Power Plant - DRAUGHT SYSTEM
Power Plant - DRAUGHT SYSTEM
Power Plant - DRAUGHT SYSTEM
DRAUGHT SYSTEM
Steam is an important medium of producing mechanical energy. Steam has the advantage
that it can be raised from water which is available in nature; it does not react much with the
materials of the parts of power plant. Stem power stations are the important means for
generating electrical power.
3.1 Main Parts of a Steam Power Plant
An ordinary power plant consists of the following equipment:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
A furnace has burners or grates to which fuel is supplied and where combustion is
initiated. Space above and around burners or grate is called combustion chamber. In
the furnace, heat energy is released as a result of reaction between air and fuel. This
energy heats up a mass of combustion gases, which flow through the boiler unit.
Steam generator or boiler comprises all evaporator and heater units which are
arranged in such a way that hot gases can flow through these units, transferring
most of their heat energy to the water, which by this evaporated and converted into
a high energy steam.
Main power unit such as an engine or turbine to use the heat energy of the steam
and perform work.
Piping system to convey steam and water.
Bled Steam taken from the turbine at suitable extraction points is sent to low
pressure and high pressure water heaters.
Air Taken from atmosphere is first passed through air pre-heaters, where it is
heated by flue gases. The hot air then passes through the furnace. The flow gases after
passing over the boiler and super heater tubes. Flow through water heaters
(economizer), air pre-heater and finally they are exhausted to the atmosphere through
the chimney.
Natural draught
ii.
Mechanical draught
iii.
If the forced draught is used alone, then the furnace cannot be opened either for firing
or inspection because the high pressure of air inside the furnace will try to blow out suddenly
and the furnace stops.
If induced system is used alone, then also the furnace cannot be opened either for firing
or inspection because cold air will try to rush into the furnace. This reduces effective draught
and weakens the combustion. To overcome both difficulties mentioned above, a balance
draught is always preferred. In other words, it is desirable to use combustion of forced draught,
and induced draught instead of using a one of the alone.
Balanced draught system is a combination of induced and forced draught systems the forced
draught fan forces the air through the fuel bed on the top of grate and the induced draught fan
sucks in gases from the boiler side and discharges them to the chimney.
Figure (3.5) shows the arrangement of the balanced draught system and the pressure
distribution through the system shown in figure (3.6). It is obvious from the figure (3.6) that the
pressure inside the furnace is near the atmospheric therefore there is no danger of blow-out of
flames or there is no danger of inrushing the air into the furnace when the doors are opened
for inspection.
Figure 3.6: Pressure distribution through the plant for balanced draught system.
8. The fuel consumption per unit power due to artificial draught is less than the natural
draught.
9. The fuel burning capacity of the grate is 200 to 300 kg/m2 in area of the grate per hour
with mechanical draught where as it is hardly 50 kg/m2 with natural draught.
10. It is prevent the formation of smoke as complete combustion is possible even with less
excess air.
The major disadvantage of the artificial draught is the high capital cost required an high
running and maintenance costs of the fan used. The running and maintenance cost of the
natural draught is practically nil.
A survey of best data indicates that the draught losses follow a parabolic law. The data
given by the manufactures is supplied at one rating of the complete unit; therefore the
loss at another rating can be calculated by using the following equation
he2 = he1 (
s2
)
s1
Chimneys are made up of steal or brick and concrete. Chimney generally denotes brick concrete
construction whereas stack means steel construction. Under the heading of chimney design,
the height of the chimney, as well as its diameter will be found.
3.4.1 Height of the chimney
The draught produced is the difference between the hot gas column inside the chimney of
height H meters and the cool air column outside the chimney.
Consider the height of the chimney above the grate level H as shown in figure (3.9). The
pressure acting on the grate from the chimney side is given by
P1 Pa Wg H
And the pressure acting on the grate from atmospheric side is given by
P2 Pa Wg H
(3.1)
wa > wg
P = (Pa + wa H) (Pa + wg H)
P = H(wa wg )
kg f /m2
(3.2)
The natural draught will be the more effective the higher the chimney and the greater
the difference between the temperatures of the external air and the flue gases.
The densities wa and wg can be calculated by ideal gas laws as follows:
Pv = mRT
Taking m as unity,
t 0 = 0 or T = 273o k and P0 = 1.03 kg f /cm2 ( R=29.27 kg f . /kg.o k )
Then
29.27 273
1.03 104
= 0.773 m3 /kg
T
273
m3 /kg
So volume of m kg of air at T o k
Va = 0.773 m
T
273
m3
Where m is the mass of air required to burn 1kg of fuel. Then the weight of chimney
gas per kg of fuel is (m +1) kg .
