Burkill A Second Course in Mathematical Analysis
Burkill A Second Course in Mathematical Analysis
Burkill A Second Course in Mathematical Analysis
feol < BIDE
aly hole ifand iy one of rascal mati of he ote.Pa erate spaces pa
Proof. Since 0.y
x4 0.Take
(ee execie 20,6), we may assume that
= PH,
a= ae
Then 0.6 [Arty = (ies). Ube)
= APE + Ax.9) +209) +b It
ale at pp,
at —2) fe + be
Moreover [Awa] = 0, je Pty = 0, if and only ify = ax for
some number = |
eas 2)
1. Show that the ftowins i adn ves pce:
(t= 0d) crear a0 8s
9 Sp dentes ea
He army, mee
2 Tove tat the dtete ti oon oe anton (oF 21) emt te
eed rom a no
3. Two gern on a vector space a eae i ey ie sociale
ais Red tryed Ton ont ae
Mh be ete
focal eV, (Comat ease 20,7)
4. Show tat if a armed vitor spc, an an prodaet eis thn
Salus a
5. Jee Tee une = Gu ns mnt
"ch that Boor Vey tp wen
He)
ny! even
fea mete on 7 tat ts is rm anos tha oh nor the
evaponds ti nme Bl
(6 Svow that nan nna rod pe =0.¥=0,
Petplte bey! = 203149,
‘ace :
wonsts as
The sequent (x) (2) ln the nored vector space ¥ conve 0.)
‘prion sara guess Cl comers to Pree.
ee eastern 204
roe se that f posit a ner produ, hen
2, Alera iio ofr pad space, Let V be x compe a) vor
Specs ad pte tah ery ordered pi (9) st cements oY thse
‘Sloe amp ea) aumbwe ry seh tha p12 rats ab
TStvavse Vina Osnds.s's ovfund ooh f=.
Show tin fs ~ yee wa or on
23, Open and closed sets
In this setion we consider subets of xed metric space (Xp).
‘We shall ws the aymbol 2 forthe metre space es well asthe set
without reiterating that pis specif
Let ae and ltr be a postive real number. These of points =
such that fe 3) < recalled the oper all with centre a and radius
sve shall denote i by Dl@:/). In RY, Bfe:7) is the open interval
Gen a+n, In Re and in Z an open ball usualy caled an open
hse
Defivion. Given a subset B of X Coch may Be X isl, the pot
C24 ies to be lit point af EW, fr ecery€ > 0, there isan
‘ee Ech that Os
fe, Bler6)~(0) conti a point of E
“A limit point eof canals be defined by eter ofthe following
‘vo conditions:
{) Every open ball B(: contains infinitely many point of E.
Gp There fea sequence of points x, such that x, 4 ¢ and
‘His clear that a pointe wid peoprtes (or (isa int point of E.
Conversely, fs imi point of then for every m,there ia point
se B such that 0 plex.) < Mn
and s0 (i i satisiod. Alo (i implies.
"The canitions () oF (@) show that a finite set eannot have afi
point Anifnite et may oe may not hae a init pot, For example
the subst (1,2, 3, ) OF has mo limit pont
‘isimportant to note that a imi point of aset Emay or may not
belong to 2 For instance in, Eis the terval (0,1), then exery
point in the interval 0 1] Timit point of.26 erate sracts Ba
[A point c of Eis std to be an ftlated point of Bits not a iit
point of E Thus, ie ian olted point of B, there ia 2 > 0 such
that Bte: 8) contains no point of B ater than
Deftion, Given ase E © X, the point ce Eisai to bean interior
point of Ef thre is @8 > Osuch tha Be: 9) =
1A pins ta pen al a) aac pins of Bl For soo
oN ORS se cee rerand pes) ten
Ha,s) < arsed) < stor
tnd xe Bar. Teor Be 1) Bir Le. eam ter pont of
Bi
=
$25. The eo int poi of £3 a: he tf ntsor oins|
orn).
th torr of ep ei it
to =z.
12 AAC i ahs coming fhe pois esac att < ol <2. These
ot eat pains te solo usta fe fl 62 Tes of mere pois
Exe 20% the st fps 4:9 ech tat y= oad . Hence (Xo) is complete.
