Chapter 05

Borgnakke Sonntag
Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics
SOLUTION MANUAL
CHAPTER 5
8e
Updated June 2013
Borgnakke and Sonntag
CONTENT CHAPTER 5
SUBSECTION
PROB NO.
In-Text concept questions

Concept problems
Heat engines and refrigerators
Second law and processes
Carnot cycles and absolute temperature
Actual cycles
Finite T heat transfer
Ideal gas Carnot cycles
Review problems
a-g
1-14
15-36
37-43
44-71
72-80
81-96
97-100
101-120
The clip-art used in the solution manual is from Microsoft.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
In-Text Concept Questions

5.a
Electrical appliances (TV, stereo) use electric power as input. What happens to
the power? Are those heat engines? What does the second law say about those
devices?
Most electric appliances such as TV, VCR, stereo and clocks dissipate
power in electrical circuits into internal energy (they get warm) some power goes
into light and some power into mechanical energy. The light is absorbed by the
room walls, furniture etc. and the mechanical energy is dissipated by friction so
all the power eventually ends up as internal energy in the room mass of air and
other substances.
These are not heat engines, just the opposite happens, namely electrical
power is turned into internal energy and redistributed by heat transfer. These are
irreversible processes.

5.b
Geothermal underground hot water or steam can be used to generate electric
power. Does that violate the second law?
No.
Since the earth is not uniform we consider the hot water or steam supply
as coming from one energy source (the high T) and we must reject heat to
a low temperature reservoir as the ocean, a lake or the atmosphere which
is another energy reservoir.
Iceland uses a
significant amount
of steam to heat
buildings and to
generate
electricity.
Microsoft clipart.

5.c
A windmill produces power on a shaft taking kinetic energy out of the wind. Is it
a heat engine? Is it a perpetual machine? Explain.
Since the wind is generated by a complex

system driven by solar heat input and
radiation out to space it is a kind of heat
engine.
Microsoft clipart.
Within our lifetime it looks like it is perpetual. However with a different
time scale the climate will change, the sun will grow to engulf the earth as it burns
out of fuel. There is a storage effect and a non-uniform distribution of states in the
system that drives this.

5.d
heat engines and heat pumps (refrigerators) are energy conversion devices altering
amounts of energy transfer between Q and W. Which conversion direction (Q
W or W Q) is limited and which is unlimited according to the second law.
The work output of a heat engine is limited (Q to W).
You can transform W to Q unlimited (a heat pump that does not work well
or you may think about heat generated by friction).
5.e
Ice cubes in a glass of liquid water will eventually melt and all the water approach
room temperature. Is this a reversible process? Why?
There is heat transfer from the warmer ambient

to the water as long as there is a temperature
difference. Eventually the temperatures
approach each other and there is no more heat
transfer. This is irreversible, as we cannot
make ice-cubes out of the water unless we run
a refrigerator and that requires a work from the
surroundings, which does not leave the
surroundings unchanged.
Microsoft clipart.

5.f
Does a process become more or less reversible with respect to heat transfer if it is
.
fast rather than slow? Hint: Recall from Chapter 3 that Q = CA T.
If the higher heat transfer rate is caused by a larger T then the process is more
irreversible so as the process would be slower due to a lower T then it
approaches a reversible process. If the rate of heat transfer is altered due to the
factor CA with the same T then it is irreversible to the same degree.

5.g
If you generated hydrogen from, say, solar power, which of these would be more
efficient: (1) transport it and then burn it in an engine or (2) convert the solar
power to electricity and transport that? What else would you need to know in
order to give a definite answer?
Case (1):
First there is a certain efficiency when converting solar power to hydrogen. Then
the transport and packaging of hydrogen has some energy expenditures associated
with it. The hydrogen could be compressed to a high pressure (typically 70 MPa)
which is expensive in terms of work input and then stored in a tank. One
alternative would be to cool it down to become a liquid to have a much smaller
volume but the temperature at which this happens is very low so the cooling and
continued cooling under transport requires a significant work input also. Certain
materials like metal-hydrides, boron salt slurries and nano-carbon fibers allows
storage of hydrogen at more modest pressures and are all currently under
investigation as other alternative storage methods. After the hydrogen is
transported to an engine then the engine efficiency determines the work output.
Case (2):
If the solar power is located where there is access to electrical transmission lines
then it can be used in solar panels, solar heating of water or other substance to run
a heat engine cycle like a power plant to generate electricity. All of these
processes have a certain efficiency that must be evaluated to estimate the overall
efficiency. To make new transmission lines is costly and has an impact on the
environment that must be considered.
You also need to look at the time of day/year at which the power is required and
when it is available. The end use also presents some limitations like if the power
should be used for a car then the energy must be stored temporarily like in a
battery.
Concept Problems

5.1
Two heat engines operate between the same two energy reservoirs and both
receives the same QH. One engine is reversible and the other is not. What can you
say about the two QLs?
The reversible heat engine can produce more work (has a higher efficiency) than
the irreversible heat engine and due to the energy conservation it then gives out a
smaller QL compared to the irreversible heat engine.
Wrev = QH - QL rev
>
Wirrev = QH - QL irrev
QL rev < QL irrev

5.2
Compare two domestic heat pumps (A and B) running with the same work input.
If A is better than B which one heats the house most?
The statement that A is better means it has a higher COP and since
QH A = COPA W
> QH B = COPB W
it can thus provide more heat to the house. The higher heat comes from the higher
QL it is able to draw in.

5.3
.
Suppose we forget the model for heat transfer as Q = CA T, can we draw some
information about direction of Q from the second law?
One of the classical statements of the second law is the Clausius statement saying
that you cannot have heat transfer from a lower temperature domain to a higher
temperature domain without work input.
The opposite, namely a transfer of heat from a high temperature domain towards a
lower temperature domain can happen (which is a heat engine with zero
efficiency). That is the only direction the heat transfer can have namely from the
high T towards the low T environment.

5.4
A combination of two heat engines is shown in Fig. P5.4. Find the overall thermal
efficiency as a function of the two individual efficiencies.
The overall efficiency
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
TH = Wnet / Q H = (W1 + W2) / Q H = 1 + W2 / Q H
For the second heat engine and the energy Eq. for the first heat engine
.
.
.
W2 = 2 QM = 2 (1 1) Q H
so the final result is
TH = 1 + 2 (1 1)

5.5
Compare two heat engines receiving the same Q, one at 1200 K and the other at
1800 K; they both reject heat at 500 K. Which one is better?
The maximum efficiency for the engines are given by the Carnot heat
engine efficiency as
TL
.
.
TH = Wnet / QH = 1 T
H
Since they have the same low temperature the one with the highest TH will have a
higher efficiency and thus presumably better.

5.6
A car engine takes atmospheric air in at 20oC, no fuel, and exhausts the air at
20oC producing work in the process. What do the first and the second laws say
about that?
Energy Eq.:
nd
2 law:
W = QH QL = change in energy of air.
OK
Exchange energy with only one reservoir. NOT OK.

This is a violation of the statement of Kelvin-Planck.
Remark: You cannot create and maintain your own energy reservoir.

5.7
A combination of two refrigerator cycles is shown in Fig. P5.7. Find the overall
COP as a function of COP1 and COP2.
The overall COP becomes
.
.
.
.
QL QL W1
W1
1
COP = =
=
= COP1
= COP1
.
.
.
.
. .
Wtot W1 Wtot
Wtot
1 + W2/W1
.
.
.
where we used Wtot = W1 + W2. Use definition of COP2 and energy equation for
.
refrigerator 1 to eliminate QM as
.
.
.
.
.
COP2 = QM / W2
and
QM = W1 + QL
so we have
.
.
.
.
W2 = QM / COP2 = (W1 + QL) / COP2
and then
.
.
. .
W2 / W1 = (1 + QL/W1) / COP2 = (1 + COP1) / COP2
Finally substitute into the first equation and rearrange a little to get
COP1 COP2
COP = = COP + COP + 1
1
2

5.8
After you have returned from a car trip the car engine has cooled down and is thus
back to the state in which it started. What happened to all the energy released in
the burning of the gasoline? What happened to all the work the engine gave out?
Solution:
All the energy from the fuel generates heat and work out of the engine. The heat
is directly dissipated in the atmosphere and the work is turned into kinetic energy
and internal energy by all the frictional forces (wind resistance, rolling resistance,
brake action). Eventually the kinetic energy is lost by braking the car so in the end
all the energy is absorbed by the environment increasing its internal energy.
Microsoft clipart.

5.9
Does a reversible heat engine burning coal (which, in practice, cannot be done
reversibly) have impacts on our world other than depletion of the coal reserve?
Solution:
When you burn coal you form carbon dioxide CO2 which is a greenhouse gas. It
absorbs energy over a wide spectrum of wavelengths and thus traps energy in the
atmosphere that otherwise would go out into space.
Coal from various locations also has sulfur and other substances like heavy metals
in it. The sulfur generates sulfuric acid (resulting in acid rain) in the atmosphere
and can damage the forests.
Microsoft clipart.

5.10
If the efficiency of a power plant goes up as the low temperature drops, why do
power plants not just reject energy at say 40oC?
In order to reject heat the ambient must be at the low temperature. Only if
we moved the plant to the North Pole would we see such a low T.
Remark: You cannot create and maintain your own energy reservoir.
Microsoft clipart.

5.11
If the efficiency of a power plant goes up as the low temperature drops why not
let the heat rejection go to a refrigerator at, say, 10oC instead of ambient 20oC?
The refrigerator must pump the heat up to 20oC to reject it to the ambient. The
refrigerator must then have a work input that will exactly offset the increased
work output of the power plant, if they are both ideal. As we can not build ideal
devices the actual refrigerator will require more work than the power plant will
produce extra.

5.12
A coal-fired power plant operates with a high T of 600oC whereas a jet engine has
about 1400 K. Does that mean we should replace all power plants with jet
engines?
The thermal efficiency is limited by the Carnot heat engine efficiency.
That is, the low temperature is also important. Here the power plant has a
much lower T in the condenser than the jet engine has in the exhaust flow so the
jet engine does not necessarily have a higher efficiency than the power plant.
Gas-turbines are used in power plants where they can cover peak power
demands needed for shorter time periods and their high temperature exhaust can
be used to boil additional water for the steam cycle.
Q H from coal
WP, in
WT
.
Q L to ambient
Microsoft clipart.

5.13
.
A heat transfer requires a temperature difference, see chapter 3, to push the Q.
What implications does that have for a real heat engine? A refrigerator?
This means that there are temperature differences between the source of
energy and the working substance so TH is smaller than the source temperature.
This lowers the maximum possible efficiency. As heat is rejected the working
.
substance must have a higher temperature TL than the ambient receiving the QL,
which lowers the efficiency further.
For a refrigerator the high temperature must be higher than the ambient to
.
which the QH is moved. Likewise the low temperature must be lower than the
cold space temperature in order to have heat transfer from the cold space to the
cycle substance. So the net effect is the cycle temperature difference is larger than
the reservoir temperature difference and thus the COP is lower than that estimated
from the cold space and ambient temperatures.
Both of these situations and statements are illustrated in Fig.5.27.

5.14
Hot combustion gases (air) at 1500 K are used as the heat source in a heat engine
where the gas is cooled to 750 K and the ambient is at 300 K. This is not a
constant T source. How does that affect the efficiency?
Solution:
If the efficiency is written as
1
TL
.
.
TH = Wnet / QH = 1
TH
cb
2
QH
W
HE
then TH is somewhere between 1500 K

and 750 K and it is not a linear average.
TL
After studying chapter 6 and 7 we can solve this problem and find the proper
average high temperature based on properties at states 1 and 2.
Heat Engines and Refrigerators

5.15
A window mounted air conditioner removes 3.5 kJ from the inside of a home
using 1.75 kJ work input. How much energy is released outside and what is its
coefficient of performance?
C.V. A/C unit. The energy QH goes into the outside air.
Energy Eq.:
QH = W + QL = 1.75 + 3.5 = 5.25 kJ
QL
COP:
= W = 3.5 / 1.75 = 2
T amb
QH
REF
W = 1.75 kJ
Q L = 3.5 kJ
TL

5.16
A lawnmower tractor engine produces 18 hp using 40 kW of heat transfer from
burning fuel. Find the thermal efficiency and the rate of heat transfer rejected to
the ambient?
Conversion Table A.1:
18 hp = 18 0.7457 kW = 13.423 kW
.
.
13.423
TH = Wout/QH = 40 = 0.33
Efficiency:
Energy equation:
.
.
.
QL = QH - Wout = 40 13.423 = 26.6 kW
.
QH
.
QL
.
Wout
Microsoft clipart.

5.17
Calculate the thermal efficiency of the steam power plant cycle described in
Example 4.9.
Solution:
From solution to Example 4.9,
wnet = wt + wp = 640.7 4
1Q 2
= 636.7 kJ/kg
qH = qb = 2831 kJ/kg
636.7
TH = wnet/qH = 2831 = 0.225
WT
WP, in
.
QL
.
Notice we cannot write wnet = qH qL as there is an extra heat transfer 1Q2 as a
loss in the line. This needs to be accounted for in the overall energy equation.

5.18
Assume we have a refrigerator operating at steady state using 500 W of electric
power with a COP of 2.5. What is the net effect on the kitchen air?
Take a C.V. around the whole kitchen. The only energy term that crosses
.
the control surface is the work input W apart from energy exchanged with the
.
kitchen surroundings. That is the kitchen is being heated with a rate of W.
.
Remark: The two heat transfer rates are both internal to the kitchen. QH goes into
.
the kitchen air and QL actually leaks from the kitchen into the refrigerated space,
which is the reason we need to drive it out again.

5.19
A room is heated with a 1500 W electric heater. How much power can be saved if
a heat pump with a COP of 2.5 is used instead?
.
Assume the heat pump has to deliver 1500 W as the QH.
. .
Heat pump: = QH/WIN
.
.
1500
WIN = QH/ = 2.5 = 600 W
So the heat pump requires an input of 600 W thus saving the difference
.
Wsaved = 1500 W 600 W = 900 W
Room
QH
HP
cb
Win
QL
TL
Microsoft clipart.

5.20
Calculate the coefficient of performance of the R-134a refrigerator given in
Example 4.8.
Solution:
From the definition
QH
14.54
= Q.L/W
. IN = 5 = 2.91
Notice we cannot write W
. IN = Q.H - Q.L
as there is a small Q. in the compressor.
This needs to be accounted for in the
overall energy equation.
.
Q
-W
loss
Condense
Evaporato
.
QL

5.21
Problem 4.118.
From solution to Problem 4.118,
Turbine A5 = (/4)(0.2)2 = 0.03142 m2
.
V5 = mv5/A5 = 25 kg/s 0.06163 m3/kg / 0.03142 m2 = 49 m/s
h6 = 191.83 + 0.92 2392.8 = 2393.2 kJ/kg
wT = 3404 - 2393.2 - (2002 - 492)/(2 1000) = 992 kJ/kg
.
.
WT = mwT = 25 992 = 24 800 kW
.
WNET = 24800 - 300 = 24 500 kW
From the solution to Problem 4.120
Economizer
A7 = D7/4 = 0.004 418 m2, v7 = 0.001 008 m3/kg
.
V2 = V7 = mv/A7 = 25 0.001008 / 0.004418 = 5.7 m/s,
V3 = (v3/v2)V2 = (0.001 118 / 0.001 008) 5.7 = 6.3 m/s V2
so kinetic energy change is unimportant
qECON = h3 - h2 = 744 - 194 = 550.0 kJ/kg
.
.
QECON = mqECON = 25 (550.0) = 13 750 kW
Generator
A4 = D4/4 = 0.031 42 m2, v4 = 0.060 23 m3/kg

.
V4 = mv4/A4 = 25 0.060 23/0.031 42 = 47.9 m/s
qGEN = 3426 - 744 + (47.92 - 6.32)/(21000) = 2683 kJ/kg
.
QGEN = 25 (2683) = 67 075 kW
The total added heat transfer is

.
QH = 13 758 + 67 075 = 80 833 kW
.
.
24500
TH = WNET/QH = 80833 = 0.303

5.22
A large coal fired power plant has an efficiency of 45% and produces net 1,500
MW of electricity. Coal releases 25 000 kJ/kg as it burns so how much coal is
used per hour?
From the definition of the thermal efficiency and the energy release by the
combustion called heating value HV we get
.
.
.
W = QH = mHV
then
.
m=
.
W
1500 MW
1500 1000 kJ/s
= 0.45 25000 kJ/kg = 0.45 25000 kJ/kg
HV
= 133.33 kg/s = 480 000 kg/h

5.23
A window air-conditioner discards 1.7 kW to the ambient with a power input of
500 W. Find the rate of cooling and the coefficient of performance.
Solution:
.
In this case QH = 1.7 kW goes to the ambient so
.
.
.
Energy Eq. : QL = QH W = 1.7 0.5 = 1.2 kW
REFRIG =
.
QL
.
W
1.2
= 0.5 = 2.4
T amb
QH = 1.7 kW
REF
W = 0.5 kW
QL
TL
Microsoft clipart.

