A.

Atomisamostfundamentalunitofanelement

Many
(allexceptforhydrogen)
atomsconsistofapositivelychargednucleusofprotons
andneutronssurroundedbyanegativelychargedcloudofelectrons.Atitsmostbasic
level,anatomisanymatterthatcontainsatleastaproton.Atomsmaybeneutralor
electricallycharged.
(atomsareneutral,ionshaveacharge)
Asingleparticleofanyelementlistedintheperiodictableisanatom.Herearesome
examplesofatoms:neon,Ne/hydrogen,H
Amoleculeisagroupofatomsinwhichtheatomsareboundtogetherbysharingoneormore
pairsofelectrons.

MolecularFormula

Thereareonlyjustover100typesofatoms,buttherearemillionsandmillionsof
differenttypesofsubstancesoutthere.Thisisbecausetheyareallmadeupofdifferent
typesofmolecules.Moleculesarenotonlymadeupofdifferenttypesofatomsbutalso
differentratios.Likeinthewaterexampleabove,awatermoleculehas2hydrogen
atomsand1oxygenatom.ThisiswrittenasH
2O.

Otherexamplesarecarbondioxide(C0
),sodiumchloride(NaCl),andsugarorglucose
2
(C
H
O
).Someformulascangetquitelongandcomplex.
6
12
6

Whatisthedifferencebetweenacompoundandamolecule?
Amoleculeisformedwhentwoormore
atoms
jointogetherchemically.Acompoundisa
moleculethatcontainsatleasttwodifferent
elements
.Allcompoundsaremoleculesbutnotall
moleculesarecompounds.
Molecular
hydrogen
(H
),molecular
oxygen
(O
)andmolecular
nitrogen
(N
)
2
2
2
arenotcompoundsbecauseeachiscomposedofasingleelement.Water(H
O),
2
carbondioxide(CO
)andmethane(CH
)arecompoundsbecauseeachismade
2
4
frommorethanoneelement.Thesmallestbitofeachofthesesubstanceswould
bereferredtoasamolecule.Forexample,asinglemoleculeofmolecular
hydrogenismadefromtwoatomsofhydrogenwhileasinglemoleculeof
waterismadefromtwoatomsofhydrogenandoneatomofoxygen.

Ionisaelectricallychargedatomduetogain/lossofanelectron

Whenanatomlosesorgainselectrons,apositiveornegativechargeistheresult.If
electronsaregained,theionisacationandwhenelectronsarelost,itisananion.

(ex)positive,ions:
AmmoniumNH4+1
BariumBa+2
AluminumAl+3
(ex)negative,ions:
ChlorideCl1
ChlorateClO31

 OxideO2
Quiz
1. Whatare4thingsthatmakeatomicparticles?Fillintheblank.

2. Whatisthedifferencebetweenacompoundandamolecule?

3. TheBohrdiagramrepresents

A. asodiumion.
B. afluorideion.
C. aheliumatom.
D. afluorineatom.


B)

Acid:substancethatreleasesH+ioninthesolution.

Base:substancethatreleasesOHinthesolution.

solutionmeansthesubstancesaredissolvedinwater.Thiswatersolutionisreferredtoasaqueous.(aq)

PropertiesofAcid,BaseandSalt.

Acid

Base

Salt

conductanelectriccurrent

conductanelectriccurrent

conductanelectriccurrent

causechemicalindicatorsto
changecolor

causechemicalindicatorsto
changecolor

havenoeffectonchemical
indicator

reactwithcertainmetalsto
producehydrogengas

donotreactwithcertainmetals
toproducehydrogengas

donotreactwithcertainmetals
toproducehydrogengas

Acidity:isdescribedthenasameasureofrelativeamountofH+andOHinasolution.Hi

ChemicalReaction

Chemicalreactionissimplyprocessthatinvolvechemicalchange.

TheLawofConservationofMassstatesthatmattercanbechangedfromoneforminto
another,mixturescanbeseparatedormade,andpuresubstancescanbedecomposed,butthe
totalamountofmassremainsconstant.

C).InorganicCompound,Organiccompound

Howdowedeterminethedifferencebetweenanorganiccompoundandinorganiccompound.

1. OrganicCompounddefinition:
Anorganiccompoundisanymemberofalargeclassofgaseous,
liquid,orsolidchemicalcompoundswhosemoleculescontaincarbon.

2.

