Pages From Glencoe - Chemistry - Matter and Change (Mcgraw 2008) ch9

Chemical Reactions
BIG Idea Millions of chemical

reactions in and around you
transform reactants into products,
resulting in the absorption or
release of energy.
9.1 Reactions and Equations

MAIN Idea Chemical reactions are
represented by balanced chemical

equations.
9.2 Classifying Chemical

Reactions
MAIN Idea There are four types
of chemical reactions: synthesis,
combustion, decomposition, and
replacement reactions.
Before fire
9.3 Reactions in Aqueous

Solutions
MAIN Idea Double-replacement
reactions occur between substances
in aqueous solutions and produce
precipitates, water, or gases.
ChemFacts
Wood has to be heated to 260C
before it bursts into flames.
Before wood burns, the water in it
boils off. This produces sizzling
sounds.
The smoke produced when
wood burns contains more than
100 substances.
280
(t)Robert Clay/Alamy, (b)Terry W. Eggers/CORBIS, (bkgd)Woodfall Wild Images/Alamy
After fire
Start-Up Activities
LAUNCH Lab
Chemical Reactions Make the

following Foldable to help you
organize information about how
chemical reactions are classified.
How do you know when a

chemical change has occurred?
An indicator is a chemical that is added to the substances
in a chemical reaction to show when change occurs.
STEP 1 Fold a sheet

of paper lengthwise, keeping
the margin visible on the
left side.
Procedure
1. Read and complete the lab safety form.
2. Measure 10.0 mL of distilled water in a 25-mL
graduated cylinder, and pour it into a 100-mL
beaker. Using a pipette, add one drop of
0.1M ammonia to the water.
WARNING: Ammonia vapors are extremely
irritating.
3. Stir 15 drops of universal indicator into the solution
with a stirring rod. Observe the solutions color.
Measure its temperature with a thermometer.
4. Drop an effervescent tablet into the solution.
Observe what happens. Record your observations,
including any temperature change.
Analysis
1. Describe any changes in the color or temperature of
the solution.
2. Explain Was a gas produced? If so, what did you
observe to support this conclusion?
3. Analyze Did a physical change or a chemical change
occur? Explain.
Inquiry What does the universal indicator tell you
about the solution? Design an experiment to support
your prediction.
STEP 3 Label as
follows: Chemical Reactions,
Synthesis, Combustion,
Decomposition,
Single-Replacement, and
Double-Replacement.
Chemical Reactions
STEP 2 Cut the top

flap into five tabs.
Synthesis
ion
Combust
sition
Decompo
le
Sing - t
en
Replacem
Double-ent
Replacem
&/,$!",%3 Use this Foldable with Section 9.2.

As you read the section, summarize each type of
chemical reaction and provide examples.
Visit glencoe.com to:

study the entire chapter online
explore
take Self-Check Quizzes
use the Personal Tutor to work Example

Problems step-by-step
access Web Links for more information,

projects, and activities
find the Try at Home Lab, Preventing a

Chemical Reaction
Chapter 9 Chemical Reactions 281

Matt Meadows
Section 9.1
Objectives
Recognize evidence of
chemical change.
Represent chemical reactions
with equations.
Balance chemical equations.
Review Vocabulary
chemical change: a process
involving one or more substances
changing into a new substance
New Vocabulary
chemical reaction
reactant
product
chemical equation
coefficient
Reactions and Equations

-!). )DEA Chemical reactions are represented by balanced
chemical equations.
Real-World Reading Link When you purchase bananas from a grocery store,
they might be green. Within a few days, the bananas turn yellow. This color
change is one of the ways you can tell a chemical reaction occurs.
Chemical Reactions
Do you know that the foods you eat, the fibers in your clothes, and the
plastic in your CDs have something in common? Foods, fibers, and
plastics are produced when the atoms in substances are rearranged to
form different substances. Atoms are rearranged during the forest fire
shown in the photo at the beginning of the chapter. They were also
rearranged when you dropped the effervescent tablet into the beaker
of water and indicator during the Launch Lab.
The process by which the atoms of one or more substances are
rearranged to form different substances is called a chemical reaction.
A chemical reaction is another name for a chemical change, which you
read about in Chapter 3. Chemical reactions affect every part of your
life. They break down your food, producing the energy you need to live.
Chemical reactions in the engines of cars and buses provide the energy
to power the vehicles. They produce natural fibers, such as cotton and
wool, in plants and animals. In factories, they produce synthetic fibers
such as nylon, shown in Figure 9.1.
Evidence of a chemical reaction How can you tell when a
chemical reaction has taken place? Although some chemical reactions
are hard to detect, many reactions provide physical evidence that they
have occurred. A temperature change can indicate a chemical reaction.
Many reactions, such as those that occur during the burning of wood,
release energy in the form of heat and light. Other chemical reactions
absorb heat.
Figure 9.1 When adipoyl
chloride in dichloromethane
reacts with hexanediamine,
nylon is formed. Nylon is used
in many products, including
carpeting, clothing, sports
equipment, and tires.
282
Chapter 9 Chemical Reactions
Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers, Inc.
In addition to a temperature change, other types of evidence might

indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred. One indication of a
chemical reaction is a color change. For example, you might have
noticed that the color of some nails that are left outside changes from
silver to orange-brown in a short time. The color change is evidence
that a chemical reaction occurred between the iron in the nail and the
oxygen in air. A banana changing from green to yellow is another
example of a color change indicating that a chemical reaction has
occurred. Odor, gas bubbles, and the appearance of a solid are also
indications of chemical change. Each of the photographs in Figure 9.2
shows evidence of a chemical reaction.
Figure 9.2 Each of these photos

illustrates evidence of a chemical reaction.
Describe the evidence in each photo that
tells you a chemical reaction has occurred.
Representing Chemical Reactions

Chemists use statements called equations to represent chemical reactions. Equations show a reactions reactants, which are the starting
substances, and products, which are the substances formed during the
reaction. Chemical equations do not express numerical equalities as
mathematical equations do because during chemical reactions the
reactants are used up as the products form. Instead, the equations
used by chemists show the direction in which the reaction progresses.
Therefore, an arrow rather than an equal sign is used to separate the
reactants from the products. You read the arrow as react to produce
or yield. The reactants are written to the left of the arrow, and the
products are written to right of the arrow. When there are two or more
reactants, or when there are two or more products, a plus sign separates
each reactant or each product. These elements of equation notation are
shown below.
Reactant 1 + Reactant 2 Product 1 + Product 2
In equations, symbols are used to show the physical states of the
reactants and products. Reactants and products can exist as solids, liquids, and gases. When they are dissolved in water, they are said to be
aqueous. It is important to show the physical states of a reactions reactants and products in an equation because the physical states provide
clues about how the reaction occurs. Some basic symbols used in equations are shown in Table 9.1.
Table
9.1
Symbol
Symbols Used
in Equations
Purpose
separates two or more

reactants or products
separates reactants from

products
separates reactants from

products and indicates a
reversible reaction
(s)
identifies a solid state
(l)
identifies a liquid state
(g)
identifies a gaseous state
(aq)
identifies a water solution
Section 9.1 Reactions and Equations 283

(l)Mihaela Ninic/Alamy, (c)PHOTOTAKE Inc./Alamy, (b)VStock/Alamy
Word equations You can use statements called word

equations to indicate the reactants and products of chemical
reactions. The word equation below describes the reaction
between aluminum (Al) and bromine (Br), which is shown
in Figure 9.3. Aluminum is a solid, and bromine is a liquid.
The brownish-red cloud in the photograph is excess bromine.
The reactions product, which is solid particles of aluminum
bromide (AlBr 3), settles on the bottom of the beaker.
Reactant 1 + Reactant 2 Product 1

aluminum(s) + bromine(l) aluminum bromide(s)
This word equation reads, Aluminum and bromine react to
produce aluminum bromide.
Figure 9.3 Science, like all other disciplines,
has a specialized language that allows specific information to be communicated in a uniform manner.
This reaction between aluminum and bromine can be
described by a word equation, a skeleton equation,
or a balanced chemical equation.
Skeleton equations Although word equations help to

describe chemical reactions, they lack important information.
A skeleton equation uses chemical formulas rather than words
to identify the reactants and the products. For example, the
skeleton equation for the reaction between aluminum and bromine uses the formulas for aluminum, bromine, and aluminum
bromide in place of words.
Al(s) + Br 2(l) AlBr 3(s)

How would you write the skeleton equation that describes the
reaction between carbon and sulfur to form carbon disulfide?
Carbon and sulfur are solids. First, write the chemical formulas
for the reactants to the left of the arrow. Then, separate the reactants with a plus sign and indicate their physical states.
C(s) + S(s)
VOCABULARY
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
Formula
an expression using chemical symbols
to represent a chemical reaction
The chemical formula for water
is H 2O.
Finally, write the chemical formula for the product, liquid carbon disulfide, to the right of the arrow and indicate its physical
state. The result is the skeleton equation for the reaction.
C(s) + S(s) CS 2(l)
This skeleton equation tells us that carbon in the solid state
reacts with sulfur in the solid state to produce carbon disulfide
in the liquid state.
PRACTICE Problems
Extra Practice Page 980 and glencoe.com
Write skeleton equations for the following word equations.
1. Hydrogen and bromine gases react to yield hydrogen bromide.

hydrogen( g) + bromine( g) hydrogen bromide( g)
2. When carbon monoxide and oxygen react, carbon dioxide forms.
carbon monoxide( g) + oxygen( g) carbon dioxide( g)
3. Challenge Write the word equation and the skeleton equation
for the following reaction: when heated, solid potassium chlorate
yields solid potassium chloride and oxygen gas.
284
Al(s)
Br2(g)
+
One aluminum
atom
AlBr3(s)
Figure 9.4 The information conveyed by

skeleton equations is limited. In this case, the
skeleton equation is correct, but it does not
show the exact number of atoms that interact. Refer to Table R-1 on page 968 for a
key to atom color conventions.
One aluminum atom

Three bromine atoms
Two bromine
atoms
Chemical equations Like word equations, skeleton equations lack

some information about reactions. Recall from Chapter 3 that the law of
conservation of mass states that in a chemical change, matter is neither
created nor destroyed. Chemical equations must show that matter is
conserved during a reaction. Skeleton equations lack that information.
Look at Figure 9.4. The skeleton equation for the reaction between
aluminum and bromine shows that one aluminum atom and two bromine atoms react to produce a substance containing one aluminum
atom and three bromine atoms. Was a bromine atom created in the
reaction? Atoms are not created in chemical reactions, and to accurately
show what happened, more information is needed.
To accurately represent a chemical reaction by an equation, the
equation must show equal numbers of atoms of each reactant and each
product on both sides of the arrow. Such an equation is called a balanced chemical equation. A chemical equation is a statement that uses
chemical formulas to show the identities and relative amounts of the
substances involved in a chemical reaction.
Balancing Chemical Equations