5.24
An industrial machine is being cooled by 0.4 kg/s water at 15oC that is chilled
from 35oC by a refrigeration unit with a COP of 3. Find the rate of cooling
required and the power input to the unit.
Energy equation for heat exchanger

.
.
.
QL = m(h1 h2) = m CP (T1 T2)
= 0.4 kg/s 4.18 kJ/kg-K (35 15) K
= 33.44 kW
.
.
= COP = QL / W
cb
2
QL
W
REF
TH
QH
.
.
W = QL / = 33.44 / 3 = 11.15 kW
Comment: An outside cooling tower is often used for this, see Chapter 11.

5.25
Calculate the COP of the R-410A heat pump cycle described in Problem 4.123.
The cycle is given by the following states:
P
3
Q loss 2
condenser
2 1
compressor
-WC
valve
6
H
3
Condenser
Evaporator
4 evaporator 5
v
cb
.
QL
Where
.
.
QH = m (h2 - h3) = 0.05 kg/s (367 134) kJ/k = 11.65 kW
The COP is
.
.
11.65 kW
= COP = QH / WIN =
5 kW = 2.33

5.26
A window air-conditioner unit is placed on a laboratory bench and tested in
cooling mode using 750 W of electric power with a COP of 1.75. What is the
cooling power capacity and what is the net effect on the laboratory?
Definition of COP:
Cooling capacity:
.
.
= QL / W
.
.
QL = W = 1.75 750 = 1313 W
.
.
For steady state operation the QL comes from the laboratory and QH goes
.
.
.
to the laboratory giving a net to the lab of W = QH - QL = 750 W, that is
heating it.

5.27
A farmer runs a heat pump with a 2 kW motor. It should keep a chicken hatchery
at 30oC, which loses energy at a rate of 10 kW to the colder ambient Tamb. What
is the minimum coefficient of performance that will be acceptable for the heat
pump?
Solution:
.
Power input: W = 2 kW
.
.
Energy Eq. for hatchery:
QH = QLoss = 10 kW
= COP =
Definition of COP:
.
QH
10
= 2 =5
.
W
W = 2 kW
QL
Q leak
QH
HP
cb

5.28
A sports car engine delivers 100 hp to the driveshaft with a thermal efficiency of
25%. The fuel has a heating value of 40 000 kJ/kg. Find the rate of fuel
consumption and the combined power rejected through the radiator and exhaust.
Solution:
.
.
Heating value (HV):
QH = mHV
From the definition of the thermal efficiency
.
.
.
W = QH = mHV
.
.
W
100 0.7355
m=
=
= 0.00736 kg/s = 7.36 g/s
HV 0.25 40 000
Conversion of power from hp to kW in Table A.1.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
QL = QH - W = (W/ W ) = ( 1 )W
1
= ( 0.25 1) 100 hp 0.7355 kW/hp = 221 kW
Air intake filter
Fuel line
Fan
Shaft
power
cb
Exhaust flow

5.29
R-410A enters the evaporator (the cold heat exchanger) in an A/C unit at -20oC, x
= 28% and leaves at -20oC, x = 1. The COP of the refrigerator is 1.5 and the mass
flow rate is 0.003 kg/s. Find the net work input to the cycle.

.
.
.
QL = m(h2 h1) = m[hg (hf + x1 hfg)]
.
.
= m[hfg x1 hfg] = m (1 x1)hfg
cb
2
QL
= 0.003 kg/s 0.72 243.65 kJ/kg = 0.5263 kW

.
.
= COP = QL / W
.
.
W = QL / = 0.5263 / 1.5 = 0.35 kW

5.30
In a Rankine cycle steam power plant 0.9 MW is taken out in the condenser, 0.63
MW is taken out in the turbine, and the pump work is 0.03 MW. Find the plant
thermal efficiency. If everything could be reversed find the COP as a refrigerator.
Solution:
CV. Total plant:
Energy Eq.:
.
.
.
.
QH + WP,in = WT + QL
.
.
.
.
QH = WT + QL WP,in
= 0.63 + 0.9 0.03 = 1.5 MW
QH
WT
WP, in
.
QL
TH =
.
.
WT WP,in
.
QH
.
QL
.
.
WT WP,in
0.63 0.03
= 0.40
1.5
0.9
= 0.63 0.03 = 1.5

5.31
An experimental power plant generates 130 MW of electrical power. It uses a
supply of 1200 MW from a geothermal source and rejects energy to the
atmosphere. Find the power to the air and how much air should be flowed to the
cooling tower (kg/s) if its temperature cannot be increased more than 12oC.
Solution:
C.V. Total power plant.
Energy equation gives the amount of heat rejection to the atmosphere as
.
.
.
QL = QH W = 1200 130 = 1070 MW
The energy equation for the air flow that absorbs the energy is
.
.
.
QL = mair h = mair Cp T
.
QL
.
1070 1000
MW
mair =
=
= 88 811 kg/s
CpT
1.004 12 (kJ/kg-K) K
This is too large to make, so some cooling by liquid water or evaporative cooling
should be used, see chapter 11.
Air
W
Q
QH
HE
TL
cb
Microsoft clipart.

5.32
A water cooler for drinking water should cool 25 L/h water from 18oC to 10oC
while the water reservoir also gains 60 W from heat transfer. Assume a small
refrigeration unit with a COP of 2.5 does the cooling. Find the total rate of
cooling required and the power input to the unit.
The mass flow rate is

. 25 10-3 1
.
m = V = 0.001002 3600 kg/s = 6.93 g/s
.
.
.
QL = m(h1 h2) + QH TR
.
.
= m CP (T1 T2) + QH TR
Q H.TR
cb
2
QL
W
REF
TH
QH
= 6.93 10-3 kg/s 4.18 kJ/kg-K (18 10) K + 60 W

= 291.8 W
.
.
.
.
= COP = QL / W
W = QL / = 291.8 / 2.5 = 116.7 W
Comment: The unit does not operate continuously so the instantaneous power is
higher during the periods it does operate.

5.33
A large stationary diesel engine produces 5 MW with a thermal efficiency of
40%. The exhaust gas, which we assume is air, flows out at 800 K and the intake
air is 290 K. How large a mass flow rate is that, assuming this is the only way we
reject heat? Can the exhaust flow energy be used?
.
.
5
Heat engine: QH = Wout/TH = 0.4 = 12.5 MW
Energy equation:
.
.
.
QL = QH - Wout = 12.5 5 = 7.5 MW
Exhaust flow:
.
.
QL = mair(h800 - h290)
.
QL
7.5 1000 kW
.
= 14.1 kg/s
=
mair = h
822.2 - 290.43 kJ/kg
800 - h290
The flow of hot gases can be used to heat a building or it can be used to
heat water in a steam power plant since that operates at lower temperatures.

5.34
For each of the cases below determine if the heat engine satisfies the first law
(energy equation) and if it violates the second law.
.
.
.
QL = 4 kW, W = 2 kW
a. QH = 6 kW,
b.
.
QH = 6 kW,
.
QL = 0 kW,
.
W = 6 kW
c.
.
QH = 6 kW,
.
QL = 2 kW,
.
W = 5 kW
d.
.
QH = 6 kW,
.
QL = 6 kW,
.
W = 0 kW
Solution:
a
b
c
1 . law
Yes
Yes
No
st
2nd law
Yes (possible)
No, impossible Kelvin - Planck
Yes, but energy not conserved
Yes
.
Yes (Irreversible Q over T)
TH
QH
HE
cb
QL
TL

5.35
For each of the cases in problem 5.34 determine if a heat pump satisfies the first
law (energy equation) and if it violates the second law.
.
.
.
QL = 4 kW, W = 2 kW
a. QH = 6 kW,
b.
.
QH = 6 kW,
.
QL = 0 kW,
.
W = 6 kW
c.
.
QH = 6 kW,
.
QL = 2 kW,
.
W = 5 kW
d.
.
QH = 6 kW,
.
QL = 6 kW,
.
W = 0 kW
Solution:
a
b
c
d
1st. law
Satisfied
Satisfied
Violated
Satisfied
2nd law
Does not violate
Does not violate
Does not violate, but 1st law
Does violate, Clausius
TH
QH
HP
W
cb
QL
TL

5.36
Calculate the amount of work input a refrigerator needs to make ice cubes out of a
tray of 0.25 kg liquid water at 10oC. Assume the refrigerator has = 3.5 and a
motor-compressor of 750 W. How much time does it take if this is the only
cooling load?
C.V. Water in tray. We neglect tray mass.
Energy Eq.:
Process :
m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2

P = constant = Po
1W2 = P dV = Pom(v2 v1)
1Q2
= m(u2 u1) + 1W2 = m(h2 h1)
Tbl. B.1.1 : h1 = 41.99 kJ/kg, Tbl. B.1.5 : h2 = - 333.6 kJ/kg

1Q2 = 0.25(-333.4 41.99 ) = - 93.848 kJ
Consider now refrigerator
= QL/W
W = QL/ = - 1Q2/ = 93.848/3.5 = 26.81 kJ
For the motor to transfer that amount of energy the time is found as
.
.
W = W dt = W t
.
t = W/W = (26.81 1000)J /750 W = 35.75 s
Comment: We neglected a baseload

of the refrigerator so not all the 750 W
are available to make ice, also our
coefficient of performance is very
optimistic and finally the heat transfer
is a transient process. All this means
that it will take much more time to
make ice-cubes.
Second Law and Processes

5.37
Prove that a cyclic device that violates the KelvinPlanck statement of the second
law also violates the Clausius statement of the second law.
Solution: Proof very similar to the proof in section 5.2.
H.E. violating Kelvin receives QH from
T
H
TH and produces net W = QH.
QH
W
This W input to H.P. receiving QL from TL.

H.P. discharges QH + QL to TH .
Net Q to TH is : -QH + QH + QL = QL.
QH + Q L
HE
HP
QL
C.V. Total
TL
H.E. + H.P. together transfers QL from TL to TH with no W thus violates

Clausius.

5.38
Discuss the factors that would make the power plant cycle described in Problem
4.118 an irreversible cycle.
Solution:
General discussion, but here are a few of the most significant factors.
1. Combustion process that generates the hot source of energy.
2. Heat transfer over finite temperature difference in boiler.
3. Flow resistance and friction in turbine results in less work out.
4. Flow friction and heat loss to/from ambient in all pipes.
5. Heat transfer over finite temperature difference in condenser.

5.39
Discuss the factors that would make the heat pump described in Problem 4.123 an
irreversible cycle.
Solution:
General discussion but here are a few of the most significant factors.
1. Unwanted heat transfer in the compressor.
2. Pressure loss (back flow leak) in compressor
3. Heat transfer and pressure drop in line 1 => 2.
4. Pressure drop in all lines.
5. Throttle process 3 => 4.

5.40
Assume a cyclic machine that exchanges 6 kW with a 250oC reservoir and has
.
.
a. QL = 0 kW, W = 6 kW
.
.
b. QL = 6 kW, W = 0 kW
.
and QL is exchanged with a 30oC ambient. What can you say about the
processes in the two cases a and b if the machine is a heat engine? Repeat the
question for the case of a heat pump.
Solution:
Heat engine
.
a. Since QL = 0 impossible Kelvin Planck
b.
Possible, irreversible, eng = 0
eat pump
a. Possible, irreversible (like an electric heater)
b. Impossible, , Clausius

5.41
Consider a heat engine and heat pump connected as shown in figure P5.41.
Assume TH1 = TH2 > Tamb and determine for each of the three cases if the setup
satisfy the first law and/or violates the 2nd law.
a
b
c
.
QH1
6
6
3
.
QL1
4
4
2
.
W1
2
2
1
.
QH2
3
5
4
.
QL2
2
4
3
.
W2
1
1
1
Solution:
st
a
b
c
1 . law
Yes
Yes
Yes
2nd law
Yes (possible)
No, combine Kelvin - Planck
No, combination clausius

5.42
Consider the four cases of a heat engine in problem 5.34 and determine if any of
those are perpetual machines of the first or second kind.
a.
.
QH = 6 kW,
.
QL = 4 kW,
.
W = 2 kW
b.
.
QH = 6 kW,
.
QL = 0 kW,
.
W = 6 kW
c.
.
QH = 6 kW,
.
QL = 2 kW,
.
W = 5 kW
d.
.
QH = 6 kW,
.
QL = 6 kW,
.
W = 0 kW
TH
QH
HE
cb
QL
TL
Solution:
a
b
1st. law
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
2nd law
Yes (possible)
No, impossible Kelvin - Planck
Perpetual machine second kind
.
.
It violates the 2nd law converts all Q to W
Yes, but energy not conserved
Perpetual machine first kind
It generates energy inside
.
Yes (Irreversible Q over T)

5.43
The simple refrigeration cycle is shown in Problem 5.23 and in Fig. 5.6. Mention
a few of the processes that are expected to be irreversible.
The throttling process is highly irreversible.
Both of the heat transfer processes are externally irreversible, large T
between the working substance and the source or sink energy reservoir.
Both of the heat transfer processes are also internally irreversible, smaller
T in the substance so there is not a single uniform T across the flow cross
sectional area. This is necessary to redistribute the energy uniformly in the
working substance.
The compressor has friction and flow losses so not all of the shaft work
goes into raising the substance pressure. Such an effect is described by a device
efficiency in chapter 7.
Carnot Cycles and Absolute Temperature

5.44
Calculate the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle heat engine operating between
reservoirs at 300oC and 45oC. Compare the result to that of Example 4.7.
Solution:
TL
45 + 273
TH = Wnet / QH = 1 T = 1 300 + 273 = 0.445 (Carnot)
H
640.8 4
EX 4.7 = wnet / qH =
2831.1 = 0.225
(efficiency about of the Carnot)

5.45
An ideal (Carnot) heat engine has an efficiency of 40%. If the high temperature is
raised 15% what is the new efficiency keeping the same low temperature?
Solution:
TL
TH = Wnet / QH = 1 T = 0.4
H
TL
TH = 0.6
so if TH is raised 15% the new ratio becomes

TL
TH new = 0.6 /1.15 = 0.5217
TH new = 1 0.5217 = 0.478

5.46
At a few places where the air is very cold in the winter, like 30oC it is possible to
find a temperature of 13oC down below ground. What efficiency will a heat
engine have operating between these two thermal reservoirs?
Solution:
TL
TH = 1
TH
The ground becomes the hot source and
the atmosphere becomes the cold side of
the heat engine
273 30
243
TH= 1 273 + 13 = 1 286 = 0.15
This is low because of the modest
temperature difference.
Microsoft clipart.

