. Find the value of x if

sin 80c = cos ] 90 - x g c.
16. Find the value of y if
tan 22c = cot ^ 90 - y h c.
10.
17. Find the value of p if

cos 49c = sin ^ p + 10 h c.
18. Find the value of b if
sin 35c = cos ] b + 30 g c.
(a) Using Pythagoras theorem,

find the exact length of AC.
(b) Write down the exact ratios of
sin 30c, cos 30c and tan 30c.
19. Find the value of t if

cot ] 2t + 5 g c = tan ] 3t - 15 g c.
20. Find the value of k if
tan ] 15 - k g c = cot ] 2k + 60 g c.
Trigonometric ratios and the calculator

Angles are usually given in degrees and minutes. In this section you will
practise rounding off angles and finding trigonometric ratios on the calculator.
Angles are usually given in degrees and minutes in this course. The
calculator uses degrees, minutes and seconds, so you need to round off.
60 minutes = 1 deg ree (60l = 1c)
60 sec onds = 1 min ute (60m = 1l)
In normal rounding off, you round up to the next number if the number
to the right is 5 or more. Angles are rounded off to the nearest degree by
rounding up if there are 30 minutes or more. Similarly, angles are rounded off
to the nearest minute by rounding up if there are 30 seconds or more.
297
EXAMPLES
Round off to the nearest minute.
1. 23c 12l 22m
Solution
23c 12l 22m = 23c 12l
2. 59c 34l 41m
Solution
59c 34l 41m = 59c 35l
3. 16c 54l 30m
Because 30 seconds is
half a minute, we round
up to the next minute.
Solution
16c 54l 30m = 16c 55l
% , ,,
KEY
Some calculators have
This key changes decimal angles into degrees, minutes and seconds
deg or dms keys.
and vice versa.
EXAMPLES
1. Change 58c 19l into a decimal.
Solution
Press 58 % , ,, 19 % , ,, = % , ,,
So 58c 19l = 58.31666667
2. Change 45.236c into degrees and minutes.
Solution
Press 45.236 = SHIFT % , ,,
So 45.236c = 45c14l
If your calculator does not

give these answers, check
the instructions for its use.
298
In order to use trigonometry in right-angled triangle problems, you need

to find the ratios of angles on your calculator.
EXAMPLES
1. Find cos 58c 19l, correct to 3 decimal places.
Solution
If your calculator
doesn't give this
answer, check that it
is in degree mode.
Press COS 58 % , ,, 19 % , ,, =
So cos 58c19l = 0.525
2. Find sin 38c14l, correct to 3 decimal places.
Solution
Press SIN 38 % , ,, 14 % , ,, =
So sin 38c 14l = 0.619
3. If tani = 0.348, find i in degrees and minutes.
Solution
This is the reverse of finding trigonometric ratios.
To find the angle, given the ratio, use the inverse key ^ tan - 1 h .
Press SHIFT TAN - 1 0.348 = SHIFT % , ,,
tan i = 0.348
i = tan - 1 (0.348)
= 19c11l
4. Find i in degrees and minutes if cos i = 0.675.
Solution
Press SHIFT COS - 1 0.675 = SHIFT % , ,,
cos i = 0.675
i = cos - 1 (0.675)
= 47c 33l
6.2 Exercises
1.
Round off to the nearest degree.

(a) 47 13l 12m
(b) 81 45l 43m
(c) 19 25l 34m
(d) 76 37l 19m
(e) 52 29l 54m
2.
Round off to the nearest minute.

(a) 47 13l 12m
(b) 81 45l 43m
(c) 19 25l 34m
(d) 76 37l 19m
(e) 52 29l 54m
3.
Change to a decimal.
(a) 77c45l
(b) 65c30l
(c) 24c51l
(d) 68c21l
(e) 82c31l
5.
Find correct to 3 decimal places.

(a) sin 39c25l
(b) cos 45c 51l
(c) tan18c43l
(d) sin 68c06l
(e) tan 54c20l
4.
Change into degrees and minutes.

(a) 59.53c
(b) 72.231c
(c) 85.887c
(d) 46.9c
(e) 73.213c
6.
Find i in degrees and minutes if

(a) sin i = 0.298
(b) tan i = 0.683
(c) cos i = 0.827
(d) tan i = 1.056
(e) cos i = 0.188
Right-angled Triangle Problems

Trigonometry is used to find an unknown side or angle of a triangle.
Finding a side
We can use trigonometry to find a side of a right-angled triangle.
EXAMPLES
1. Find the value of x, correct to 1 decimal place.
Solution
cos i =
adjacent
hypotenuse
x
cos 23 49l =
11.8
x
11.8 # cos 23 49l = 11.8 #
11.8
11.8 cos 23 49l = x
`
10.8 cm = x ^ to 1 decimal point h

CONTINUED
299
300
2. Find the value of y, correct to 3 significant figures.
Solution
sin i =
opposite
hypotenuse
9.7
sin 41c 15l = y
9.7
y # sin 41c 15l = y # y
y sin 41c 15l = 9.7
y sin 41c 15l
9.7
=
sin 41c 15l
sin 41c 15l
9.7
y=
sin 41c 15l
= 14.7 m ^ to 3 significant figures h
6.3 Exercises
1.
Find the values of all pronumerals,

correct to 1 decimal place.
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(l)
4.7 cm
x
(f)
37c22l
(m)
72c18l
x
6.3 cm
(g)
(n)
63c14l
23 mm
x
y
(o)
39c47l
(h)
3.7 m
(i)
(p)
k
(j)
46c5l
14.3 cm
(q)
5.4 cm
(k)
h
31c12l
4.8 m
74c29l
301
302
68c41l
(r)
0.45 m
6.2 cm
73c
4.
(s)
5.75 cm
19c17l
(t)
17.3 m
Hamish is standing at an angle of

67c from a goalpost and 12.8 m
away as shown. How far does he
need to kick a football for it to
reach the goal?
12.8 m
67c
b
5.
6c3l
Square ABCD with side 6 cm has

line CD produced to E as shown
so that +EAD = 64c 12l. Evaluate
the length, correct to 1 decimal
place, of
(a) CE
(b) AE
E
2.
A roof is pitched at 60c. A room

built inside the roof space is to
have a 2.7 m high ceiling. How
far in from the side of the roof
will the wall for the room go?
64c12l
2.7 m
60c
x
3.
A diagonal in a rectangle with

breadth 6.2 cm makes an angle
of 73c with the vertex as shown.
Find the length of the rectangle
6.
6 cm
A right-angled triangle with

hypotenuse 14.5 cm long has one
interior angle of 43c 36l. Find the
lengths of the other two sides of
the triangle.
7.
8.
9.
A right-angled triangle ABC

with the right angle at A has
+B = 56c44l and AB = 26 mm.
Find the length of the
hypotenuse.
A triangular fence is made for a
garden inside a park. Three holes
A, B and C for fence posts are
made at the corners so that A and
B are 10.2 m apart, AB and CB are
perpendicular, and angle CAB is
59c 54l. How far apart are A and C?
Triangle ABC has +BAC = 46c
and +ABC = 54c. An altitude
is drawn from C to meet AB at
point D. If the altitude is 5.3 cm
long, find, correct to 1 decimal
place, the length of sides
(a) AC
(b) BC
(c) AB
(a) Find the length of the side of

the rhombus.
(b) Find the length of the other
diagonal.
11. Kite ABCD has diagonal
BD = 15.8 cm as shown.
If +ABD =57c29l and
+DBC = 72c51l, find the length
of the other diagonal AC.
A
57c29l
72c51l
15.8 cm
10. A rhombus has one diagonal

12 cm long and the diagonal
makes an angle of 28c 23l with
the side of the rhombus.
Finding an angle
Trigonometry can also be used to find one of the angles in a right-angled
triangle.
EXAMPLES
1. Find the value of i, in degrees and minutes.
CONTINUED
303
304
Solution
cos i =
adjacent
hypotenuse
5.8
=
7.3
5.8
` i = cos - 1 c
m
7.3
= 37c 23l
2. Find the value of a, in degrees and minutes.
Solution
tan a =
opposite
adjacent
4
= .9
2 .1
4 .9
` a = tan - 1 c
m
2 .1
= 66c 48l
6.4 Exercises
1.
Find the value of each pronumeral,

in degrees and minutes.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(j)
(d)
(e)
3.8 cm
(k)
2.4 cm
(l)
(f)
8.3 cm
5.7 cm
(m)
(g)
i
6.9 mm
11.3 mm
(n)
(h)
3m
7m
305
306
(o)
b
20 m
5.1 cm
12.3 m
i
11.6 cm
3.
(p)
15 m
A field is 13.7 m wide and Andre is

on one side. There is a gate on the
opposite side and 5.6 m along from
where Andre is. At what angle will
he walk to get to the gate?
Andre
13 m
(q)
4.4 cm
7.6 cm
13.7 m
(r)
5.6 m
14.3 cm
8.4 cm
(s)
4.
Gate
A 60 m long bridge has an opening

in the middle and both sides open
up to let boats pass underneath.
The two parts of the bridge floor
rise up to a height of 18 m.
Through what angle do they move?
3m
18 m
5m
(t)
10.3 cm
2.
60 m
18.9 cm
A kite is flying at an angle of i

above the ground as shown. If the
kite is 12.3 m above the ground and
has 20 m of string, find angle i.
5.
An equilateral triangle ABC with

side 7 cm has an altitude AD that
is 4.5 cm long. Evaluate the angle
the altitude makes with vertex A
]+DAB g.
6.
7.
Rectangle ABCD has dimensions

18 cm # 7 cm. A line AE is drawn
so that E bisects DC.
(a) How long is line AE? (Answer
to 1 decimal place).
(b) Evaluate +DEA.
A 52 m tall tower has wire stays
on either side to minimise wind
movement. One stay is 61.3 m
long and the other is 74.5 m long
as shown. Find the angles that
the tower makes with each stay.
a b
61.3 m
5 cm
D
1 cm
(a) Find +BEC.

(b) Find the length of the
rectangle.
10. A diagonal of a rhombus with
side 9 cm makes an angle of 16c
with the side as shown. Find the
lengths of the diagonals.
74.5 m
16c
52 m
9 cm
8.
(a) The angle from the ground up

to the top of a pole is 41c when
standing 15 m on one side of it.
Find the height h of the pole, to
the nearest metre.
(b) If Seb stands 6 m away on the
other side, find angle i.
11. (a) Kate is standing at the side of

a road at point A, 15.9 m away
from an intersection. She is at an
angle of 39c from point B on the
other side of the road. What is
the width w of the road?
(b) Kate walks 7.4 m to point
C. At what angle is she from
point B?
B
41c
i
6m
9.
15 m
Rectangle ABCD has a line BE

drawn so that +AEB = 90c and
DE = 1 cm. The width of the
rectangle is 5 cm.
w
A
39c
7.4 m
i
15.9 m
307
308
Applications
DID YOU KNOW?
The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built as a belfry for the cathedral nearby. Work started on the
tower in 1174, but when it was only half completed the soil underneath one side of it subsided.
This made the tower lean to one side. Work stopped, and it wasnt until 100 years later that
architects found a way of completing the tower. The third and fifth storeys were built close to
the vertical to compensate for the lean. Later a vertical top storey was added.
The tower is about 55 m tall and 16 m in diameter. It is tilted about 5 m from the vertical, and
tilts by an extra 0.6 cm each year.
Class Investigation
Discuss some of the problems with the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
Find the angle at which it is tilted from the vertical.
Work out how far it will be tilted in 10 years.
Use research to find out if the tower will fall over, and if so, when.
Angle of elevation
The angle of elevation is used to measure the
height of tall objects that cannot be measured
directly, for example a tree, cliff, tower or
building.
Class Exercise
Stand outside the school building and look up to the top of the building.
Think about which angle your eyes pass through to look up to the top of
the building.
The angle of elevation, i, is the angle measured when

looking from the ground up to the top of the object. We
assume that the ground is horizontal.
EXAMPLE
The angle of elevation of a tree from a point 50 m out from its base is
38c 14l. Find the height of the tree, to the nearest metre.
Solution
We assume that the tree is vertical!
A clinometer is used to
measure the angle of
elevation or depression.
tan 38c 14l =
h
50
50 # tan 38c 14l = 50 #
h
50
50 tan 38c 14l = h

39 Z h
So the tree is 39 m tall, to the nearest metre.
309
310
Angle of depression
The angle of depression is the angle
formed when looking down from a high
place to an object below.
Class Exercise
If your classroom is high enough, stand at the window and look down to
something below the window. If the classroom is not high enough, find
a hill or other high place. Through which angle do your eyes pass as you
look down?
The angle of depression, i, is the angle measured when

looking down from the horizontal to an object below.
EXAMPLES
1. The angle of depression from the top of a 20 m building to a boy
below is 61c 39l. How far is the boy from the building, to 1 decimal place?
Solution
+DAC = +ACB
= 61c 39l
20
tan 61c 39l = x
20
x # tan 61c 39l = x # x
x tan 61c 39l = 20
x tan 61c 39l
20
=
tan 61c 39l
tan 61c 39l
20
x=
tan 61c 39l
Z 10.8
(alternate angles, AD < BC)
So the boy is 10.8 m from the building.