The balanced equation for the reaction between aluminum and bromine, shown in Figure 9.5, reflects the law of conservation of mass. To
balance an equation, you must find the correct coefficients for the chemical formulas in the skeleton equation. A coefficient in a chemical equation is the number written in front of a reactant or product. Coefficients
are usually whole numbers and are not usually written if the value is
one. The coefficients in a balanced equation describe the lowest wholenumber ratio of the amounts of all of the reactants and products.
2Al(s)
3Br2(g)
Two aluminum
atoms
2AlBr3(s)
Personal Tutor For an online tutorial

on balancing chemical equations, visit
glencoe.com.
Figure 9.5 In a balanced chemical

equation, the number of particles on the
reactant side of the equation equals the
number of particles on the product side of
the equation. In this case, two aluminum
atoms and six bromine atoms are needed
on both sides of the equation.
Six bromine
atoms
Two aluminum atoms

Six bromine atoms
Steps for balancing equations Most chemical equations can be

balanced by following the steps given in Table 9.2. For example, you can
use these steps to write the chemical equation for the reaction between
hydrogen (H 2) and chlorine (Cl 2) that produces hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Table 9.2
286
Interactive Table Explore balancing

chemical equations at glencoe.com.
Steps for Balancing Equations
Step
Process
Write the skeleton equation for the

reaction. Make sure that the chemical
formulas correctly represent the
substances. An arrow separates the
reactants from the products, and a plus
sign separates multiple reactants and
products. Show the physical states of
all reactants and products.
Count the atoms of the elements in the

reactants. If a reaction involves
identical polyatomic ions in the
reactants and products, count each
polyatomic ion as a single element. This
reaction does not involve any polyatomic ions. Two atoms of hydrogen
and two atoms of chlorine are reacting.
Count the atoms of the elements in the

products. One atom of hydrogen and
one atom of chlorine are produced.
Change the coefficients to make the

number of atoms of each element
equal on both sides of the equation.
Never change a subscript in a chemical
formula to balance an equation
because doing so changes the identity
of the substance.
Example
H2(g)
Cl2(g)
+
Two hydrogen
atoms
HCl(g)
Two chlorine
atoms
One hydrogen atom

One chlorine atom
H2
+
Cl 2
2 atoms H
2 atoms Cl
HCl
1 atom H + 1 atom Cl
H2
2 atoms H
Cl2
2 atoms Cl
+
Two hydrogen
atoms
2HCl
2 atoms H + 2 atoms Cl
Two chlorine
atoms
Two hydrogen atoms

Two chlorine atoms
Write the coefficients in their lowest

possible ratio. The coefficients should
be the smallest possible whole numbers.
The ratio 1 hydrogen to 1 chlorine to
2 hydrogen chloride (1:1:2) is the
lowest-possible ratio because the
coefficients cannot be reduced further
and still remain whole numbers.
H 2(g) + Cl 2(g) 2HCl(g)

1:1:2
1 H 2 to 1 Cl 2 to 2 HCl
Check your work. Make sure that the

chemical formulas are written correctly.
Then, check that the number of atoms
of each element is equal on both
sides of the equation.
H2
+
Cl 2
2HCl
2 atoms H
2 atoms Cl
2 atoms H + 2 atoms Cl
There are two hydrogen atoms and two chlorine atoms on
both sides of the equation.
EXAMPLE Problem 9.1

Writing a Balanced Chemical Equation Write the balanced
chemical equation for the reaction in which aqueous sodium
hydroxide and aqueous calcium bromide react to produce solid
calcium hydroxide and aqueous sodium bromide.
1
Analyze the Problem

You are given the reactants and products in
a chemical reaction. Start with a skeleton
equation, and use the steps given in Table 9.2
for balancing chemical equations.
Math Handbook
Ratios
page 964
Solve for the Unknown

Write the skeleton equation for the chemical reaction. Be sure to put
the reactants on the left side of the arrow and the products on the
right. Separate the substances with plus signs, and indicate their
physical states.
NaOH(aq) + CaBr 2(aq) Ca(OH) 2(s) + NaBr(aq)
1 Na, 1 O, 1 H, 1 Ca, 2 Br
Count the atoms of each

element in the reactants.
1 Na, 2 O, 2 H, 1 Ca, 1 Br
Count the atoms of each

element in the products.
2NaOH + CaBr 2 Ca(OH) 2 + NaBr
Insert the coefficient 2 in

front of NaOH to balance
the hydroxide ions.
2NaOH + CaBr 2 Ca(OH) 2 + 2NaBr
Insert the coefficient 2 in

front of NaBr to balance
the Na and Br atoms.
The ratio of the coefficients is 2:1:1:2.
Write the coefficients in

their lowest-possible ratio.
Reactants: 2 Na, 2 OH, 1 Ca, 2 Br

Products: 2 Na, 2 OH, 1 Ca, 2 Br
Check to make sure that the

number of atoms of each
element is equal on both
sides of the equation.
Evaluate the Answer

The chemical formulas for all substances are written correctly.
The number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides
of the equation. The coefficients are written in the lowest possible
ratio. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is
2NaOH(aq) + CaBr 2(aq) Ca(OH) 2(s) + 2NaBr(aq)
PRACTICE Problems
Real-World Chemistry
Calcium Hydroxide
Reef aquariums An aqueous

solution of calcium hydroxide is
used in reef aquariums to provide
calcium for animals such as snails
and corals. Calcium hydroxide reacts
with the carbon dioxide in the
water to produce calcium and
bicarbonate ions. Reef animals use
the calcium to grow shells and
strong skeletal systems.
Write chemical equations for each of the following reactions.
4. In water, iron(III) chloride reacts with sodium hydroxide, producing

solid iron(III) hydroxide and sodium chloride.
5. Liquid carbon disulfide reacts with oxygen gas, producing carbon
dioxide gas and sulfur dioxide gas.
6. Challenge A piece of zinc metal is added to a solution of hydrogen
sulfate. This reaction produces a gas and a solution of zinc sulfate.
Marilyn Genter/The Image Works
Balancing Chemical Equations
Reactants on
left side
Write a
STEP skeleton
1 equation.
Number of atoms
of each element
on the left
Reactants
STEPS Count
2&3 atoms.
Products on
right side
Figure 9.6 It is imperative to your study

of chemistry to be able to balance chemical
equations. Use this flowchart to help you master the skill. Notice that the numbered steps
correspond to the steps in Table 9.2.
Must
equal
Reduce
STEP coefficients
5 to lowest
possible ratio.
STEP Check your

6 work.
Number of atoms
of each element
on the right
Products
Section 9.1
STEP Add/adjust
4 coefficients.
Obeying the law of conservation of mass Probably the most

fundamental concept of chemistry is the law of conservation of mass
that you first encountered in Chapter 3. All chemical reactions obey the
law that matter is neither created nor destroyed. Therefore, it is also
fundamental that the equations that represent chemical reactions
include sufficient information to show that the reaction obeys the law
of conservation of mass.
You have learned how to show this relationship with balanced
chemical equations. The flowchart shown in Figure 9.6 summarizes
the steps for balancing equations. You will probably find that some
chemical equations can be balanced easily, whereas others are more
difficult to balance. All chemical equations, however, can be balanced
by the process you learned in this section.
Assessment
Section Summary
7.
Some physical changes are evidence

that indicate a chemical reaction
has occurred.
8. List three types of physical evidence that indicate a chemical reaction has
occurred.
Word equations and skeleton equations provide important information

about a chemical reaction.
A chemical equation gives the
identities and relative amounts of the
reactants and products that are
involved in a chemical reaction.
Balancing an equation involves
adjusting the coefficients until the
number of atoms of each element is
equal on both sides of the equation.
288
-!). )DEA
Explain why it is important that a chemical equation be balanced.
9. Compare and contrast a skeleton equation and a chemical equation.

10. Explain why it is important to reduce coefficients in a balanced equation to the
lowest-possible whole-number ratio.
11. Analyze When balancing a chemical equation, can you adjust the subscript in
a formula? Explain.
12. Assess Is the following equation balanced? If not, correct the coefficients to
balance the equation.
2K 2CrO 4(aq) + Pb(NO 3) 2(aq) 2KNO 3(aq) + PbCrO 4(s)
13. Evaluate Aqueous phosphoric acid and aqueous calcium hydroxide react to
form solid calcium phosphate and water. Write a balanced chemical equation for
this reaction.
Self-Check Quiz glencoe.com
Section 9.2
Objectives
Classify chemical reactions.
Identify the characteristics of
different classes of chemical
reactions.
Review Vocabulary
Classifying Chemical
Reactions
MAIN Idea There are four types of chemical reactions: synthesis,
combustion, decomposition, and replacement reactions.
metal: an element that is a solid

at room temperature, a good
conductor of heat and electricity,
and is generally shiny
Real-World Reading Link It could take you a long time to find a specific
novel in an unorganized bookstore. Bookstores classify and organize books into
different categories to make your search easier. Chemical reactions are also
classified and organized into different categories.
New Vocabulary
Types of Chemical Reactions
synthesis reaction
combustion reaction
decomposition reaction
single-replacement reaction
double-replacement reaction
precipitate
Chemists classify chemical reactions in order to organize the many

reactions that occur daily. Knowing the categories of chemical reactions
can help you remember and understand them. It can also help you recognize patterns and predict the products of many chemical reactions.
One way chemists classify reactions is to distinguish among the four
types: synthesis, combustion, decomposition, and replacement reactions. Some reactions fit into more than one of these types.
Synthesis Reactions
In Figure 9.7, sodium and chlorine react to produce sodium chloride.
This reaction is a synthesis reactiona chemical reaction in which two
or more substances (A and B) react to produce a single product (AB).
A + B AB
When two elements react, the reaction is always a synthesis reaction.
Two compounds can also combine to form one compound. For
example, the reaction between calcium oxide (CaO) and water (H 2O)
to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) is a synthesis reaction.
CaO(s) + H 2O(l) Ca(OH) 2(s)
Another type of synthesis reaction involves a reaction between a
compound and an element, as happens when sulfur dioxide gas (SO 2)
reacts with oxygen gas (O 2) to form sulfur trioxide (SO 3).
2SO 2(g) + O 2(g) 2SO 3(g)
Figure 9.7 In this synthesis

reaction, two elements, sodium and
chlorine, react to produce one compound,
sodium chloride.
2Na(s)
Cl2(g)
2NaCI(s)
Section 9.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions 289
Figure 9.8 The light produced

by a sparkler is the result of a combustion reaction between oxygen
and different metals.
Combustion Reactions
VOCABULARY
WORD ORIGIN
Combustion
comes from the Latin word
comburere, meaning to burn
The synthesis reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen can also be
classified as a combustion reaction. In a combustion reaction, such as
the one shown in Figure 9.8, oxygen combines with a substance and
releases energy in the form of heat and light. Oxygen can combine in
this way with many different substances, making combustion reactions
common. To learn more about the discovery of the chemical reaction
for combustion and other reactions, review Figure 9.9.
A combustion reaction occurs between hydrogen and oxygen when
hydrogen is heated, as illustrated in Figure 9.10. Water is formed
during the reaction, and a large amount of energy is released. Another
important combustion reaction occurs when coal is burned to produce
energy. Coal is called a fossil fuel because it contains the remains of
plants that lived long ago. It is composed primarily of the element
carbon. Coal-burning power plants generate electric power in many
parts of the United States. The primary reaction that occurs in these
plants is between carbon and oxygen.
C(s) + O 2(g) CO 2(g)
Figure 9.9
Throughout history, people have worked to

understand and apply the power of chemical
reactions to solve problems.
cal plant opens in Boston.