It is assumed that the volume of flue gases coming out of the chimney is the volume of
air required for the combustion of fuel at the temperature of flue gases (i.e V = Vg at t g ).
Therefore
Tg
Vg = Va = 0.773 m
m3
273
wa = 0.773
273
wa = 1.293
or
kg/m3
Ta
273
kg/m3
Ta
mg
Vg
(ma +1)
Vg
(m +1) 273
a
= 0.773
m
Tg
wg = 1.293(
Substituting wa = 1.293
273
Ta
and wg = 1.293(
ma +1
273
ma
Tg
ma +1
273
ma
Tg
kg/m3
P = 1.293 273 H [T (
a
ma +1
ma
)T ]
g
kg f /m3
h = 353 H [T (
a
ma +1
ma
)T ]
g
mm of water
as 1 kg f /m3 = 1 mm of water
If the pressure difference is known, the height of chimney in meters can be calculated.
The actual chimney draught (required chimney draught) is the sum of all friction losses external
to it (i.e losses through boiler, superheater, economizer, air pre-heater, duct work, sharp bends
and chimney), less the effective draught produced by fans in case of artificial draught.
N.B.: Equation for calculation h has been derived for standard atmospheric pressure
(1.03 kg f /cm2 ). Therefore, densities corrections to both wa and wg must be made
according to the barometer reading.
i.e h = 353 H [T (
a
ma +1
ma
) T ] is valid at P =1.03
g
kg f /cm . If the barometer reading is different from the standard pressure, the
following equation must be used
h = H (wa wg ).
Mg
f.g . g
Mg
4.43 (H Hf ) . g
From which A, the area of the base of the chimney can be found by:
A = 4 D2
4
D =
m2
Mg
K H . g
Hf
H
H =
1
ma +1
ma
ma +1
ma
P
g
)T ]
g
)T
Thus
1
m +1 1
1.293 273 H [T ( am ) T ]
a
a
g
H =
m +1 1
1.293 273 ( am ) T
a
g
ma
H = H [(m
Tg
a +1 Ta
1]
= hf (m2f ) v (m3 )
= hf . v
kg f . m
Thus
I.HP =
hf .v
4500
hp
Where hf is the draught produced by the fan in mm of water and v is the rate of volume
discharged by fan (m3 / min).
Considering the transmission efficiency between the prime mover and fan and mechanical
efficiency of the fan, the break horse power is given by:
B.HP =
hf .v
tran. .4500
hp
3.5.1 B.HP of the Prime mover required to run forced Draught Fan
B.HP required to run forced Draught Fan is calculated as follows:
ma is the mass of air supplied per kg of fuel
Mf is the fuel consumption per minute (kg / min )
Mass of air supplied per minute (Ma ) is given by
Ma = ma Mf
kg / min
Ma
m3 /min
= Mf
ma
m3 /min
a
273
Hence
Va = Mf
ma
T
353 a
kg / m3 )
m3 /min
Therefore,
B.HP = hf
Mf .ma .Ta
3534500tran.
hp
3.5.2 B.HP of the Prime mover required to run the induced draught fan is calculated as follow
hf is the draught produced by the fan in mm of water. Mass of gas handled by the induced
fan per minute Mg ) is given by
Mg = Mf (ma +1)
Volume of flue gases handled by the induced fan per minute is given by
Vg =
Mg
g
m3 /min
ma +1 273
ma
Tg
Mf (ma +1)
Vg =
m +1 1
1.293273 ( a )
ma
= Mf
ma
T
353 g
Tg
m3 /min
Therefore
B.HP =
B. HP I.F = hf.I
hf.I .Vg
trans.
.4500
M f .ma .Tg
3534500tran.
hp
Example 3.1
A chimney is 28 meters high and the temperature of hot gases inside the chimney is320.
The temperature of outside air is 23 and the furnace is supplied with 15 Kg of air per 1 Kg of
fuel burnt. Calculate:
a) Draught in mm of water.
b) Draught head in meters of hot gases.
Solution:
a) The draught in mm of water is given by :
1
+ 1 1
= 353 [ (
) ]
1
15 + 1
1
= 353 28 [
(
)
]
23 + 273
15
320 + 273
= 15.1 mm of water.
b) Draught head in meters of hot gases is given by:
= [(
) ( ) 1]
+ 1
15
593
= 28 [
1]
15 + 1 300
= 23.88 meters of hot gases.
Example 3.2
Determine the height of chimney to produce a draught of 22 mm of water if the flue gases
temperature in the chimney is 290 and ambient temperature in boiler house is20 . The gas
constant (R) for air is 29.26 . . and for flue gases is26.2 . . . Assume
barometer reading is 760 mm of mercury.