2. A bird sitting on top of an 8 m tall tree looks down at a possum 3.5 m
out from the base of the tree. Find the angle of elevation to the nearest
minute.
Solution
B
8m
3.5 m
The angle of depression is i

Since AB < DC
+BDC = i
tan i =
8
3. 5
` i = tan - 1 c
8
m
3 .5
= 66c 22l
] horizontal lines g
^ alternate angles h
311
312
Bearings
Bearings can be described in different ways:
For example, N70c W:
Start at north and

measure 70o around
towards the west.
True bearings measure angles clockwise from north
EXAMPLES
We could write
315o T for true bearings.
1. Sketch the diagram when M is on a bearing of 315c from P.
Solution
Measure clockwise,
starting at north.
2. X is on a bearing of 030c from Y. Sketch this diagram.
Solution
All bearings have 3 digits

so 30 becomes 030 for
a bearing.
3. A house is on a bearing of 305c from a school. What is the bearing of

the school from the house?
Solution
The diagram below shows the bearing of the house from the school.
North
House
School
305c
To find the bearing of the school from the house, draw in North from the
house and use geometry to find the bearing as follows:
N2
N1
H
S
305c
The bearing of the school from the house is +N 2 HS.

+N 1 SH = 360c - 305c
= 55c
+N 2 HS = 180c - 55c
= 125c
^ angle of revolution h
(cointerior angles, N 2 H < N 1 S)
So the bearing of the school from the house is 125c.
4. A plane leaves Sydney and flies

100 km due east, then
125 km due north. Find the
bearing of the plane from Sydney,
to the nearest degree.
CONTINUED
313
314
Solution
125
100
= 1.25
tan x =
x = tan - 1 (1.25)
(to the nearest degree)
= 51c
i = 90c - xc
= 90c - 51c
= 39c
So the bearing of the plane from Sydney is 039.
5. A ship sails on a bearing of 140 from Sydney for 250 km. How far
east of Sydney is the ship now, to the nearest km?
Solution
A navigator on a ship
uses a sextant to
measure angles.
Could you use a

different triangle for
this question?
i = 140c - 90c
= 50c
x
cos 50c =
250
x
250 # cos 50c = 250 #
250
250 cos 50c = x
161 Z x
So the ship is 161 km east of Sydney, to the nearest kilometre.
6.5 Exercises
1.
2.
Draw a diagram to show the

bearing in each question.
(a) A boat is on a bearing of 100c
from a beach house.
(b) Jamie is on a bearing of 320c
from a campsite.
(c) A seagull is on a bearing of
200c from a jetty.
(d) Alistair is on a bearing of
050c from the bus stop.
(e) A plane is on a bearing of
285c from Broken Hill.
(f) A farmhouse is on a bearing
of 012c from a dam.
(g) Mohammed is on a bearing of
160c from his house.
(h) A mine shaft is on a bearing
of 080c from a town.
(i) Yvonne is on a bearing of
349c from her school.
(j) A boat ramp is on a bearing of
280c from an island.
(b)
North
West
East
35c
X
South
(c)
North
X
Y
West
10c
East
South
(d)
X
Find the bearing of X from Y in

each question in 3 figure (true)
bearings.
North
(a)
North
23c
West
East
South
(e)
112c
North
West
X
South
East
315
316
3.
Jack is on a bearing of 260c from

Jill. What is Jills bearing from
Jack?
4.
A tower is on a bearing of 030c

from a house. What is the bearing
of the house from the tower?
5.
Tamworth is on a bearing of
340c from Newcastle. What is
the bearing of Newcastle from
Tamworth?
6.
7.
8.
9.
The angle of elevation from a

point 11.5 m away from the base
of a tree up to the top of the tree
is 42c 12l. Find the height of the
tree to one decimal point.
Geoff stands 25.8 m away from
the base of a tower and measures
the angle of elevation as 39c 20l.
Find the height of the tower to
the nearest metre.
A wire is suspended from the
top of a 100 m tall bridge tower
down to the bridge at an angle of
elevation of 52c. How long is the
wire, to 1 decimal place?
A cat crouches at the top of a

4.2 m high cliff and looks down
at a mouse 1.3 m out from the
foot (base) of the cliff. What is
the angle of depression, to the
nearest minute?
10. A plane leaves Melbourne and

flies on a bearing of 065c for
2500 km.
(a) How far north of Melbourne
is the plane?
(b) How far east of Melbourne
is it?
(c) What is the bearing of
Melbourne from the plane?
11. The angle of elevation of a tower
is 39c 44l when measured at a
point 100 m from its base. Find
the height of the tower, to
1 decimal place.
12. Kim leaves his house and walks
for 2 km on a bearing of 155c .
How far south is Kim from his
house now, to 1 decimal place?
13. The angle of depression from
the top of an 8 m tree down to
a rabbit is 43c 52l. If an eagle is
perched in the top of the tree,
how far does it need to fly to
reach the rabbit, to the nearest
metre?
14. A girl rides a motorbike through
her property, starting at her
house. If she rides south for
1.3 km, then rides west for
2.4 km, what is her bearing from
the house, to the nearest degree?
15. A plane flies north from Sydney
for 560 km, then turns and
flies east for 390 km. What is
its bearing from Sydney, to the
nearest degree?
16. Find the height of a pole, correct
to 1 decimal place, if a 10 m rope
tied to it at the top and stretched
out straight to reach the ground
makes an angle of elevation of
67c13l.
17. The angle of depression from the

top of a cliff down to a boat
100 m out from the foot of the
cliff is 59c42l. How high is the
cliff, to the nearest metre?
18. A group of students are
bushwalking. They walk north
from their camp for 7.5 km, then
walk west until their bearing
from camp is 320c. How far are
they from camp, to 1 decimal
place?
19. A 20 m tall tower casts a shadow
15.8 m long at a certain time
of day. What is the angle of
elevation from the edge of the
shadow up to the top of the
tower at this time?
20 m
15.8 m
20. A flat verandah roof 1.8 m deep

is 2.6 m up from the ground. At a
certain time of day, the sun makes
an angle of elevation of 72c 25l.
How much shade is provided on
the ground by the verandah roof
at that time, to 1 decimal place?
21. Find the angle of elevation of a

15.9 m cliff from a point 100 m
out from its base.
22. A plane leaves Sydney and flies
for 2000 km on a bearing of 195c.
How far due south of Sydney
is it?
top of a 15 m tree down to a pond
is 25c41l. If a bird is perched in
the top of the tree, how far does it
need to fly to reach the pond, to
the nearest metre?
24. A girl starting at her house, walks
south for 2.7 km then walks east
for 1.6 km. What is her bearing
from the house, to the nearest
degree?
top of a tower down to a car
250 m out from the foot of the
tower is 38c19l. How high is the
tower, to the nearest metre?
26. A hot air balloon flies south for
3.6 km then turns and flies east
until it is on a bearing of 127c
from where it started. How far
east does it fly?
27. A 24 m wire is attached to the
top of a pole and runs down to
the ground where the angle of
elevation is 22c 32l. Find the
height of the pole.
317
318
28. A train depot has train tracks

running north for 7.8 km where
they meet another set of tracks
going east for 5.8 km into a
station. What is the bearing of
the depot from the station, to the
nearest degree?
29. Jessica leaves home and walks for
4.7 km on a bearing of 075c. She
then turns and walks for 2.9 km
on a bearing of 115c and she is
then due east of her home.
(a) How far north does Jessica
walk?
(b) How far is she from home?
30. Builder Jo stands 4.5 m out from

the foot of a building and looks
up at to the top of the building
where the angle of elevation is
71c. Builder Ben stands at the top
of the building looking down at
his wheelbarrow that is 10.8 m
out from the foot of the building
on the opposite side from where
Jo is standing.
(a) Find the height of the
building.
(b) Find the angle of depression
from Ben down to his
wheelbarrow.
Exact Ratios
A right-angled triangle with one angle of 45 is isosceles. The exact length of
its hypotenuse can be found.
Pythagoras theorem is used

to find the length of the
hypotenuse.
c2 = a2 + b2
AC 2 = 1 2 + 1 2
=2
AC =
This means that the trigonometric ratios of 45c can be written as exact ratios.
1
2
1
cos 45c =
2
tan 45c = 1
sin 45c =
319
This angle is commonly used; for example, 45 is often used for the pitch of
a roof. The triangle with angles of 60 and 30 can also be written with exact
sides.
Halve the equilateral

triangle to get TABD.
AD 2 = 2 2 - 1 2
=3
AD =
3
2
1
cos 60 =
2
tan 60 = 3
sin 30c =
sin 60 =
1
2
3
2
1
tan 30c =
3
It may be easier to
remember the triangle
rather than all these ratios.
cos 30c =
DID YOU KNOW?

The ratios of all multiples of these angles follow a pattern:
A
0c
30c
45c
60c
90c
120c
135c
150c
sin A
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
cos A
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
2
- 1
2
- 2
2
- 3
2
The rules of the pattern are:

for sin A, when you reach 4, reverse the numbers
for cos A, when you reach 0, change signs and reverse
320
EXAMPLES
1. Find the exact value of sec 45.
Solution
1
cos 45
1
=
1
2
= 2
sec 45 =
2. A boat ramp is to be made with an angle of 30c and base length 5 m.

What is the exact length of the surface of the ramp?
Solution
5
cos 30c = x
x cos 30c = 5
5
cos 30c
5
=
3
2
2
=5#
3
10
=
3
10 3
=
3
x=
So the exact length of the ramp is
10 3
m.
3
321
6.6 Exercises
Find the exact value in all questions,
with rational denominator where
relevant.
1.
(b)
Evaluate
(a) sin 60c + cos 60c
(b) cos 2 45c + sin 2 45c
(c) cosec 45c
(d) 2 sec 60c
(e) cot 30c + cot 60c
cos 2 45c = (cos 45c) 2
(c)
(f) tan 60c - tan 30c

(g) sin 2 60c + sin 2 45c
(h) sin 45c cos 30c + cos 45c sin 30c
(i) 3 tan 30c
tan 45c + tan 60c
(j)
1 - tan 45c tan 60c
3.
(k) cos 30c cos 60c - sin 30c sin 60c 4.