Products include saltpeter,
a component of gunpowder,
and alum, a chemical used
in tanning animal skins.
Experiments with
plants result in the
discovery of the
balanced chemical
equation for
photosynthesis.
1635 Americas first chemi-
CIRCA 1800
Real-World Chemical
Reactions
1885 The internal

combustion engine
is invented. It later
becomes the
prototype for the
modern gas engine.
1775 Antoine Lavoisier
19091910 German
demonstrates that
combustion is an
exothermic chemical
reaction involving oxygen.
chemists Fritz Haber

and Carl Bosch
develop the HaberBosch process for synthesizing ammonia.
290 Chapter 9 Chemical Reactions

(t)Josh Westrich/zefa/Corbis, (bl)Jeff Vanuga/CORBIS, (br)Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works
2H2(g)
O2(g)
Figure 9.10 During a combustion

reaction between oxygen and hydrogen,
water is formed.
Analyze Why is this chemical reaction
2H2O(g)
both a synthesis reaction and a

combustion reaction?
Note that the combustion reactions just mentioned are also synthesis
reactions. However, not all combustion reactions are synthesis reactions. For example, the reaction involving methane gas (CH 4) and oxygen illustrates a combustion reaction in which one substance replaces
another in the formation of products.
CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g) CO 2(g) + 2H 2O(g)
Methane, which belongs to a group of substances called hydrocarbons,
is the major component of natural gas. All hydrocarbons contain carbon
and hydrogen and burn in oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water.
You will learn more about hydrocarbons in Chapter 21.
PRACTICE Problems
Write chemical equations for the following reactions. Classify each

reaction into as many categories as possible.
14. The solids aluminum and sulfur react to produce aluminum sulfide.
15. Water and dinitrogen pentoxide gas react to produce aqueous
hydrogen nitrate.
16. The gases nitrogen dioxide and oxygen react to produce dinitrogen
pentoxide gas.
17. Challenge Sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4) and sodium hydroxide solutions
react to produce aqueous sodium sulfate and water.
19741978 Researchers
demonstrate that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) can deplete the
ozone layer. The use of CFCs as
spray propellants is banned
in the United States.
2004 Scientists discover

that migrating birds are
guided by chemical reactions in
their bodies that are influenced
by Earths magnetic field.
1952 A heavy smog
1995 Researchers use the
sulfur dioxide and other

coal-burning products
settles over London for
five days in December,
causing 4000 deaths.
atomic force microscope to

create and observe chemical
reactions as they occur molecule
by molecule, paving the way
for nanoscale engineering.
Interactive Time Line To learn more

about these discoveries and others,
visit glencoe.com.

(l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)david tipling/Alamy
Figure 9.11 The decomposition of

sodium azide, which produces a gas, is the
chemical reaction that inflates air bags.
Decomposition Reactions
Some chemical reactions are essentially the opposite of synthesis reactions. These reactions are classified as decomposition reactions. A
decomposition reaction is one in which a single compound breaks
down into two or more elements or new compounds. In generic terms,
decomposition reactions can be represented as follows.
AB A + B
&/,$!",%3
Incorporate information
from this section into
your Foldable.
Decomposition reactions often require an energy source, such as

heat, light, or electricity, to occur. For example, ammonium nitrate
breaks down into dinitrogen monoxide and water when the reactant is
heated to a high temperature.
NH 4NO 3(s) N 2O(g) + 2H 2O(g)
Notice that this decomposition reaction involves one reactant breaking
down into more than one product.
The outcome of another decomposition reaction is shown in
Figure 9.11. Automobile safety air bags inflate rapidly as sodium azide
pellets decompose. A device that can provide an electric signal to start
the reaction is packaged inside air bags along with the sodium azide
pellets. When the device is activated, sodium azide decomposes, producing nitrogen gas that quickly inflates the air bag.
2NaN 3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N 2(g)
PRACTICE Problems
Write chemical equations for the following decomposition reactions.
18. Aluminum oxide(s) decomposes when electricity passes through it.

19. Nickel( II) hydroxide(s) decomposes to produce nickel( II) oxide(s) and
water.
20. Challenge Heating sodium hydrogen carbonate(s) produces sodium
carbonate(aq) and water. Carbon dioxide gas is also produced.
292
Courtesy of Mercedes-Benz Canada
Figure 9.12 In a single-replacement

reaction, the atoms of one element replace the
atoms of another element in a compound.
Lithium + Water
Copper + Silver Nitrate
Replacement Reactions
In contrast to synthesis, combustion, and decomposition reactions,
many chemical reactions are replacement reactions and involve the
replacement of an element in a compound. These reactions are also
called displacement reactions. There are two types of replacement reactions: single-replacement reactions and double-replacement reactions.
Single-replacement reactions The reaction between lithium and
water is shown in Figure 9.12. The following chemical equation shows
that a lithium atom replaces one of the hydrogen atoms in a water
molecule.
2Li(s) + 2H 2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H 2(g)

A reaction in which the atoms of one element replace the atoms of
another element in a compound is called a single-replacement reaction.
A + BX AX + B
Figure 9.13 An activity series, similar to the series shown here for various
metals and halogens, is a useful tool for
determining whether a chemical reaction
will occur and for determining the result
of a single-replacement reaction.
Most
active
Metal replaces hydrogen or another metal The reaction
between lithium and water is one type of single-replacement reaction,

in which a metal replaces a hydrogen atom in a water molecule. Another
type of single-replacement reaction occurs when one metal replaces
another metal in a compound dissolved in water. Figure 9.12 shows a
single-replacement reaction occurring when a bar of pure copper is
placed in aqueous silver nitrate. The crystals that are accumulating on
the copper bar are the silver atoms that the copper atoms replaced.
Cu(s) + 2AgNO 3(aq) 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO 3) 2(aq)
A metal will not always replace another metal in a compound dissolved in water because metals differ in their reactivities. Reactivity is
the ability to react with another substance. An activity series of some
metals is shown in Figure 9.13. This series orders metals by reactivity
with other metals. Single-replacement reactions are used to determine
a metals position on the list. The most active metals are at the top of the
list. The least active metals are at the bottom. Similarly, the reactivity of
each halogen has been determined and listed, as shown in Figure 9.13.
Least
active
Most
active
Least
active
METALS
Lithium
Rubidium
Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Manganese
Zinc
Iron
Nickel
Tin
Lead
Copper
Silver
Platinum
Gold
HALOGENS
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine

(l)Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers, Inc., (r)Yoav Levy/Phototake
You can use the activity series to predict whether or not certain reactions will occur. A specific metal can replace any metal listed below it
that is in a compound. It cannot replace any metal listed above it. For
example, copper atoms replace silver atoms in a solution of silver
nitrate. However, if you place a silver wire in aqueous copper(II) nitrate,
the silver atoms will not replace the copper. Silver is listed below copper
in the activity series, so no reaction occurs. The letters NR (no reaction)
are commonly used to indicate that a reaction will not occur.
Ag(s) + Cu(NO 3) 2(aq) NR
Nonmetal replaces nonmetal A third type of single-replacement
reaction involves the replacement of a nonmetal in a compound by

another nonmetal. Halogens are frequently involved in these types of
reactions. Like metals, halogens exhibit different activity levels in singlereplacement reactions. The reactivities of halogens, determined by single-replacement reactions, are also shown in Figure 9.13. The most
active halogen is fluorine, and the least active is iodine. A more reactive
halogen replaces a less reactive halogen that is part of a compound dissolved in water. For example, fluorine replaces bromine in water containing dissolved sodium bromide. However, bromine does not replace
fluorine in water containing dissolved sodium fluoride.
F 2(g) + 2NaBr(aq) 2NaF(aq) + Br 2(l)
Br 2(g) + 2NaF(aq) NR
Reading Check Explain how a single-replacement reaction works.
Problem-solving lab
Analyze Trends
How can you explain the reactivities of halogens? The location of all the halogens in group 17 in the periodic table tells you
that halogens have common characteristics.
Indeed, halogens are all nonmetals and have
seven electrons in their outermost orbitals.
However, each halogen also has its own characteristics, such as the ability to react with other
substances.
Analysis
Examine the accompanying data table. It
includes data about the atomic radii, ionization
energies, and electronegativities of the halogens.
Think Critically
1. Make graphs Use the information in the

data table to make three line graphs.
2. Describe any periodic trends that you identify
in the data.
294
Properties of Halogens
Halogen
Atomic
Radius
(ppm)
Ionization
Energy
(kJ/mol)
Electronegativity
Fluorine
72
1681
3.98
Chlorine
100
1251
3.16
Bromine
114
1140
2.96
Iodine
133
1008
2.66
Astatine
140
920
2.2
3. Relate any periodic trends that you identify

among the halogens to the activity series of
halogens shown in Figure 9.13.
4. Predict the location of the element astatine
in the activity series of halogens. Explain.
EXAMPLE Problem 9.2

Single-Replacement Reactions Predict the products that will
result when these reactants combine, and write a balanced chemical
equation for each reaction.
a. Fe(s) + CuSO 4(aq)
b. Br 2(l) + MgCl 2(aq)
c. Mg(s) + AlCl 3(aq)
1
Analyze the Problem

You are given three sets of reactants. Using Figure 9.13, you must
first determine if each reaction occurs. Then, if a reaction is predicted,
you can determine the product(s) of the reaction. With this information
you can write a skeleton equation for the reaction. Finally, you can use
the steps for balancing chemical equations to write the complete
balanced chemical equation.

a. Iron is listed above copper in the activity series. Therefore, the first
reaction will occur because iron is more reactive than copper. In
this case, iron will replace copper. The skeleton equation for this
reaction is
Real-World Chemistry
Single-Replacement Reactions
Fe(s) + CuSO 4(aq) FeSO 4(aq) + Cu(s)

This equation is balanced.
b. In the second reaction, chlorine is more reactive than bromine
because bromine is listed below chlorine in the activity series.
Therefore, the reaction will not occur. The skeleton equation for
this situation is
Br(l) + MgCl 2(aq) NR
No balancing is required.
c. Magnesium is listed above aluminum in the activity series.
Therefore, the third reaction will occur because magnesium is
more reactive than aluminum. In this case, magnesium will replace
aluminum. The skeleton equation for this reaction is
Mg(s) + AlCl 3(aq) Al(s) + MgCl 2(aq)
This equation is not balanced. The balanced equation is
3Mg(s) + 2AlCl 3(aq) 2Al(s) + 3MgCl 2(aq)
3
Evaluate the Answer

The activity series shown in Figure 9.13 supports the reaction
predictions. The chemical equations are balanced because the number
of atoms of each substance is equal on both sides of the equation.
PRACTICE Problems
Zinc plating Tools made of steel
are often covered with a layer of

zinc to prevent corrosion. Zinc is
more reactive than the lead in steel.
During zinc plating, the zinc
replaces some of the surface lead,
coating the steel.
Extra Practice Pages 980981 and glencoe.com
Predict whether the following single-replacement reactions will occur.