5.47
Consider the combination of a heat engine and a heat pump, as in Problem 5.41,
with a low temperature of 400 K. What should the high temperature be so that the
heat engine is reversible? For that temperature what is the COP for a reversible
heat pump?
For all three cases of the heat engine the ratio between the heat transfers and the
work term is the same as:
.
.
.
QH : QL : W = 6:4:2 = 3:2:1
For a reversible heat engine we must have the heat transfer ratio equal to the
temperature ratio so
.
QH
TH 3
TH
= T = 2 = 400 K => TH = (3/2) 400 K = 600 K
.
L
QL
The COP is
.
. 3
COPHP = QH / W = 1 = 3
T H1
(=
TH
600
)
=
TH TL 600 400
T H2
QH1
W
HE
Q H2
H.P.
Q L1
Q L2
400 K

5.48
Find the power output and the low T heat rejection rate for a Carnot cycle heat
engine that receives 6 kW at 250oC and rejects heat at 30oC as in Problem 5.40.
Solution:
From the definition of the absolute temperature Eq. 5.4
TL
303
carnot = 1 T = 1 523 = 0.42
H
Definition of the heat engine efficiency gives the work as
.
.
W = QH = 0.42 6 = 2.52 kW
Apply the energy equation
.
.
.
QL = QH - W = 6 2.52 = 3.48 kW

5.49
A large heat pump should upgrade 4 MW of heat at 65C to be delivered as heat
at 145C. What is the minimum amount of work (power) input that will drive
this?
.
For the minimum work we assume a Carnot heat pump and QL = 4 MW.
.
TH
QH
273.15 + 145
= 5.227
HP =
=T
=
.
145 - 65
H - TL
Win
.
QL
REF = HP - 1 =
= 4.227
.
Win
Now we can solve for the work
.
.
Win = QL/REF = 4/4.227 = 0.946 MW
This is a domestic or
small office building
size A/C unit, much
smaller than the 4 MW
in this problem.
C. Borgnakke

5.50
A temperature of about 0.01 K can be achieved by magnetic cooling. In this
process a strong magnetic field is imposed on a paramagnetic salt, maintained at 1
K by transfer of energy to liquid helium boiling at low pressure. The salt is then
thermally isolated from the helium, the magnetic field is removed, and the salt
temperature drops. Assume that 1 mJ is removed at an average temperature of 0.1
K to the helium by a Carnot-cycle heat pump. Find the work input to the heat
pump and the coefficient of performance with an ambient at 300 K.
Solution:
QL
TL
0.1
=
=
Win TH - TL 299.9 = 0.00033
Win =
1 10-3
= 0.00033 = 3 J
QL
Remark: This is an extremely large temperature difference for a heat pump. A

real one is built as a refrigerator within a refrigerator etc.

5.51
The lowest temperature that has been achieved is about 1 106 K. To achieve
this an additional stage of cooling is required beyond that described in the
previous problem, namely nuclear cooling. This process is similar to magnetic
cooling, but it involves the magnetic moment associated with the nucleus rather
than that associated with certain ions in the paramagnetic salt. Suppose that 10 J
is to be removed from a specimen at an average temperature of 105 K (ten microjoules is about the potential energy loss of a pin dropping 3 mm). Find the work
input to a Carnot heat pump and its coefficient of performance to do this assuming
the ambient is at 300 K.
Solution:
The heat removed from the cold space is
Q = 10 J = 1010-6 J
L
at TL = 10-5 K
Carnot heat pump satisfies Eq.7.4

TH
300
QH = QL T = 10 10-6 J -5 = 300 J
L
10
From the energy equation for the heat pump
W = Q - Q = 300 10 10-6 300 J
in
1010-6
= W = 300 = 3.3310-8
in
QL

5.52
Consider the setup with two stacked (temperature wise) heat engines as in Fig.
P5.4. Let TH = 850 K, TM = 600 K and TL = 350 K. Find the two heat engine
efficiencies and the combined overall efficiency assuming Carnot cycles.
The individual efficiencies
TM
600
1 = 1 T = 1 850 = 0.294
H
TL
350
2 = 1 T = 1 600 = 0.417
M
The overall efficiency

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
W2 = 2 QM = 2 (1 1) Q H
TH = 1 + 2 (1 1) = 0.294 + 0.417 (1 0.294) = 0.588
TL
350
Comment: It matches a single heat engine TH = 1 T = 1 850 = 0.588
H

5.53
Find the maximum coefficient of performance for the refrigerator in your kitchen,
assuming it runs in a Carnot cycle.
Solution:
The refrigerator coefficient of performance is
= QL/W = QL/(QH - QL) = TL/(TH - TL)
Assuming
TL ~ 0C,
TH ~ 35C,
273.15
35 - 0 = 7.8
Actual working fluid temperatures must be such that
TL < Trefrigerator and TH > Troom
A refrigerator does not operate in a

Carnot cycle. The actual vapor
compression cycle is examined in
Chapter 9.

5.54
A car engine burns 5 kg fuel (equivalent to addition of QH) at 1500 K and rejects
energy to the radiator and the exhaust at an average temperature of 750 K. If the
fuel provides 40 000 kJ/kg what is the maximum amount of work the engine can
provide?
Solution:
A heat engine QH = m qfuel = 5 kg 40 000 kJ/kg = 200 000 kJ
Assume a Carnot efficiency (maximum theoretical work)
TL
750
= 1 T = 1 1500 = 0.5
H
W = QH = 100 000 kJ
Air intake filter

Shaft
power
Exhaust flow
Fan Radiator
Atm.
air
Coolant flow

5.55
An air-conditioner provides 1 kg/s of air at 15C cooled from outside atmospheric
air at 35C. Estimate the amount of power needed to operate the air-conditioner.
Clearly state all assumptions made.
Solution:
Consider the cooling of air which needs a heat transfer as
.
.
.
Qair = m h m CpT = 1 kg/s 1.004 kJ/kg K 20 K = 20 kW
Assume Carnot cycle refrigerator
.
QL .
TL
.
.
273 + 15
=
= QL / (QH - QL ) T - T =
35 - 15 = 14.4
.
H
L
W
.
.
20.0
W = QL / = 14.4 = 1.39 kW
This estimate is the theoretical maximum

performance. To do the required heat
transfer TL 5C and TH = 45C are
more likely; secondly
< carnot
o
35 C
cb
Q
REF
o
15 C
L
W
QH

5.56
A refrigerator should remove 400 kJ from some food. Assume the refrigerator
works in a Carnot cycle between 15oC and 45oC with a motor-compressor of
400 W. How much time does it take if this is the only cooling load?
.
QL .
TL
.
.
273 - 15
=
= QL / (QH - QL ) T - T = 45 - (-15) = 4.3
.
H
L
W
This gives the relation between the low T heat transfer and the work as
.
.
.
Q
QL = = W = 4.3 W
t
t=
Q
.
W
400 1000 J
= 233 s
4.3 400 W

5.57
tray of 0.25 kg liquid water at 10oC. Assume the refrigerator works in a Carnot
cycle between 8oC and 35oC with a motor-compressor of 600 W. How much
time does it take if this is the only cooling load?
Solution:
Energy Eq.:
Process :
m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2

P = constant + Po
1W2 = P dV = Pom(v2 v1)
1Q2
= m(u2 u1) + 1W2 = m(h2 h1)
Tbl. B.1.1 : h1 = 41.99 kJ/kg, Tbl. B.1.5 : h2 = - 333.6 kJ/kg

1Q2 = 0.25 kg (-333.4 41.99 ) kJ/kg = - 93.848 kJ
QL
TL
QL
273 - 8
= W = Q - Q = T - T = 35 - (-8) = 6.16
H
L
H
L
W=
QL
93.848
1Q2
== 6.16 = 15.24 kJ
.
.
W = W dt = W t
t =
W 15.24 1000 J
=
= 25.4 s
600
W
.
W
Comment: We neglected a baseload of the refrigerator so not all the 600 W are
available to make ice, also our coefficient of performance is very optimistic and
finally the heat transfer is a transient process. All this means that it will take much
more time to make ice-cubes.

5.58
We propose to heat a house in the winter with a heat pump. The house is to be
maintained at 20C at all times. When the ambient temperature outside drops to
10C, the rate at which heat is lost from the house is estimated to be 25 kW.
What is the minimum electrical power required to drive the heat pump?
Solution:
Minimum power if we
assume a Carnot cycle
QL
HP
Energy equation for the house (steady state):

=
.
QH
.
WIN
Q leak
QH
TH
293.2
= T -T = 20 - (-10) = 9.773
H L
.
.
QH = Qleak = 25 kW
.
25
WIN = 9.773 = 2.56 kW

5.59
A household freezer operates in a room at 20C. Heat must be transferred from
the cold space at a rate of 2 kW to maintain its temperature at 30C. What is the
theoretically smallest (power) motor required to operate this freezer?
Solution:
Assume a Carnot cycle between TL = -30C and
T amb
TH = 20C:
=
.
QL
.
Win
QH
=T
TL
-T
=
L
273.15 - 30
= 4.86
20 - (-30)
.
.
Win = QL/ = 2/4.86 = 0.41 kW
This is the theoretical minimum power input.
Any actual machine requires a larger input.
REF
W
QL 2 kW
TL

5.60
A thermal storage is made with a rock (granite) bed of 2 m3 which is heated to
400 K using solar energy. A heat engine receives a QH from the bed and rejects
heat to the ambient at 290 K. The rock bed therefore cools down and as it reaches
290 K the process stops. Find the energy the rock bed can give out. What is the
heat engine efficiency at the beginning of the process and what is it at the end of
the process?
Solution:
Assume the whole setup is reversible and that the heat engine operates in a
Carnot cycle. The total change in the energy of the rock bed is
u2 - u1 = q = C T = 0.89 kJ/kgK (400 - 290) K = 97.9 kJ/kg
m = V = 2750 kg/m3 2 m3 = 5500 kg ,
Q = mq = 5500 kg 97.9 kJ/kg = 538 450 kJ
To get the efficiency use the CARNOT cycle result as
= 1 - To/TH = 1 - 290/400 = 0.275 at the beginning of process
= 1 - To/TH = 1 - 290/290 = 0.0 at the end of process
HE
QH
QL

5.61
It is proposed to build a 1000-MW electric power plant with steam as the working
fluid. The condensers are to be cooled with river water (see Fig. P5.61). The
maximum steam temperature is 550C, and the pressure in the condensers will be
10 kPa. Estimate the temperature rise of the river downstream from the power
plant.
Solution:
.
WNET = 106 kW, TH = 550C = 823.3 K
PCOND = 10 kPa TL = TG (P = 10 kPa) = 45.8C = 319 K
TH CARNOT =
TH - TL
TH
823.2 - 319
823.2 = 0.6125
.
1 - 0.6125
QL MIN= 106 0.6125 = 0.6327 106 kW
60 8 10/60
.
But mH O =
= 80 000 kg/s having an energy flow of
0.001
2
.
.
.
QL MIN = mH O h = mH O CP LIQ H O TH O MIN
2
2
2
2
.
QL MIN
0.6327106
kW
TH O MIN =
=
.
80000 4.184 kg/s kJ/kg-K
2
mH OCP LIQ H O
2
2
= 1.9C

5.62
A certain solar-energy collector produces a maximum temperature of 100C. The
energy is used in a cyclic heat engine that operates in a 10C environment. What
is the maximum thermal efficiency? If the collector is redesigned to focus the
incoming light, what should the maximum temperature be to produce a 25%
improvement in engine efficiency?
Solution:
For TH = 100C = 373.2 K & TL = 283.2 K
TH - TL
90
th max = T
= 373.2 = 0.241
H
The improved efficiency is
th max = 0.241 1.25 = 0.301
With the Carnot cycle efficiency
TH - TL
TL
th max =
=
1
TH
TH = 0.301
Then
TH = TL / (1 0.301) = 405 K = 132C

5.63
A constant temperature of 125C must be obtained in a cryogenic experiment,

although it gains 120 W due to heat transfer. What is the smallest motor you
would need for a heat pump absorbing heat from the container and rejecting heat
to the room at 20C?
Solution:
We do not know the actual device so find the work for a Carnot cycle
TL
.
.
148.15
REF = QL / W = T - T = 20 - (-125) = 1.022
H
=>
.
.
W = QL/ REF = 120 W/1.022 = 117. 4 W

5.64
Helium has the lowest normal boiling point of any of the elements at 4.2 K. At
this temperature the enthalpy of evaporation is 83.3 kJ/kmol. A Carnot
refrigeration cycle is analyzed for the production of 1 kmol of liquid helium at 4.2
K from saturated vapor at the same temperature. What is the work input to the
refrigerator and the coefficient of performance for the cycle with an ambient at
300 K?
Solution:
For the Carnot cycle the ratio of the heat transfers is the ratio of temperatures
_
QL = n hfg = 1 kmol 83.3 kJ/kmol = 83.3 kJ
TH
300
QH = QL T = 83.3 4.2 = 5950 kJ
L
WIN = QH - QL = 5950 - 83.3 = 5886.7 kJ
QL
83.3
= W = 5886.7 = 0.0142
IN
TL
[ = T -T ]
H
L

5.65
R-134a fills a 0.1-m3 capsule at 20C, 200 kPa. It is placed in a deep freezer,
where it is cooled to 10C. The deep freezer sits in a room with ambient
temperature of 20C and has an inside temperature of 10C. Find the amount of
energy the freezer must remove from the R-134a and the extra amount of work
input to the freezer to perform the process.
Solution:
C.V. R-134a out to the -10C space.
m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Energy equation:
Process : V = Const
Table B.5.2:
=> v2 = v1
v1 = 0.11436 m3/kg,
=> 1W2 = 0
u1 = 395.27 kJ/kg
m = V/ v1 = 0.87443 kg
State 2: v2 = v1 > vg = 0.09921 m3/kg Table B.5.1 => sup vap
(T,v) interpolate between 150 kPa and 200 kPa in B.5.2
0.11436 0.13602
P2 = 150 + 50
0.10013 0.13602 = 150 + 50 0.6035 = 180 kPa
u2 = 373.44 + 0.6035 (372.31 - 373.44 ) = 372.76 kJ/kg
1Q2
= m(u2 u1) = 0.87443 kg (372.76 - 395.27) kJ/kg
= - 19.68 kJ
Consider the freezer and assume Carnot cycle
QL
TL
QL
273 - 10
= W = Q - Q = T - T = 20 - (-10) = 8.767
H
Win = QL / = 19.68 kJ/ 8.767 = 2.245 kJ
-10 oC
R
134a

5.66
A heat engine has a solar collector receiving 0.2 kW per square meter inside
which a transfer media is heated to 450 K. The collected energy powers a heat
engine which rejects heat at 40oC. If the heat engine should deliver 2.5 kW what
is the minimum size (area) solar collector?
Solution:
TH = 450 K
TL = 40oC = 313.15 K
TL
313.15
HE = 1
=
1
T
450 = 0.304
H
.
.
W = QH =>
.
.
2.5
W
QH =
= 0.304 kW = 8.224 kW
.
Q
.
H
QH = 0.2 (kW/m2) A => A = 0.2 = 41 m2

5.67
A heat pump is driven by the work output of a heat engine as shown in figure
.
.
P5.67. If we assume ideal devices find the ratio of the total power QL1 + QH2 that
.
heats the house to the power from the hot energy source QH1 in terms of the
temperatures.
Troom
.
.
.
.
.
HP = QH2/W = QH2/(QH2- QL2) = T
-T
room amb
Troom .
.
.
W = HE . QH1 = (1- T ) QH1
H
Troom
.
.
.
W = QH2/HP = T
Q
H2
-T
room amb
Troom .
.
.
.
QL1= QH1- W = [1-1 + T ] QH1
H
.
.
Q H2 + QL1
.
QH1
Troom
1- T
Troom
Troom
= 1-1 + T + T
=
-T
H
room amb
EA
Troom
A
Troom
1- T
H
TH
Troom- T2room/TH
A
+
EA
E
E
Troom-Tamb
A
AE
AE
Troom
TH - Troom
1
= Troom [ T + T
]
=
[1
+
- Tamb
TH
Troom - Tamb ]
H
room
A
Troom
A
TH
EA
T Tamb
Tamb
room
[TH
A
TH
AE
AE
]
A
T amb
QH1
W
HE
Q L2
H.P.
Q L1
Q H2
House T room

5.68
Sixty kilograms per hour of water runs through a heat exchanger, entering as
saturated liquid at 200 kPa and leaving as saturated vapor. The heat is supplied by
a Carnot heat pump operating from a low-temperature reservoir at 16C with a
COP of half that of a similar Carnot unit. Find the rate of work into the heat
pump.
Solution:
C.V. Heat exchanger
.
.
.
.
.
m1 = m2 ;
m1h1 + QH = m1h2
E
cb
Table B.1.2: h1 = 504.7 kJ/kg,

h2 = 2706.7 kJ/kg
A
2
QH
HP
TH = Tsat(P) = 120.93 +273.15

A
= 394.08 K
TL
.
60
QH = 3600(2706.7 - 504.7) = 36.7 kW
E
First find the COP of a Carnot heat pump.