(l) cos 2 30c + sin 2 30c
(m) 2 sec 45c - cosec 30c
2 sin 60c
sin 45c
(o) 1 + tan 2 30c
(n)
(p)
1 - cos 45c
1 + cos 45c
(q)
cot 30c
sec 60c
(r) sin 2 45c - 1
2.
If the tent in the previous

question was pitched at an angle
of 60c, how high would the pole
need to be?
6.
The angle of elevation from a

point 10 m out from the base of
a tower to the top of the tower
is 30c. Find the exact height
of the tower, with rational
denominator.
2 - tan 60c
sec 2 45c
Find the exact value of all

pronumerals
(a)
A 2-person tent is pitched at an

angle of 45c. Each side of the
tent is 2 m long. A pole of what
height is needed for the centre of
the tent?
5.
(s) 5 cosec 2 60c

(t)
A 2.4 m ladder reaches 1.2 m up

a wall. At what angle is it resting
against the wall?
322
7.
the floor. How far out from the

wall is it?
The pitch of a roof is 45c and

spans a length of 12 m.
9.
(a) What is the length l of the

roof?
(b) If a wall is placed inside the
roof one third of the way along
from the corner, what height will
the wall be?
8.
A 1.8 m ladder is placed so that it

makes a 60c angle where it meets
Find the exact length of AC.

top of a 100 m cliff down to a
boat at the foot of the cliff is 30c.
How far out from the cliff is the
boat?
Angles of Any Magnitude

The angles in a right-angled triangle are always acute. However, angles greater
than 90c are used in many situations, such as in bearings. Negative angles are
also used in areas such as engineering and science.
We can use a circle to find trigonometric ratios of angles of any magnitude
(size) up to and beyond 360c.
Investigation
1. (a) Copy and complete the table for these acute angles
(between 0c and 90c).
x
0c
10c
20c
30c
40c
50c
60c
70c
80c
90c
sin x
cos x
tan x
(b) Copy and complete the table for these obtuse angles
x
sin x
cos x
tan x
100c
110c
120c
130c
140c
150c
160c
170c
180c
(c) Copy and complete the table for these reflex angles
x
190c
200c
210c
220c
230c
240c
250c
260c
270c
350c
360c
sin x
cos x
tan x
(d) Copy and complete the table for these reflex angles
x
280c
290c
300c
310c
320c
330c
340c
sin x
cos x
tan x
2. What do you notice about their signs? Can you see any patterns?
Could you write down any rules for the sign of sin, cos and tan for
different angle sizes?
3. Draw the graphs of y = sin x, y = cos x and y = tan x for
0c # x # 360c. For y = tan x, you may need to find the ratios of
angle close to and either side of 90c and 270c.
Drawing the graphs of the trigonometric ratios can help us to see the
change in signs as angles increase.
We divide the domain 0c to 360c into 4 quadrants:
1st quadrant:
0c to 90c
2nd quadrant: 90c to 180c
3rd quadrant: 180c to 270c
4th quadrant: 270c to 360c
EXAMPLES
1. Describe the sign of sin x in each section (quadrant) of the graph y = sin x.
Solution
We can sketch the graph using the table below or using the values from
the tables in the investigation above for more accuracy.
x
0c
90c
180c
270c
-1
360c
0
CONTINUED
323
324
1
y = sin x
90c
180c
270c
360c
-1
The graph is above the x-axis for the first 2 quadrants, then below for the
3rd and 4th quadrants.
This means that sin x is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants and
negative in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.
2. Describe the sign of cos x in each section (quadrant) of the graph of
y = cos x.
Solution
x
0c
90c
180c
-1
270c
360c
y = cos x
90c
180c
270c
360c
-1
The graph is above the x-axis in the 1st quadrant, then below for the 2nd
and 3rd quadrants and above again for the 4th quadrant.
325
This means that cos x is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants and
negative in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.
3. Describe the sign of tan x in each section (quadrant) of the
graph y = tan x.
Solution
x
0c
90c
180c
270c
360c
No result
No result
Neither tan 90c nor tan 270c exists (we say that they are undefined).
Find the tan of angles close to these angles, for example tan 89c 59l and
tan 90c 01l, tan 279c 59l and tan 270c 01l.
There are asymptotes at 90c and 270c. On the left of 90c and 270c,
tan x is positive and on the right, the ratio is negative.
y
90c
180c
270c
360c
y = tan x
The graph is above the x-axis in the 1st quadrant, below for the 2nd,
above for the 3rd and below for the 4th quadrant.
This means that tan x is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants and
negative in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.
To show why these ratios have different signs in different quadrants, we

look at angles around a unit circle (a circle with radius 1 unit).
We use congruent triangles when finding angles of any magnitude.
Page 326 shows an example of congruent triangles all with angles of 20c inside
a circle with radius 1 unit.
You will see why these

ratios are undefined later
on in this chapter.
326
1 unit
1 unit
20c
20c
20c
20c
1 unit
1 unit
If we divide the circle into 4 quadrants, we notice that the x- and y-values
have different signs in different quadrants. This is crucial to notice when
looking at angles of any magnitude and explains the different signs you get
when finding sin, cos and tan for angles greater than 90c.
Quadrant 1
Looking at the first quadrant (see diagram below), notice that x and y are both
positive and that angle i is turning anticlockwise from the x-axis.
y
First quadrant
The angle at the x-axis is 0 and
the angle at the y-axis is 90c,
with all other angles in this
quadrant between these two
angles.
(x, y)
1 unit
Point (x, y) forms a triangle with sides 1, x and y, so we can find the
trigonometric ratios for angle i.
327
y
1
=y
sin i =
x
1
=x
cos i =
y
tan i = x
Investigation
Since cos i = x and sin i = y, we can write the point (x, y) as (cos i, sin i).
The polar coordinates (cos i, sin i) give a circle.
The polar coordinates 6 A sin ] ai + c g, B sin ] bi g @ form a shape called a
Lissajous figure. These are sometimes called a Bowditch curve and they
are often used as logos, for example the ABC logo.
Use the Internet to research these and other similar shapes.
Use a graphics calculator or a computer program such as Autograph to draw
other graphs with polar coordinates using variations of sin i and cos i.
Quadrant 2
In the second quadrant, angles are between 90c and 180c.
If we take the 1st quadrant coordinates (x, y), where x 2 0 and y 2 0 and
put them in the 2nd quadrant, we notice that all x values are negative in the
second quadrant and y values are positive.
So the point in the 2nd quadrant will be (-x, y)
y
90c
Second quadrant
(-x, y)
y
180c
1 unit
180c- i
x
0c
These are called polar

coordinates.
328
Since cos i = x, cos i will negative in the 2nd quadrant.

Since sin i = y , sin i will be positive in the 2nd quadrant.
y
tan i = x so it will be negative (a positive number divided by a negative
number).
To have an angle of i in the triangle, the angle around the circle is 180c - i.
Quadrant 3
In the third quadrant, angles are between 180c and 270c.
y
90c
180c + i
180c
0c
y
1 unit
(-x, -y)
Third quadrant
270c
Notice that x and y are both negative in the third quadrant, so cos i and
sin i will be both negative.
y
tan i = x so will be positive (a negative divided by a negative number).
To have an angle of i in the triangle, the angle around the circle is 180c + i.
Quadrant 4
In the fourth quadrant, angles are between 270c and 360c.
y
90c
180c
i
360c - i
0c
1 unit
360c
y
(x, -y)
270c
Fourth quadrant
329
While y remains negative in the fourth quadrant, x is positive again, so

sin i is negative and cos i is positive.
y
tan i = x so will be negative (a negative divided by a positive number)
For an angle i in the triangle, the angle around the circle is 360c - i.
ASTC rule
Putting all of these results together gives a rule for all four quadrants that we
usually call the ASTC rule.
y
90c
2nd quadrant
1st quadrant
180c - i
A
0c
180c
360c
180c + i
360c - i
3rd quadrant
4th quadrant
270c
A: ALL ratios are positive in the 1st quadrant

S: Sin is positive in the 2nd quadrant (cos and tan are negative)
T: Tan is positive in the 3rd quadrant (sin and cos are negative)
C: Cos is positive in the 4th quadrant (sin and tan are negative)
This rule also works for the reciprocal trigonometric ratios. For example,
where cos is positive, sec is also positive, where sin is positive, so is cosec and
where tan is positive, so is cot.
We can summarise the ASTC rules for all 4 quadrants:
First quadrant:
Angle i:
sin i is positive
cos i is positive
tan i is positive
You could remember

this rule as All Stations
To Central or A Silly
Trigonometry Concept, or
you could make up your
own!
330
Second quadrant:
Angle 180c - i:
sin ] 180c - i g = sin i
cos ] 180c - i g = - cos i
tan ] 180c - i g = - tan i
Third quadrant:
Angle 180c + i:
sin ] 180c + i g = - sin i
cos ] 180c + i g = - cos i
tan ] 180c + i g = tan i
Fourth quadrant:
Angle 360c - i:
sin ] 360c - i g = - sin i
cos ] 360c - i g = cos i
tan ] 360c - i g = - tan i
EXAMPLES
1. Find all quadrants where
(a) sin i 2 0
(b) cos i 1 0
(c) tan i 1 0 and cos i 2 0
Solution
(a) sin i 2 0 means sin i is positive.
Using the ASTC rule, sin i is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.
(b) cos i is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants, so cos i is negative in
the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.
(c) tan i is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants so tan i is negative
in the 2nd and 4th quadrants. Also cos i is positive in the 1st and 4th
quadrants.
So tan i 1 0 and cos i 2 0 in the 4th quadrant.
331
2. Find the exact ratio of tan 330c.
Solution
First we find the quadrant that 330c is in. It is in the 4th quadrant.
y
330c
30c
The angle inside the triangle in the 4th quadrant is 30c and tan is
negative in the 4th quadrant.
Notice that
360c - 30c = 330c.
tan 330c = - tan 30c

1
=3
30c
:3
60c
3. Find the exact value of sin 225c.
Solution
The angle in the triangle in the 3rd quadrant is 45c and sin is negative in
the 3rd quadrant.
CONTINUED
Notice that
180c + 45c = 225c.
332
225c
45c
sin 225c = - sin 45c

1
=2
45c
:2
45c
4. Find the exact value of cos 510c.
Solution
To find cos 510c, we move around the circle more than once.
y
30c
150c
510c
510c - 360c = 150c

So
510c = 360c + 150c
The angle is in the 2nd quadrant where cos is

negative. The triangle has 30c in it.
30c
cos 510c = - cos 30c

=-
333
3
2
:3
60c
Notice that
180c - 30c = 150c.
5. Simplify cos (180c + x).
Solution
180c + x is an angle in the 3rd quadrant where cos is negative.
So cos ] 180c + x g = - cos x
6. If sin x = -
3
and cos x 2 0, find the value of tan x and sec x.
5
Solution
sin x 1 0 in the 3rd and 4th quadrants and cos x 2 0 in the 1st and 4th
quadrants.
So sin x 1 0 and cos x 2 0 in the 4th quadrant.
This means that tan x 1 0 and sec x 2 0.
sin x =
sec x is the reciprocal of

cos x so is positive in the
4th quadrant.
opposite
hypotenuse
So the opposite side is 3 and the hypotenuse is 5.

y
x
5
This is a 3-4-5 triangle.
By Pythagoras theorem, the adjacent side is 4.

CONTINUED
334
3
4
1
sec x = cos x
5
=
4
So tan x = -
The ASTC rule also works for negative angles. These are measured in the
opposite way (clockwise) from positive angles as shown.
y
-270c
2nd quadrant
-(180c+ i )
1st quadrant
-(360c- i )
-360c
0
-180c
-(180c- i )
3rd quadrant
-i
4th quadrant
-90c
The only difference with this rule is that the angles are labelled differently.
EXAMPLE
Find the exact value of tan (-120c).
Solution
Notice that
- (180c - 60c) = -120c.
Moving around the circle the opposite way, the angle is in the 3rd
quadrant, with 60c in the triangle.
y
60c
x
120c
Tan is positive in the 3rd quadrant.

tan ] -120c g = tan 60c
=
30c
:3
60c
6.7 Exercises
1.
Find all quadrants where

(a) cos i 2 0
(b) tan i 2 0
(c) sin i 2 0
(d) tan i 1 0
(e) sin i 1 0
(f) cos i 1 0
(g) sin i 1 0 and tan i 2 0
(h) cos i 1 0 and tan i 2 0
(i) sin i 2 0 and tan i 1 0
(j) sin i 1 0 and tan i 1 0
2.
(a) Which quadrant is the angle

240c in?
(b) Find the exact value of cos 240c.
3.

315c in?
(b) Find the exact value of sin 315c.
4.

120c in?
(b) Find the exact value of
tan 120c .
5.

-225c in?
sin (-225c).
6.

-330c in?
cos (-330c).
7.
Find the exact value of each ratio.

(a) tan 225c
(b) cos 315c
(c) tan 300c
(d) sin 150c
(e) cos 120c
(f) sin 210c
(g) cos 330c
(h) tan 150c
(i) sin 300c
(j) cos 135c
8.
Find the exact value of each ratio.

(a) cos (-225c)
(b) cos (-210c)
(c) tan (-300c)
(d) cos (-150c)
(e) sin (-60c)
(f) tan (-240c)
(g) cos (-300c)
(h) tan (-30c)
(i) cos (-45c)
(j) sin (-135c)
335
336
9.
Find the exact value of

(a) cos 570c
(b) tan 420c
(c) sin 480c
(d) cos 660c
(e) sin 690c
(f) tan 600c
(g) sin 495c
(h) cos 405c
(i) tan 675c
(j) sin 390c
3
and cos i 1 0, find
4
sin i and cos i as fractions.
10. If tan i =
Use Pythagoras theorem to

find the third side.
4
11. Given sin i = and tan i 1 0,
7
find the exact value of cos i and
tan i.
5
12. If sin x 1 0 and tan x = - , find
8
the exact value of cos x and cosec x.
2
and tan x 1 0,
5
find the exact value of cosec x,
cot x and tan x.
13. Given cos x =
14. If cos x 1 0 and sin x 1 0, find

cos x and sin x in surd form with
5
rational denominator if tan x = .
7
4
and
9
270c 1 i 1 360c, find the exact
15. If sin i = -
value of tan i and sec i.