(i) Any two campeon of (0) are tsomeric, Let (Y, 0) be 8
completion of p)and let (Be a subspace of (Y 0) isometic
‘vith (9). Proweding asin) we group the Cauchy sequences
(0) in Yo into equivalence cases.
‘Since Ys complet, every Cauchy sequence in Ys has a limit in
sun ley all Cauchy sequences belonging to the sme equivalence
kas * have the same limit y- Conversely, to any ye Y, there
‘corresponds an equlvlence class y*. For, siace Yy is dense in Y,
thore i a sequence ()) in Yo which conterges to and y* is he
quivalenoe class determined by (7). We have therefore et up a
‘ection between the equialene asses y* and the points of Y.
Tet (WH) be another completion of (ip) with subspace (M70
isometric to (X.4). As Before, we have a bection between the points
of WV and the equivalence cases w* of Cauchy sequenes in 7
‘The spaces (Yoo) and (7.79 ate fsomettin since each is fo-
metic with (3. I i ae corzesponding sequences iY
and MY respectively, then
8h) < im pe 2) +:
=m)
and therfore, when one is « Cauchy sequence, so is the other,
Moreover, if (9), (v) also correspond, then () ~ (1) if and only
E(w) ~ Gu). Hanae the isometry between (14,09) and (Me, 7)60 —_conrnsvous ruNertons ow steric sracet BS
nduoss a bijoction botwoon the set of and the se of wand thence
leads to. bjction between Y and IY (which preserves the orginal
Dijetion between Yo and 17).
"Now let y, "and wwe 9” be any corresponding pairs of
points, Let (1, (4) and (vg) be eoresponing sequences from
YY and HM respectively such that Joy. 30-29" and >,
iw, Tn view of te isometry beiveen (Yq. 0) and (4) we
RENE (yy) = lim atya 32) = fi
‘Thus the bijection between &) and (7) sn fs
Tis now cay to construct completion af (%, 9) which scully contains
(aip) st sores Lat ms
“Se oan natura coepondnc tween hpi af Xa the pine
‘Dotty ing the son eben Sandy an by lig te pens of
eyyin and in concpens to hecbeThe mee pon 2 et
Call PG = ey
(21%) the desea compton of (1). We hve proved hat ay ene
‘poi canbe ended na cope mcr pece wh rtf th pe.
w= 200, 0,
isometry. |
are uO
Bue 309
4 Lat (4p) a maticspce Sha hati (0 5 a compete me sce
onlin sbaace rare ah (Xp), (Ye) sma amps
rae.
2. Siow, by mens on empl at meri pce (7) may ve com
Fela (Fad (run wm bal vad eee me oO)
Grey es
Olen the mente space (0), M9) Be a competon whieh cons
Ty,p) sea subse. Prove tht conretin mapa on bars unique
fenngoc euenson o> yan tha Ha costa mapping 88
Gren.
3.6, Compact metre spaces
‘Among the properties of metric spaces considered by us the one
‘with the most far-reaching cosequences is compactness.
Defiion, Let (X,p) bea metric space. A subset E of X (which may
‘be X sl) sald ob compa eer semence in Eas subsequence
nhich conserges x BF Xt compact we sy tat the meri space
(ip) eons
24 compact meraie traces a
‘oye ay mee space te emp at orpat i) The nasty
sot Eight apse (2p) compa and oa ia ntpace (ee) ot
Exp eames.
(In any mai space,» tof ol fie numberof point era
‘To proves me ned ony ease atthe emp scr ohati
a) segs in eS ys Es lee poet apes nly
‘Sania
(i Every Ste oe neal of comp
Fs conser an nev of) a seqence na hen a
ssi ne et ce i coi cp,
‘hae, = 2 and 0B compact.
Nene =f Be te fit aed ili ad et (59 be a
seen In Hag = aa the, sie (2) herd he a Se
‘Stone (6) wich somerga tos poi fin (0) Pu © fy,
[Ay vd, ther sabequnce yf) whch ones 1 «4
Ina Abo dy. snee 6 Dut (i) an (9) are baie)
snd) fan) epiney, Therefore the subseene Ca) cones
‘oihe point r= Gin ne ix compact.
he East dng am Ro ay Badal fo mae te indie
ti) and 2 rent compact. Fa insane in the sguense of posne
liners iano comer susequnce
(0) CL oth seal met) not compas, For, water mea
stetunctons fn 2, en 8
Aldmn (ex
secomiovuson Xan hese (cle has no cower subguees
‘Thelst woillstetii show tht a complete metre space nsed not
be compact. On the other hand, compactness implies completeness.