Inorganiccompounddefinition:anysubstanceinwhichtwoormorechemicalelementsotherthan
carbonarecombined,nearlyalwaysindefiniteproportions

Exampleofanorganiccompound

Notallcompoundsthatcontaincarbonareorganic.Thus,carbondioxide(CO2)withnoH,andsodium
bicarbonate(NaHCO3)withthemetalNa,arebothinorganiccompounds.Ontheotherhand,methane
(CH4)andethanol(C2H5OH)arebothexamplesoforganiccompounds.

Exampleofinorganiccompound


Oneeasywaytotelladifferencebetweenorganiccompoundandinorganiccompoundistoseeifa
compoundhave3carbonAtomsandahydrogenatomthenthatcompoundisprobablyorganiccompound.
Alsothinkingwherethecompoundcamefromhelps.

ExampleQuestion.1)

ExampleQuestion2)

D.
ChemicalReaction

Chemicalreactionissimplyprocessthatinvolvechemicalchange.

TheLawofConservationofMassstatesthatmattercanbechangedfromoneforminto
another,mixturescanbeseparatedormade,andpuresubstancescanbedecomposed,butthe
totalamountofmassremainsconstant.

E.RadioactivityJustinKwak

TheRutherfordExperiment

NewZealandphysicistErnestRutherfordusedtheradioactivitytechnologytoexploretheatom

ThroughthisexperimentRutherfordnoticedthatmostofanatomisemptyspaceandallofthe
positivechargeandmassoftheatomconcentratedatthecentre.Lateron,thiscentrecalled
nucleus.

OnceRutherfordfindoutthenucleusandelectrons,Rutherforddevelopedamodelofatom,
whichismotivatedbyasolarsystem.

Protons,neutrons,andIsotopes

Proton
:Elementaryparticle,hydrogennucleuswhichhadachargeequal.Amassisabout
1800timesgreaterthantheelectron.

Neutrons
:Theneutralparticlescontainedinatomicnuclei.Itdoesnotcontain
electricchargeandissimilarinmasstoaproton.

Isotopes
:atomsofthesameelementthathavedifferentmassnumbers.Itmeanssame
numberofprotons,butadifferentnumberofneutrons.

Radioactivedecay

1)
Alphadecay(
)
Thenucleusemitsanalphaparticle,,whichisconsistsoftwoprotons
andtwoneutronsboundtogetherintoaparticleidenticaltoaheliumnucleus.

EX)

2)
Betadecay(
)
Thenucleusemitsabetaparticle,,whichisanelectron.
EX)

3)
Gammadecay(
)
Thenucleusemitsagammaray,,whichisveryhighenergy
electromagneticradiation.

EX)

Method
ofdecay

alpha
decay

Radiation Radiation
symbol

alpha
particle

Electric
charge

+2

Mass
(electron
=1)
7000

Whatis
it?

Characteristics

Ahelium
nucleus

beta
decay

beta
particle

Slow
moving
Can
only
penetra
tea
pieceof
paper
orskin

Canonly
penetrateafew
sheetsof
aluminumfoil

An
electron

gamma
decay

gamma
rays

Energetic Canonly
penetrateafew
light
centimetersof
lead

Transmutation
:Inalphaandbetadecays,thenucleusemitsaparticleandtheatom
haschangeoneelementtoanother.

Transmutationchangesa
parentnucleus
into
daughternucleus
.

Gammadecaydoesnotchangeitself,itjustlosessomeenergy.

Parentnucleus
:referstothenucleusthatproducesadaughternucleusasaresultof
radioactivedecay

Daughternucleus
:referstothenucleusproducedasaresultofradioactivedecay

Halflife

Halflife
:Theaveragelengthoftimeforhalfoftheparcentnucleiinasampletodecay.

Numberof
halflives
Percent
remaining

50%

25%

12.5%

6.25%

3.25%

Questions

1. whatarethecharacteristicsofacidicsolutions?(list3)

2. whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicsolutions?(list3)

3. whichsubstancesreactwithmetalstoproducehydrogengas?

4. whatistheonlyfactorthatdoesnotchangeduringthechemicalreaction?


duetothelawofconservationofmass

E)Radioactivity

1) Identifythreetypesofradioactivedecayandwriteeachcharacteristics.

2)Whatisthemethodthatparentnucleuschangestodaughternucleus.

3)Howmuchpercentwillremainafterfourtimesofhalflifeoccurs.