3
and
8
180 1 i 1 270, find the exact
value of tan x, sec x and cosec x.
16. If cos i = -
17. Given sin x = 0.3 and tan x 1 0,

(a) express sin x as a fraction
(b) find the exact value of cos x
and tan x.
18. If tan a = - 1.2 and
270 1 i 1 360, find the exact
values of cot a, sec a and cosec a.
19. Given that cos i = - 0.7 and
90c 1 i 1 180c , find the exact
value of sin i and cot i.
20. Simplify
(a) sin ] 180c - i g
(b) cos ] 360c - x g
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
tan ^ 180c + b h
sin ] 180c + a g
tan ] 360c - i g
sin ] - i g
cos ] - a g
tan ] - x g
Trigonometric Equations
This is called the principle
solution.
Whenever you find an unknown angle in a triangle, you solve a trigonometric

equation e.g. cos x = 0.34. You can find this on your calculator.
Now that we know how to find the trigonometric ratios of angles of any
magnitude, there can be more than one solution to a trigonometric equation if
we look at a larger domain.
337
EXAMPLES
1. Solve cos x =
3
in the domain 0 # x # 360.
2
Solution
3
is a positive ratio and cos is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants.
2
So there are two possible answers.
In the 1st quadrant, angles are in the form of i and in the 4th quadrant
angles are in the form of 360c - i.
cos 30c =
3
2
30c
But there is also a solution in the 4th quadrant where

the angle is 360c - i.
3
2
x = 30c , 360c - 30c
= 30c , 330c
:3
For cos x =
60c
2. Solve 2 sin 2 x - 1 = 0 for 0c # x # 360c.
Solution
2 sin 2 x - 1 = 0
2 sin 2 x = 1
1
sin 2 x =
2
sin x = !
This is called the principle

solution.
2
1
=!
2
Since the ratio could be positive or negative, there are solutions in all
4 quadrants.
1st quadrant: angle i
2nd quadrant: angle 180c - i
3rd quadrant: angle 180c + i
4th quadrant: angle 360c - i
CONTINUED
338
1
2
x = 45c , 180c - 45c , 180c + 45c , 360c - 45c
= 45c , 135c , 225c , 315c
sin 45c =
45c
:2
45c
3. Solve tan x =
3 for - 180c # x # 180c.
Solution
3 is a positive ratio and tan is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.
So there are two possible answers.
In the domain - 180c # x # 180c, we use positive angles for
0c # x # 180c and negative angles for - 180c # x # 0c.
y
90c
2nd quadrant
1st quadrant
180c - i
180c
0c
-180c
0c
-(180c - i)
-i
3rd quadrant
4th quadrant
-90c
In the 1st quadrant, angles are in the form of i and in the 3rd quadrant
angles are in the form of - ^ 180c - i h .
tan 60c = 3
But there is also a solution in the 3rd quadrant where the angle is
- ^ 180c - i h .
For tan x = 3
x = 60c , - ] 180c - 60c g
= 30c , -120c
30c
:3
60c
339
4. Solve 2 sin 2x - 1 = 0 for 0c # x # 360c.
Solution
Notice that the angle is 2x but the domain is for x.
If 0c # x # 360c then we multiply each part by 2 to get the domain for 2x.
0c # 2x # 720c
This means that we can find the solutions by going
around the circle twice!
30c
2 sin 2x - 1 = 0
2 sin 2x = 1
:3
1
2
1
sin 30c =
2
sin 2x =
60c
Sin is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.

First time around the circle, 1st quadrant is i and the 2nd quadrant is 180c - i.
Second time around the circle, we add 360c to the angles.
So 1st quadrant answer is 360c + i and the 2nd quadrant answer is
360c + ] 180c - i g or 540c - i.
So 2x = 30c , 180c - 30c, 360c + 30c , 540c - 30c
= 30c , 150c , 390c , 510c
` x = 15c , 75c , 195c , 255c
The trigonometric graphs can also help solve some trigonometric equations.
EXAMPLE
Solve cos x = 0 for 0c # x # 360c.
cos 90c = 0
However, looking at the graph of y = cos x shows that there is another
solution in the domain 0c # x # 360c.
y
1
x
90c
-1
For cos x = 0
x = 90c, 270c
180c
270c 360c
Notice that these solutions lie

inside the original domain of
0c # x # 360c.
340
Investigation
Here are the 3 trigonometric graphs that you explored earlier in the chapter.
y = sin x
y = cos x
y = tan x
Use the values in the sin, cos and tan graphs to find values for the inverse
trigonometric functions in the tables below and then sketch the inverse
trigonometric functions.
For example sin 270 = -1
1
So cosec 270c =
-1
= -1
Some values will be undefined, so you will need to find values near them
in order to see where the graph goes.
y = cosec x
x
sin x
cosec x
0c
90c
180c
270c
360c
y = sec x
x
0c
90c
180c
270c
360c
0c
90c
180c
270c
360c
cos x
sec x
y = cot x
x
tan x
cot x
Here are the graphs of the inverse trigonometric functions.

y = cosec x
y = sec x
y = cot x
y
y = cotx
1
0
-1
90c
180c 270c
360c
x
360c
341
342
6.8 Exercises
1.
Solve for 0c # i # 360c.

(a) sin i = 0.35
1
(b) cos i = 2
(c) tan i = - 1
3
(d) sin i =
2
1
(e) tan i = 3
(f) 2 cos i = 3
(g) tan 2i =
(h) 2 sin 3i = - 1
(i) 2 cos 2i - 1 = 0
(j) tan 2 3i = 1
2.
Solve for -180c # i # 180c.

(a) cos i = 0.187
1
(b) sin i =
2
(c) tan i = 1
3
(d) sin i = 2
1
(e) tan i = 3
(f) 3 tan 2 i = 1
(g) tan 2i = 1
(h) 2 sin 2 3i = 1
(i) tan i + 1 = 0
(j) tan 2 2i = 3
3.
Sketch y = cos x for

0c # x # 360c .
4.
Evaluate sin 270c .
5.
Sketch y = tan x for

0c # x # 360c .
6.
Solve tan x = 0 for

0c # x # 360c .
7.
Evaluate cos 180c .
8.
Find the value of sin 90c .
9.
Solve cos x = 1 for

0c # x # 360c .
10. Sketch y = sin x for

-180c # x # 180c .
11. Evaluate cos 270c.
12. Solve sin x + 1 = 0 for
0c # x # 360c .
13. Solve cos 2 x = 1 for
0c # x # 360c .
14. Solve sin x = 0 for
0c # x # 360c .
15. Solve sin x = 1 for
- 360c # x # 360c .
16. Sketch y = sec x for
0c # x # 360c .
17. Sketch y = cot x for
0c # x # 360c .
Trigonometric Identities
Trigonometric identities are statements about the relationships of
trigonometric ratios. You have already met some of thesethe reciprocal
ratios, complementary angles and the rules for the angle of any magnitude.
Reciprocal ratios
1
sin i
1
sec i =
cos i
1
cot i =
tan i
cosec i =
Complementary angles
sin i = cos ] 90c - i g
cosec i = sec ] 90c - i g
tan i = cot ] 90c - i g
Angles of any magnitude

sin ] 180c - i g = sin i
cos ] 180c - i g = - cos i
tan ] 180c - i g = - tan i
sin (180c + i) = - sin i
cos (180c + i) = - cos i
tan (180c + i) = tan i
sin (360c - i) = - sin i
cos (360c - i) = cos i
tan (360c - i) = - tan i
sin (- i) = - sin i
cos (- i) = cos i
tan (- i) = - tan i
In this section you will learn some other identities, based on the unit circle.
In the work on angles of any magnitude, we defined
sin i as the y-coordinate of P and cos i as the x-coordinate of P.
343
344
y
tan i = x
sin i
=
cos i
tan i =
sin i
cos i
cot i =
cos i
sin i
1
tan i
cos i
=
sin i
cot i =
Pythagorean identities
The circle has equation x 2 + y 2 = 1.
Substituting x = cos i and y = sin i into x 2 + y 2 = 1 gives
Remeber that cos 2 i
means (cos i) 2.
cos 2 i + sin 2 i = 1
This is an equation so can be rearranged to give

sin 2 i = 1 - cos 2 i
cos 2 i = 1 - sin 2 i
There are two other identities that can be derived from this identity.
1 + tan 2 i = sec 2 i
345
Proof
cos 2 i + sin 2 i = 1
cos 2 i sin 2 i
1
+
=
cos 2 i cos 2 i
cos 2 i
1 + tan 2 i = sec 2 i
This identity can be rearranged to give
tan 2 i = sec 2 i - 1
1 = sec 2 i - tan 2 i
cot 2 i + 1 = cosec 2 i
Proof
cos 2 i + sin 2 i = 1
cos 2 i sin 2 i
1
+
=
2
2
sin i sin i
sin 2 i
2
cot i + 1 = cosec 2 i
This identity can be rearranged to give
These are called Pythagorean

identities since the equation
of the circle comes from
Pythagoras rule (see Chapter 5).
cot 2 i = cosec 2 i - 1
1 = cosec 2 i - cot 2 i
EXAMPLES
1. Simplify sin i cot i.
Solution
sin i cot i = sin i #
cos i
sin i
= cos i
2. Simplify sin ^ 90c - b h sec b where b is an acute angle.
Solution
sin ^ 90c - b h sec b = cos b #
1
cos b
=1
CONTINUED
346
3. Simplify
sin 4 i + sin 2 i cos 2 i .
Solution
sin 4 i + sin 2 i cos 2 i = sin 2 i ^ sin 2 i + cos 2 i h
= sin 2 i ] 1 g
= sin 2 i
= sin i
4. Prove cot x + tan x = cosec x sec x.
Solution
LHS = cot x + tan x
cos x sin x
=
+
sin x cos x
cos 2 x + sin 2 x
sin x cos x
1
=
sin x cos x
1
1
=
# cos x
sin x
= cosec x sec x
= RHS
=
` cot x + tan x = cosec x sec x

5. Prove that
1 - cos x
1
=
.
1 + cos x
sin 2 x
Solution
1 - cos x
sin 2 x
1 - cos x
=
1 - cos 2 x
1 - cos x
=
] 1 + cos x g ] 1 - cos x g
1
=
1 + cos x
= RHS
LHS =
1 - cos x
1
=
2
1
cos x
+
sin x
6.9 Exercises
1.
2.
Simplify
(a) sin ] 90c - i g
(b) tan ] 360c - i g
(c) cos ] - i g
(d) cot ] 90c - i g
(e) sec ] 180c + a g
= cosec 2 x - cot 2 x
(e) ] sin x - cos x g3
= sin x - cos x - 2 sin 2 x cos x
+2 sin x cos 2 x
(f) cot i + 2 sec i
1 - sin 2 i + 2 sin i
sin i cos i
(g) cos 2 ] 90c - i g cot i
Simplify
(a) tan i cos i
(b) tan i cosec i
(c) sec x cot x
(d) 1 - sin 2 x
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
= sin i cos i
(h) (cosec x + cot x) (cosec x - cot x) = 1
1 - cos a
cot 2 x + 1
1 + tan 2 x
sec 2 i - 1
5 cot 2 i + 5
1
(j)
cosec 2 x
(k) sin 2 a cosec 2 a
(l) cot i - cot i cos 2 i
3.
(d) sec 2 x - tan 2 x
Prove that
(a) cos 2 x - 1 = - sin 2 x
1 + sin i
(b) sec i + tan i =
cos i
3
2
(c) 3 + 3 tan a =
1 - sin 2 a
1 - sin 2 i cos 2 i
cos 2 i
2
= tan i + cos 2 i
1 + cot b
(j)
- cos b
cosec b
sec b
=
tan b + cot b
(i)
4.
If x = 2 cos i and y = 2 sin i,

show that x 2 + y 2 = 4.
5.
Show that x 2 + y 2 = 81 if
x = 9 cos i and y = 9 sin i.
Non-right-angled Triangle Results

A non-right-angled triangle is named so that its angles and opposite sides have
the same pronumeral. There are two rules in trigonometry that refer to nonright-angled triangles. These are the sine rule and the cosine rule.
347
348
Sine rule
sin A
sin B
sin C
a = b = c
Use this rule for finding an angle.
Use this rule for finding a

side.
a
c
b
=
=
sin A
sin B
sin C
or
Proof
In TABC, draw perpendicular AD and call it h.