‘Theorem 3.1. A compact sein a metric space aso compete,
Proof. Let (%, 9) bea netic space and let E bea compact se in X,
‘A Cauchy sequence (x) in # has a subsequence (x,) which con
‘verges toa point eB. Then
Pla 2) Ps) 4A 9) O,
i xx, (Essentially the same argument, n aa expanded version,
foxms the ast part of the peoot of theorem 3.42) |
‘The property of compactness may also be expressed slighty
siereaty,
1S fat
62 continuous suncrions ow wETHIC sractS BS
‘Theorem 3.62. A set Etna metre space is compat if en only ier
Infinite subset of basa least on int pont.
Proof.
{) Suppose thatthe set Bin a given metric space is compact. Let
‘Abe an infinite subset of E Then A contains countably infite
‘atnet the points of which may be arranged in a sequence (x)
Since Eis compact, 2) has @ subsequence (x) which converges 10
2 point © Clearly xis limit point of the st (Sy Xap) 00d
oof the set
Gi) Suppose tat every infinite subset of Eas atleast one Hii
jolbtin B Let a) be any sequence in E. The set of pont yy)
nay then be file of ffi IF (py) i Hite, then (68 in
5tuteation @) on p. 61) at lest one of i points occurs infinitely
many times i the sequence (x). Thus (x) has a convergent sub
Sequence. Ifthe set (init, then it has limit point
tin Band this is clesely the limit of «subsequence of (9). |
‘A bounded se in Re Tis na closed interval. As we have een that
such an interval is conigat, we now Rave the following result: 4
Bounded, ifnte sete RFs atleast one init po. Tis 8 the
olzano-Weiestras theorem, one ofthe aries results in pot se
theory.
“The next result is an analogue of theorem 3.43.
‘Theorem 3.63. Let (X, 9) bea mere spac and et Ebe asset of X.
1 IE ls compact, then Eis bonded and eased
(3) 7X ts eompact and Es closed, then Es compact.
Proof.
() IPE is compet then itis also complete and s0 closed by
‘theorem 3.43 (The dist proof is also quite simp.
Tetarbe fixed point of X.1f Bs not bounded, there ia sequence
(xin E such that
Absa) > (em nd
‘Thus plsys¢) +00 as n> co. I (is any subsequence of
Phin. 0) se a5 > eb and 40 (54) eannot converge. Hence
nat compact.
Gi) Let (x) be any sequence nF and sin X Since Xs compact,
ee yw nr Yad: Hs sed,
theorem 231 shows that rE. Therefore Eis compact. |
36 ccourace uerate sracts a
CCorltory. In Reasetiscompat if and ony ts Bounded an elosed.
‘Although in the space R®the converse of () is re, in genera itis
Inlse. A counter examples given in exercise 3(/), 3
Tithe rest ofthis section we investigate the properties ofeontinuous
fuetions with compact domains.
“herent 3.64. Ifthe domaln ofa contnuous functions compact, then
the range Is also compact
Proof. Let (Xp) be a compact metric space, let (¥,) be any
mss space and suppose thatthe function f+. -> ix continuous
fon X We wish o show thatthe subset /(X) of Ys compact
“Take any sequence (4) in f(X). For each nehoose an x sch that
fo) = Yue ere may be several for which f(s) = y.) Since
Js compact, the sequence (xa) contains a subsequence (xy) which
converges to a point x X. Then, by theorem 333 the continuity of
Freasues that flr)» A). Henee, if fle) = Ye yey, where
ef. {
Corollary 1. Ifthe domain of a continous faction is compact, then
‘the ranges Bounded an closed
Corotary 2. Ifthe domain of @ reabsalued comtuous faction is
compact, the the fneion i bounded aed atans its upper and Tower
ound i
“The second corollary follows from the fac that a bounded, close
set in A? contains is supremum and infimum (exercise 2(0, 2) Tt
teneralizs the correeponding elementary result ia which the domain
ofthe funtion is fit, closed interval (Cl, theorem 3.7).