. .
= QH/W = TH / (TH TL) = 394.08 / (394.08 289.15) = 3.76
E
Now we can do the actual one as H= 3.76/2 = 1.88

.
.
W = QH/H = 36.7 kW /1.88 = 19.52 kW
A

5.69
A power plant with a thermal efficiency of 40% is located on a river similar to
Fig. P5.61. With a total river mass flow rate of 1 105 kg/s at 15oC find the
maximum power production allowed if the river water should not be heated more
than 1 degree.
E
.
The maximum heating allowed determines the maximum QL as
.
.
.
QL = mH O h = mH O CP LIQ H O TH O
E
= 1 105 kg/s 4.18 kJ/kg-K 1 K = 418 MW

.
= WNET(1/TH ac 1)
E
TH ac
.
.
.
WNET = QL / (1/TH ac 1) = QL
1 - TH ac
E
0.4
= 418 MW 1 - 0.4 = 279 MW
A

5.70
Liquid sodium leaves a nuclear reactor at 800C and is used as the energy source
in a steam power plant. The condenser cooling water comes from a cooling tower
at 15C. Determine the maximum thermal efficiency of the power plant. Is it
misleading to use the temperatures given to calculate this value?
Solution:
800o C
ENERGY
TO H2O ENERGY
FROM
STEAM
POWER
PLANT
REACTOR
LIQ Na
COND.
COOLING
TOWER
TH = 800C = 1073.2 K, TL = 15C = 288.2 K

A
TH MAX =
A
TH - TL
TH
A
1073.2 - 288.2
= 0.731
1073.2
A
It might be misleading to use 800C as the value for TH, since there is not a
supply of energy available at a constant temperature of 800C (liquid Na is
cooled to a lower temperature in the heat exchanger).
A
A
E
The Na cannot be used to boil H2O at 800C.

A
A
E
Similarly, the H2O leaves the cooling tower and enters the condenser at 15C,
and leaves the condenser at some higher temperature.
A
A
E
The water does not provide for condensing steam at a

constant temperature of 15C.

5.71
The management of a large factory cannot decide which of two fuels to purchase.
The selected fuel will be used in a heat engine operating between the fuel burning
temperature and a low exhaust temperature. of. Fuel A burns at 2200 K and
exhausts at 450 K, delivering 30 000 kJ/kg, and costs $1.50/kg. Fuel B burns at
1200 K and exhausts at 350 K, delivering 40 000 kJ/kg and costs $1.30/kg. Which
fuel would you buy and why?
Solution:
Fuel A:
TL
450
TH,A = 1 T = 1 - 2200 = 0.795
A
WA = TH,A QA = 0.795 30 000 = 23 850 kJ/kg

WA/$A = 23 850/1.5 = 15 900 kJ/$
A
Fuel B:
TL
350
TH,B = 1 T = 1 - 1200 = 0.708
A
WB = TH,B QB = 0.708 40 000 = 28 320 kJ/kg

A
WB/$B = 28 320/1.3 = 21 785 kJ/$

A
Select fuel B for more work per dollar though it has a lower thermal efficiency.

5.72
A sales person selling refrigerators and deep freezers will guarantee a minimum
coefficient of performance of 4.5 year round. How would you evaluate that? Are
they all the same?
Solution:
Assume a high temperature of 35C. If a freezer compartment is included
TL ~ -20C (deep freezer) and fluid temperature is then TL ~ -30C
A
TL
273.15 - 30
deep freezer T - T = 35 - (-30) = 3.74
H
L
A
A hot summer day may require a higher TH to push QH out into the room, so
A
even lower .
Claim is possible for a refrigerator, but not for a deep freezer.

5.73
A cyclic machine, shown in Fig. P5.73, receives 325 kJ from a 1000 K energy
reservoir. It rejects 125 kJ to a 400 K energy reservoir and the cycle produces 200
kJ of work as output. Is this cycle reversible, irreversible, or impossible?
Solution:
TH = 1000 K
TL
400
Carnot = 1 T = 1 1000 = 0.6
H
W 200
eng =
=
= 0.615 > Carnot
QH 325
A
Q = 325 kJ
HE
This is impossible.
W = 200 kJ
QL = 125 kJ
cb
TL = 400 K

5.74
Consider the previous problem and assume the temperatures and heat input are as
given. If the actual machine has an efficiency that is half that of the corresponding
Carnot cycle, find the work out and the rejected heat transfer.
TL
400
Carnot = 1 T = 1 1000 = 0.6
H
W
eng = Carnot/2 = 0.3 = Q
H
A
W = 0.3 QH = 0.3 325 = 97.5 kJ

A
QH = 325 kJ
TH= 1000 K
HE
W=?
QL = ?
cb
TL = 400 K
QL = QH W = (325 97.5) kJ = 227.5 kJ

A

5.75
Repeat problem 5.61 using a more realistic thermal efficiency of 45%.
.
.
WNET = 106 kW = TH ac QH,
E
TH ac = 0.45
.
.
.
.
.
.
QL = QH - WNET = WNET /TH ac - WNET = WNET(1/TH ac 1)
E
1 - 0.45
= 106 kW 0.45 = 1.222 106 kW
60 8 10/60
.
But mH O =
= 80 000 kg/s having an energy flow of
0.001
2
E
.
.
.
2
2
2
2
E
.
QL
1.222 106
kW
TH O =
=
= 3.65C
.
80 000 4.18 kg/s kJ/kg-K
2
mH OCP LIQ H O
2
2
A

5.76
An inventor has developed a refrigeration unit that maintains the cold space at
10C, while operating in a 25C room. A coefficient of performance of 8.5 is
claimed. How do you evaluate this?
Solution:
QL
TL
263.15
Carnot = W = T - T = 25 - (-10) = 7.52
in
H
L
A
8.5 > Carnot impossible claim

A
TH= 25C
QH
REF
QL
TL = -10C

5.77
A heat pump receives energy from a source at 80oC and delivers energy to a
boiler that operates at 350 kPa. The boiler input is saturated liquid water and the
exit is saturated vapor both at 350 kPa. The heat pump is driven by a 2.5 MW
motor and has a COP that is 60% of a Carnot heat pump COP. What is the
maximum mass flow rate of water the system can deliver?
E
TH = Tsat = 138.88oC = 412 K, hfg = 2148.1 kJ/kg

.
QH
TH
412
HP Carnot =
=T T =
=7
.
138.88
- 80
H
L
Win
E
. .
HP ac = 0.6 7 = 4.2 = QH/Win
.
.
.
QH = 4.2 Win = 4.2 2.5 MW = 10.5 MW = m hfg
.
.
m = QH / hfg = 10 500 kW / 2148.1 kJ/kg = 4.89 kg/s
A
A
E

5.78
In a remote location, you run a heat engine to provide power to run a refrigerator.
The input to the heat engine is 800 K and the low T is 400 K; it has an actual
efficiency equal to half of that of the corresponding Carnot unit. The refrigerator
has TL = -10oC and TH = 35oC, with a cop that is one-third that of the
corresponding Carnot unit. Assume a cooling capacity of 2 kW is needed and find
the rate of heat input to the heat engine.
E
TL
400
Carnot = 1 T = 1 800 = 0.5;
H
Heat engine:
ac = 0.25
TL
273 10
ref. Carnot = T - T =
= 5.844; ref. ac = 1.95
H
L 35 (10)
Refrigerator:
.
W = 2 kW/1.95 = 1.026 kW
.
.
Cooling capacity: QL = 2 kW = ref. ac W;
A
.
.
This work must be provided by the heat engine W = ac QH
E
.
.
QH = W / ac = 1.026 kW / 0.25 = 4.1 kW
E

5.79
A car engine with a thermal efficiency of 33% drives the air-conditioner unit (a
refrigerator) besides powering the car and other auxiliary equipment. On a hot
(35oC) summer day the A/C takes outside air in and cools it to 5oC sending it into
a duct using 2 kW of power input and it is assumed to be half as good as a Carnot
refrigeration unit. Find the rate of fuel (kW) being burned extra just to drive the
A/C unit and its COP. Find the flow rate of cold air the A/C unit can provide.
E
.
.
Wextra = QH extra
.
.
QH extra = Wextra / = 2 kW / 0.33 = 6 kW
QL
TL
5 + 273.15
= W = 0.5 Carnot = 0.5
= 0.5
= 4.636
35 - 5
TH TL
IN
E
.
.
.
QL = W = 4.636 2 kW = 9.272 kW = mair CP air Tair
E
.
.
mair = QL / [CP air Tair ] =
E
9.272 kW
= 0.308 kg/s
1.004 kJ/kg-K (35 5) K
A

5.80
A large heat pump should upgrade 5 MW of heat at 85C to be delivered as heat
at 150C. Suppose the actual heat pump has a COP of 2.5 how much power is
required to drive the unit. For the same COP how high a high temperature would a
Carnot heat pump have assuming the same low T?
This is an actual COP for the heat pump as
. .
. .
HP = COP = QH/Win = 2.5
QL/Win = 1.5
.
.
Win = QL/ 1.5 = 5 / 1.5 = 3.333 MW
E
The Carnot heat pump has a COP given by the temperatures as

TH
. .
HP = QH/Win = T
= 2.5 TH = 2.5 TH 2.5 TL
H - TL
E
TH =
A
A
E
2.5
5
T = (85 + 273.15) = 597 K
1.5 L 3
A
Finite T Heat Transfer

5.81
A refrigerator keeping 5oC inside is located in a 30oC room. It must have a high
temperature T above room temperature and a low temperature T below the
refrigerated space in the cycle to actually transfer the heat. For a T of 0, 5 and
10oC respectively calculate the COP assuming a Carnot cycle.
E
Solution:
From the definition of COP and assuming Carnot cycle
QL
TL
=W = T -T
when Ts are absolute temperatures
A
IN
E
TH
A
o
A
a
b
c
0
5
10
C
30
35
40
A
TH
A
TL
TL
K
278
273
268
11.1
7.8
5.96
K
303
308
313
A
C
5
0
-5
A
Notice how the COP drops significantly with the increase in T.

5.82
The ocean near Havaii has 20oC near the surface and 5oC at some depth. A power
plant based on this temperature difference is being planned. How large an
efficiency could it have? If the two heat transfer terms (QH and QL) both require a
2 degree difference to operate what is the maximum efficiency then?
E
Solution:
TH = 20C = 293.2 K;
A
TL = 5C = 278.2 K
TH MAX =
A
TH - TL
TH
A
TH mod =
A
TH'
E
293.2 - 278.2
= 0.051
293.2
=
A
TH' - TL'
A
291.2 - 280.2
= 0.038
291.2
A
This is a very low efficiency so it has to be done on a very large scale to be

economically feasible and then it will have some environmental impact.

5.83
A house is cooled by a heat pump driven by an electric motor using the inside as
the low-temperature reservoir. The house gains energy in direct proportion to the
.
temperature difference as Qgain = K(TH - TL). Determine the minimum electric
power to drive the heat pump as a function of the two temperatures.
Solution:
. .
= QL/Win TL/(TH - TL) ;
E
Refrigerator COP:
.
.
QL = Qgain = K(TH - TL)
E
Heat gain must be removed:

A
Solve for required work and substitute in for

.
.
Win = QL/ K(TH - TL) (TH - TL)/TL
.
Win K(TH - TL)2/TL
E
W
QH
Q gain= K(TH- TL )
Q
L
HP
cb

5.84
An air conditioner in a very hot region uses a power input of 2.5 kW to cool a 5C
space with the high temperature in the cycle as 40C. The QH is pushed to the
ambient air at 30C in a heat exchanger where the transfer coefficient is 50
W/m2K. Find the required minimum heat transfer area.
Solution:
.
.
273 + 40
W = 2.5 kW = QH / HP;
HP = TH/(TH - TL) = 40 - 5 = 8.943
E
.
.
QH = W HP = 2.5 8.943 = 22.36 kW = h A T
E
.
QH
22.36 103
A=
=
= 44.72 m2
h T 50 (40 - 30)
A
W = 2.5 kW
QH
T
amb
30 C
TL
REF
40 C
QL

5.85
A small house is kept at 20C inside loses 12 kW to the outside ambient at 0C. A
heat pump is used to help heat the house together with possible electric heat. The
heat pump is driven by a motor of 2.5 kW and it has a COP that is of a Carnot
heat pump unit. Find the actual COP for the heat pump and the amount of electric
heat that must be used (if any) to maintain the house temperature.
.
.
.
0 = QH + Wel. QLoss
E
CV. House
Energy:
.
QH
.
W
A
1
=4
TH
1 293.15
=
= 3.664
TH TL 4 20 0
E
.
.
QH = COPHP WHP = 3.664 2.5 kW = 9.16 kW
.
.
.
Wel. = QLoss QH = 12 9.16 = 2.84 kW
.
.
.
Energy:
QL = QH WHP = 9.16 2.5 = 6.66 kW
.
.
.
Entropy:
0 = QL/TL Qloss/TL + Sgen
.
.
.
12 6.66
Sgen = (Qloss QL) /TL =
= 0.0195 kW/K
273.15
E
A
E
C.V. Total
A
E
= COPHP =
Definition of COP:
A
E
W = 2.5 kW
QL
W el.
Q loss
QH
HP
cb

5.86
Consider a room at 20oC that is cooled by an air conditioner with a COP of 3.2
using a power input of 2 kW and the outside is at 35oC. What is the constant in
the heat transfer Eq. 5.14 for the heat transfer from the outside into the room?
E
Definition of the coefficient of performance, Eq.5.2 and Eq.5.14

.
.
.
QL = ACW = 3.2 2 kW = 6.4 kW = Qleak in = CA T
.
6.4 kW
CA = QL / T = (35 20) K = 0.427 kW/K
E
Here:
W = 2 kW
QH
QL
AC
Q leak
T
TL = Thouse = 20oC
E
TH = Tamb = 35oC
E
cb

5.87
A car engine operates with a thermal efficiency of 35%. Assume the airconditioner has a coefficient of performance of = 3 working as a refrigerator
cooling the inside using engine shaft work to drive it. How much fuel energy
should be spend extra to remove 1 kJ from the inside?
Solution:
Car engine:
W = eng Qfuel
Air conditioner:
QL
= W
W = eng Qfuel =
A
QL
Qfuel = QL / (eng ) =
A
1
= 0.952 kJ
0.35 3
A
TH
FUEL
QH
W
REF
QL
Q Fuel
H.E.
Q L eng
TL

5.88
Arctic explorers are unsure if they can use a 5-kW motor driven heat pump to stay
warm. It should keep their shelter at 15C. The shelter losses energy at a rate of
0.5 kW per degree difference to the colder ambient. The heat pump has a COP
that is 50% of a Carnot heat pump. If the ambient temperature can fall to -25C at
night, would you recommend this heat pump to the explorers?
CV Heat pump.
The heat pump should deliver a rate of heating that equals the heat loss to the
ambient for steady inside temperature.
TH
. .
1
1 273 + 15
COP = = QH/W = 0.5 Carnot = 2 T - T = 2 15 - (-25) = 3.6
H
L
E
The heat pump can then provide a heating capacity of

.
.
QH = W = 3.6 5 kW = 18 kW
E
The heat loss is

.
Qleak out = CA T = 0.5 kW/K [15 (-25)] K = 20 kW
E
The heat pump is not sufficient to cover the loss and not recommended.