If a reaction occurs, write a balanced equation for the reaction.
21.
22.
23.
24.
K(s) + ZnCl 2(aq)

Cl 2(g) + HF(aq)
Fe(s) + Na 3PO 4(aq)
Challenge Al(s) + Pb(NO 3) 2(aq)
Donald Pye/Alamy
Figure 9.14 The color-coding in the

generic equation for a double-replacement
reaction and in the equation for the reaction
between calcium hydroxide and hydrochloric
acid shows the anions changing places.
AX + BY AY + BX
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq)+ 2H2O(l)
Double-replacement reactions The final type of replacement

reaction, which involves an exchange of ions between two compounds,
is called a double-replacement reaction.
In the generic equation in Figure 9.14, A and B represent positively
charged ions (cations), and X and Y represent negatively charged ions
(anions). Notice that the anions have switched places and are now
bonded to the other cations in the reaction. In other words, X replaces Y
and Y replaces Xa double replacement. More simply, the positive and
negative ions of two compounds switch places.
The reaction between calcium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is
a double-replacement reaction.
Ca(OH) 2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2(aq) + 2H 2O(l)

The ionic components of the reaction are Ca 2+, OH -, H +, and Cl -.
Knowing this, you can now see the two replacements of the reaction.
The anions (OH - and Cl -) have changed places and are now bonded
to the other cations (Ca 2+ and H +), as shown in Figure 9.14.
The reaction between sodium hydroxide and copper(II) chloride in
solution is also a double-replacement reaction.
2NaOH(aq) + CuCl 2(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Cu(OH) 2(s)
In this case, the anions (OH - and Cl -) changed places and bonded to
the other cations (Na + and Cu 2+). Figure 9.15 shows that the result of
this reaction is a solid product, copper(II) hydroxide. A solid produced
during a chemical reaction in a solution is called a precipitate.
Figure 9.15 When aqueous

sodium hydroxide is added to
a solution of copper(II) chloride,
the anions (OH and Cl ) change
places. The resulting products are
sodium chloride, which remains in
solution, and copper(II) hydroxide,
the blue solid in the test tube.
Interactive Figure To see an animation of

a precipitate forming, visit glencoe.com.
296
Andrew Lambert Photography/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Table
9.3
Guidelines for Writing

Double-Replacement Reactions
Example
Step
1. Write the components of the
reactants in a skeleton equation.
Al(NO 3) 3 + H 2SO 4
2. Identify the cations and the anions

in each compound.
Al(NO 3) 3 has Al 3+ and NO 3 H 2SO 4 has H + and SO 4 2-
3. Pair up each cation with the anion

from the other compound.
Al 3+ pairs with SO 4 2H + pairs with NO 3 -
4. Write the formulas for the products

using the pairs from Step 3.
Al 2(SO 4) 3
HNO 3
5. Write the complete equation for

the double-replacement reaction.
Al(NO 3) 3 + H 2SO 4 Al 2(SO 4) 3 + HNO 3
6. Balance the equation.
2Al(NO 3) 3 + 3H 2SO 4
Al 2(SO 4) 3 + 6HNO 3
Products of double-replacement reactions One of the key

characteristics of double-replacement reactions is the type of product
that is formed when the reaction takes place. All double-replacement
reactions produce either water, a precipitate, or a gas. Refer back to the
two double-replacement reactions previously discussed in this section.
The reaction between calcium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid produces
water. A precipitate is produced in the reaction between sodium hydroxide and copper(II) chloride. An example of a double-replacement reaction that forms a gas is that of potassium cyanide and hydrobromic acid.
KCN(aq) + HBr(aq) KBr(aq) + HCN(g)

It is important to be able to evaluate the chemistry of doublereplacement reactions and predict the products of these reactions. The
basic steps to write double-replacement reactions are given in Table 9.3.
Reading Check Describe what happens to the anions in a double-
replacement reaction.
PRACTICE Problems
Write the balanced chemical equations for the following double-replacement reactions.
25. The two substances at right react to produce solid silver iodide and aqueous
lithium nitrate.
26. Aqueous barium chloride and aqueous potassium carbonate react to produce
solid barium carbonate and aqueous potassium chloride.
27. Aqueous sodium oxalate and aqueous lead(II) nitrate react to produce solid
lead(II) oxalate and aqueous sodium nitrate.
28. Challenge Acetic acid (CH 3COOH) and potassium hydroxide react to produce
potassium acetate and water.
Lil(aq)
AgNO3(aq)
Table 9.4
Interactive Table Explore types of

chemical reactions at glencoe.com.
Predicting Products
of Chemical Reactions
Type of Reaction
Reactants
Probable Products
Generic Equation
Synthesis
two or more substances
one compound
A + B AB
Combustion
a metal and oxygen

a nonmetal and oxygen
a compound and oxygen
the oxide of the metal

the oxide of the nonmetal
two or more oxides
A + O 2 AO
Decomposition
one compound
two or more elements and/or compounds
AB A + B
Single-replacement
a metal and a compound

a nonmetal and a compound
a new compound and the replaced metal

a new compound and the replaced
nonmetal
A + BX AX + B
two compounds
two different compounds, one of which is

a solid, water, or a gas
AX + BY AY + BX
Double-replacement
Table 9.4 summarizes the various types of chemical reactions. Use the
table to help you organize the reactions, so that you can identify each
and predict its products. For example, how would you determine what
type of reaction occurs when solid calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
gas react to produce solid calcium carbonate? First, write the chemical
equation.
CaO(s) + CO 2(g) CaCO 3(s)
Second, determine what is happening in the reaction. In this case, two
substances are reacting to form one compound. Third, use the table to
identify the type of reaction. The reaction is a synthesis reaction.
Fourth, check your answer by comparing the chemical equation to the
generic equation for that type of reaction.
CaO(s) + CO 2(g) CaCO 3(s)
A
+ B AB
Section 9.2
Assessment
Section Summary
29.
Classifying chemical reactions makes

them easier to understand, remember,
and recognize.
30. Explain how an activity series of metals is organized.
Activity series of metals and halogens

can be used to predict if singlereplacement reactions will occur.
32. Describe the result of a double-replacement reaction.
MAIN Idea Describe the four types of chemical reactions and their
characteristics.
31. Compare and contrast single-replacement reactions and double-replacement

reactions.
33. Classify What type of reaction is most likely to occur when barium reacts with
fluorine? Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
34. Interpret Data Could the following reaction occur? Explain your answer.
3Ni + 2AuBr 3 3NiBr 2 + 2Au
298
Section 9.3
Objectives
Describe aqueous solutions.
Write complete ionic and net ionic
equations for chemical reactions in
aqueous solutions.
Predict whether reactions in
aqueous solutions will produce
a precipitate, water, or a gas.
Reactions in
Aqueous Solutions
-!). )DEA Double-replacement reactions occur between
substances in aqueous solutions and produce precipitates,
water, or gases.
Real-World Reading Link One way to make lemonade involves using a
solution: a uniform mixture that

might contain solids, liquids, or gases
powdered drink mix and water. When the powdered drink mix is added to the
water, the lemonade crystals dissolve in the water, forming a solution. This
solution is lemonade.
New Vocabulary
Aqueous Solutions
aqueous solution
solute
solvent
complete ionic equation
spectator ion
net ionic equation
You read in Chapter 3 that a solution is a homogeneous mixture. Many

of the reactions discussed in the previous section involve substances
dissolved in water. When a substance dissolves in water, a solution
forms. An aqueous solution contains one or more substances called
solutes dissolved in the water. In this case, water is the solventthe
most plentiful substance in the solution.
Review Vocabulary
Molecular compounds in solution Although water is always

the solvent in aqueous solutions, there are many possible solutes. Some
solutes, such as sucrose (table sugar) and ethanol (grain alcohol), are
molecular compounds that exist as molecules in aqueous solutions.
Other solutes are molecular compounds that form ions when they
dissolve in water. For example, the molecular compound hydrogen
chloride forms hydrogen ions and chloride ions when it dissolves in
water, as shown in Figure 9.16. An equation can be used to show this
ionization process.
HCl(aq) H +(aq) + Cl (aq)

Compounds such as hydrogen chloride that produce hydrogen ions
in aqueous solution are acids. In fact, an aqueous solution of hydrogen
chloride is often referred to as hydrochloric acid. You will read more
about acids in Chapter 18.
Figure 9.16 In water, hydrogen
chloride (HCl) breaks apart into hydrogen
ions (H +) and chloride ions (Cl ).
H+
H2O
Cl-
Section 9.3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 299

Tom Pantages
VOCABULARY
SCIENCE USAGE V. COMMON USAGE
Compound
Science usage: a chemical
combination of two or more
different elements
Salt is a compound comprised of
the elements sodium and chlorine.
Common usage: a word that
consists of two or more words
Two compound words are basketball
and textbook.
Ionic compounds in solution In addition to molecular compounds, ionic compounds might be solutes in aqueous solutions. Recall
from Chapter 7 that ionic compounds consist of positive ions and negative ions held together by ionic bonds. When ionic compounds dissolve
in water, their ions can separatea process called dissociation. For
example, an aqueous solution of the ionic compound sodium hydroxide
contains Na + and Cl ions.
Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

When two aqueous solutions that contain ions as solutes are combined,
the ions might react with one another. These reactions are always
double-replacement reactions. The solvent molecules, which are all
water molecules, do not usually react. Three types of products can form
from the double-replacement reaction: a precipitate, water, or a gas.
Reactions that form precipitates Some reactions that occur
in aqueous solutions produce precipitates. For example, recall from
Section 9.2 that when aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and
copper(II) chloride are mixed, a double-replacement reaction occurs
in which the precipitate copper(II) hydroxide forms.
2NaOH(aq) + CuCl 2(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Cu(OH) 2(s)