From TABD,
h
sin B = c
`
h = c sin B
(1)
From TACD,
h
b
h = b sin C
sin C =
`
From (1) and (2),

c sin B = b sin C
sin B
sin C
= c
b
Similarly, drawing a perpendicular from C it can be proven that
sin A
sin B
a = b .
(2)
EXAMPLES
349
The sine rule uses 2 sides

and 2 angles, with 1
unknown.
1. Find the value of x, correct to 1 decimal place.
Solution
Name the sides a and b, and angles A and B.
a
b
=
sin A
sin B
10.7
x
=
sin 43c 21l
sin 79c 12l
10.7
x
sin 43c 21l #
= sin 43c 21l #
sin 43c 21l
sin 79c 12l
10.7 sin 43c 21l
x=
sin 79c 12l
Z 7.5 cm
2. Find the value of y, to the nearest whole number.
You can rename the
triangle ABC or just make
sure you put sides with
their opposite angles
together.
Solution
+Y = 180c - (53c + 24c )
= 103c
You need to find +Y first, as it

is opposite y.
a
b
=
sin A
sin B
y
8
=
sin 103c
sin 53c
y
8
= sin 103c #
sin 103c #
sin 103c
sin 53c
8 sin 103c
y=
sin 53c
Z 10
CONTINUED
350
3. Find the value of i, in degrees and minutes.
Solution
sin A
sin B
a = b
sin i
sin 86c 11l
=
6.7
8.3
sin i
sin 86c 11l
= 6.7 #
6.7 #
6 .7
8.3
6.7 sin 86c 11l
sin i =
8 .3
- 1 6.7 sin 86c 11l
i = sin c
m
8 .3
Z 53c39l
Since sin x is positive in the first 2 quadrants, both acute angles (between 0c
and 90c) and obtuse angles (between 90c and 180c) give positive sin ratios.
e.g. sin 50c = 0.766
and sin 130c = 0.766
This affects the sine rule, since there is no way of distinguishing between an
acute angle and an obtuse angle. When doing a question involving an obtuse
angle, we need to use the 2nd quadrant angle of 180c - i rather than relying
on the calculator to give the correct answer.
EXAMPLE
Angle i is obtuse. Find the value of i, in degrees and minutes.
Solution
sin A
sin B
a = b
sin i
sin 15c 49l
=
5.4
11.9
sin i
sin 15c 49l
= 11.9 #
11.9 #
5.4
11.9
11.9 sin 15c 49l
sin i =
5.4
- 1 11.9 sin 15c 49l
m
i = sin c
5.4
= 36c 55l
^ acute angle h
But i is obtuse
`
i = 180c - 36c 55l
= 143c 05l
6.10
1.
Exercises
Evaluate all pronumerals, correct

to 1 decimal place.
(c)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(e)
351
352
2.
Find the value of all pronumerals,

in degrees and minutes.
(a)
BC = 4.6 cm and
+ACB = 33c 47l.
4.
Triangle EFG has +FEG = 48c ,

+EGF = 32c and FG = 18.9 mm.
Find the length of
(a) the shortest side
(b) the longest side..
5.
Triangle XYZ has +XYZ = 51c ,

+YXZ = 86c and XZ = 2.1 m.
Find the length of
(a) the shortest side
(b) the longest side.
6.
Triangle XYZ has XY = 5.4 cm,

+ZXY = 48c and +XZY = 63c.
Find the length of XZ.
7.
Triangle ABC has BC = 12.7 m,

+ABC = 47c and +ACB = 53c as
shown. Find the lengths of
(a) AB
(b) AC.
The shortest side is opposite

the smallest angle and the
longest side is opposite the
largest angle.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) (i is obtuse)
9.
Triangle ABC is isosceles with

AB = AC. BC is produced to
D as shown. If AB = 8.3 cm,
+BAC = 52c and +ADC = 32c
find the length of
Triangle ABC has an obtuse angle

at A. Evaluate this angle to the
nearest minute if AB = 3.2 cm,
53c
Triangle PQR has sides

PQ = 15 mm, QR = 14.7 mm
and +PRQ = 62c 29l. Find to the
nearest minute
(a) +QPR
(b) +PQR.
3.7
3.
12.7 m
8.
4.9
21c31l
47c
(a) AD
(b) BD.
A
52c
8.3 cm
32c
10. Triangle ABC is equilateral with

side 63 mm. A line is drawn from
A to BC where it meets BC at D
and +DAB = 26c 15l. Find the
length of
(a) AD
(b) DC.
D
Cosine rule
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
Similarly
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B
Proof
A
b
p
a-x
In triangle ABC, draw perpendicular CD with length p and let CD = x.

Since BC = a, BD = a - x
From triangle ACD
b2 = x2 + p2
x
cos C =
b
` b cos C = x
(1)
(2)
From triangle DAB
c2 = p2 + ] a - x g 2
= p 2 + a 2 - 2ax + x 2
= p 2 + x 2 + a 2 - 2ax
(3)
353
354
Substitute (1) into (3):

c 2 = b 2 + a 2 - 2ax
(4)
Substituting (2) into (4):
c 2 = b 2 + a 2 - 2a ] b cos C g
= b 2 + a 2 - 2ab cos C
DID YOU KNOW?

Pythagoras theorem is a special case of the cosine rule when the triangle is right angled.
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
When C = 90c
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos 90c
= a 2 + b 2 - 2ab ] 0 g
= a2 + b2
EXAMPLE
Find the value of x, correct to the nearest whole number.
The cosine rule uses 3 sides
and 1 angle, with 1 unknown.
Solution
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
x 2 = 5.6 2 + 6.4 2 - 2 (5.6) (6.4) cos 112c 32l
Z 99.79
x = 99.79
Z 10
Press 5.6 x 2 + 6.4 x 2 - 2 # 5.6 # 6.4
# cos 112 % , ,, 32 % , ,, =
355
When finding an unknown angle, it is easier to change the subject of

this formula to cos C.
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
c 2 + 2ab cos C = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C + 2ab cos C
c 2 + 2ab cos C = a 2 + b 2
c 2 - c 2 + 2ab cos C = a 2 + b 2 - c 2
2ab cos C = a 2 + b 2 - c 2
2ab cos C
a2 + b2 - c2
=
2ab
2ab
cos C =
a2 + b2 - c2
2ab
Similarly
cos A =
cos B =
b2 + c2 - a2
2bc
2
a +c -b
2ac
Subtract the square of

the side opposite the
unknown angle.
EXAMPLES
1. Find i, in degrees and minutes.
Solution
a2 + b2 - c2
2ab
52 + 62 - 32
cos i =
2 ]5 g]6 g
52
=
60
52
m
i = cos - 1 c
60
Z 29c 56l
cos C =
2. Evaluate +BAC in degrees and minutes.

A
6.1 cm
4.5 cm
8.4 cm
CONTINUED
356
Solution
a2 + b2 - c2
2ab
4.5 2 + 6.1 2 - 8.4 2
cos +BAC =
2 ] 4. 5 g ] 6 .1 g
= - 0.2386
cos C =
Notice that the negative sign

tells us that the angle will be
obtuse.
+BAC = cos- 1 ] - 0.2386 g

= 103c 48l
6.11
1.
Exercises
Find the value of all pronumerals,

(e)
(a)
2.
Evaluate all pronumerals correct

to the nearest minute
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
YZ = 5.9 cm. Find the value of all

angles, to the nearest minute.
(d)
7.
Isosceles trapezium MNOP

has MP = NO = 12 mm,
MN = 8.9 mm, OP = 15.6 mm
and +NMP = 119c 15l.
(a) Find the length of diagonal NP.
(b) Find +NOP.
8.
Given the figure below, find the

length of
(a) AC
(b) AD.
(e)
3.
Kite ABCD has AB = 12.9 mm,

CD = 23.8 mm and
+ABC = 125c as shown. Find the
length of diagonal AC.
42 c8 l
12.9 mm
3.7 cm
8.4 cm
B
125 c
101 c38 l
C
A
23.8 mm
9.9 cm
4.
5.
6.
Parallelogram ABCD has sides

11 cm and 5 cm, and one interior
angle 79c 25l. Find the length of
the diagonals.
Quadrilateral ABCD has sides
AB = 12 cm, BC = 10.4 cm,
CD = 8.4 cm and AD = 9.7 cm
with +ABC = 63c 57l.
(a) Find the length of diagonal AC
(b) Find +DAC
(c) Find +ADC.
Triangle XYZ is isosceles with
XY = XZ = 7.3 cm and
9.
In a regular pentagon ABCDE

with sides 8 cm, find the length
of diagonal AD.
10. A regular hexagon ABCDEF has

sides 5.5 cm.
(a) Find the length of AD.
(b) Find +ADF.
357
358
Applications
The sine and cosine rules can be used in solving problems.
Use the sine rule to find:

1. a side, given one side and two angles
2. an angle, given two sides and one angle
Use the cosine rule to find:
1. a side, given two sides and one angle
2. an angle, given three sides
EXAMPLES
1. The angle of elevation of a tower from point A is 72c. From point B,
50 m further away from the tower than A, the angle of elevation is 47c.
(a) Find the exact length of AT.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the height h of the tower to 1 decimal place.
Solution
Use TBTA to find AT.
(a) +BAT = 180c - 72c

= 108c
+BTA = 180c - ] 47c + 108c g
= 25c
a
b
=
sin A
sin B
50
AT
=
sin 47c
sin 25c
50 sin 47c
AT =
`
sin 25c
^ straight angle h
(angle sum of T)
h
AT
h = AT sin 72c
50 sin 47c
=
# sin 72c
sin 25c
Z 82.3 m
359
(b) sin 72c =

`
Use right-angled TATO

to find h. Do not use the
sine rule.
2. A ship sails from Sydney for 200 km on a bearing of 040c , then sails
on a bearing of 157c for 345 km.
(a) How far from Sydney is the ship, to the nearest km?
(b) What is the bearing of the ship from Sydney, to the nearest degree?
Solution
(a) +SAN = 180c - 40c

= 140c
` +SAB = 360c - (140c + 157c)
= 63c
^ cointerior angles h
^ angle of revolution h
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
x 2 = 200 2 + 345 2 - 2 (200) (345) cos 63c
Z 96374.3
x = 96374.3
Z 310
So the ship is 310 km from Sydney.
sin A
sin B
a = b
sin i
sin 63c
=
345
310
345 sin 63c
` sin i =
310
Z 0.99
i Z 82c
( b)
The bearing from Sydney = 40c + 82c

= 122c
To find the bearing,

measure +TSB.
360
6.12
Exercises
1.
Find the lengths of the diagonals

of a parallelogram with adjacent
sides 5 cm and 8 cm and one of
its angles 32c 42l.
2.
A car is broken down to the north

of 2 towns. The car is 39 km from
town A and 52 km from town B.
If A is due west of B and the 2
towns are 68 km apart, what is the
bearing of the car from (a) town A
(b) town B, to the nearest degree?
3.
7.
A boat is sinking 1.3 km out to

sea from a marina. Its bearing is
041c from the marina and 324c
from a rescue boat. The rescue
boat is due east of the marina.
(a) How far, correct to 2 decimal
places, is the rescue boat from the
sinking boat?
(b) How long will it take the
rescue boat, to the nearest
minute, to reach the other boat if
it travels at 80 km/h?
8.
The angle of elevation of the

top of a flagpole from a point a
certain distance away from its
base is 20c. After walking 80 m
towards the flagpole, the angle of
elevation is 75c. Find the height
of the flagpole, to the nearest
metre.
9.
A triangular field ABC has sides

AB = 85 m and AC = 50 m. If B is
on a bearing of 065c from A and
C is on a bearing of 166c from A,
find the length of BC, correct to
the nearest metre.
The angle of elevation to the top

of a tower is 54c 37l from a point
12.8 m out from its base. The
tower is leaning at an angle of
85c 58l as shown. Find the height
of the tower.
54 c37 l
85c58 l
12.8 m
4.
from one post and 11 m from

the other, find the angle within
which the ball must be kicked
to score a goal, to the nearest
degree.
A triangular park has sides 145.6 m,

210.3 m and 122.5 m. Find the
size of the largest interior angle of
the park.
5.
A 1.5 m high fence leans

outwards from a house at an
angle of 102c. A boy sits on top
of the fence and the angle of
depression from him down to the
house is 32c 44l . How far from
the fence is the house?
6.
Football posts are 3.5 m apart.