5.89
Using the given heat pump in the previous problem, how warm would it make the
shelter in the arctic night?
The high is now an unknown so both the heat loss and the heat pump performance
depends on that. The energy balance around the shelter then gives
.
.
.
QH = W = Qleak out = CA T
E
Substitute the expression for and CA T to give

TH
.
1
W
= 0.5 kW/K [TH TL]
2 T -T
E
Multiply with the temperature difference, factor 2 and divide by the work to get
0.5 2
0.2
TH = 5 K [TH TL]2 = K [TH TL]2
E
Solve this equation like 0.2 x2 x TL = 0, with x = TH TL and TL = 248.15 K

E
x = TH TL = 37.81 K
A
(negative root discarded)
TH = x + TL = 37.81 25 = 12.8C
A

5.90
An air conditioner cools a house at TL = 20C with a maximum of 1.2 kW power
input. The house gains 0.6 kW per degree temperature difference to the ambient
and the refrigeration COP is = 0.6 Carnot. Find the maximum outside
temperature, TH, for which the air conditioner provides sufficient cooling.
A
A
E
Solution:
Here:
TL = Thouse
W = 1.2 kW
QH
Q leak
QL
HP
TH = Tamb
A
cb
In this setup the low temperature space is the house and the high
temperature space is the ambient. The heat pump must remove the gain or
leak heat transfer to keep it at a constant temperature.
.
.
Qleak = 0.6 (Tamb - Thouse) = QL which must be removed by the heat pump.
E
.
.
= QL / W = 0.6 carnot = 0.6 Thouse / (Tamb - Thouse )
E
.
.
Substitute in for QL and multiply with (Tamb - Thouse)W:
E
.
0.6 (Tamb - Thouse )2 = 0.6 Thouse W
E
.
Since Thouse = 293.15 K and W = 1.2 kW it follows
E
.
(Tamb - Thouse )2 = Thouse W = 293.15 1.2 = 351.78 K2
E
Solving (Tamb - Thouse ) = 18.76

A
Tamb = 311.9 K = 38.8 C

A
A
E
Comment: We did assume here that = 0.6 carnot , the statement

could also have been understood as = 0.6 carnot which would lead to a
slightly different result.

5.91
A house is cooled by an electric heat pump using the outside as the hightemperature reservoir. For several different summer outdoor temperatures,
estimate the percent savings in electricity if the house is kept at 25C instead of
20C. Assume that the house is gaining energy from the outside directly
proportional to the temperature difference as in Eq. 5.14.
Solution:
.
Air-conditioner (Refrigerator) QLEAK (TH - TL)
E
.
TL
K(TH - TL) .
K(TH - TL)2
Max QL
, WIN =
Perf. . = TH - TL =
TL
.
WIN
WIN
E
A: TL = 20C = 293.2 K
A
.
WINA/K
B: TLB = 25C = 298.2 K

A
A
E
45
40
35
A
E
2.132
1.364
0.767
A
E
.
WINB/K
TH,C
A
E
1.341
0.755
0.335
% saving
37.1 %
44.6 %
56.3 %

5.92
A heat pump has a coefficient of performance that is 50% of the theoretical
maximum. It maintains a house at 20C, which leaks energy of 0.6 kW per degree
temperature difference to the ambient. For a maximum of 1.0 kW power input
find the minimum outside temperature for which the heat pump is a sufficient heat
source.
Solution:
W = 1 kW
QL
Q leak = 0.6 (TH - TL )
QH
A
E
HP
cb
.
C.V. House. For constant 20C the heat pump must provide Qleak = 0.6 T
E
.
.
.
QH = Qleak = 0.6 (TH - TL ) = W
E
C.V. Heat pump. Definition of the coefficient of performance and the fact that
the maximum is for a Carnot heat pump.
.
.
QH
QH
TH
=
=
= 0.5 Carnot = 0.5 T - T
.
.
.
H
L
W QH - QL
A
Substitute into the first equation to get

0.6 (TH - TL ) = [ 0.5 TH / (TH - TL ) ] 1
A
A
E
=>
(TH - TL )2 = (0.5 / 0.6) TH 1 = 0.5 / 0.6 293.15 = 244.29

A
TH - TL = 15.63
A
A
E
=>
TL = 20 - 15.63 = 4.4 C

5.93
The room in problem 5.90 has a combined thermal mass of 2000 kg wood, 250 kg
steel, and 500 kg drywall (gypsum). Estimate how quickly the room heats up if
the air conditioner is turned off on a day when it is 35oC outside.
E
Without the air-conditioner the house gains heat and the energy equation for the
house becomes
dT .
m C dt = Qin
E
The gain is due to the temperature difference as

.
Qin = 0.6 (TH - TL ) = 0.6 kW/K (35 20) K = 9 kW
E
A
E
The combined (mC) is using an estimate C for gypsum as 1 kJ/kg-K

mC = [2000 1.38 + 250 0.46 + 500 1 ] kJ/K = 3375 kJ/K
dT .
dt = Qin /mC = 9 kW/ 3375 kJ/K = 0.00267 K/s
E

5.94
A window air conditioner cools a room at TL = 22oC, with a maximum of 1.2 kW
power input possible. The room gains 0.6 kW per degree temperature difference
to the ambient, and the refrigeration COP is = 0.6 Carnot. Find the actual power
E
required on a day when the temperature is 30oC outside.

E
QL
= W = 0.6 Carnot = 0.6
COP refrigerator:
IN
TL
TH TL
A
=
A
273.15 + 22
30 - 22 = 22.1
A
.
QL = 0.6 (TH - TL ) = 0.6 kW/K (30 22) K = 4.8 kW
E
Heat gain:
A
A
E
.
.
W = QL/ = 4.8 kW/22.1 = 0.217 kW
E
5.95
On a cold (10oC) winter day a heat pump provides 20 kW to heat a house
maintained at 20oC and it has a COPHP of 4. How much power does the heat
E
pump require? The next day a winter storm brings the outside to -15oC, assuming
the same COP and the same house heat transfer coefficient for the heat loss to the
outside air. How much power does the heat pump require then?
E
If we look at the heat loss for the house we have

.
20 kW
Qloss = 20 kW = CA T
CA = 20 - (-10) K = 0.667 kW/K

E
So now with the new outdoor temperature we get

.
Qloss = CA T = 0.667 kW/K [20 (15)] K = 23.3 kW
E
.
.
.
Qloss = QH = COP W
E
.
.
23.3 kW
W = Qloss /COP =
= 5.83 kW
4
E

5.96
In the previous problem, it was assumed that the COP will be the same when the
outside temperature drops. Given the temperatures and the actual COP at the -10o
C winter day, give an estimate for a more realistic COP for the outside at -15oC
case.
A
As the outside T drops the temperature in the low temperature heat exchanger
drops and it will be harder for the heat pump. A reasonable assumption is then
that the reduced COP will follow the ideal (Carnot cycle) COP.
At = -10oC:
E
TH
Carnot =
A
At = -15oC:
E
Carnot =
A
TH TL
TH
A
293.15
= 9.772; COP = 4
20 (-10)
TH TL
=
E
293.15
= 8.376
20 (-15)
A
8.376
COP = 9.772 4 = 3.43
A
Ideal Gas Carnot Cycles

5.97
Hydrogen gas is used in a Carnot cycle having an efficiency of 60% with a low
temperature of 300 K. During the heat rejection the pressure changes from 90 kPa
to 120 kPa. Find the high and low temperature heat transfer and the net cycle
work per unit mass of hydrogen.
Solution:
As the efficiency is known, the high temperature is found as
TL
= 0.6 = 1 T
= > TH = TL /(1 - 0.6) = 750 K
A
Now the volume ratio needed for the heat transfer, T3 = T4 = TL, is
A
v3 / v4 = ( RT3 / P3 ) / ( RT4 / P4 ) = P4 / P3 = 120 / 90 = 1.333

A
A
E
so from Eq.5.9 we have with R = 4.1243 kJ/kg-K from Table A.5

qL = RTL ln (v3/v4 ) = 355.95 kJ/kg
A
A
E
Using the efficiency from Eq.5.5 then

qH = qL / (1 - 0.6) = 889.9 kJ/kg
A
The net work equals the net heat transfer

w = qH - qL = 533.9 kJ/kg
A

5.98
Carbon dioxide is used in an ideal gas refrigeration cycle, reverse of Fig. 5.24.
Heat absorption is at 250 K and heat rejection is at 325 K where the pressure
changes from 1200 kPa to 2400 kPa. Find the refrigeration COP and the specific
heat transfer at the low temperature.
The analysis is the same as for the heat engine except the signs are opposite so the
heat transfers move in the opposite direction.
.
.
= QL / W = carnot = TL / (TH - TL ) =
E
250
= 3.33
325 250
A
P1
2400
qH = RTH ln(v2/v1) = RTH ln ( P ) = 0.1889 kJ/kg-K 325 K ln(1200)
A
= 42.55 kJ/kg
qL = qH TL / TH = 42.55 kJ/kg 250 / 325 = 32.73 kJ/kg
A
A
E

5.99
An ideal gas Carnot cycle with air in a piston cylinder has a high temperature of
1000 K and a heat rejection at 400 K. During the heat addition the volume triples.
Find the two specific heat transfers (q) in the cycle and the overall cycle
efficiency.
Solution:
P
The P-v diagram of the cycle is

shown to the right.
From the integration along the
process curves done in the main
text we have Eq.5.7
qH = R TH ln(v2/v1)
1200 K
3
400 K
= 0.287 kJ/kg 1000 ln(3)

= 315.3 kJ/kg
Since it is a Carnot cycle the knowledge of the temperatures gives the cycle
efficiency as
TL
400
TH = 1 T = 1 - 1000 = 0.6
H
A
from which we can get the other heat transfer from Eq.5.4
qL = qH TL / TH = 315.3 400 / 1000 = 126.1 kJ/kg
A
A
E

5.100
Air in a piston/cylinder goes through a Carnot cycle with the P-v diagram shown
in Fig. 5.24. The high and low temperatures are 600 K and 300 K respectively.
The heat added at the high temperature is 250 kJ/kg and the lowest pressure in the
cycle is 75 kPa. Find the specific volume and pressure after heat rejection and the
net work per unit mass.
Solution:
qH = 250 kJ/kg , TH = 600 K,
A
TL = 300 K,
P3 = 75 kPa
The states as shown in figure 5.24

1: 600 K ,
2: 600 K,
3: 75 kPa, 300 K
4: 300 K
Since this is a Carnot cycle and we know the temperatures the efficiency is
P
TL
300
= 1 T = 1 - 600 = 0.5
A
and the net work becomes

wNET = qH = 0.5 250
A
600 K
= 125 kJ/kg
4
The heat rejected is
300 K
v
qL = qH wNET = 125 kJ/kg

A
After heat rejection is state 4. From equation 5.9

qL = RTL ln (v3/v4)
34 Eq.5.9 :
v3 = RT3 / P3 = 0.287 kJ/kg-K 300 K / 75 kPa = 1.148 m3/kg

v4 = v3 exp(-qL/RTL) = 1.148 m3/kg exp(125/0.287 300)
A
= 0.2688 m3/kg
P4 = RT4 / v4 = 0.287 kJ/kg-K 300 K/ 0.2688 m3/kg = 320 kPa
Review Problems

5.101
A 4L jug of milk at 25C is placed in your refrigerator where it is cooled down to
5C. The high temperature in the Carnot refrigeration cycle is 45C, the low
temperature is -5C and the properties of milk are the same as for liquid water.
Find the amount of energy that must be removed from the milk and the additional
work needed to drive the refrigerator.
Solution:
C.V milk + out to the 5 C refrigerator space
m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2
Energy Eq.:
Process : P = constant = 1 atm
=>
A
1W2
A
A
E
= Pm (v2 - v1)
A
E
State 1: Table B.1.1, v1 vf = 0.001003 m3/kg,

E
h1 hf = 104.87 kJ/kg
m2 = m1 = V1/v1 = 0.004 / 0.001003 = 3.988 kg

A
1Q2
A
A
E
h2 hf = 20.98 kJ/kg
= m(u2 u1) + 1W2 = m(u2 u1) + Pm (v2 - v1) = m(h2 h1)
1Q2
A
State 2: Table B.1.1,

A
A
E
= 3.998 (20.98 - 104.87) = -3.988 83.89 = - 334.55 kJ

A
E
C.V. Refrigeration cycle TL = -5 C ; TH = 45 C, assume Carnot

Ideal : = QL / W = QL / (QH - QL ) = TL/ (TH TL)
A
A
E
= 278.15 / [45 (-5)] = 5.563

W = QL / = 334.55 kJ/ 5.563 = 60.14 kJ
A
5 oC
AIR
MILK
Remark: If you calculate the work term 1W2 you will find that it is very small,
the volume does not change (liquid). The heat transfer could then have been done
as m(u2 u1) without any change in the numbers.
A
A
E
A
E

5.102
Consider the combination of the two heat engines as in Fig. P5.4. How should the
intermediate temperature be selected so the two heat engines have the same
efficiency assuming Carnot cycle heat engines.
TM
TH 1 = 1 T
H
TL
TH 2 = 1 T
M
Heat engine 1:
Heat engine 2:
TM
TL
TH 1 = TH 2 1 T = 1 T
H
M
A
TM =
A
TLTH
TM TL
TH = TM
A

5.103
Consider a combination of a gas turbine power plant and a steam power plant as
shown in Fig. P5.4. The gas turbine operates at higher temperatures (thus called a
topping cycle) than the steam power plant (then called a bottom cycle). Assume
both cycles have a thermal efficiency of 32%. What is the efficiency of the overall
combination assuming QL in the gas turbine equals QH to the steam power plant?
Let the gas turbine be heat engine number 1 and the steam power plant the heat
engine number 2. Then the overall efficiency
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
W2 = 2 QM = 2 (1 1) Q H
TH = 1 + 2 (1 1)
= 0.32 + 0.32(1 0.32) = 0.538

5.104
We wish to produce refrigeration at 30C. A reservoir, shown in Fig. P5.104, is

available at 200C and the ambient temperature is 30C. Thus, work can be done
by a cyclic heat engine operating between the 200C reservoir and the ambient.
This work is used to drive the refrigerator. Determine the ratio of the heat
transferred from the 200C reservoir to the heat transferred from the 30C
reservoir, assuming all processes are reversible.
Solution:
Equate the work from the heat engine to the refrigerator.
TH = 200 C
TH - T0
.
.
W = QH1 T
To = 30 C
QH2
QH1
also
.
. T0 - TL
W = QL2 T
L
REF
HE
Q L2
Q L1
TL =- 30 C
T o= 30 C
To - TL TH 60 473.2
.
.
QH1 / QL2 = T T - T =
= 0.687
L H
o 243.2 170

5.105
Redo the previous problem, assuming the actual devices both have a performance
that is 60% of the theoretical maximum.
For the heat engine this means:
TH - T0
.
.
W = 0.6 QH1 T
For the refrigerator it means:

.
. T0 - TL
W = QL2 T /0.6
L
The ratio of the two heat transfers becomes

To - TL 1 TH 1
.
.
QH1 / QL2 = T
0.6 TH - To 0.6
L
60 473.2 1
= 243.2 170 0.36 = 1.91
As the heat engine delivers less work and the refrigerator requires more work
energy from the high T source must increase significantly.

5.106
A house should be heated by a heat pump, = 2.2, and maintained at 20oC at all
times. It is estimated that it loses 0.8 kW per degree the ambient is lower than the
inside. Assume an outside temperature of 10oC and find the needed power to
drive the heat pump?
E
Solution : Ambient TL = 10oC

. .
Heat pump :
= QH/W
A
.
.
QH = Qleak = 0.8 ( TH - TL)
E
House :
A
.
.
.
W = QH/ = Qleak / = 0.8 ( TH - TL) /
E
= 0.8[20 (10)] /2.2 = 10.91 kW
W
QL
Q leak
QH
HP
cb

5.107
Give an estimate for the COP in the previous problem and the power needed to
drive the heat pump when the outside temperature drops to -15oC.
E
Solution:
W
QL
Minimum power if we
Q leak
QH
HP
We assume the heat transfer coefficient stays the same

.
.
QH = Qleak = 25 kW = CA T = CA [20 (-10)]
E
5
CA = 6 kW/K
.
5
Qleak new = CA T = 6 [20 (-15)] = 29.167 kW
E
.
QH
.
WIN
TH
293.15
= T -T = 35 = 8.3757
H L
.
29.167
WIN = 8.3757 = 3.48 kW
E
Comment. Leak heat transfer increases and COP is lower when T outside drops.