Note that the chemical equation does not show some details of this
reaction. Sodium hydroxide and copper(II) chloride are ionic compounds. Therefore, in aqueous solutions they exist as Na +, OH , Cu 2+,
and Cl ions, as shown in Figure 9.17. When their solutions are combined, Cu 2+ ions in one solution and OH ions in the other solution
react to form the precipitate copper(II) hydroxide, Cu(OH) 2(s). The Na +
and Cl ions remain dissolved in the new solution.
Figure 9.17 Like the aqueous

solution of HCl in Figure 9.16,
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in an
aqueous solution dissociates into
sodium (Na +) and hydroxide (OH )
ions. Copper chloride (CuCl 2) also
dissociates into Cu 2+ and Cl ions.
H2O
Cl-
Cu2+
CuCl2(aq)
OH-
H2O
Reactant
Na+
NaOH(aq)
Reactant
Cu(OH)2(s) + NaCl(aq)
Products
300
Matt Meadows
Observe a PrecipitateForming Reaction

How do two liquids form a solid?
Procedure
2. Place 50 mL distilled water in a 150-mL beaker.
3. Measure about 4 g NaOH pellets on a balance.
Add the NaOH pellets to the beaker one at a
time. Mix with a stirring rod until each NaOH
pellet dissolves before adding the next pellet.
4. Measure about 6 g Epsom salts (MgSO 4) and
place it in another 150-mL beaker. Add 50 mL
distilled water to the Epsom salts. Mix with
another stirring rod until the Epsom salts
dissolve.
5. Slowly pour the Epsom salts solution into the

NaOH solution. Record your observations.
6. Stir the new solution. Record your observations.
7. Allow the precipitate to settle, then decant the
liquid from the solid into a 100-mL graduated
cylinder.
8. Dispose of the solid as instructed by your
teacher.
Analysis
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the

reaction between the NaOH and MgSO 4. Note
that most sulfate compounds exist as ions in
aqueous solutions.
2. Write the complete ionic equation for this
reaction.
3. Determine which ions are spectator ions, then
write the net ionic equation for this reaction.
Ionic equations To show the details of reactions that involve ions in

aqueous solutions, chemists use ionic equations. Ionic equations differ
from chemical equations in that substances that are ions in solution are
written as ions in the equation. Look again at the reaction between
aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and copper(II) chloride. To
write the ionic equation for this reaction, you must show the reactants,
NaOH(aq) and CuCl 2(aq), and the product, NaCl(aq), as ions.
2Na +(aq) + 2OH (aq) + Cu 2+(aq) + 2Cl (aq)

2Na +(aq) + 2Cl (aq) + Cu(OH) 2(s)
An ionic equation that shows all of the particles in a solution as they
exist is called a complete ionic equation. Note that the sodium ions
and the chloride ions are both reactants and products. Because they are
both reactants and products, they do not participate in the reaction.
Ions that do not participate in a reaction are called spectator ions and
are not usually shown in ionic equations. Net ionic equations are ionic
equations that include only the particles that participate in the reaction.
Net ionic equations are written from complete ionic equations by
removing all spectator ions. For example, a net ionic equation is what
remains after the sodium and chloride ions are crossed out of this complete ionic equation.
2Na +(aq) + 2OH (aq) + Cu 2+(aq) + 2Cl (aq)
2Na +(aq) + 2Cl (aq) + Cu(OH) 2(s)
Only the hydroxide and copper ions are left in the net ionic equation
shown below.
2OH (aq) + Cu 2+(aq) Cu(OH) 2(s)
Reading Check Compare How are ionic equations different from
chemical equations?
EXAMPLE Problem 9.3

Reactions That Form a Precipitate Write the chemical, complete ionic, and
net ionic equations for the reaction between aqueous solutions of barium nitrate
and sodium carbonate that forms the precipitate barium carbonate.
1
Analyze the Problem

You are given the word equation for the reaction between barium nitrate and
sodium carbonate. You must determine the chemical formulas and relative amounts
of all reactants and products to write the balanced chemical equation. To write the
complete ionic equation, you need to show the ionic states of the reactants and
products. By crossing out the spectator ions from the complete ionic equation,
you can write the net ionic equation. The net ionic equation will include fewer
substances than the other equations.

Write the correct chemical formulas and physical states for all substances involved in
the reaction.
Ba(NO 3) 2(aq) + Na 2CO 3(aq) BaCO 3(s) + NaNO 3(aq)
Ba(NO 3) 2(aq) + Na 2CO 3(aq) BaCO 3(s) + 2NaNO 3(aq)
Balance the skeleton equation.
Ba 2+(aq) + 2NO 3 (aq) + 2Na +(aq) + CO 3 2(aq)

BaCO 3(s) +
2Na +(aq)
Show the ions of the reactants and the products.
+ 2NO 3 (aq)
Ba 2+(aq) + 2NO 3 (aq) + 2Na +(aq) + CO 3 2(aq)
BaCO 3(s) + 2Na +(aq) + 2NO 3 (aq)
Cross out the spectator ions from the complete

ionic equation.
Ba 2+(aq) + CO 3 2(aq) BaCO 3(s)
Write the net ionic equation.
Evaluate the Answer

The net ionic equation includes fewer substances than the other equations because
it shows only the reacting particles. The particles composing the solid precipitate
that is the result of the reaction are no longer ions.
PRACTICE Problems
Write chemical, complete ionic, and net ionic equations for each of the following
reactions that might produce a precipitate. Use NR to indicate that no reaction
occurs.
35. Aqueous solutions of potassium iodide and silver nitrate are mixed, forming
the precipitate silver iodide.
36. Aqueous solutions of ammonium phosphate and sodium sulfate are mixed. No precipitate
forms and no gas is produced.
37. Aqueous solutions of aluminum chloride and sodium hydroxide are mixed, forming
the precipitate aluminum hydroxide.
38. Aqueous solutions of lithium sulfate and calcium nitrate are mixed, forming the precipitate
calcium sulfate.
39. Challenge When aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and manganese(V) chloride
are mixed, a precipitate forms. The precipitate is a compound containing manganese.
302
Figure 9.18 In water, hydrogen

bromide (HBr) ionizes into H + and Br
ions. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) also
dissociates into Na + and OH ions.
The hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
react to form water.
Determine Which ions are the
anions in this reaction? The cations?
H2O
BrH+
HBr(aq)
Reactants
Br-
OH-
H2O
Na+
Na+
H2O
H2O(l) + NaBr(aq)
NaOH(aq)
Products
Reactions that form water Another type of double-replacement

reaction that occurs in an aqueous solution produces water molecules.
The water molecules produced in the reaction increase the number of
solvent particles. Unlike reactions in which a precipitate forms, no
evidence of a chemical reaction is observable because water is colorless,
odorless, and already makes up most of the solution. For example, when
you mix hydrobromic acid (HBr) with a sodium hydroxide solution
(NaOH), as shown in Figure 9.18, a double-replacement reaction
occurs and water is formed. The chemical equation for this reaction is
shown below.
HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq) H 2O(l) + NaBr(aq)

In this case, the reactants and the product sodium bromide exist as ions
in an aqueous solution. The complete ionic equation for this reaction
shows these ions.
H +(aq) + Br -(aq) + Na +(aq) + OH -(aq)
H 2O(l) + Na +(aq) + Br (aq)
Look carefully at the complete ionic equation. The reacting solute
ions are the hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions because the sodium ions
and bromine ions are both spectator ions. If you cross out the spectator
ions, you are left with the ions that take part in the reaction.
H +(aq) + Br -(aq) + Na +(aq) + OH -(aq)
H 2O(l) + Na +(aq) + Br (aq)
This equation is the net ionic equation for the reaction.
H +(aq) + OH -(aq) H 2O(l)
Reading Check Analyze In the reaction between hydrobromic acid
and sodium hydroxide, why are the sodium ions and bromine ions called
spectator ions?
Matt Meadows
EXAMPLE Problem 9.4

Reactions That Form Water Write the chemical, complete
ionic, and net ionic equations for the reaction between hydrochloric
acid and aqueous lithium hydroxide. This reaction produces water
and aqueous lithium chloride.
1
Analyze the Problem

You are given the word equation for the reaction that occurs between
hydrochloric acid and aqueous lithium hydroxide to produce water and
aqueous lithium chloride. You must determine the chemical formulas
for and relative amounts of all reactants and products to write the
balanced chemical equation. To write the complete ionic equation, you
need to show the ionic states of the reactants and products. By
crossing out the spectator ions from the complete ionic equation, you
can write the net ionic equation.

Write the skeleton equation for the reaction
and balance it.
HCl(aq) + LiOH(aq) H 2O(l) + LiCl(aq)
H +(aq) + Cl -(aq) + Li +(aq) + OH -(aq)

H 2O(l) + Li +(aq) + Cl -(aq)
Show the ions of the

reactants and the
products.
H +(aq) + Cl (aq) + Li +(aq) + OH -(aq)

H 2O(l) + Li +(aq) + Cl (aq)
Cross out the spectator

ions from the complete
ionic equation.
H +(aq) + OH -(aq) H 2O(l)
Write the net ionic

equation.
Evaluate the Answer

The net ionic equation includes fewer substances than the other
equations because it shows only those particles involved in the
reaction that produces water. The particles that compose the
product water are no longer ions.
PRACTICE Problems
Write chemical, complete ionic, and net ionic equations for the
reactions between the following substances, which produce water.
40. Mixing sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4) and aqueous potassium hydroxide

produces water and aqueous potassium sulfate.
41. Mixing hydrochloric acid (HCl) and aqueous calcium hydroxide
produces water and aqueous calcium chloride.
42. Mixing nitric acid (HNO 3) and aqueous ammonium hydroxide produces
water and aqueous ammonium nitrate.
43. Mixing hydrosulfuric acid (H 2S) and aqueous calcium hydroxide
produces water and aqueous calcium sulfate.
44. Challenge When benzoic acid (C 6H 5COOH) and magnesium
hydroxide are mixed, water and magnesium benzoate are produced.
304
Reactions that form gases A third type of double-replacement

reaction that occurs in aqueous solutions results in the formation of a
gas. Some gases commonly produced in these reactions are carbon
dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide.
A gas-producing reaction occurs when you mix hydroiodic acid (HI)
with an aqueous solution of lithium sulfide. Bubbles of hydrogen sulfide
gas form in the container during the reaction. Lithium iodide is also
produced in this reaction and remains dissolved in the solution.
2HI(aq) + Li 2S(aq) H 2S(g) + 2LiI(aq)