If a footballer is standing 8 m
10. (a) Find the exact value of AC in

the diagram.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the
angle i, correct to the nearest
minute.
11. Find the value of h, correct to

1 decimal place.
16. Rhombus ABCD with side 8 cm

has diagonal BD 11.3 cm long.
Find +DAB.
17. Zeke leaves school and runs for
8.7 km on a bearing of 338c,
then turns and runs on a bearing
of 061c until he is due north of
school. How far north of school
is he?
12. A motorbike and a car leave a

service station at the same time.
The motorbike travels on a
bearing of 080c and the car travels
for 15.7 km on a bearing of 108c
until the bearing of the motorbike
from the car is 310c. How far,
correct to 1 decimal place, has the
motorbike travelled?
13. A submarine is being followed
by two ships, A and B, 3.8 km
apart, with A due east of B. If A
is on a bearing of 165c from the
submarine and B is on a bearing
of 205c from the submarine, find
the distance from the submarine
to both ships.
14. A plane flies from Dubbo on a
bearing of 139c for 852 km, then
turns and flies on a bearing of
285cuntil it is due west of Dubbo.
How far from Dubbo is the plane,
to the nearest km?
15. A triangular roof is 16.8 m up
to its peak, then 23.4 m on the
other side with a 125c angle
at the peak as shown. Find the
length of the roof.
125 c
16.8 m
23.4 m
18. A car drives due east for 83.7 km

then turns and travels for 105.6 km
on a bearing of 029c. How far is
the car from its starting point?
19. The figure below shows the
diagram that a surveyor makes
to measure a triangular piece of
land. Find its perimeter.
13.9 m
58 c1l
14.3 m
132 c31l
11.4 m
20. A light plane leaves Sydney and

flies for 1280 km on a bearing of
050c. It then turns and flies for
3215 km on a bearing of 149c.
How far is the plane from Sydney,
to the nearest km?
21. Trapezium ABCD has AD ; BC,
with AB = 4.6 cm, BC = 11.3 cm,
CD = 6.4 cm, +DAC = 23c 30l
and +ABC = 78c .
(a) Find the length of AC.
(b) Find +ADC to the nearest
minute.
22. A plane leaves Adelaide and
flies for 875 km on a bearing of
056c. It then turns and flies on a
bearing of i for 630 km until it is
due east of Adelaide. Evaluate i
to the nearest degree.
361
362
23. Quadrilateral ABCD has

AB = AD = 7.2 cm, BC = 8.9 cm
and CD = 10.4 cm, with
+DAB = 107c
(a) Find the length of diagonal BD.
(b) Find +BCD.
24. Stig leaves home and travels on a
bearing of 248c for 109.8 km.
He then turns and travels for
271.8 km on a bearing of 143c.
Stig then turns and travels home
on a bearing of a.
(a) How far does he travel on the
final part of his journey?
(b) Evaluate a.
25. A wall leans inwards and makes

an angle of 88c with the floor.
(a) A 4 m long ladder leans against
the wall with its base 2.3 m out
from the wall. Find the angle that
the top of the ladder makes with
the wall.
(b) A longer ladder is placed the
same distance out from the wall
and its top makes an angle of 31c
with the wall.
(i) How long is this
ladder?
(ii) How much further
does it reach up the wall
than the first ladder?
Area
To find the area of a triangle, you need to know its perpendicular height.
Trigonometry allows us to find this height in terms of one of the angles in the
triangle.
A=
Similarly,
1
ac sin B
2
1
A = bc sin A
2
A=
Proof
From D BCD,
h
sin C = a
` h = a sin C
1
bh
2
1
= ba sin C
2
A=
1
ab sin C
2
363
EXAMPLE
Find the area of D ABC correct to 2 decimal places.
To find the area, use

2 sides and their
included angle.
Solution
1
ab sin C
2
1
= (4.3) (5.8) sin 112c 34l
2
Z 11.52 units 2
A=
6.13
1.
Exercises
Find the area of each triangle

(a)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(e)
364
2.
3.
Calculate the exact area of D ABC.
Find the area of DOAB correct to

1 decimal place (O is the centre of
the circle).
7.
Find the area of a regular

hexagon with sides 4 cm, to the
nearest cm 2 .
8.
Calculate the area of a regular

pentagon with sides 12 mm.
9.
The figure below is made from a

rectangle and isosceles triangle
with AE = AB as shown.
A
84c
4.
5.
Find the area of a parallelogram

with sides 3.5 cm and 4.8 cm,
and one of its internal angles
67c 13l, correct to 1 decimal
place.
14.3 cm
Find the area of kite ABCD,

correct to 3 significant figures.
10.5 cm
(a) Find the length of AE.

(b) Find the area of the figure.
10. Given the following figure,
A
58c
6.
Find the area of the sail, correct

to 1 decimal place.
44c
9.4 cm
36c
6.7 cm
(a) Find the length of AC

(b) Find the area of triangle ACD
(c) Find the area of triangle ABC.
365
Trigonometry in Three Dimensions

EXAMPLES
1. From point X, 25 m due south of the base of a tower, the angle of
elevation is 47c. Point Y is 15 m due east of the tower. Find:
(a) the height, h, of the tower, correct to 1 decimal place
(b) the angle of elevation, i, of the tower from point Y.
Solution
(a) From D XTO
h
25
25 tan 47c = h
26.8 = h
tan 47c =
So the tower is 26.8 m high.

(b) From DYTO
26.8
tan i =
15
`
i = tan - 1 c
26.8
m
15
= 60c 46l
So the angle of elevation from Y is 60c 46l.

2. A cone has a base diameter of 18 cm and a slant height of 15 cm. Find
the vertical angle at the top of the cone.
Solution
The radius of the base is 9 cm.
9
sin i =
15
9
` i = sin - 1 c
m
15
= 36c 52l
Vertical angle = 2i
= 73c 44l
Use the full value of

26.80921775 for a more
accurate answer to (b).
366
6.14
1.
2.
3.
Exercises
A gymnastics bar is supported by

wires as shown below.
(a) If one wire is inclined at an
angle of 55c to the horizontal
and is 1.4 m out from the base
of the bar, find the height of the
bar, to the nearest metre.
(b) The second wire is inclined at
an angle of 68c to the horizontal.
How long is the wire (to
1 decimal place)?
(c) The third wire is 2.2 m long.
What is its angle of elevation?
A pole has two supporting ropes,

2.5 m and 3.1 m long.
(a) If the 3.1 m rope makes an
angle of elevation of 38c , find the
length of the pole, correct to
1 decimal place.
(b) What angle of elevation does
the other rope make?
A 25 cm #11 cm # 8 cm cardboard
box contains an insert (the
shaded area) made of foam.
(a) Find the area of foam in the
insert, to the nearest cm 2 .
(b) Find the angle, i, the insert
makes at the corner of the box.
4.
A cone has radius 7 cm and a

slant height of 13 cm. Find the
vertical angle at the top of the
cone, in degrees and minutes.
5.
From a point 15 m due north of

a tower, the angle of elevation of
the tower is 32c
(a) Find the height of the tower,
to the nearest metre.
(b) Find the angle of elevation
of the tower at a point 20 m due
east of the tower.
6.
A pole is seen from two points

A and B. The angle of elevation
from A is 58c . If +CAB = 52c
and +ABC = 34c , and A and B
are 100 m apart, find:
(a) how far A is from the foot of
the pole, to the nearest metre.
(b) the height of the pole, to
1 decimal place.
7.
Two straight paths up to the top

of a cliff are inclined at angles of
25c and 22c to the horizontal.
(a) If path 1 is 114 m long, find

the height of the cliff, to the
nearest metre.
(b) Find the length of path 2, to
1 decimal place.
(c) If the paths meet at 47c at
the base of the cliff, find their
distance apart at the top of the
cliff, correct to 1 decimal place.
8.
9.
A cylinder with radius 4 cm and

perpendicular height 15 cm is
tilted so that it will just fit inside
a 12 cm high box. At what angle
must it be tilted?
10. A hot air balloon flying at

950 m/h at a constant altitude
of 3000 m is observed to have an
angle of elevation of 78c . After
20 minutes, the angle of elevation
is 73c . Calculate the angle
through which the observer has
turned during those 20 minutes.
David walks along a straight road.

At one point he notices a tower on
a bearing of 053c with an angle
of elevation of 21c. After walking
230 m, the tower is on a bearing of
342c , with an angle of elevation
of 26c . Find the height of the
tower correct to the nearest metre.
Sums and Differences of Angles

Sums and differences
Angles can be expressed as sums or differences of other angles. This enables
us to simplify or evaluate some angles that normally would be too hard to
simplify.
cos ^ x - y h = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
367
368
Proof
Remember:
cos i = x -coordinate and
sin i = y -coordinate.
By the distance formula:

d 2 = _ x 2 - x 1 i2 + _ y 2 - y 1 i2
AB 2 = ^ cos x - cos y h2 + ^ sin x - sin y h2

= cos 2 x - 2 cos x cos y + cos 2 y + sin 2 x - 2 sin x sin y + sin 2 y
= (cos 2 x + sin 2 x) + (cos 2 y + sin 2 y) - 2 cos x cos y - 2 sin x sin y
= 2 - 2 (cos x cos y + sin x sin y)
(1)
By the cosine rule:

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
AB 2 = 1 2 + 1 2 - 2 (1) (1) cos (x - y)
= 2 - 2 cos (x - y)
From (1) and (2):
2 - 2 cos ^ x - y h = 2 - 2 ^ cos x cos y + sin x sin y h

`
cos ^ x - y h = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
cos ^ x + y h = cos x cos y - sin x sin y
Proof
Substitute - y for y.
cos (x - y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
cos (x - (- y )) = cos x cos (- y ) + sin x sin (- y )
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y + sin x (- sin y )
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y - sin x sin y
sin ^ x + y h = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
(2)
369
Proof
Substitute 90c - x for x.
cos (x - y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
cos (90c - x - y) = cos (90c - x) cos y + sin (90c- x) sin y
cos (90c - (x + y)) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
sin ^ x - y h = sin x cos y - cos x sin y
Proof
Substitute - y for y.
sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
sin (x + (- y)) = sin x cos (- y) + cos x sin (- y)
sin (x - y) = sin x cos y + cos x (- sin y)
sin (x - y) = sin x cos y - cos x sin y
tan ^ x + y h =
tan x + tan y
1 - tan x tan y
Proof
tan (x + y) =
sin ^ x + y h
cos ^ x + y h
sin x cos y + cos x sin y
=
cos x cos y - sin x sin y
sin x cos y + cos x sin y
cos x cos y
=
cos x cos y - sin x sin y
cos x cos y
tan x + tan y
tan (x + y) =
1 - tan x tan y
tan ^ x - y h =
tan x - tan y
1 + tan x tan y
Divide top and bottom by

cos x cos y.
370
Proof
Substitute -y for y.
tan (x + y) =
tan (x + (- y)) =
tan (x - y) =
tan x + tan y
1 - tan x tan y
tan x + tan ^ - y h
1 - tan x tan ^ - y h
tan x - tan y
1 - tan x ^ - tan y h
tan x - tan y
tan (x - y) =
1 + tan x tan y
EXAMPLES
1. Simplify sin 2i cos i - cos 2i sin i.
Solution
sin 2i cos i - cos 2i sin i = sin (2i - i)
= sin i
2. Find the exact value of cos 75c .
Solution
cos 75c = cos (30c+ 45c)
= cos 30c cos 45c - sin 30c sin 45c
=
=
3
1
1
1
#
- #
2
2
2
2
3-1
2 2
3-1
#
2 2
6- 2
=
4
=
2
2
3. Simplify cos ] i + 60c g + sin ] i + 60c g .
Solution
cos (i + 60c) + sin (i + 60c)
= cos i cos 60c - sin i sin 60c + sin i cos 60c + cos i sin 60c
3
3
1
1
- sin i #
+ sin i # + cos i #
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
n + sin i d = cos i d +
+ n
2
2
2
2
1+ 3n
1- 3n
= cos i d
+ sin i d
2
2
= cos i #
371
Ratios of double angles

By using the sum of angles, we can find the trigonometric ratios for double
angles.
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
Proof
sin 2x = sin (x + x)
= sin x cos x + cos x sin x
= 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos 2 x - sin 2 x

= 1 - 2 sin 2 x
= 2 cos 2 x - 1
Proof
cos 2x = cos (x + x)
= cos x cos x - sin x sin x
= cos 2 x - sin 2 x
= (1 - sin 2 x) - sin 2 x
= 1 - 2 sin 2 x
= 1 - 2 (1 - cos 2 x)
= 2 cos 2 x - 1
tan 2x =
Proof
tan 2x = tan (x + x)
tan x + tan x
=
1 - tan x tan x
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1 - tan 2 x
Remember:
sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1.
2 tan x
1 - tan 2 x
372
EXAMPLES
1. Simplify cos 2 2i - sin 2 2i.
Solution
cos 2 2i - sin 2 2i = cos 2 (2i)
= cos 4i
2. If sin x =
4
, find the exact value of sin 2x.
7
Solution
AC 2 = 7 2 - 4 2
= 33
` AC = 33
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
4
#
7
8 33
=
49
=2#
33
7
PROBLEM
1 ]
3 sin i - sin 3i g to
4
draw up a table of sine ratios. Can you prove this relation?
Ulug Beg (13931449) used the relation sin 3 i =
6.15
1.
Exercises
Expand
(a) sin ] a - b g
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
cos ^ p + q h
tan ^ a + b h
sin (x + 20c)
tan ] 48c + x g
cos ] 2i - a g
cos ( x + 75c)
tan ^ 5x - 7y h
sin ^ 4a - b h
tan ^ a - 3b h
2.
Simplify
(a) sin a cos b + cos a sin b
tan 36c + tan 29c
(b)
1 - tan 36c tan 29c
(c) cos 28c cos 27c - sin 28c sin 27c
(d) sin 2x cos 3y + cos 2x sin 3y
tan 3i - tan i
(e)
1 + tan 3i tan i
(f) sin 74c cos 42c - cos 74c sin 42c
(g) sin ] a + b g + sin ] a - b g
(h) sin ^ x + y h - sin ^ x - y h
(i) cos ^ x - y h - cos ^ x + y h
(j) cos ] m + n g + cos ] m - n g
3.
4.