5.108
A farmer runs a heat pump with a motor of 2 kW. It should keep a chicken
hatchery at 30oC which loses energy at a rate of 0.5 kW per degree difference to
the colder ambient. The heat pump has a coefficient of performance that is 50% of
a Carnot heat pump. What is the minimum ambient temperature for which the
heat pump is sufficient?
E
Solution:
C.V. Hatchery, steady state.
To have steady state at 30oC for the hatchery
.
.
.
Energy Eq.: QH= QLoss = ACW
.
Process Eq.: QLoss= 0.5 (TH Tamb);
AC = CARNOT
E
COP for the reference Carnot heat pump

.
.
QH
QH
TH
TH
CARNOT=
=
=T -T = T -T
.
.
.
H
L
H
amb
W QH - QL
A
Substitute the process equations and this CARNOT into the energy Eq.
A
TH
.
0.5 kW/K (TH Tamb) = T - T
W
H
amb
E
.
.
(TH Tamb)2 = THW/0.5 kW/K = THW = (273 + 30) K 2 K = 606 K2
E
TH Tamb= 24.62 K
A
Tamb= 30 24.62 = 5.38oC

E
Comment: That of course is not a very low temperature and the size of the system
is not adequate for most locations.
W = 2 kW
QL
Q leak
QH
HP
cb

5.109
An air-conditioner with a power input of 1.2 kW is working as a refrigerator ( =
3) or as a heat pump ( = 4). It maintains an office at 20C year round which
exchanges 0.5 kW per degree temperature difference with the atmosphere. Find
the maximum and minimum outside temperature for which this unit is sufficient.
Solution:
Analyze the unit in heat pump mode
.
Replacement heat transfer equals the loss: Q = 0.5 kW/K (TH - Tamb)
E
.
W=
.
QH
= 0.5 kW/K
TH - Tamb
4
A
.
W
TH - Tamb = 4 0.5 = 9.6 K
A
Heat pump mode: Minimum Tamb = 20 - 9.6 = 10.4 C

.
Q = 0.5 (Tamb - Thouse)
E
The unit as a refrigerator must cool with rate:

A
.
. QL
W = Error! Bookmark not defined. = 0.5 kW/K (Tamb
E
Thouse) / 3
.
W
Tamb - Thouse = 3 0.5 = 7.2 K
Refrigerator mode: Maximum Tamb = 20 + 7.2 = 27.2 C
A

5.110
An air-conditioner on a hot summer day removes 8 kW of energy from a house at
21oC and pushes energy to the outside which is at at 31oC. The house has 15 000
kg mass with an average specific heat of 0.95 kJ/kgK. In order to do this the cold
side of the air-conditioner is at 5oC and the hot side is at 40oC. The airconditioner (refrigerator) has a COP that is 60% of a corresponding Carnot
refrigerator. Find the actual COP of the air-conditioner and the power required to
run it.
E
A steady state refrigerator definition of COP
COP = REF = QL / W = QL / (QH QL) = 0.6 Carnot

E
TL
5 + 273.15
Carnot = T T = 40 5 = 7.95
H
L
Carnot:
REF = 0.6 7.95 = 4.77
W = QL/ REF = 8 kW/ 4.77 = 1.68 kW

E
Q leak
from atm.
31 C
W
House
21 oC
QL
o
5C
QH
REF
31 C
amb.
40 C
Any heat transfer must go from a higher to a lower T domain.
5.111
The air-conditioner in the previous problem is turned off. How quickly does the
house heat up in degrees per second (oC/s)?
E
Once the A/C unit is turned off we do not cool the house so heat leaks in from the
atm. at a rate of 8 kW (that is what we had to remove to keep steady state).
.
.
dT
Energy Eq.:
ECV = Qleak = 8 kW = mhouse CP dt
E
dT .
dt = Qleak / mhouse CP
8 kW
= 15 000 0.95 kJ/K = 0.56 103 K/s
E
A
E

5.112
Air in a rigid 1 m3 box is at 300 K, 200 kPa. It is heated to 600 K by heat transfer
from a reversible heat pump that receives energy from the ambient at 300 K
besides the work input. Use constant specific heat at 300 K. Since the coefficient
of performance changes write dQ = mair Cv dT and find dW. Integrate dW with
temperature to find the required heat pump work.
Solution:
A
QH
QH
TH
= W =
QH QL TH TL
COP:
mair = P1V1 / RT1 = 200 1 / 0.287 300 = 2.322 kg

A
A
E
dQH = mair Cv dTH = dW

A
TH
dW
TH TL
=>
1W2
TH
] dTH
TH TL
dW = mair Cv [
A
A
E
TL
TL
= mair Cv ( 1 - T ) dT = mair Cv ( 1 - T ) dT
A
A
E
T2
= mair Cv [T2 - T1 - TL ln T ]
A
= 2.322 kg 0.717 kJ/kg-K [ 600 - 300 - 300 ln
600
] K = 153.1 kJ
300
A

5.113
A Carnot heat engine, shown in Fig. P5.113, receives energy from a reservoir at
Tres through a heat exchanger where the heat transferred is proportional to the
.
temperature difference as QH = K(Tres - TH). It rejects heat at a given low
E
temperature TL. To design the heat engine for maximum work output show that
the high temperature, TH, in the cycle should be selected as TH =
A
TresTL
A
Solution:
W = THQH =
A
TH - TL
TH
A
K(Tres TH) ;
A
maximize W(TH)
W
=0
TH
A
W
= K(Tres TH)TLTH-2 K(1 TL/TH) = 0
TH
E
TH =
A
TresTL
E

5.114
A combination of a heat engine driving a heat pump (see Fig. P5.114) takes waste
energy at 50C as a source Qw1 to the heat engine rejecting heat at 30C. The
remainder Qw2 goes into the heat pump that delivers a QH at 150C. If the total
waste energy is 5 MW find the rate of energy delivered at the high temperature.
Solution:
A
.
.
Qw1 + Qw2 = 5 MW
E
Waste supply:
A
Heat Engine:
.
.
.
W = Qw1 = ( 1 - TL1 / TH1 ) Qw1
E
Qw1
HE
Heat pump:
.
.
.
W = QH / HP = QW2 /
E
QL
Ambient
30 C
.
= Qw2 / [TH1 / (TH - TH1 )]
E
QH
HEAT
150 C
Waste
source
HP
Q w2
Waste
source
Equate the two work terms:

.
.
( 1 - TL1 / TH1 ) Qw1 = Qw2 (TH - TH1 ) / TH1
.
.
Substitute Qw1 = 5 MW - Qw2
E
.
.
(1 - 303.15/323.15)(5 - Qw2 ) = Qw2 (150 - 50) / 323.15
E
.
.
20 ( 5 - Qw2 ) = Qw2 100
E
.
Qw2 = 0.8333 MW
=>
A
.
Qw1 = 5 - 0.8333 = 4.1667 MW
E
.
.
W = Qw1 = 0.06189 4.1667 = 0.258 MW
E
.
.
.
QH = Qw2 + W = 1.09 MW
E
(For the heat pump = 423.15 / 100 = 4.23)

5.115
A furnace, shown in Fig. P5.115, can deliver heat, QH1 at TH1 and it is proposed to
use this to drive a heat engine with a rejection at Tatm instead of direct room
heating. The heat engine drives a heat pump that delivers QH2 at Troom using the
atmosphere as the cold reservoir. Find the ratio QH2/QH1 as a function of the
temperatures. Is this a better set-up than direct room heating from the furnace?
Solution:
.
.
C.V.: Heat Eng.: WHE = QH1 where = 1 Tatm/TH1
.
.
C.V.: Heat Pump: WHP = QH2/ where = Trm/(Trm Tatm)
Work from heat engine goes into heat pump so we have
.
.
.
QH2 = WHP = QH1
E
.
.
and we may substitute T's for , . If furnace is used directly QH2 = QH1, so if
E
> 1 this proposed setup is better. Is it? For TH1 > Tatm formula shows that it is
good for Carnot cycles. In actual devices it depends whether > 1 is obtained.
A

5.116
Consider the rock bed thermal storage in Problem 5.60. Use the specific heat so
you can write dQH in terms of dTrock and find the expression for dW out of the
heat engine. Integrate this expression over temperature and find the total heat
engine work output.
Solution:
A
A
E
The rock provides the heat QH

A
dQH = dUrock = mC dTrock

A
To
dW = dQH = ( 1 T ) mC dTrock
rock
A
m = V = 2750 kg/m3 2 m3 = 5500 kg

To
T2
W
=
(
1
)
mC
dT
=
mC
[T
T
ln
1 2
rock
2
1
o T ]
Trock
1
E
A
E
= 5500 kg 0.89 kJ/kg-K [ 290 400 290 ln
290
]K
400
A
= 81 945 kJ
HE
QH
QL

5.117
Consider a Carnot cycle heat engine operating in outer space. Heat can be rejected
from this engine only by thermal radiation, which is proportional to the radiator
.
area and the fourth power of absolute temperature, Qrad ~ KAT4. Show that for a
given engine work output and given TH, the radiator area will be minimum when
the ratio TL/TH = 3/4.
Solution:
. TH - TL . TH - TL
.
also
WNET = QH T
= QL T
;
H
L
.
4
TL 3 TL 4
WNET ATL TH
4 = 4 T - 1 = A T - T = const
H H
KTH
TH L
.
4
QL = KATL
Differentiating,
TL 3 TL 4
TL 2 TL 3 TL
dA T - T + A 3T - 4T dT = 0
H H
H H
H
TL 2 TL 3
dA
= - A 3T - 4T
d(TL/TH)
H
H
TL
3
=
TH 4
TL 3 TL 4
T - T = 0
H H
/[
for min. A
Check that it is minimum and

not maximum with the 2nd
derivative > 0.

5.118
A Carnot heat engine operating between a high TH and low TL energy reservoirs
has an efficiency given by the temperatures. Compare this to two combined heat
engines one operating between TH and an intermediate temperature TM giving out
work WA and the other operating between TM and TL giving out WB. The
combination must have the same efficiency as the single heat engine so the heat
transfer ratio QH/QL = (TH,TL) = [QH/QM] [QM/QL]. The last two heat transfer
ratios can be expressed by the same function () involving also the temperature
TM. Use this to show a condition the function () must satisfy.
The overall heat engine is a Carnot heat engine so
TH
.
.
QH / QL = T = (TH,TL)
L
The individual heat engines
.
.
QH / QM = (TH,TM)
and
.
.
QM / QL = (TM,TL)
Since an identity is
.
.
.
.
.
.
QH / QL = [QH / QM] [QM / QL] = (TH,TL)
it follows that we have
(TH,TL) = (TH,TM) (TM,TL)
Notice here that the product of the two functions must cancel the intermediate
temperature TM, this shows a condition the function () must satisfy. The Kelvin
and Rankine temperature scales are determined by the choice of the function
.
.
(TH,TL) = TH / TL = QH / QL
satisfying the above restriction.

5.119
On a cold (-10oC) winter day a heat pump provides 20 kW to heat a house
maintained at 20oC and it has a COPHP of 4 using the maximum power available.
The next day a winter storm brings the outside to -15oC, assuming that the
COPHP changes by the same percentage as a Carnot unit and that the house loses
heat to the outside air. How cold is the house then?
If we look at the heat loss for the house we have
.
20 kW
Qloss = 20 kW = CA T
CA = 20 - (-10) K = 0.667 kW/K

.
.
.
Qloss = QH = COP W
At = -10oC:
.
.
20 kW
W = Qloss /COP = 4 = 5 kW
Carnot 1 =
TH
TH TL1
293.15
= 9.772
20 (-10)
With a changed COP we get

COPHP = 4 Carnot 2/Carnot 1 = (4/9.772) Carnot 2
At the new unknown temperature of the house, TH, we have
TH
.
;
Qloss = CA (TH TL2)
Carnot 2 =
TH TL2
.
.
The energy equation for the house becomes Qloss = QH and substitution gives
.
0.667 kW/K (TH TL2) = COPHP W = (4/9.772)
TH
TH TL2
5 kW
4 5 kW
(TH TL2)2 = 9.772 0.667 kW/K TH = 3.07 K TH
Solve with x = TH TL2, x2 3.07 x 3.07(273.15 15) = 0,
or
x = 3.07/2 + [ (3.07/2)2 + 792.52 ]1/2 = 29.729

TH = x + TL2 = 29.729 15 = 14.7oC

5.120
A 10-m3 tank of air at 500 kPa, 600 K acts as the high-temperature reservoir for a
Carnot heat engine that rejects heat at 300 K. A temperature difference of 25C
between the air tank and the Carnot cycle high temperature is needed to transfer
the heat. The heat engine runs until the air temperature has dropped to 400 K and
then stops. Assume constant specific heat capacities for air and find how much
work is given out by the heat engine.
Solution:
TH = Tair 25C, TL = 300 K
AIR
Q
H
HE
QL
300 K
P1V
500 10
mair = RT =
= 29.04 kg
0.287
600
1
TL
dW = dQH = 1 - T - 25 dQH
air
dQH = mairdu = mairCvdTair
TL
dW = mairCv1
W=
dTa
Ta 25
Ta2 25
= mairCv Ta2 Ta1 TL ln T 25

a1
375
= 29.04 kg 0.717 kJ/kg-K 400 600 300 ln

K
575
= 1494.3 kJ
Borgnakke Sonntag
Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics
SOLUTION MANUAL
CHAPTER 5
English Units
8e
UPDATED JULY 2013
CHAPTER 5
SUBSECTION
Carnot Cycles and Absolute Temperature
Ideal gas Carnot cycle
Review Problems
PROB NO.
121-131
132-145
146-152
153-154
155-161
5.121E
A window mounted air-conditioner removes 3.5 Btu from the inside of a home
using 1.75 Btu work input. How much energy is released outside and what is its
coefficient of performance?
C.V. Refrigerator. The energy QH goes into the kitchen air.
Energy Eq.:
QH = W + QL = 1.75 + 3.5 = 5.25 btu
QL
COP:
= W = 3.5 / 1.75 = 2
T amb
QH
REF
W = 1.75 Btu
Q L = 3.5 Btu
TL
5.122E
A lawnmower tractor engine produces 18 hp using 40 Btu/s of heat transfer from
burning fuel. Find the thermal efficiency and the rate of heat transfer rejected to
the ambient?
Conversion Table A.1: 18 hp = 18 (2544.4/3600) Btu/s = 12.722 Btu/s
.
.
12.722
TH = Wout/QH = 40 = 0.318
Efficiency:
Energy equation:
.
.
.
QL = QH - Wout = 40 12.72 = 27.3 Btu/s
.
QH
.
QL
.
Wout
5.123E
Problem 4.198.
Solution:
From solution to problems 4.198, 199
.
WNET = 33 000 - 400 = 32 600 hp = 8.3 107 Btu/h
.
.
.
QH,tot = Qecon + Qgen
= 4.75 107 + 2.291 108 = 2.766 108 Btu/h;
.
8.3 107
W
.
=Q =
8 = 0.30
H 2.766 10
5.124E
A large coal fired power plant has an efficiency of 45% and produces net 1500
MW of electricity. Coal releases 12 500 Btu/lbm as it burns so how much coal is
used per hour?
From the definition of the thermal efficiency and the energy release by the
combustion called heating value HV we get
.
.
.
W = QH = mHV
then
.
1500 MW
1500 (1000/1.055) Btu/s
W
= 0.45 12 500 btu/lbm = 0.45 12 500 Btu/lbm
HV
= 252.765 lbm/s = 909 950 lbm/h
.
m=
5.125E
An industrial machine is being cooled by 0.8 lbm/s water at 60 F which is chilled
from 95 F by a refrigeration unit with a COP of 3. Find the rate of cooling
.
.
.
QL = m(h1 h2) = m CP (T1 T2)
cb
2
QL
= 0.8 lbm/s 1 Btu/lbm-R (95 60) R