The reactants hydroiodic acid and lithium sulfide exist as ions in aqueous solution. Therefore, you can write an ionic equation for this reaction. The complete ionic equation includes all of the substances in the
solution.
2H +(aq) + 2I (aq) + 2Li +(aq) + S 2(aq)
H 2S(g) + 2Li +(aq) + 2I (aq)
Note that there are many spectator ions in the equation. When the spectator ions are crossed out, only the substances involved in the reaction
remain in the equation.
2H +(aq) + 2I (aq) + 2Li +(aq) + S 2(aq)
H 2S(g) + 2Li +(aq) + 2I (aq)
This is the net ionic equation.
2H +(aq) + S 2-(aq) H 2S(g)
If you completed the Launch Lab at the beginning of this chapter,
you observed another gas-producing reaction. In that reaction, carbon
dioxide gas was produced and bubbled out of the solution. Another
reaction that produces carbon dioxide gas occurs in your kitchen when
you mix vinegar and baking soda. Vinegar is an aqueous solution of
acetic acid and water. Baking soda essentially consists of sodium hydrogen carbonate. Rapid bubbling occurs when vinegar and baking soda
are combined. The bubbles are carbon dioxide gas escaping from the
solution. You can see this reaction occurring in Figure 9.19.
A reaction similar to the one between vinegar and baking soda
occurs when you combine any acidic solution and sodium hydrogen
carbonate. In all cases, two reactions must occur almost simultaneously
in the solution to produce the carbon dioxide gas. One of these is a
double-replacement reaction and the other is a decomposition reaction.
For example, when you dissolve sodium hydrogen carbonate in
hydrochloric acid, a gas-producing double-replacement reaction occurs.
The hydrogen in the hydrochloric acid and the sodium in the sodium
hydrogen carbonate replace each other.
Figure 9.19 When vinegar and

baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate,
NaHCO 3) combine, the result is a vigorous
bubbling that releases carbon dioxide (CO 2).
HCl(aq) + NaHCO 3(aq) H 2CO 3(aq) + NaCl(aq)

Sodium chloride is an ionic compound, and its ions remain separate in
the aqueous solution. However, as the carbonic acid (H 2CO 3) forms, it
decomposes immediately into water and carbon dioxide.
H 2CO 3(aq) H 2O(l) + CO 2(g)
EXAMPLE Problem 9.5

Reactions That Form Gases Write the chemical, complete ionic,
and net ionic equations for the reaction between hydrochloric acid
and aqueous sodium sulfide, which produces hydrogen sulfide gas.
1
Analyze the Problem

You are given the word equation for the reaction between hydrochloric
acid (HCl) and sodium sulfide (Na 2S). You must write the skeleton
equation and balance it. To write the complete ionic equation, you
need to show the ionic states of the reactants and products. By
crossing out the spectator ions in the complete ionic equation,
you can write the net ionic equation.

Write the correct skeleton equation for the
reaction.
HCl(aq) + Na 2S(aq) H 2S(g) + NaCl(aq)
2HCl(aq) + Na 2S(aq) H 2S(g) + 2NaCl(aq)
Balance the skeleton

equation.
2H +(aq) + 2Cl (aq) + 2Na +(aq) + S 2(aq)

H 2S(g) + 2Na +(aq) + 2Cl (aq)
Show the ions of the

reactants and the
products.
2H +(aq) + 2Cl -(aq) + 2Na +(aq) + S 2-(aq)

H 2S(g) + 2Na +(aq) + 2Cl -(aq)
Cross out the spectator

ions from the complete
ionic equation.
2H +(aq) + S 2-(aq) H 2S(g)
Write the net ionic

equation in its smallest
whole-number ratio.
Evaluate the Answer

The net ionic equation includes fewer substances than the other
equations because it shows only those particles involved in the
reaction that produce hydrogen sulfide. The particles that compose
the product are no longer ions.
PRACTICE Problems
Write chemical, complete ionic, and net ionic equations for

these reactions.
45. Perchloric acid (HClO 4) reacts with aqueous potassium carbonate,

forming carbon dioxide gas and water.
46. Sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4) reacts with aqueous sodium cyanide, forming
hydrogen cyanide gas and aqueous sodium sulfate.
47. Hydrobromic acid (HBr) reacts with aqueous ammonium carbonate,
forming carbon dioxide gas and water.
48. Nitric acid (HNO 3) reacts with aqueous potassium rubidium sulfide,
forming hydrogen sulfide gas.
49. Challenge Aqueous potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate
in solution, forming solid lead iodide.
Double-replacement reaction
+ BX
AY
AX +
BY
HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) H2CO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
AB
A + B
H2CO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Decomposition reaction
Figure 9.20 When HCl is combined with NaHCO 3, a double-replacement
reaction takes place, followed immediately by a decomposition reaction.
Overall equations Recall that when you combine an acidic solution, such as hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydrogen carbonate, two
reactions occura double-replacement reaction and a decomposition
reaction. These reactions are shown in Figure 9.20. The two reactions
can be combined and represented by one chemical equation in a process
similar to adding mathematical equations. An equation that combines
two reactions is called an overall equation. To write an overall equation,
the reactants in the two reactions are written on the reactant side of the
combined equation, and the products of the two reactions are written
on the product side. Then, any substances that are on both sides of the
equation are crossed out.
Reaction 1
Reaction 2
HCl(aq) + NaHCO 3(aq) H 2CO 3(aq) + NaCl(aq)

H 2CO 3(aq) H 2O(l) + CO 2(g)
Combined
equation
Overall
equation
HCl(aq) + NaHCO 3(aq) + H 2CO 3(aq)

H 2CO 3(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H 2O(l) + CO 2(g)
HCl(aq) + NaHCO 3(aq)
H 2O(l) + CO 2(g) + NaCl(aq)
In this case, the reactants in the overall equation exist as ions in aqueous
solutions. Therefore, a complete ionic equation can be written for the
reaction.
H +(aq) + Cl (aq) + Na +(aq) + HCO 3 (aq)
H 2O(l) + CO 2(g) + Na +(aq) + Cl (aq)
Note that the sodium and chloride ions are the spectator ions. When
you cross them out, only the substances that take part in the reaction
remain.
H +(aq) + Cl (aq) + Na +(aq) + HCO 3 (aq)
H 2O(l) + CO 2(g) + Na +(aq) + Cl (aq)
The net ionic equation shows that both water and carbon dioxide gas
are produced in this reaction.
H +(aq) + HCO 3 (aq) H 2O(l) + CO 2(g)
Reading Check Describe What is an overall equation?
Figure 9.21 After a bicarbonate ion

(HCO 3 ) enters a red blood cell, it reacts with
a hydrogen ion (H +) to form water and carbon
dioxide (CO 2). The CO 2 is exhaled from the
lungs during respiration.
CO2
CO2
HCO3
-
HCO3 + H+
CO2 + H2O
Red blood
cell
Blood vessel
Careers In chemistry
Biochemist A biochemist is a
scientist who studies the chemical
processes of living organisms. A
biochemist might study functions
of the human body or research how
food, drugs, and other substances
affect living organisms. For more
information on chemistry careers,
visit glencoe.com.
Section 9.3
Connection
Lung
Biology
The reaction between hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions to produce water and carbon dioxide is an important one in
your body. This reaction is occurring in the blood vessels of your lungs
as you read these words. As shown in Figure 9.21, the carbon dioxide
gas produced in your cells is transported in your blood in the form of
bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 ). In the blood vessels of your lungs, the HCO 3
ions combine with H + ions to produce CO 2, which you exhale.
This reaction also occurs in products that are made with baking
soda, which contains sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate makes
baked goods rise. It is used as an antacid and in deodorants to absorb
moisture and odors. Baking soda can be added to toothpaste to whiten
teeth and freshen breath. As a paste, sodium bicarbonate can be used in
cleaning and scrubbing. It is also used as a fire-suppression agent in
some fire extinguishers.
Assessment
Section Summary
50.
In aqueous solutions, the solvent is

always water. There are many
possible solutes.
51. Describe solvents and solutes in an aqueous solution.
MAIN Idea List three common types of products produced by reactions that
occur in aqueous solutions.
52. Distinguish between a complete ionic equation and a net ionic equation.
Many molecular compounds form ions

when they dissolve in water. When
some ionic compounds dissolve in
water, their ions separate.
53. Write complete ionic and net ionic equations for the reaction between sulfuric
acid (H 2SO 4) and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3).
When two aqueous solutions that

contain ions as solutes are combined,
the ions might react with one another.
The solvent molecules do not
usually react.
54. Analyze Complete and balance the following equation.
Reactions that occur in aqueous

solutions are double-replacement
reactions.
H 2SO 4(aq) + CaCO 3(s) H 2O(l) + CO 2(g) + CaSO 4(aq)

CO 2(g) + HCl(aq)
55. Predict What type of product would the following reaction be most likely to
produce? Explain your reasoning.
Ba(OH) 2(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
56. Formulate Equations A reaction occurs when nitric acid (HNO 3) is mixed with
an aqueous solution of potassium hydrogen carbonate. Aqueous potassium
nitrate is produced. Write the chemical and net ionic equations for the reaction.
Lighting Up the Night: Bioluminescence

In the gathering darkness, a male firefly announces his presence by sending
a signal in yellow-green light. A female near the ground answers his call, and
he descends. The result might be a successful mating, or, if the female of
another firefly species has fooled the male, he might be greedily devoured.
The production of light by the firefly is the result of a chemical process called
bioluminescence. This process is a strategy used by a wide variety of living things
in many different environments. How does it work?
Flashy Beetles Fireflies (or

lightning bugs) are not flies at all,
but a group of beetles that flash
their mating signals. They also use
their light to lure their prey. The
yellow-green light comes from
cells in their lower abdomen. The
wavelength for this light is between
510 and 670 nm.
Bioluminescence The glow of the

firefly is the result of a chemical reaction. The
reactants are oxygen and luciferin, a lightemitting substance found in some organisms.
An enzyme, luciferase, speeds up the reaction.
The products of this reaction are oxyluciferin
and energy, in the form of light.
Glowing Discoveries Research into

bioluminescence led to the discovery of green
fluorescent protein (GFP), which is found in some
species of jellyfish. GFP emits a green light when
exposed to UV light. Researchers have inserted GFP
into various organisms, such as mice, for research
purposes. Examples of what scientists are using GFP to
study include cancer, malaria, and cellular processes.
Chemistry
Research Identify different life forms that use
bioluminescence and create a pamphlet showing
how bioluminescence is effective in each of these
organisms. For more information, visit glencoe.com.
How It Works 309

