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Science and the Environment
Section 2: The Environment and Society

Preview
Bellringer
Objectives
The Tragedy of the Commons
Costs and Benefits
Risk Assessment
Developed and Developing Countries
Population and Consumption
Local Population Pressures
Section 2

Section 2: The Environment and Society
Preview, continued
Consumption Trends
Ecological Footprints
Critical Thinking and the Environment
A Sustainable World
Section 2
Bellringer
Section 2
Section 2
Objectives
Describe The Tragedy of the Commons.
Explain the law of supply and demand.
List three differences between developed and
developing countries.
Explain what sustainability is, and describe why it is a
goal of environmental science.
Section 2

In his essay, ecologist Garrett Hardin argued that the
main difficulty in solving environmental problems is the
conflict between the short-term interests of the individual
and the long-term welfare of society.
The example he used was the commons, or the areas of
land that belonged to the whole village.
Section 2

It was in the best interest of the individual to put as many
animals in the commons as possible.
However, if too many animals grazed on the commons,
they destroyed the grass.
Once the grass was destroyed, everyone suffered
because no one could raise animals on the commons.
Section 2

The commons were eventually replaced by closed fields
owned by individuals.
Owners were now careful not to put too many animals on
their land, because overgrazing wouldnt allow them to
raise as many animals next year.
Hardins point being that someone or some group must
take responsibility for maintaining a resource or it will
become depleted.
Section 2

Hardins point can be applied to our modern commons,
natural resources.
Humans live in societies, and in societies, we can solve
environmental problems by planning, organizing,
considering the scientific evidence, and proposing a
solution.
The solution may be to override the short-term interests
of the individual and improve the environment for
everyone in the long run.
Supply and Demand

The Law of Supply and
Demand is a law of
economics that states as
the demand for a good
or service increases, the
value or the food or
service also increases.
An example is the world
oil production.
Section 2
Section 2
Costs and Benefits

The cost of environmental solutions can be high.
A cost-benefit analysis balances the cost of the action
against the benefits one expects from it.
The results depend on who is doing the analysis. For
example, pollution control may be too costly to an
industry, but to a nearby community, the price may well
be worth it.
Often, environmental regulations are passed on to the
consumer or taxpayer.
Section 2
Risk Assessment
One of the costs of any action is the risk of an
undesirable outcome.
Risk assessment is a tool that helps us create cost
effective ways to protect our health and environment.
To come up with an effective solution to an
environmental problem, the public must perceive the risk
accurately.
Section 2
Developed and Developing Countries

The unequal distribution of wealth and resources around
the world influence the environmental problems and
solutions a society can make.
Developed countries have higher incomes, slower
population growth, diverse industrial economies, and
stronger social support.
Developing countries have lower average incomes,
simple agriculture-based communities, and rapid
population growth.
Section 2
Population and Consumption
Almost all environmental problems can be traced back

to two root causes:
The human population in some areas is growing too

quickly for the local environment to support.
People are using up, wasting, or polluting many

natural resources faster than they can be renewed,
replaced, or cleaned up.
Section 2

When the population in an area grows rapidly, there may
not be enough natural resources for the everyone to live
a healthy, productive life.
In severely overpopulated regions, forests are stripped
bare, topsoil is exhausted, and animals are driven to
extinction.
In these areas, malnutrition, starvation, and disease can
be constant threats.
Section 2

In developing countries, millions of people are starving.
Yet these human populations tend to the grow the
fastest.
Food production, education, and job creation cannot
keep pace with the population growth, so each person
gets fewer resources as time goes by.
Section 2
Consumption Trends
To support the higher quality of life, developed countries
are using much more of Earths resources.
Developed nations use about 75 percent of the worlds
resources, although they make up only 20 percent of the
worlds population.
This rate of consumption creates more waste and
pollution per person then in developing countries.
Consumption Trends
Section 2
Section 2
Ecological footprints are calculations that show the
productive area of Earth needed to support one person
in a particular country.
An ecological footprint estimates the land used for crops,
grazing, forests products, and housing. It also includes
the ocean area used to harvest seafood and the forest
area needed to absorb the air pollution caused by fossil
fuels.
An ecological footprint is one
way to express the
differences in consumption
between nations.
Section 2
Section 2

People on either side on an environmental issue may
feel passionately about their cause and can distort
information to mislead people about the issue.
Research done by scientists is often used to make a
political point or is misinterpreted to support controversial
data.
Section 2

Also, the economic dimension of an environmental issue
may be oversimplified.
And to complicate matters still, the media often
sensationalizes environmental issues.
For these reasons and others you must use your critical
thinking skills when making decisions about
environmental issues.
Section 2

Remember a few things as you explore environmental
science further:
First, be prepared to listen to many viewpoints over a
particular issue.
Second, investigate the source of the information you
encounter.
Third, gather all the information you can before
drawing a conclusion.
Section 2
A Sustainable World
Sustainability is the condition in which human needs
are met in such a way that a human population can
survive indefinitely.
Sustainability is a key goal of environmental science.
Section 2
A Sustainable World
A sustainable world is not unchanging as technological
advances and human civilizations continue to be
productive.
However, our current world is not sustainable as the
developed countries are using resources faster than they
can be replaced.
Achieving a sustainable world requires everyones
participation including individual citizens, industry, and
the government.
Section 2
Math Practice
Section 2

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Science and the Environment

Section 2: The Environment and Society

Science and the Environment

Science and the Environment

Science and the Environment

Science and the Environment

The Tragedy of the Commons

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The Tragedy of the Commons

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Supply and Demand

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Costs and Benefits

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Developed and Developing Countries

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Population and Consumption

Almost all environmental problems can be traced back

The human population in some areas is growing too

People are using up, wasting, or polluting many

Science and the Environment

Local Population Pressures

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Local Population Pressures

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Critical Thinking and the Environment

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