= 28 Btu/s
.
.
= COP = QL / W
REF
TH
QH
.
.
W = QL / = 28 / 3 = 9.33 Btu/s
Comment: An outside cooling tower is often used for this, see Chapter 11.
5.126E
A water cooler for drinking water should cool 10 gal/h water from 65 F to 50 F
using a small refrigeration unit with a COP of 2.5. Find the rate of cooling
The mass flow rate is

. 10 231 /123 1
.
m = V = 0.01603 3600 lbm/s = 0.0232 lbm/s
.
.
.
QL = m(h1 h2) = m CP (T1 T2)
cb
2
QL
W
REF
TH
QH
= 0.0232 1.0 (65 50) = 0.348 Btu/s

.
.
= COP = QL / W
.
.
W = QL / = 0.348 (Btu/s) / 2.5 = 0.139 Btu/s
Comment: The unit does not operate continuously.
5.127E
A window air-conditioner unit is placed on a laboratory bench and tested in
cooling mode using 0.75 Btu/s of electric power with a COP of 1.75. What is the
cooling power capacity and what is the net effect on the laboratory?
Definition of COP:
Cooling capacity:
.
.
= QL / W
.
.
QL = W = 1.75 0.75 = 1.313 Btu/s
.
.
For steady state operation the QL comes from the laboratory and QH goes to the
.
.
.
laboratory giving a net to the lab of W = QH - QL = 0.75 Btu/s, that is heating it.
5.128E
A farmer runs a heat pump with a 2 kW motor. It should keep a chicken hatchery
at 90 F, which loses energy at a rate of 10 Btu/s to the colder ambient Tamb. What
is the minimum coefficient of performance that will be acceptable for the heat
pump?
.
Power input:
W = 2 kW = 2 2544.4 / 3600 = 1.414 Btu/s
.
.
Energy Eq. for hatchery:
QH = QLoss = 10 Btu/s
.
QH
10
Definition of COP:
= COP = . = 1.414 = 7.07
W
W = 2 kW
QL
Q leak
QH
HP
cb
5.129E
R-410A enters the evaporator (the cold heat exchanger) in an A/C unit at 0 F, x =
28% and leaves at 0 F, x = 1. The COP of the refrigerator is 1.5 and the mass flow
rate is 0.006 lbm/s. Find the net work input to the cycle.

.
.
.
QL = m(h2 h1) = m[hg (hf + x1 hfg)]
.
.
= m[hfg x1 hfg] = m (1 x1)hfg
cb
2
QL
= 0.006 lbm/s 0.72 103.76 Btu/lbm = 0.448 Btu/s

.
.
= COP = QL / W
.
.
W = QL / = 0.448 / 1.5 = 0.3 Btu/s
5.130E
A large stationary diesel engine produces 2 000 hp with a thermal efficiency of
40%. The exhaust gas, which we assume is air, flows out at 1400 R and the
. intake
is 520 R. How large a mass flow rate is that if that accounts for half the QL? Can
the exhaust flow energy be used?
2 000 hp = 2 000 2544.4 / 3600 = 1413.6 Btu/s
.
.
14 136
Heat engine: QH = Wout/TH = 0.4 = 3534 Btu/s
Power
Energy equation:
.
.
.
QL = QH - Wout = 3534 1413.6 = 2120.4 Btu/s
Exhaust flow:
.
1.
2QL = mair(h1400
- h520)
.
Q
2120.4
.
1
L
1
mair = 2 h
=
= 4.85 lbm/s
1400 - h520 2 343.02 - 124.38
The flow of hot gases can be used to heat a building or it can be used to
heat water in a steam power plant since it operates at lower temperatures.
5.131E
tray of 0.5 lbm liquid water at 50 F. Assume the refrigerator has = 3.5 and a
motor-compressor of 750 W. How much time does it take if this is the only
cooling load?
Solution:
Energy Eq.:
Process :
m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2

P = constant = Po
1W2 = P dV = Pom(v2 v1)
1Q2
= m(u2 u1) + 1W2 = m(h2 h1)
Tbl. F.7.1 : h1 = 18.05 Btu/lbm, Tbl. F.7.4 : h2 = 143.34 Btu/lbm

1Q2 = 0.5(143.34 18.05 ) = 80.695 Btu
= QL/W
W = QL/ = 1Q2/ = 80.695/3.5 = 23.06 Btu
.
.
W = W dt = W t
.
t = W/W = (23.06 1055)/750 = 32.4 s
Comment: We neglected a baseload of

the refrigerator so not all the 750 W are
available to make ice, also our
coefficient of performance is very
optimistic and finally the heat transfer
is a transient process. All this means
that it will take much more time to
make ice-cubes.
Carnot Cycles and Absolute T
7.132E
Calculate the thermal efficiency of a Carnot-cycle heat engine operating between
reservoirs at 920 F and 110 F. Compare the result with that of Problem 5.123.
Solution:
TH = 920 F ,
TL = 110 F
TL
110 + 459.67
Carnot = 1 T = 1 - 920 + 459.67 = 0.587
H
(about twice 5.123: 0.3)
5.133E
A steam power plant has 1200 F in the boiler, 630 Btu/s work out of turbine, 900
Btu/s is taken out at 100 F in the condenser and the pump work is 30 Btu/s. Find
the plant thermal efficiency. Assume the same pump work and heat transfer to the
boiler, how much is the turbine power if the plant is running in a Carnot cycle?
Solution:
CV. Total plant:
QH
WP, in
WT
.
Q L to ambient
Energy Eq.:
.
.
.
.
QH + WP,in = WT + QL
.
QH = 630 + 900 - 30 = 1500 Btu/s
.
.
WT - WP,in
.
TH =
Error! Bookmark
QH
600
not defined. = 1500 = 0.40
.
.
100 + 459.67
carnot = Wnet/ QH = 1 TL/TH = 1
1200 + 459.67 = 0.663
.
.
.
WT WP,in = carnotQH = 0.663 1500 Btu/s = 995 Btu/s
.
Btu
=> WT = 995 + 30 = 1025
s
5.134E
A large heat pump should upgrade 4000 Btu/s of heat at 175 F to be delivered as
heat at 280 F. What is the minimum amount of work (power) input that will drive
this?
.
For the minimum work we assume a Carnot heat pump and QL = 4000 Btu/s.
.
TH
QH
459.7 + 280
HP = . = T T = 280 - 175 = 7.04
Win
. H L
QL
REF = HP - 1 = . = 6.04
Win
Now we can solve for the work
.
.
Win = QL/REF = 4000/6.04 = 662 Btu/s
This is a domestic or
small office building
size A/C unit, much
smaller than the 4000
Btu/s in this problem.
C. Borgnakke
5.135E
A car engine burns 10 lbm of fuel (equivalent to addition of QH) at 2600 R and
rejects energy to the radiator and the exhaust at an average temperature of 1300 R.
If the fuel provides 17 200 Btu/lbm what is the maximum amount of work the
engine can provide?
Solution:
A heat engine QH = m qfuel = 10 17200 = 170 200 Btu
Assume a Carnot efficiency (maximum theoretical work)
TL
1300
= 1 T = 1 2600 = 0.5
H
W = QH = 0.5 170 200 = 85 100 Btu
Air intake filter
Fuel line
Fan
Shaft
power
cb
Exhaust flow
5.136E
Consider the combination of a heat engine and a heat pump as given in problem
5.41 with a low temperature of 720 R. What should the high temperature be so the
heat engine is reversible? For that temperature what is the COP for a reversible
heat pump?
For all three cases of the heat engine the ratio between the heat transfers and the
work term is the same as:
.
.
.
= 6:4:2 = 3:2:1
QH : QL : W
For a reversible heat engine we must have the heat transfer ratio equal to the
temperature ratio so
.
QH
T
T
. = H =3= H
TL 2 720 R => TH = (3/2) 720 R = 1080 R
QL
The COP is
.
. 3
COPHP = QH / W = 1 = 3
T H1
(=
TH
1080
=
)
TH TL 1080 720
T H2
QH1
W
Q H2
H.P.
HE
Q L1
Q L2
720 R
5.137E
An air-conditioner provides 1 lbm/s of air at 60 F cooled from outside
atmospheric air at 95 F. Estimate the amount of power needed to operate the airconditioner. Clearly state all assumptions made.
Solution:
Consider the cooling of air which needs a heat transfer as
.
.
.
Qair = m h m Cp T = 1 lbm/s 0.24 Btu/lbm-R (95 - 60) R
= 8.4 Btu/s
.
QL .
TL
.
.
60 + 459.67
= . = QL / (QH - QL ) T - T = 95 - 60 = 14.8
W
H
L
.
.
8.4
W = QL / = 14.8 = 0.57 Btu/s
This estimate is the theoretical maximum

performance. To do the required heat
transfer TL 40 F and TH = 110 F are
more likely; secondly
< carnot
cb
95 F
Q
REF
60 F
L
W
QH
5.138E
We propose to heat a house in the winter with a heat pump. The house is to be
maintained at 68 F at all times. When the ambient temperature outside drops to 15
F, the rate at which heat is lost from the house is estimated to be 80 000 Btu/h.
What is the minimum electrical power required to drive the heat pump?
Solution:
Minimum power if we
.
.
QH = Qleak = 80 000 Btu/h
QL
QH
Q leak
HP
.
TH
QH
527.7
= . = T - T = 68 - 15 = 9.957
WIN
H
L
.
WIN = 80 000 / 9.957 = 8035 Btu/h = 2.355 kW
5.139E
Consider the setup with two stacked (temperature wise) heat engines as in Fig.
P5.4. Let TH = 1500 R, TM = 1000 R and TL = 650 R. Find the two heat engine
efficiencies and the combined overall efficiency assuming Carnot cycles.
The individual efficiencies
TM
1000
1 = 1 T = 1 1500 = 0.333
H
TL
650
2 = 1 T = 1
= 0.35
1000
M
The overall efficiency .
.
.
.
.
.
.
For the second heat
. and the energy Eq.
. for the first heat engine
. engine
W2 = 2 QM = 2 (1 1) Q H
TH = 1 + 2 (1 1) = 0.333 + 0.35 (1 0.333) = 0.566
TL
650
Comment: It matches a single heat engine TH = 1 T = 1
= 0.567
1500
H
5.140E
A thermal storage is made with a rock (granite) bed of 70 ft3 which is heated to
720 R using solar energy. A heat engine receives a QH from the bed and rejects
heat to the ambient at 520 R. The rock bed therefore cools down and as it reaches
520 R the process stops. Find the energy the rock bed can give out. What is the
heat engine efficiency at the beginning of the process and what is it at the end of
the process?
Solution:
Assume the whole setup is reversible and that the heat engine operates in a
Carnot cycle. The total change in the energy of the rock bed is
u2 u1 = q = C T = 0.21 Btu/lbm-R (720 - 520) R = 42 Btu/lbm
m = V = 172 lbm/ft3 70 ft3 = 12040 lbm;
Q = mq = 12040 lbm 42 Btu/lbm = 505 680 Btu
To get the efficiency assume a Carnot cycle device
= 1 - To / TH = 1 - 520/720 = 0.28
= 1 - To / TH = 1 - 520/520 = 0
at the beginning of process

at the end of process
HE
QH
QL
5.141E
A heat engine has a solar collector receiving 600 Btu/h per square foot inside
which a transfer media is heated to 800 R. The collected energy powers a heat
engine which rejects heat at 100 F. If the heat engine should deliver 8500 Btu/h
what is the minimum size (area) solar collector?
Solution:
TH = 800 R
TL = 100 + 459.67 = 560 R
TL
560
HE = 1 T = 1 - 800 = 0.30
H
.
.
W 8500
QH =
= 0.30 = 28 333 Btu/h
.
QH
.
QH = 600 A => A = 600 = 47 ft2
.
.
W = QH =>
5.142E
Six-hundred pound-mass per hour of water runs through a heat exchanger,
entering as saturated liquid at 250 F and leaving as saturated vapor. The heat is
supplied by a Carnot heat pump operating from a low-temperature reservoir at 60
F with a COP of half of the similar carnot unit. Find the rate of work into the heat
pump.
Solution:
C.V. Heat exchanger
.
.
.
.
.
m1 = m2 ;
m1h1 + QH = m1h2
cb
2
QH
Table F.7.1: h1 = 218.58 Btu/lbm
HP
h2 = 1164.19 Btu/lbm
TL
.
600
QH = 3600 (1164.19 - 218.58) = 157.6 Btu/s
For the Carnot heat pump, TH = 250 F = 710 R.
TH
. .
710
= QH/W = T - T = 190 = 3.737
H
L
ac = 3.737/2 = 1.87
.
.
W = QH/ ac = 157.6/1.87 = 84.3 Btu/s
5.143E
A power plant with a thermal efficiency of 40% is located on a river similar to
Fig. P5.61. With a total river mass flow rate of 2 105 lbm/s at 60 F find the
maximum power production allowed if the river water should not be heated more
than 2 F.
.
The maximum heating allowed determines the maximum QL as
.
.
.
2
= 2. 105 lbm/s 1.0 Btu/lbm-R 2 R = 4 105 Btu/s

= WNET(1/TH ac 1)
TH ac
.
.
.
WNET = QL / (1/TH ac 1) = QL
1 - TH ac
0.4
= 4 105 Btu/s 1 - 0.4 = 2.67 105 Btu/s
5.144E
A nuclear reactor provides a flow of liquid sodium at 1500 F, which is used as the
energy source in a steam power plant. The condenser cooling water comes from a
cooling tower at 60 F. Determine the maximum thermal efficiency of the power
plant. Is it misleading to use the temperatures given to calculate this value?
Solution:
1 5 0 F0
REACTOR
ENERGY
T OH2O E N E R G Y
FROM
6 0F
COOLI
COND. TOWE
STEAM
POWER
P L A N T L I QH O
LIQ Na
2
TH = 1500 F = 1960 R, TL = 60 F = 520 R
TH MAX =
TH - TL
TH
1960 - 520
19860 = 0.735
It might be misleading to use 1500 F as the value for TH, since there is not
a supply of energy available at a constant temperature of 1500 F (liquid Na is
cooled to a lower temperature in the heat exchanger).
The Na cannot be used to boil H2O at 1500 F.
Similarly, the H2O leaves the cooling tower and enters the condenser at 60
F, and leaves the condenser at some higher temperature.
The water does not provide for condensing steam at a constant temperature of
60 F.
5.145E
An inventor has developed a refrigeration unit that maintains the cold space at 14
F, while operating in a 77 F room. A coefficient of performance of 8.5 is claimed.
How do you evaluate this?
Solution:
Assume Carnot cycle then
TH= 77 F
QL
TL
14 + 459.67
Carnot = W = T -T = 77 - 14 = 7.5
in
H L
8.5 > Carnot impossible claim
QH
REF
QL
TL = 14 F
5.146E
A car engine operates with a thermal efficiency of 35%. Assume the airconditioner has a coefficient of performance that is one third of the theoretical
maximum and it is mechanically pulled by the engine. How much fuel energy
should you spend extra to remove 1 Btu at 60 F when the ambient is at 95 F?
Solution:
Air conditioner
=
QL
TL
60 + 459.67
=
=
W TH - TL
95 - 60 = 14.8
actual = / 3 = 4.93
W = QL / = 1 / 4.93 = 0.203 Btu
Work from engine
W = eng Qfuel = 0.203 Btu
0.203
Qfuel = W / eng = 0.35 = 0.58 Btu
TH
FUEL
QH
W
REF
QL
Q Fuel
H.E.
Q L eng
TL
5.147E
In a remote location you run a heat engine to provide the power to run a
refrigerator. The input to the heat engine is at 1450 R and the low T is 700 R, it
has an actual efficiency equal to of the corresponding Carnot unit. The
refrigerator has a TL = 15 F and TH = 95 F with a COP that is 1/3 of the
corresponding Carnot unit. Assume a cooling capacity of 7000 Btu/h is needed
and find the rate of heat input to the heat engine.
Heat engine:
TL
700
Carnot = 1 T = 1 1450 = 0.517;
H
ac = 0.259
TL
459.7 + 15
ref. Carnot = T
=
= 5.934; ref. ac = 1.978
95 15
H - TL
.
.
Cooling capacity: QL = 7000 Btu/h = ref. ac W;
.
W = 7000 Btu/h /1.978 = 3538.9 Btu/h
.
.
This work must be provided by the heat engine W = ac QH
.
.
QH = W / ac = 3538.9 (Btu/h) / 0.259 = 13 664 Btu/h
Refrigerator:
= 3.796 Btu/s
5.148E
A heat pump cools a house at 70 F with a maximum of 4000 Btu/h power input.
The house gains 2000 Btu/h per degree temperature difference to the ambient and
the heat pump coefficient of performance is 60% of the theoretical maximum.
Find the maximum outside temperature for which the heat pump provides
sufficient cooling.
Solution:
W = 4000 Btu/h
QH
QL
AC
Here:
Q leak
TL = Thouse
TH = Tamb
cb
In this setup the low temperature space is the house and the high
temperature space is the ambient. The heat pump must remove the gain or
leak heat transfer to keep it at a constant temperature.
.
.
Qleak = 2000 (Tamb - Thouse) = QL
which must be removed by the heat pump.
.
.
.
.
= QH / W = 1 + QL / W = 0.6 carnot = 0.6 Tamb / (Tamb - Thouse )
.
Substitute in for QL and multiply with (Tamb - Thouse):
.
(Tamb - Thouse ) + 2000 (Tamb - Thouse )2 / W = 0.6 Tamb
.
Since Thouse = 529.7 R and W = 4000 Btu/h it follows
2
Tamb - 1058.6 Tamb + 279522.7 = 0