(l)Darwin Dale/Photo Researchers, Inc., (r)Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc., (bkgd)DEGGINGER, E.R./Animals Animals - Earth Scenes
IDENTIFY AN ACTIVITY
DEVELOP
UNKNOWN
SERIES
GAS
Background: Some metals are more reactive than
others. By comparing how different metals react with
the known ions in aqueous solutions, an activity
series for the tested materials can be developed. The
activity series will reflect the relative reactivity of the
tested metals.
Question: How is an activity series developed?
Materials
1.0M Zn(NO 3) 2
1.0M Al(NO 3) 2
1.0M Cu(NO 3) 2
1.0M Mg(NO 3) 2
pipettes (4)
wire cutters
Cu wire
Al wire
Mg ribbon
Zn metal strips (4)
Emery cloth or sandpaper
24-well microscale
reaction plate
Safety Precautions
Procedure
2. Create a table to record your data.
3. Use a pipette to fill each of the four wells in column
1 of the reaction plate with 2 mL of 1.0M Al(NO 3) 2
solution.
4. Repeat the procedure in Step 3 to fill the four wells
in column 2 with 2 mL of 1.0M Mg(NO 3) 2.
in column 3 with 2 mL of 1.0M Zn(NO 3) 2.
in column 4 with 2 mL of 1.0M Cu(NO 3) 2.
7. With the emery cloth or sandpaper, polish 10 cm of
aluminum wire until it is shiny. Use wire cutters to
carefully cut the aluminum wire into four 2.5-cm
pieces. Place a piece of the aluminum wire in each
well of row A containing solution.
8. Repeat the procedure in Step 7 using 10 cm of magnesium ribbon. Place a piece of Mg ribbon in each
well of row B containing solution.
9. Use the emery cloth or sandpaper to polish each
small strip of zinc metal. Place a piece of Zn metal in
each well of row C containing solution.
10. Observe what happens in each well. After 5 minutes,
record your observations in the data table you made.
Matt Meadows
11. Cleanup and Disposal Dispose of the chemicals,

solutions, and pipettes as directed by your teacher.
Wash and return all lab equipment to the designated
location. Wash your hands thoroughly.
Analyze and Conclude

1. Observe and Infer In which wells of the reaction
plate did chemical reactions occur? Which metal
reacted with the most solutions? Which metal
reacted with the fewest solutions? Which metal is
the most reactive?
2. Sequence The most-active metal reacted with the
most solutions. The least-active metal reacted with
the fewest solutions. Order the four metals from
most active to least active.
3. Apply Write a chemical equation for each singlereplacement reaction that occurred on your reaction
plate.
4. Real-World Chemistry Under what circumstances
might it be important to know the activity tendencies of a series of elements?
5. Error Analysis How does your answer from
Question 2 above compare with the activity series in
Figure 9.13? What could account for the
differences?
INQUIRY EXTENSION
Design an Experiment Think of three what if
questions about this investigation that might affect
your results. Design an experiment to test one of
them.
Download quizzes, key

terms, and flash cards
from glencoe.com.
BIG Idea Millions of chemical reactions in and around you transform reactants into
products, resulting in the absorption or release of energy.
Section 9.1 Reactions and Equations
MAIN Idea Chemical reactions
are represented by balanced
chemical equations.
Vocabulary
chemical equation (p. 285)

chemical reaction (p. 282)
coefficient (p. 285)
product (p. 283)
reactant (p. 283)
Key Concepts
Some physical changes are evidence that indicate a chemical reaction has occurred.
Word equations and skeleton equations provide important information about a
chemical reaction.
A chemical equation gives the identities and relative amounts of the reactants and
products that are involved in a chemical reaction.
Balancing an equation involves adjusting the coefficients until the number of
atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation.
Section 9.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions

MAIN Idea There are four types
of chemical reactions: synthesis,
combustion, decomposition, and
replacement reactions.
Vocabulary
Key Concepts
Classifying chemical reactions makes them easier to understand, remember, and
recognize.
Activity series of metals and halogens can be used to predict if single-replacement
reactions will occur.
combustion reaction (p. 290)

decomposition reaction (p. 292)
double-replacement reaction
(p. 296)
precipitate (p. 296)
single-replacement reaction
(p. 293)
synthesis reaction (p. 289)
Section 9.3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

MAIN Idea Double-replacement
reactions occur between substances
in aqueous solutions and produce
precipitates, water, or gases.
Vocabulary
aqueous solution (p. 299)

complete ionic equation (p. 301)
net ionic equation (p. 301)
solute (p. 299)
solvent (p. 299)
spectator ion (p. 301)
Key Concepts
In aqueous solutions, the solvent is always water. There are many possible solutes.
Many molecular compounds form ions when they dissolve in water. When some
ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions separate.
When two aqueous solutions that contain ions as solutes are combined, the ions
might react with one another. The solvent molecules do not usually react.
Reactions that occur in aqueous solutions are double-replacement reactions.
Vocabulary PuzzleMaker glencoe.com
Chapter 9 Study Guide 311
Section 9.1
Mastering Concepts
57. Define chemical equation.
58. Distinguish between a chemical reaction and a chemical
equation.
59. Explain the difference between reactants and products.
60. What do the arrows and coefficients in equations
communicate?
61. Does a conversion of a substance into a new substance
always indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred?

Explain.
62. Write formulas for the following substances and
designate their physical states.

a. nitrogen dioxide gas
b. liquid gallium
c. barium chloride dissolved in water
d. solid ammonium carbonate
63. Identify the reactants in the following reaction: When
potassium is dropped into aqueous zinc nitrate, zinc

and aqueous potassium nitrate form.
64. Balance the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with atmo-
spheric oxygen gas.
H 2S(g) + O 2(g) SO 2(s) + H 2O(g)

65. Write word equations for the following skeleton
equations.
a. Cu(s) + O 2(g) CuO(s)
b. K(s) + H 2O(l) KOH(aq) + H 2(g)
c. CaCl 2(aq) + Na 2SO 4(aq) CaSO 4(s) + NaCl(aq)
66. Balance the following reactions.
a. (NH 4) 2Cr 2O 7(s) Cr 2O 3(s) + N 2(g) + H 2O(g)

b. CO 2(g) + H 2O(l) C 6H 12O 6(s) + O 2(g)
Mastering Problems
67. Hydrogen iodide gas breaks down into hydrogen gas
and iodine gas during a decomposition reaction. Write

a skeleton equation for this reaction.
68. Write skeleton equations for these reactions.
a. sodium carbonate(s)
sodium oxide(s) + carbon dioxide(g)
b. aluminum(s) + iodine(s) aluminum iodide(s)
c. iron(II) oxide(s) + oxygen(g) iron(III) oxide(s)
a. butane (C 4H 10)(l) + oxygen(g)

carbon dioxide(g) + water(l)
b. aluminum carbonate(s)
aluminum oxide(s) + carbon dioxide(g)
c. silver nitrate(aq) + sodium sulfide(aq)
silver sulfide(s) + sodium nitrate(aq)
312
70. Write a skeleton equation for the reaction between
lithium(s) and chlorine gas to produce lithium

chloride(s).
a. iron(s) + fluorine(g) iron(III) fluoride(s)

b. sulfur trioxide(g) + water(l) sulfuric acid(aq)
c. sodium(s) + magnesium iodide(aq)
sodium iodide(aq) + magnesium(s)
d. vanadium(s) + oxygen(g) vanadium(V) oxide(s)
a. lithium(s) + gold(III) chloride(aq)

lithium chloride(aq) + gold(s)
b. iron(s) + tin(IV) nitrate(aq)
iron(III) nitrate(aq) + tin(s)
c. nickel(II) chloride(s) + oxygen(g)
nickel(II) oxide(s) + dichlorine pentoxide(g)
d. lithium chromate(aq) + barium chloride(aq)
lithium chloride(aq) + barium chromate(s)
73. Balance the skeleton equations for the reactions
described in Question 71.


75. Write chemical equations for these reactions.
a. When solid naphthalene (C 10H 8) burns in air, the

reaction yields gaseous carbon dioxide and liquid
water.
b. Bubbling hydrogen sulfide gas through
manganese(II) chloride dissolved in water results in
the formation of the precipitate manganese(II) sulfide
and hydrochloric acid.
c. Solid magnesium reacts with nitrogen gas to produce
solid magnesium nitride.
d. Heating oxygen difluoride gas yields oxygen gas and
fluorine gas.
Section 9.2
Mastering Concepts
76. List each of the four types of chemical reactions and
give an example for each type.

77. How would you classify a chemical reaction between
two reactants that produces one product?

78. Under what conditions does a precipitate form in a
chemical reaction?
79. Will a metal always replace another metal in a com-
pound dissolved in water? Explain.

80. In each of the following pairs, which element will
replace the other in a reaction?

a. tin and sodium
c. lead and silver
b. fluorine and iodine
d. copper and nickel
Chapter Test glencoe.com
Mastering Problems
Section 9.3
81. Classify each of the reactions represented by the
chemical equations in Question 71.

Mastering Concepts
89. Complete the following word equation.
Solute + Solvent
90. Define each of the following terms: solution, solvent,
and solute.
91. When reactions occur in aqueous solutions, what
NH3
common types of products are produced?

H2O
92. Compare and contrast chemical equations and ionic
equations.
93. What is a net ionic equation? How does it differ from a
complete ionic equation?
Figure 9.22
83. Use Figure 9.22 to answer the following questions.
a. Write a chemical equation for the reaction between

the two compounds shown in the figure.
b. Classify this reaction.
84. Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion
of liquid methanol (CH 3OH).

85. Write chemical equations for each of the following
synthesis reactions.
a. boron + fluorine
b. germanium + sulfur
c. zirconium + nitrogen
d. tetraphosphorus decoxide + water phosphoric acid
86. Combustion Write a chemical equation for the com-
bustion of each of the following substances. If a compound contains carbon and hydrogen, assume that
carbon dioxide gas and liquid water are produced.
a. solid barium
b. solid boron
c. liquid acetone (C 3H 6O)
d. liquid octane (C 8H 18)
87. Write chemical equations for each of the following
decomposition reactions. One or more products might

be identified.
a. magnesium bromide
b. cobalt(II) oxide
c. titanium(IV) hydroxide
titanium(IV) oxide + water
d. barium carbonate barium oxide + carbon dioxide
88. Write chemical equations for the following single-
replacement reactions that might occur in water. If no

reaction occurs, write NR in place of the products.
a. nickel + magnesium chloride
b. calcium + copper(II) bromide
c. potassium + aluminum nitrate
d. magnesium + silver nitrate
94. Define spectator ion.