Theorem 365, If the domaln of a bijective, continuous fiction is
compact, then the inverse fartion ts also continuous (Le the farction
18a homomorphism).
Fist proof. Let f: X- ¥ be a bijective, continuous Funetion with
compact domain (X,¢) and with range (Y,¢).
Let (y) be a sequence in Y which converges fo a point yeY.
We wish'to show that A) 4G). Put J.) = ye Since 5
compact, (1) contains at least one convergent subsequence. Let
(Ge) bo such 8 sequence with imi ay. Then, a5 fis continveus,
5 = Men) 10
Dut yng > y and so fla) = y, Le. x = f°Q). Therefore every con-
‘vergent subsequenes of (5) converges to x = /-1Q) It thea follows& ~—contisuous ruNertons on mrrate smAcet [86
by the compactness of X Gee exercise 3(/),4) that +, oF
Pd =O).
‘Second proof. This is shore, but more sophisticated,
Let F be a closed set in X, By theorem 3.63 (i), Fis compact and,
by theorem 3.6, (Fi compact. The, by theorem 3.63), /(F)
elosed in ¥. Thus (F-)-1(F) (be /(F) is lose in ¥ whenever Fis
‘owed in X. Therefore, by theorem 3.23 Gi), continuous on Y. |
‘An immediate corollary isthe well known theorem (C1, theorem
39) that a sirely mowaonle,eontiuous, real fanetion on an ineral
Tia @ continous inverse
‘The property of uniform continuity, possessed by real functions
continuous on a closed interval, was briefly discussed in Cl G38).
It wae used to prove that « continuous fonction ir intagrable, We
now consider uniform continuity in the general sting of metric
Spaces
‘We rosa that, when (Xp) and (¥, 0) are metic epaces, the
function f= ¥-> Ys continuous atthe point ee if, given there
iad auch that
ef, f10) < € whenever plsye) Owith the property that, to every 8 > 0 there correspond points
sve X such that
hs) <@ and o(ft0),f0)) >
‘Thos there ate sequences (x) (y,) of points in Xsuch that,
Alva In) < Un and oC ft. fOW) > &
Sinee X is compact, the sequence (x) contains convergent sub-
sequence (x) with limite, say. We have
He § Oh BDH A)
Oa
YS RK 9) aod pte = ye Sie ue
setlk cue yt
foe % th ral ational mamBerw* (Which cst 6.) sch tat
Tp cen has cs rte port conseuenes
©) I 5550 1,2, aera
Poin viol br thn a a ny Un
‘Suppor hat mm Cen ay rea nor et 0%, (the ia read
a mur ich tho" < cB 9 Dan ea Iga
oyu May Tico ty a ete ye fora Tht
234th epost ipiste flows inmindyfon
(© rel ana gene (8) Cel een anol the ee
Ping altro Gx) Caney see
"Te poo srt that of 0).
©) Yay relat, 2a
Pong Sy thn So
“Toke any "real stnber ct > OY, By (there are real atonal nibs
alts ‘Ghath aro yore e,Sce Gira Cah segura, He
Bie reat kon om gee
Bf eto mr, Then sas (950) €¥" tnd =p em
ti dtnitn oneal smog ie mune epi! ie
nec apcntost ey ce,
2) ae there
the rea ain! mr ore
‘Wot now
1 prove te findaental theorem of th rset hry,(00) Bry Comey sec ofl made camer
‘ead pr) of pot there Lat) ay Caney seas
fal mabe By (0 foreach n hr ral ail mur ee
ondng trol mmr so at
Since et a Cauchy sequences there. By (90 Cay
Spi gf cal be SRS eins ve man 9 3
recat ft
Iowa wu-o
‘Wet shows sh nih the wal met the tt of 0 numb on
piston ote seo fel ational mnt. Seo beepers acon
Fare in th rot of tcc 3a coatd te oa gution of apne the
there, ie real nunber ae ped tah ns eation ed fs el
"ata namber hing sed te ppose, eed ho lege be ed, We
spread te ton i amas Ta pr 833
tno dente th al sumbet wich were former miten €% 16350,
eal