Solution:
Let :
= Absolute pressure of gas ( 2 ).
= Volume of gas (3 ).
= Gas constant.
= Absolute temperature of gas (K).
57
Now, =
Or
= then, =
Difference of pressure ()
= Height of chimney (H) ( )
= 22 mm of water
= 22 2 (As 1 2 = 1 mm of water )
=
=
1.033 104
29.26 (273 + 20)
= 1.2 3
( = = 760 = 1.033 2 )
. =
=
=
.
1.033 104
=
26.2 (273 + 290)
= 0.69 3
(Since the draught is usually very slight it is possible to use = )
Height of chimney (H)
=
22
1.2 0.69
= 43.1 meter.
Example 3.3
Compute the head that I.D fan must develop for the following conditions: Maximum boiler
load equal to 75 , draught loss in duct work equal to 7.5 mmof water head at
75 rating, air pre-heater draught loss equal to 5 cm of water head at 60
rating, boiler draught loss equal to 2.75 cm of water head at 10.5 rating.
Assume that losses vary as 1.8 power of the steam flow rate.
Solution:
Let:
= Draught head develop by the I.D fan (mm).
= Head loss in duct work at the maximum boiler head (mm).
= Head loss in air pre-heater at the maximum boiler head (mm).
= Head loss in boiler at maximum boiler load (mm).
Now, =
= 7.5 of water
1.8
= ( )
75 1.8
= 50 ( ) = 74.715 of water
60
1.8
= ( )
75 1.8
= 27.5 (
) = 16.38 of water
100
Therefore,
= + +
= 7.5 + 74.715 + 16.38
= 98.595 of water.
Example 3.4
A 15 of air supplied per of fuel burnt to the combustion chamber of a boiler using
fuel at 3900 . The temperatures of flue gases and ambient air are 273 and 32. If
the minimum draught required to start the fire is 9.5 of water and the boiler is to operate at
maximum artificial draught of 7 of water, find out the followings:
a) Height of the chimney to produce a natural draught.
b) The reduction in the height of the chimney by using an artificial draught.
c) Diameter of the chimney if the flue gases velocity inside the chimney is 5 .
Solution:
a) The draught is given by:
1
+1
= 353 [ (
) ]
15+1
or = 353 [305 (
15
) 510]
+1
= 353 [ (
25 = 353 [
) ]
1
15 + 1 1
(
)
]
305
15
510
c) Now :
=
= ( + 1)
= 4 2
+1 273
= 1.293 (
+1 273
Or, ( + 1) = 1.293 ( ) 4 2
Or, = 353
4390015510
32
4
1
25
28.95
340
30.3
10
750 .
=
750
1.0194104
30.3613
= 0.5488 3
1.0194104
= 28.95(25+273) = 1.1816 3
(Assuming n=2)
20000 2
= = 2
4
Or,
432000
Example 3.6
A coal fired boiler uses fuel of the following composition by volume:
Hydrogen = 50%, = 40%, 2= 6% and 2 = 4%. The analysis of the products as determined
by an Orast apparatus is as follows:
2 = 15.33%, = 0.7%, 2 = 5.22% 2 = 78.75%.
The rate of fuel burnt is 3200 . The temperatures of flue gases and ambient air are
227 and 27 respectively. The maximum load of the plant is 30 ton of steam per hr. The
allowable height of the chimney is 40 m. The draught losses in the air-gas loop system are as
follows:
- Draught loss in fuel bed
6 of water
- Draught loss in ducts and chimney
0.3 of water
- Draught loss through boiler at 20
0.9 of water
- Draught loss through air pre-heater at 40
5 of water
Determine the induced draught fan B.H if the mechanical efficiency is 70%.
Solution:
Consider 100 of fuel burnt or 100 of products, the relevant combustion equation
is:
79
21 2
15.332 + 0.7 + 5.222 + 78.752 + 2
[502 + 40 + 62 + 42 ] + 2 +
Carbon balance:
40 + 6 = 15.33 + 0.7
= 0.34848
Hydrogen balance:
50 =
= 17.424
Oxygen balance:
40
0.7
+ 6 + = 15.33 +
+ 5.22 +
2
2
2
From which = 20.55 100
The mass of air required to burn 1 of fuel is given as follows:
. .100
2
= 100.
.23
+1
= 353 [ (
) ]
= 353 40 [273+27 (
5.14+1
5.14
30 2
) + (
30 2
32005.1450098.041
6035345000.7
= 12.1 P