(a) sin 75c
(b) cos 15c
(c) tan 75c
(d) tan 105c
(e) cos 105c
(f) sin 15c
(g) sin 105c
(h) tan 285c
(i) sin (x + 30c) + cos (x + 30c)
(j) cos ^ 45c - y h + cos ^ 45c + y h
Simplify
tan ^ x + y h + tan ^ x - y h
1 - tan ^ x + y h tan ^ x - y h
3
2
and cos y = , find
4
3
the exact value of
(a) sin ^ x + y h
(b) cos ^ x - y h
(c) tan ^ x + y h
5.
If sin x =
6.
By taking 2i = i + i, find an
expression for
(a) sin 2i
(b) cos 2i
(c) tan 2i
7.
By writing 3i as 2i + i, find an
expression in terms of i for
(a) sin 3i
(b) cos 3i
(c) tan 3i
tan 7i - tan 3i
.
1 + tan 7i tan 3i
(b) Find an expression for sin 4i
in terms of 7i and 3i.
3
5
and cos y =
, find
5
13
the value of
(a) cos x
(b) sin y
(c) sin ^ x - y h
(d) tan y
(e) tan ^ x + y h
11. If sin x =
12. (a) Write an expression for

cos ^ x + y h + cos ^ x - y h .
(b) Hence write an expression for
cos 50c cos 65c.
13. Find an expression for
(a) sin ^ x + y h + sin ^ x - y h
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
cos ^ x + y h - cos ^ x - y h
sin ^ x + y h - sin ^ x - y h
cos ^ x + y h + sin ^ x - y h
tan ^ x + y h + tan ^ x - y h
tan ^ x + y h - tan ^ x - y h
14. Expand
(a) sin 2b
(b) tan 2i
(c) cos 2i
(d) sin (x + 2y)
(e) cos (2a + b )
(f) tan (x + 2y)
(g) sin (2i - d )
(h) cos (i - 2c)
(i) tan (x - 2z)
(j) sin (2x - 2y)
15. Simplify
(a) 2 cos 3x sin 3x
(b) cos 2 7y - sin 2 7y
2 tan 5i
(c)
1
- tan 2 5i
9. Find an expression for cos 9x in
(d) 1 - 2 sin 2 y
terms of 2x and 7x.
(e) sin 6i cos 6i
10. Find the exact value of
(f) ] sin x + cos x g2
(a) cos 23c cos 22c - sin 23c sin 22c
(g) 2 cos 2 3a - 1
tan 85c - tan 25c
(b)
(h) 1 - 2 sin 2 40c
1 + tan 85c tan 25c
2 tan b
(c) sin 180c cos 60c
(i)
1 - tan 2 b
+ cos 180c sin 60c
(j) ] sin 3x - cos 3x g2
(d) cos 290c cos 80c
8.
(a) Simplify
+ sin 290c sin 80c

tan 11c + tan 19c
(e)
1 - tan 11c tan 19c
373
374

(a) cos 22.5c sin 22.5c
(b) cos 2 30c - sin 2 30c
2 tan 15c
(c)
1 - tan 2 15c
(d) 2 sin 75c cos 75c
2 tan 120c
(e)
1 - tan 2 120c
(f) 1 - 2 sin 2 165c
(g) 2 cos 2 22.5c - 1
2 tan i
(h)
where i = 112.5c
1 - tan 2 i
(i) sin 67.5c cos 67.5c
(j) 2 cos 105c sin 105c
5
, find the exact value
8
of cos 2x and sin 2x.
17. If cos x =
3
12
and tan b =
, find
5
5
the exact values of
(a) sin ^ a + b h
(b) cos 2a
(c) sin 2b
(d) tan ^ a - b h
18. If sin a =
19. Express sin 4i in terms of i.

20. (a) Simplify
sin 2x
.
1 + cos 2x
(b) Hence, find the exact value of

tan 15c.
1
21. Find the exact value of tan 22 c
2
by using the expression for
tan 2x.
22. Prove
(a) sin 2 i =
(b) tan
1
sin 2i tan i
2
i
1 - cos i
=
2
sin i
23. Show that

sin 2 7i - sin 2 4i = sin 11i sin 3i.
24. Prove that
cos 3i = 4 cos 3 i - 3 cos i.
25. Find an expression for sin 3x in
terms of sin x.
Further Trigonometric Equations

Some trigonometric equations are difficult to solve. However, there are some
expressions that can be used to solve them.
Ratios in terms of tan
If tan
i
2
i
2t
= t, then tan i =
2
1 - t2
Proof
2 tan A
1 - tan 2 A
i
2 tan
2
` tan i =
where i = 2A
i
1 - tan 2
2
2t
=
1 - t2
tan 2A =
If tan
375
i
2t
= t, then sin i =
2
1 + t2
Proof
tan
i
t
=t=
2
1
The hypotenuse is
1 + t 2 by Pythagoras
theorem.
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A

i
i
` sin i = 2 sin cos
where i = 2A
2
2
t
1
= 2e
oe
o
2
1+t
1 + t2
2t
=
1 + t2
If tan
These ratios for sin

and cos
i
2
i
come from the
2
triangle above.
i
1 - t2
= t, then cos i =
2
1 + t2
Proof
cos 2A = cos 2 A - sin 2 A
i
i
where i = 2A
` cos i = cos 2 - sin 2
2
2
2
2
t
1
=e
-e
o
o
1 + t2
1 + t2
2
t
1
=
2
1+t
1 + t2
1 - t2
=
1 + t2
i
The ratios for cos and
2
i
sin come from the
2
previous triangle.
376
EXAMPLES
2 tan 15c
.
1 + tan 2 15c
Solution
sin i =
So
2t
1 + t2
where t = tan
i
2
2 tan 15c
= sin 30c
1 + tan 2 15c
1
=
2
2. Prove that cot
i
i
- 2 cot i = tan .
2
2
Solution
i
- 2 cot i
2
1
2
=
i tan i
tan
2
i
1
2
where t = tan
= t
2t
2
1 - t2
2
1 2^1 - t h
= t
2t
1 1 - t2
= t
t
1 - 1 + t2
=
t
t2
=
t
=t
LHS = cot
i
2
= RHS
= tan
` cot
i
i
- 2 cot i = tan
2
2
There is also another expression that will help solve some further
trigonometric equations.
a sin i + b cos i = r sin ] i + a g where
b
r = a 2 + b 2 and tan a = a
377
Proof
If tan a =
b
, then the
a
hypotenuse is a 2 + b 2 by
Pythagoras theorem.
RHS = r sin (i + a )
a 2 + b 2 (sin i cos a + cos i sin a )
a
= a 2 + b 2 e sin i #
+ cos i #
2
a + b2
= a sin i + b cos i
= LHS
` a sin i + b cos i = r sin ] i + a g
=
b
2
a + b2
b
a 2 + b 2 and tan a = a
where r =
EXAMPLES
1. Write
3 sin x + cos x in the form r sin ] x + a g.
Solution
a sin i + b cos i = r sin ] i + a g where r =
b
For 3 sin x + cos x:

a = 3, b = 1
r=
a2 + b2
2
3 + 12
=
= 3+1
= 4
=2
b
tan a = a
1
=
3
a = tan - 1 e
1
o
3
= 30c
So
3 sin x + cos x = 2 sin(x + 30c)
CONTINUED
378
2. Write 3 sin i + 2 cos i in the form r sin ] i + a g.
Solution
a sin i + b cos i = r sin (i + a ) where r =
b
For 3 sin i + 2 cos i:

a = 3, b = 2
a2 + b2
32 + 22
9+4
13
b
tan a = a
2
=
3
r=
=
=
=
2
a = tan - 1 c m
3
= 33 41l
So 3 sin i + 2 cos i =
13 sin (i + 33c 41l)
Class Investigation
Can you find similar results for these?
a sin i - b cos i
a cos i + b cos i
a cos i - b sin i
6.16
1.
Exercises
Simplify
2t
(a)
1 - t2
(e)
1 - t2
(b)
1 + t2
2 tan 10c
(c)
1 - tan 2 10c
(d)
1 - tan 25c
1 + tan 2 25c
2 tan i
1 + tan 2 i
i
2
(f)
i
1 + tan 2
2
1 - tan 2
2.

2 tan 30c
(a)
1 + tan 2 30c
3.
(b)
1 - tan 2 22.5c
1 + tan 2 22.5c
(c)
1 - tan 2 30c
1 + tan 2 30c
(d)
2 tan 90c
1 - tan 2 90c
Write each expression in terms of

i
t where t = tan .
2
(a) cosec i
(b) sec i
(c) cot i
(d) sin i + cos i
(e) 1 + tan i
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
7.
Write each expression in the form

r sin ] i - a g.
(a) sin i - cos i
(b) sin i - 2 cos i
(c) sin i - 3 cos i
(d) 3 sin i - cos i
(e) 5 sin i - 2 cos i
8.
Write the expression

3 cos i + sin i in the form
r cos ] i - a g.
9.
Write the expression

cos i - 3 sin i in the form
r cos ] i + a g.
i
2
(g) 3 cos i + 4 sin i
(f) 1 + tan i tan
(h)
1 + sin i + cos i
1 + sin i - cos i
(i) tan i + sec i

(j) sin 2i
1 + sin i - cos i
= t.
1 + sin i + cos i
4.
Prove
5.
Find an expression for

sin 2i - cos 2i in terms of t.
6.
Write each expression in the form

r sin ] i + a g.
2 sin i + cos i
sin i + 3 cos i
sin i + cos i
5 sin i + 2 cos i
4 sin i + cos i
3 sin i + cos i
2 sin i + 3 cos i
4 sin i + 7 cos i
5 sin i + 4 cos i
3 sin i + 5 cos i
10. Write the expression

9 sin i + 2 cos i in the form.
(a) r sin ] i + a g
(b) r cos ] i - a g
We can use these results to help solve some trigonometric equations.
EXAMPLES
1. Solve 2 sin i = cos i for 0c # i # 360c .
Solution
2 sin i = cos i
Dividing both sides by cos i:
(check cos i = 0 does not give a solution)
2 sin i
cos i
=
cos i
cos i
2 tan i = 1
tan i = 0.5
CONTINUED
379
380
Since tan i is positive in the first and third quadrants:

i = 26c 34l, 180c+ 26c 34l
= 26c 34l, 206c 34l
2. Solve cos 2i = cos i for 0c # i # 360c.
Solution
cos 2i = cos i
2
2 cos i - 1 = cos i
2 cos i - cos i - 1 = 0
] 2 cos i + 1 g ] cos i - 1 g = 0
2
` 2 cos i + 1 = 0 or cos i - 1 = 0
2 cos i = -1
cos i = 1
1
i = 0c, 360c
cos i = 2
i = 120c, 240c
` solutions are i = 0c, 120c, 240c, 360c