95. Write the net ionic equation for a chemical reaction that
occurs in an aqueous solution and produces water.
Mastering Problems
96. Complete the following chemical equations.
a. Na(s) + H 2O(l)
b. K(s) + H 2O(l)
97. Complete the following chemical equation.
CuCl 2(s) + Na 2SO 4(aq)

98. Write complete ionic and net ionic equations for the
chemical reaction in Question 97.

99. Write complete ionic and net ionic equations for each of
the following reactions.

a. K 2S(aq) + CoCl 2(aq) 2KCl(aq) + CoS(s)
b. H 2SO 4(aq) + CaCO 3(s)
H 2O(l) + CO 2(g) + CaSO 4(s)
c. 2HClO(aq) + Ca(OH) 2(aq)
2H 2O(l) + Ca(ClO) 2(aq)
100. A reaction occurs when hydrosulfuric acid (H 2S) is
mixed with an aqueous solution of iron(III) bromide.

The reaction produces solid iron(III) sulfide and
aqueous hydrogen bromide. Write the chemical and net
ionic equations for the reaction.
101. Write complete ionic and net ionic equations for each of
the following reactions.

a. H 3PO 4(aq) + 3RbOH(aq) 3H 2O(l) + Rb 3PO 4(aq)
b. HCl(aq) + NH 4OH(aq) H 2O(l) + NH 4Cl(aq)
c. 2HI + (NH 4) 2S(aq) H 2S(g) + 2NH 4I(aq)
d. HNO 3(aq) + KCN(aq) + HCN(g) + KNO 3(aq)
102. Paper A reaction occurs when sulfurous acid (H 2SO 3)
is mixed with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.

The reaction produces aqueous sodium sulfite, a chemical used in manufacturing paper. Write the chemical and
net ionic equations for the reaction.
Chapter 9 Assessment 313
Mixed Review
103. Photosynthesis Identify the products in the following
reaction that occurs in plants: Carbon dioxide and water

react to produce glucose and oxygen.
104. How will aqueous solutions of sucrose and hydrogen
chloride differ?
105. Write the word equation for each of these skeleton equa-
tions. C 6H 6 is the formula for benzene.

a. C 6H 6(l) + O 2(g) CO 2(g) + H 2O(l)
b. CO(g) + O 2(g) CO 2(g)
c. Cl 2(g) + NaBr(s) NaCl(s) + Br 2(g)
d. CaCO 3(s) CaO(s) + CO 2(g)

107. Write skeleton equations for the following reactions.
a. ammonium phosphate(aq) + chromium(III)

bromide(aq) ammonium bromide(aq) +
chromium(III) phosphate(s)
b. chromium(VI) hydroxide(s) chromium(VI)
oxide(s) + water(l)
c. aluminum(s) + copper(I) chloride(aq) aluminum
chloride(aq) + copper(s)
d. potassium iodide(aq) + mercury(I) nitrate(aq)
potassium nitrate(aq) + mercury(I) iodide(s)


110. Predict whether each of the following reactions will
occur in aqueous solutions. If you predict that a reaction

will not occur, explain your reasoning. Note: Barium
sulfate and silver bromide precipitate in aqueous
solutions.
a. sodium hydroxide + ammonium sulfate
b. niobium(V) sulfate + barium nitrate
c. strontium bromide + silver nitrate
111. Complete the missing information in the following
skeleton equation and balance the chemical equation:
NaOH(aq) + ___ 3NaCl(aq) + Al(OH) 3(aq)

112. Precipitate Formation The addition of hydrochloric
acid to beakers containing solutions of either sodium

chloride (NaCl) or silver nitrate (KNO 3) causes a white
precipitate in one of the beakers.
a. Which beaker contains a precipitate?
b. What is the precipitate?
c. Write a chemical equation showing the reaction.
d. Classify the reaction.
1 13. Write the skeleton equation and the balanced chemical
equation for the reaction between iron and chlorine.

314
114. Write a chemical equation representing the decomposi-
tion of water into two gaseous products. What are

the products?
115. Distinguish between an ionic compound and a molecu-
lar compound dissolved in water. Do all molecular

compounds ionize when dissolved in water? Explain.
116. Classify the type of reactions that occur in aqueous
solutions, and give an example to support your answer.
Think Critically
117. Explain how an equation can be balanced even if the
number of reactant particles differs from the number of

product particles.
118. Apply Describe the reaction of aqueous solutions of
sodium sulfide and copper(II) sulfate, producing the

precipitate copper(II) sulfide.
119. Predict A piece of aluminum metal is placed in
aqueous KCl. Another piece of aluminum is placed in

an aqueous AgNO 3 solution. Explain why a chemical
reaction does or does not occur in each instance.
120. Design an Experiment You suspect that the water in a
lake close to your school might contain lead in the form

of Pb 2+(aq) ions. Formulate your suspicion as a
hypothesis and design an experiment to test your theory.
Write the net ionic equations for the reactions of your
experiment. (Hint: In aqueous solution, Pb 2+ forms compounds that are solids with Cl -, Br -, I -, and SO 4 2- ions.)
121. Predict When sodium metal reacts with water, it pro-
duces sodium hydroxide, hydrogen gas, and heat. Write

balanced chemical equations for Li, Na, and K reacting
with water. Use Figure 9.13 to predict the order of the
amount of heat released from least to most amount of
heat released.
122. Apply Write the chemical equations and net ionic
equations for each of the following reactions that might

occur in aqueous solutions. If a reaction does not occur,
write NR in place of the products. Magnesium phosphate precipitates in an aqueous solution.
a. KNO 3 + CsCl
b. Ca(OH) 2 + KCN
c. Li 3PO 4 + MgSO 4
d. HBrO + NaOH
123. Analyze Explain why a nail exposed to air forms rust,
whereas the same nail exposed to a pure nitrogen environment does not form rust.
124. Evaluate Write a balanced chemical equation for the
reaction of aluminum with oxygen to produce aluminum oxide.

Challenge Problem
125. A single-replacement reaction occurs between copper
and silver nitrate. When 63.5 g of copper reacts with

339.8 g of silver nitrate, 215.8 g of silver is produced.
Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
What other product formed? What is the mass of the
second product?
Additional Assessment
Chemistry
134. Kitchen Chemistry Make a poster describing chem-
ical reactions that occur in the kitchen.

135. Mathematical Equations Write a report that
compares and contrasts chemical equations and

mathematical equations.
Cumulative Review
126. Complete the following problems in scientific notation.
Round off to the correct number of significant figures.

(Chapter 2)
a. (5.31 10 -2 cm) (2.46 10 5 cm)
b. (6.42 10 -2 g) (3.21 10 -3 g)
c. (9.87 10 4 g) - (6.2 10 3 g)
127. Distinguish between a mixture, a solution, and a
136. Balance Equations Create a flowchart describing
how to balance a chemical equation.
Document-Based Questions
Solubility Scientists, in determining whether a precipitate
will occur in a chemical reaction, use a solubility rules chart.
Table 9.6 lists the solubility rules for ionic compounds in water.
Data obtained from: Van Der Sluys, W.G. 2001, J. Chem. Ed. 78:111115
compound. (Chapter 3)
128. Data from chromiums four naturally occurring isotopes
is provided in Table 9.5. Calculate chromiums atomic
Table 9.6 Solubility Rules for Ionic Compound in Water

Ionic
Compound
mass. (Chapter 4)
Table 9.5 Chromium Isotope Data
Isotope
Percent Abundance
Group 1 cations and NH 4 + ions

form soluble salts.
Mass (amu)
Cr-50
4.35%
49.946
Cr-52
83.79%
51.941
Cr-53
9.50%
52.941
Cr-54
2.36%
53.939
All nitrates are soluble.

Soluble
salts
electron-dot structure. (Chapter 5)

130. Identify the elements by their electron configuration.
131. Write the electron configuration for the element fitting
each description. (Chapter 6)

a. a metalloid in group 13
b. a nonmetal in group 15, period 3
132. Describe the formation of positive and negative ions.
(Chapter 7)
133. Write the formula for the compounds made from each
of the following pairs of ions. (Chapter 7)

a. copper(I) and sulfite
b. tin(IV) and fluoride
c. gold(III) and cyanide
d. lead(II) and sulfide
Most halides are soluble, except those of

Pb 2+, Hg 2 2+, Ag +, and Cu +.
Most sulfates are soluble, with the
exceptions of those of Ba 2+, Sr 2+, and
Pb 2+, Ag +, Ca 2+, and Hg 2 2+ form slightly
soluble sulfates.
129. Differentiate between electron configuration and
(Chapter 5)
a. 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 64s 23d 104p 5
b. [Ne]3s 23p 4
c. [Xe]6s 2
Rule
Insoluble
salts
Hydroxides, oxides, and sulfides are usually

insoluble, except that those of group 1 ions
and NH 4 + are soluble and those of group 2
ions are slightly soluble.
Chromates, phosphates, and carbonates
are usually insoluble, except that those
of group 1 ions and NH 4 + are soluble.
Using the solubility rules provided in the table above, complete the following chemical equations. Indicate whether
a precipitate forms or not. Identify the precipitate. If no
reaction occurs, write NR.
137. Ca(NO 3) 2(aq) + Na 2CO 3(aq)
138. Mg(s) + NaOH(aq)
139. PbS(s) + LiNO 3(aq)
Chapter 9 Assessment 315

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Chemical Reactions

BIG Idea Millions of chemical

9.1 Reactions and Equations

represented by balanced chemical

9.2 Classifying Chemical

9.3 Reactions in Aqueous

Chemical Reactions Make the

How do you know when a

STEP 1 Fold a sheet

STEP 2 Cut the top

&/,$!",%3 Use this Foldable with Section 9.2.

Visit glencoe.com to:

take Self-Check Quizzes

use the Personal Tutor to work Example

access Web Links for more information,

find the Try at Home Lab, Preventing a

Chapter 9 Chemical Reactions 281

Reactions and Equations

Chapter 9 Chemical Reactions

Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers, Inc.

In addition to a temperature change, other types of evidence might

Figure 9.2 Each of these photos

Representing Chemical Reactions

separates two or more

separates reactants from

separates reactants from

identifies a solid state

identifies a liquid state

identifies a gaseous state

identifies a water solution

Section 9.1 Reactions and Equations 283

Word equations You can use statements called word

Reactant 1 + Reactant 2 Product 1

Skeleton equations Although word equations help to

Al(s) + Br 2(l) AlBr 3(s)

Extra Practice Page 980 and glencoe.com

Write skeleton equations for the following word equations.

1. Hydrogen and bromine gases react to yield hydrogen bromide.

Chapter 9 Chemical Reactions

Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Figure 9.4 The information conveyed by

One aluminum atom

Chemical equations Like word equations, skeleton equations lack

Balancing Chemical Equations

Personal Tutor For an online tutorial

Figure 9.5 In a balanced chemical

Two aluminum atoms

Section 9.1 Reactions and Equations 285

Steps for balancing equations Most chemical equations can be

Interactive Table Explore balancing

Steps for Balancing Equations

Write the skeleton equation for the

Count the atoms of the elements in the

Count the atoms of the elements in the

Change the coefficients to make the

One hydrogen atom

Two hydrogen atoms

Write the coefficients in their lowest