Physics Definition Form 5
Physics Definition Form 5
Physics Definition Form 5
CHAPTER 1: WAVES
Waves
Wave front
Transverse Wave
Longitudinal Wave
Amplitude, a
MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT from its equilibrium position / MEASURE of height of the wave
crest or depth of the wave trough.
higher amplitude, higher energy of wave
SI unit : meter, m
Period, T
TIME TAKEN to complete an oscillation, from one extreme point to the other and back to
the same position.
SI unit : seconds, s
Frequency, f
SI unit : Hertz, Hz
Relation w period : T= 1/f
Wavelength,
Wave Speed, v
Damping
DECREASE in the amplitude of an oscillating system when its energy is drained out as heat
energy (gradually , becomes 0 when oscillation stops)
Loss of energy : (Internal damping: extension and compression of molecules)( External
damping: frictional force/ air resistance)
a;f=
Resonance
Natural frequency
Reflection of wave
Refraction of wave
Refraction of wave occurs when a wave travel from one medium to another with change in
direction (speed of wave changes)
Water depth changes (shallow & deep)
Relationship : v = f , f = v/
f = ; v ; ; direction (propagation)
Diffraction of waves
PHENOMENON in which waves spread out as they passed through an aperture or round a
small circle
f = ; = ; speed = ; v ; direction
a(e)
Interference of waves
Constructive interference occurs when the both crests/ troughs of both waves coincide to
produce a wave with crests and troughs of maximum amplitude
Destructive interference
Destructive interference occurs when the crest of one wave coincides with the trough of
the other wave, thus cancelling each other with the result that the resultant amplitude is 0
Antinode
Node
Electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Monochromatic light
PRINCIPLE
Principle of superposition
Principle of superposition states that at any instant, the resulting displacement of the
medium at any location is the algebraic sum of the displacements of the individual wave.
Youngs Formula
CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICITY
Charge, Q
Current, I
Potential difference, V
SI unit :ampere, A
WORK DONE in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another in an electric
field
V= energy,E/Q
SI unit :Volt, V
Electric field
Circuit
Resistance, R
RATIO of the potential difference across the conductor to the current flowing through it /
MEASURE of the ability of the conductor to resist the flow of an electric current through it
R=V/I
unit : ohm,
Superconductor
CONDUCTOR in which its resistance will suddenly become zero when it is cooled below a
certain temperature called the critical temperature
Electromotiveforce (e.m.f.)
TOTAL ENERGY supplied by a cell to move a unit of electrical charge from one terminal to
the other through the cell and the external circuit
WORK DONE by a coulomb of charge around a complete circuit
Unit : Volt, V = J/C
Power rating
PRINCIPLE
Ohms Law
Ohms law states that the electric current, I flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the ends of conductor, if temperature and
other physical conditions remain constant. That is, V
CHAPTER 3: ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnet
Magnetic field
Radial field
MAGNETIC FIELD with the field lines pointing towards or away from the centre of a circle.
Electromagnetic induction
VALUE of a steady current/ voltage, which would produce the same heating effect in a
given resistor.
Transformer
PRINCIPLE
Flemings Left Hand Rule
Forefinger, second finger, and the thumb of left hand are extended at 90to each other
-forefinger in direction of magnetic field
-second finger in direction of current
-thumb in direction of force, F / motion
Faradays Law
The magnitude of the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) is directly proportional to the
rate of change of magnetic flux linkage with the solenoid or the rate at which a conductor
cuts through the magnetic flux.
by moving magnet/solenoid at higher speed
increase no. of turns on solenoid
increase the strength of magnetic field (use stronger magnet)
Lenzs Law
Lenzs law states that an induced electric current always flows in such a direction so as to
oppose the change (or motion) producing it
CHAPTER 4: ELECTRONICS
Thermionic emission
Work function
Cathode ray
Fast moving ELECTRONS travel in a straight line in vacuum from cathode to anode
(connected by an extra high tension, EHT voltage supply)
Conductor
Semiconductor
Insulator
Doping
Semiconductor Diodes
Junction voltage
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE acting from n-type to p-type material of a diode across the
depletion layer
Rectification
Smoothing
PROCESS where output is smoothed by connecting a capacitor across load that acts as a
reservoir and maintains potential difference across load
Logic gates
CHAPTER 5: RADIOACTIVITY
Atom
An atom consists of a nucleus which is made up of protons and neutrons, with electrons
orbiting the nucleus.
Net charge ; 0 atom is neutral due to = no. of vely charged electron
Nuclide
Proton number, Z
Nucleon number, A
Isotopes
ATOMS of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon
number(similar chemical properties but differs in physical properties)
Radioactivity
Radioactive decay
PROCESS where an unstable nucleus becomes a more stable nucleus by emitting radiations
Radioisotope
ISOTOPE that has unstable nucleus that tends to undergo radioactive decay
Artificial are produced when certain nuclides are bombarded by high energy particles
Half life
TIME TAKEN for the activity of atoms to fall to half its original value
TIME TAKEN for half the atoms in a given sample to decay
Nuclear fission
PROCESS involving the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei of roughly equal mass
(lighter) and shooting out several neutrons at the same time.
Chain Reaction
Self-sustaining reactions in which the products of a reaction can initiate a similar reaction
Nuclear fusion
PROCESS involving the fusion of two or more small and light nuclei come together to form
a heavier nucleus
RELEASES large amounts of energy
PRINCIPLE
Einsteins Principle of MassEnergy Conservation