3. Solve
3 sin x + cos x = 1 for 0c # x # 360c.
Solution (Method 1)
Use the result for a sin x + b cos x.
For 3 sin x + cos x, a = 3 and b = 1
r=
a2 + b2
= ^ 3 h + 12
=2
b
tan a = a
1
=
3
` a = 30c
2
3 sin x + cos x = 2 sin ] x + 30c g
Solving:
Sine is positive in the first and

second quadrants.
3 sin x + cos x = 1
2 sin ] x + 30c g = 1
1
sin ] x + 30c g =
2
`
for 0c # x # 360c
for 30c # x + 30c # 390c
x + 30c = 30c , 180c - 30c , 360c + 30c

= 30c , 150c , 390c
x = 0c , 120c , 360c
Solution (Method 2)
Use the results for t = tan
i
.
2
3 sin x + cos x = 1
2t
1 - t2
3d
+
=1
n
1 + t2
1 + t2
2 3 t + 1 - t2
=1
1 + t2
2 3 t + 1 - t2 = 1 + t2
0 = 2t 2 - 2 3 t
= 2t ^ t - 3 h
` 2t = 0
or t - 3
t=0
t
x
x
tan = 0
tan
2
2
x
x
= 0c, 180c
2
2
` x = 0c, 120c, 360c
=0
= 3
=
3 for 0c #
x
# 180c
2
= 60c
Test x = 180c separately:

3 sin 180c + cos 180c = 0 + (- 1)
= -1
!1
` x = 180c is not a solution
Solutions are x = 0c , 120c , 360c .
General solutions of trigonometric equations

Often the solutions of trigonometric equations are restricted, for example, to
0c # i # 360c . If the solutions are not restricted, then they can be described
by a general formula.
EXAMPLE
Find all solutions for sin i =
3
.
2
Solution
CONTINUED
381
382
Sin is positive in the 1st

and 2nd quadrants.
sin i = sin 60c

i = 60c, 180c - 60c, 360c + 60c, 360c + 180c - 60c,
360c + 360c + 60cg
= 60c, 180c - 60c, 360c + 60c, 540c - 60c, 720c + 60c, g
If i can also be negative,
i = - (180c + 60c), - (360c - 60c), - [360c - (180c - 60c)], g
= - 180c - 60c, - 360c + 60c, - 540c - 60c, g
So the general solution for sin i = sin 60c is
i = 180c # n + ] - 1 g n 60c where n is an integer.
In general, the solution for sin i = sin a

is given by i = 180n + (-1) n a where n is
an integer.
EXAMPLE
Find all solutions for cos i =
Solution
Cos is positive in the 1st

and 4th quadrants.
1
.
2
cos i = cos 45c

i = 45c, 360c - 45c, 360c + 45c, 360c + 360c - 45c,
360c + 360c + 45c, f
= 45c, 360c - 45c, 360c + 45c, 720c - 45c, 720c + 45c, f
If i can also be negative,
i = - 45c, - (360c - 45c), - (360c + 45c), - [360c + (360c - 45c)], f
= - 45c, - 360c + 45c, - 360c - 45c, - 720c + 45c, f
So the general solution for cos i = cos 45c is
i = 360c # n ! 45c where n is an integer.
In general, the solution for cos i = cos a

is given by i = 360n ! a where n is an
integer.
383
EXAMPLE
Find all solutions for tan i = 1.
Solution
tan i = tan 45c

i = 45c, 180c + 45c, 360c + 45c,
360c + 180c + 45c, 360c + 360c + 45c, f
= 45c, 180c + 45c, 360c + 45c, 540c + 45c, 720c + 45c, f
If i can also be negative, then
i = - (180c - 45c), - (360c - 45c), - [360c + (180c - 45c)], f
= -180c + 45c, - 360c + 45c, - 540c + 45c, f
The general solution for tan i = tan 45c is
i = 180c # n + 45c where n is an integer.
In general, the solution for tan i = tan a

is given by i = 180n + a where n is an
integer.
6.17
1.
Exercises
Solve for 0c # x # 360c .
2.
Solve for 0c # i # 360c.
(a) sin x = cos x
(a) 3 sin i + 4 cos i = 0
(b) cos x =
(b) 5 cos i - 12 sin i = -3
3 sin x
(c) sin 2x = sin x

2
(d) tan x - tan x = 0

2
(c) sin i - 3 cos i = 0

(d) sin i + cos i = -1
(e) 2 sin x - sin x - 1 = 0
(e) 4 sin i - cos i + 3 = 0
(f) 2 sin 2 x + 3 cos x - 3 = 0
(f) sin i - cos i = 1
(g) sin x cot x - sin x = 0
(g)
(h) cos x - 1 = 0
(i) 2 sin x tan x - tan x
+ 2 sin x - 1 = 0
(j) 3 cos 2 x - 7 cos x + 4 = 0
2 cos i + sin i = 1
(h) 2 sin i - cos i =
5
2
(i) 3 cos i - 5 sin i + 2 = 0

(j)
2 cos i + sin i + 1 = 0
Tan is positive in the 1st

and 3rd quadrants.
384
3.
Find the general solution for

1
(a) sin i =
2
(b) tan a = 3
3
2
(d) 2 sin x = -1
7.
Find the general solutions of

(a) sin i = 0
(b) cos x = 1
(c) tan x = 0
(d) sin i = -1
(e) cos a = 0
8.
For each question

(i) solve for 0c # x # 360cand
(ii) find the general solutions
(a) 2 sin x - 1 = 0
(b) 4 cos x - 3 = 0
(c) sin x = 3 cos x
(d) 3 sin x + cos x = 0
(e) sin x + cos x = 2
9.

2 sin 2 x + sin x 1 = 0.
(c) cos i =
(e) tan i + 1 = 0
(f) 2 cos 2 b = 1
(g) 4 sin 2 c = 3
1
(h) tan i =
3
(i) cos i = 0.245
(j) sin a = 0.399
4.
Solve sin ] 2x - 45c g =
3
for
2
-180c # x # 180c .
5.

sin 2x = cos x.
6.
Solve sin 2 x = sin x for

-180c # x # 180c .
10. (a) Solve cos 2x = cos x for

0c # x # 360c.
(b) Find the general solutions of
cos 2x = cos x.
Test Yourself 6
1.
Find the exact value of cos i and sin i if

3
tan i = .
5
2.
Simplify
11. Find the length of AB as a surd.
(a) sin x cot x

cos 40c + sin 50c
(b)
cos 40c
1 + cot 2 A
i
1 - t2
(d)
where t = tan
2
2
1+t
(e) 1 - 2 sin 2 10i
12. Evaluate x, correct to 2 significant

figures.
(a)
(c)
3.
4.
Evaluate to 2 decimal places.

(a) sin 39c 54l
(b) tan 61c 30l
(c) cos 19c 2l
Find i to the nearest minute if
(a) sin i = 0.72
(b) cos i = 0.286
5
(c) tan i =
7
2
2 cos i
= 2 + 2 sin i.
1 - sin i
5.
Prove that
6.
Find the value of b if

sin b = cos ] 2b - 30 g c .
7.

(a) cos 315c
(b) sin ] - 60c g
(c) tan 120c
(d) 2 sin 105c cos 105c
(e) sin ^ x - y h when sin x =

cos y =
5
13
(b)
13. Evaluate i to the nearest minute.

(a)
(b)
8
and
17
8.
Solve 2 cos x = -1 for 0c # x # 360c.
9.
Sketch the graph of y = cos x, and hence

solve cos x = 0 for 0c # x # 360c .
10. A ship sails on a bearing of 215c from

port until it is 100 km due south of port.
How far does it sail, to the nearest km?
(c)
385
386
14. Find the area of triangle MNO.
15. Solve for -180c # x # 180c .

3
(a) sin 2 x =
4
1
(b) tan 2x =
3
(c) 3 tan 2 x = tan x
5
16. If sec i = - and tan i 2 0, find sin i
4
and cot i.
17. Jacquie walks south from home for
3.2 km, then turns and walks west for
1.8 km. What is the bearing, to the
nearest degree, of
(a) Jacquie from her home?
(b) her home from where Jacquie is now?
18. Find the general solution of
6 sin i - 8 cos i = 5.
(a) Find an expression for the length of AD.

(b) Find the height of the pole, to
1 decimal place.
20. A plane flies from Orange for 1800 km
on a bearing of 300c . It then turns and
flies for 2500 km on a bearing of 205c .
How far is the plane from Orange, to the
nearest km?
(a) sin 75c
(b) cos 105c
(c) sin 22c 30l cos 22c 30l.
22. Find the general solutions of
(a) 2 cos x 1 = 0
(b) tan x = 1
3
(c) sin x =
.
2
23. Solve 3 sin i + cos i = 1 for
0c # i # 360c .
24. Evaluate a in the figure below.
a
19. The angle of elevation from point B to

the top of a pole is 39c , and the angle of
elevation from D, on the other side of
the pole, is 42c. B and D are 20 m apart.
10 mm
4 mm
12 mm
25. (a) Simplify cos x cos y sin x sin y.

(b) Show that cos 2x = 1 sin2 x.
Challenge Exercise 6
1.
2.
3.
Two cars leave an intersection at the

same time, one travelling at 70 km/h
along one road and the other car
travelling at 80 km/h along the other
road. After 2 hours they are 218 km
apart. At what angle, to the nearest
minute, do the roads meet at the
intersection?
A ship sails from port on a bearing of
055c , then turns and sails on a bearing of
153c for 29.1 km, when it is due east of
port. How far, to 1 decimal place, is the
ship from its starting point?
Evaluate x correct to 3 significant figures.
6.
Simplify sin ] 360c - x g $ tan ] 90c- x g .
7.
Find the exact area of D ABC.
8.
Find the exact value of cos (-315c) .
9.
Solve tan 2x - 1 = 0 for 0c # x # 360c .
10. Find i to the nearest minute.
4.
(a) Find an exact expression for the

length of AC.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the value of
h correct to 1 decimal place.
11. The angle of depression from the top of
a 4.5 m mast of a boat down to a fish
is 56c 28l . How far down, to 1 decimal
place, does a pelican sitting at the top of
the mast need to fly to catch the fish?
12. Solve 2 cos (i + 10c ) = - 1 for
0c # i # 360c.
5.
A man walks 3.8 km on a bearing of 134c

from a house. He then walks 2.9 km on a
bearing of 029c . How far is he from the
house, to 1 decimal place?
13. Two roads meet at an angle of 74c . Find

the distance, correct to 3 significant
figures, between two cars, one 6.3 km
from the intersection along one road
and the other 3.9 km along the other
road.
387
388
14. Find the exact value of cos i, given

5
sin i = and cos i 1 0.
9
15. From the top of a vertical pole the angle
of depression to a man standing at the
foot of the pole is 43c . On the other side
of the pole is another man, and the angle
of depression from the top of the pole to
this man is 52c . The men are standing
58 m apart. Find the height of the pole,
to the nearest metre.
16. Show that
20. A cone has a base diameter of 14 cm and

a perpendicular height of 26 cm. Find
the vertical angle at the top of the cone.
17. If x = 3 sin i and y = 3 cos i - 2,

eliminate i to find an equation relating
x and y.
21. Show that

cos 6i cos 4i - sin 6i sin 4i = 2 cos 2 5i - 1.
cos i ] sin i + cos i g

= 1 + tan i.
] 1 + sin i g ] 1 - sin i g
18. From point A, 93 m due south of the

base of a tower, the angle of elevation
is 35c . Point B is 124 m due east of the
tower. Find
(a) the height of the tower, to the
nearest metre
(b) the angle of elevation of the tower
from point B.
22. A cable car 100 m above the ground is

seen to have an angle of elevation of 65c
when it is on a bearing of 345c . After a
minute, it has an angle of elevation of
69c and is on a bearing of 025c . Find
how far it travels in that minute, and its
speed in ms - 1 .
23. Solve cos 2i - sin i = 0 for
0c # i # 360c .
19. ABCD is a triangular pyramid with

24. Find the general solutions of sin i = -1.
BC = 7 m, CD = 10 m, BD = 8 m, AB = AC
and +ACB = 67c . Calculate
25. Simplify cosec i ] cos i - 1 g by expressing
(a) +BCD
i
it in terms of t c tan m .
(b) length AB, to the nearest metre.
2

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What are trigonometric ratios and how are they defined?

What are some common trigonometric identities?

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