Solving =>
Tamb = 554.5 R = 94.8 F

5.149E
A small house is kept at 77 F inside looses 12 Btu/s to the outside ambient at 32
F. A heat pump is used to help heat the house together with possible electric heat.
The heat pump is driven by a motor of 2.5 kW and it has a COP that is of a
Carnot heat pump unit. Find the actual COP for the heat pump and the amount of
electric heat that must be used (if any) to maintain the house temperature.
.
.
.
0 = QH + Wel. QLoss
.
QH 1 TH
1 536.7
Definition of COP: = COPHP = . = 4
=4
= 2.982
W
TH TL
77 32
.
.
QH = COPHP WHP = 2.982 (2.5/1.055) Btu/s = 7.066 Btu/s
.
.
.
Wel. = QLoss QH = 12 7.066 = 4.934 Btu/s
CV. House
Energy:
W = 2.5 kW
QL
W el.
Q loss
QH
HP
cb
5.150E
A house is cooled by an electric heat pump using the outside as the hightemperature reservoir. For several different summer outdoor temperatures estimate
the percent savings in electricity if the house is kept at 77 F instead of 68 F.
Assume that the house is gaining energy from the outside directly proportional to
the temperature difference.
Solution:
.
Air-conditioner (Refrigerator) QLEAK (TH - TL)
.
TL
K(TH - TL) .
K(TH - TL)2
Max Q
.L =
.
=
,
W
=
in
Perf. Win TH - TL
Win
TL
A: TLA = 68 F = 527.7 R
TH, F
.
WINA/K
B: TLB = 77 F = 536.7 R
.
WINB/K
% saving
115
4.186
2.691
35.7 %
105
2.594
1.461
43.7 %
95
1.381
0.604
56.3 %
5.151E
Arctic explorers are unsure if they can use a 5 kW motor driven heat pump to stay
warm. It should keep their shelter at 60 F which loses energy at a rate of 0.3 Btu/s
per degree difference to the colder ambient. The heat pump has a COP that is 50%
of a Carnot heat pump. If the ambient temperature can fall to -10 F at night, would
you recommend this heat pump to the explorers?
CV Heat pump.
The heat pump should deliver a rate of heating that equals the heat loss to the
ambient for steady inside temperature.
TH
. .
1 459.7 + 60
1
COP = = QH/W = 0.5 Carnot =
=
2 TH - TL 2 60 - (-10) = 3.7
The heat pump can then provide a heating capacity of
.
.
QH = W = 3.7 5 kW = 18.5 kW = 17.53 Btu/s
The heat loss is
.
Qleak out = CA T = 0.3 Btu/s-R [60 (-10)] R = 21 Btu/s
The heat pump is not sufficient to cover the loss and not recommended.
5.152E
Using the given heat pump in the previous problem how warm could it make the
shelter in the arctic night?
The high is now an unknown so both the heat loss and the heat pump performance
depends on that. The energy
the shelter then gives
. around
.
. balance
QH = W = Qleak out = CA T
Substitute the expression for and CA T to give

TH
.
1
W
= 0.3 Btu/s-R [TH TL]
2 T -T
H
Multiply with the temperature difference, factor 2 and divide by the work,
5 kW = (5/1.055) Btu/s, so we get
0.3 2
0.1137
TH = 5/1.055 R [TH TL]2 = R [TH TL]2
Solve this equation like 0.1137 x2 x TL = 0, with x = TH TL and
TL = 459.7 10 = 449.7 R
x = TH TL = 67.44 R
(negative root discarded)
TH = x + TL = 67.44 10 = 57.4 F
Ideal Gas Garnot Cycle
5.153E
Carbon dioxide is used in an ideal gas refrigeration cycle, reverse of Fig. 5.24.
Heat absorption is at 450 R and heat rejection is at 585 R where the pressure
changes from 180 psia to 360 psia. Find the refrigeration COP and the specific
heat transfer at the low temperature.
The analysis is the same as for the heat engine except the signs are opposite so the
heat transfers move in the opposite direction.
.
.
450
= QL / W = carnot = TL / (TH - TL ) =
= 3.33
585 450
P1
360
qH = RTH ln(v2/v1) = RTH ln ( P ) = 35.1 ft-lbf/lbm-R 585 R ln(180)
2
= 14 232.7 ft-lbf/lbm = 18.29 Btu/lbm

qL = qH TL / TH = 18.29 450 / 585 = 14.07 Btu/lbm
5.154E
Air in a piston/cylinder goes through a Carnot cycle with the P-v diagram shown
in Fig. 5.24. The high and low temperatures are 1200 R and 600 R respectively.
The heat added at the high temperature is 100 Btu/lbm and the lowest pressure in
the cycle is 10 lbf/in.2. Find the specific volume and pressure at all 4 states in the
cycle assuming constant specific heats at 80 F.
Solution:
qH = 100 Btu/lbm,
TH = 1200 R,
Cv = 0.171 Btu/lbm R ;
TL = 600 R,
P3 = 10 lbf/in.2
R = 53.34 ft-lbf/lbm-R
The states as shown in figure 5.24

1: 1200 R ,
2: 1200 R,
3: 10 psi, 600 R
4: 600 R
As we know state 3 we can work backwards towards state 1

v3 = RT3 / P3 = 53.34 600 /(10 144) = 22.225 ft3/lbm
Process 23 from Eq.5.8 & Cv = constant
= > Cv ln (TL / TH) + R ln (v3/v2) = 0
= > ln (v3/v2) = - (Cv / R) ln (TL / TH)
= - (0.171/53.34) ln (600/1200) = 1.7288
= > v2 = v3 / exp (1.7288) = 22.225/5.6339 = 3.9449 ft3/lbm
Process 12
and Eq.5.7:
qH = RTH ln (v2 / v1)
ln (v2 / v1) = qH /RTH = 100 778/(53.34 1200) = 1.21547

v1 = v2 / exp (1.21547) = 1.1699 ft3/lbm
v4 = v1 v3 / v2 = 1.1699 22.225/3.9449 = 6.591 ft3/lbm
P1 = RT1 / v1 = 53.34 1200/(1.1699144) = 379.9 psia
P2 = RT2 / v2 = 53.34 1200/(3.9449 144) = 112.7 psia
P4 = RT4 / v4 = 53.34 600/(6.591 144) = 33.7 psia
Review Problems
5.155E
We wish to produce refrigeration at 20 F. A reservoir is available at 400 F and

the ambient temperature is 80 F, as shown in Fig. P5.104. Thus, work can be done
by a cyclic heat engine operating between the 400 F reservoir and the ambient.
This work is used to drive the refrigerator. Determine the ratio of the heat
transferred from the 400 F reservoir to the heat transferred from the 20 F
reservoir, assuming all processes are reversible.
Solution: Equate the work from the heat engine to the refrigerator.
TH = 860 R
To = 540 R
QH1
QH2
W
REF
HE
Q L1
T o= 540 R
Q L2
TH - T0
.
.
W = QH1 T
also
.
. T0 - TL
W = QL2
TL
TL = 440 R
.
.
TO - TL TH 100 860
QH1 / QL2 = T
= 0.611
=
L TH - TO 440 320
5.156E
An air-conditioner on a hot summer day removes 8 Btu/s of energy from a house
at 70 F and pushes energy to the outside which is at 88 F. The house has 30 000
lbm mass with an average specific heat of 0.23 Btu/lbm-R. In order to do this the
cold side of the air-conditioner is at 40 F and the hot side is 100 F. The air
conditioner (refrigerator) has a COP that is 60% of a corresponding Carnot
refrigerator. Find the actual air-conditioner COP and the required power to run it.
A steady state refrigerator definition of COP
COP = REF = QL / W = QL / (QH QL) = 0.6 Carnot

TL
40 + 459.7
Carnot = T T = 100 40 = 8.328
H
L
Carnot:
REF = 0.6 8.328 = 5
W = QL/ REF = 8 Btu/s / 5 = 1.6 Btu/s
Q leak
from atm.
88 F
W
House
QL
QH
REF
70 F
40 F
88 F
amb.
100 F
Any heat transfer must go from a higher to a lower T domain.
5.157E
The air conditioner in the previous problem is turned off. How fast does the house
heat up in degrees per second (F/s)?
Once the A/C unit is turned off we do not cool the house so heat leaks in from the
atm. at a rate of 8 Btu/s (that is what we had to remove to keep steady state).
.
.
dT
Energy Eq.:
ECV = Qleak = 8 Btu/s = mhouse CP
dt
dT .
= Qleak / mhouse CP
dt
8 Btu/s
= 30 000 0.23 Btu/R = 1.16 103 R/s
5.158E
A window air conditioner cools a room at TL = 68 F with a maximum of 1.2 kW
power input. The room gains 0.33 Btu/s per degree temperature difference to the
ambient and the refrigeration COP is = 0.6 Carnot. Find the maximum outside
temperature, TH, for which the air conditioner provides sufficient cooling.
Solution:
Here:
W = 1.2 kW
QH
QL
HP
Q leak
T
TL = Thouse
TH = Tamb
cb
In this setup the low temperature space is the house and the high temperature
space is the ambient. The heat pump must remove the gain or leak heat transfer to
keep it at a constant temperature.
.
.
Qleak = 0.33 (Tamb - Thouse) = QL
which must be removed by the heat pump.
.
.
= QL / W = 0.6 carnot = 0.6 Thouse / (Tamb - Thouse )
.
.
Substitute in for QL and multiply with (Tamb - Thouse)W:
.
0.33 (Tamb - Thouse )2 = 0.6 Thouse W
.
Since Thouse = 459.7 + 68 = 527.7 R and W = 1.2 kW = 1.1374 Btu/s, it follows
(Tamb - Thouse )2 = (0.6/0.33) 527.7 1.1374 = 1091.28 R2
Solving
(Tamb - Thouse ) = 33.03
Tamb = 560.73 R = 101 F

5.159E
The room in problem 5.158E has a combined thermal mass of 4 000 lbm wood,
500 lbm steel and 1000 lbm plaster board. Estimate how fast the room heats up if
the air-conditioner is turned off on a day it is 95 F outside.
Without the air-conditioner the house gains heat and the energy equation for the
house becomes
dT .
m C dt = Qin
The gain is due to the temperature difference as
.
Qin = 0.33 (TH - TL ) = 0.33 Btu/s-R (95 68) R = 8.91 Btu/s
The combined (mC) is using an estimate C for gypsum as 0.24 Btu/lbm-R
mC = [4000 0.33 + 500 0.11 + 1000 0.24 ] Btu/R = 1615 Btu/R
dT .
= Qin /mC = 8.91 (Btu/s) / 1615 Btu/R = 0.0055 R/s
dt
5.160E
A 350-ft3 tank of air at 80 lbf/in.2, 1080 R acts as the high-temperature reservoir
for a Carnot heat engine that rejects heat at 540 R. A temperature difference of 45
F between the air tank and the Carnot cycle high temperature is needed to transfer
the heat. The heat engine runs until the air temperature has dropped to 700 R and
then stops. Assume constant specific heat capacities for air and find how much
work is given out by the heat engine.
Solution:
TH = Tair - 45 ,
AIR
Q
H
HE
QL
540 R
TL = 540 R
P1V 80 350 144

= 69.991 lbm
mair = RT =
53.34 1080
1
TL
dW = dQH = 1 dQH
Tair - 45
dQH = -mairdu = -mairCvdTair
TL
W = dW
= -mair Cv 1 - T - 45 dTa
Ta2 - 45
= -mair Cv Ta2 - Ta1 - TL ln T - 45

a1
655
= -69.991 lbm 0.171 Btu/lbm-R 700 - 1080 - 540 ln

R
1035
= 1591 Btu
5.161E
Air in a rigid 40 ft3 box is at 540 R, 30 lbf/in.2. It is heated to 1100 R by heat
transfer from a reversible heat pump that receives energy from the ambient at 540
R besides the work input. Use constant specific heat at 540 R. Since the
coefficient of performance changes write dQ = mair Cv dT and find dW. Integrate
dW with temperature to find the required heat pump work.
Solution:
QH
QH
TH
COP: = W =
QH QL TH TL
mair = P1V1 / RT1 = (30 40 144) / (540 53.34) = 6.0 lbm
dQH = mair Cv dTH = dW
=>
1W2
dW = mair Cv [
TH
dW
TH TL
TH
] dTH
TH TL
TL
TL
= mair Cv ( 1 - T ) dT = mair Cv ( 1 - T ) dT
= mair Cv [T2 - T1 - TL ln
T2
T1 ]
1100
= 6.0 lbm 0.171 Btu/lbm-R [1100 - 540 540 ln ( 540 )] R
= 180.4 Btu

Chapter 05

Uploaded by

Chapter 05

Uploaded by

Borgnakke Sonntag

Updated June 2013

Borgnakke and Sonntag

In-Text concept questions

The clip-art used in the solution manual is from Microsoft.

Borgnakke and Sonntag

In-Text Concept Questions

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Since the wind is generated by a complex

Borgnakke and Sonntag

There is heat transfer from the warmer ambient

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

QL rev < QL irrev

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

W = QH QL = change in energy of air.

Exchange energy with only one reservoir. NOT OK.

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

then TH is somewhere between 1500 K

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Heat Engines and Refrigerators

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

A7 = D7/4 = 0.004 418 m2, v7 = 0.001 008 m3/kg

A4 = D4/4 = 0.031 42 m2, v4 = 0.060 23 m3/kg

The total added heat transfer is

Borgnakke and Sonntag

= 133.33 kg/s = 480 000 kg/h

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Energy equation for heat exchanger

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Energy equation for heat exchanger

= 0.003 kg/s 0.72 243.65 kJ/kg = 0.5263 kW

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

The mass flow rate is

= 6.93 10-3 kg/s 4.18 kJ/kg-K (18 10) K + 60 W

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Borgnakke and Sonntag

m(u2 u1) = 1Q2 1W2

= m(u2 u1) + 1W2 = m(h2 h1)

Tbl. B.1.1 : h1 = 41.99 kJ/kg, Tbl. B.1.5 : h2 = - 333.6 kJ/kg

Comment: We neglected a baseload

Borgnakke and Sonntag

Second Law and Processes

Borgnakke and Sonntag

TH and produces net W = QH.

This W input to H.P. receiving QL from TL.