Anchoring and Mooring Arrangement
Anchoring and Mooring Arrangement
Anchoring and Mooring Arrangement
ANCHORING ARRANGEMENT
First of all, let us see what an Anchor is.
An anchor is a device, normally made of metal, is used to connect a vessel to the bed of a
body of water to prevent the vessel from drifting due to wind or current. Anchors can either be
temporary or permanent. A permanent anchor is used in the creation of a mooring, and is rarely
moved; a specialist service is normally needed to move or maintain it. Vessels carry one or more
temporary anchors which may be of different designs and weights.
The basic anchoring consists of determining the location, dropping the anchor, laying out the
scope, setting the hook, and assessing where the vessel ends up. The ship will seek a location which is
sufficiently protected; has suitable holding ground, enough depth at low time and enough room for the
vessel to swing.
The location to drop the anchor should be approached from down wind or down current,
whichever is stronger. As the chosen spot is approached, the vessel should be stopped or even
beginning to drift back. The anchor should be lowered quickly but under control until it is on the
bottom. The vessel should continue to drift back, and the cable should be veered out under control so
it will be relatively straight.
Once the desired scope is laid out, the vessel should be gently forced astern, usually using
the auxiliary motor but possibly by backing a sail. A hand on the anchor line may telegraph a series of
jerks and jolts, indicating the anchor is dragging, or a smooth tension indicative of digging in. As the
anchor begins to dig in and resist backward force, the engine may be throttled up to get a thorough
set. If the anchor continues to drag, or sets after having dragged too far, it should be retrieved and
moved back to the desired position (or another location chosen.)
Sea Anchor
The sea anchor is also an anchor with the only difference that it does not touch the bottom of
the ocean but haggles midway between the sea surface and the seabed. The role of the sea anchor is
the same as that of the conventional anchor, and is useful in situations where the sea bed is very deep.
It is mostly used in smaller marine vessels such as kayaks, boats and smaller yachts.
Anchor Images
The picture above shows a ship being tossed around by wind and the anchor is keeping it in
place while the picture below shows a ship dropping the anchor near port.
There is a misconception that the weight of the anchor holds the ship in place. This is not
correct because the main role of the anchor is to grip the sea bed. The role of securing the ship is
performed mainly by the chain rather than the anchor, though the latter has a role to play in that as
well.
Once the ship is anchored properly, it is bound to remain in a certain circular area which is
defined by the length of loose chain. Of course there are several other factors which need to be
considered to ensure that the ship is safe during anchor. For example if there are several other ships in
the vicinity, the navigating officers should ensure that the circular movement of one ship does not
come in the way of the circular movement of the other ships lest they collide.
Another point you might be thinking is that when the ship is in the middle of the ocean, it
may not be possible to anchor because of the depth of the seabed. Actually you are right in thinking
along these lines but there is hardly a reason why ship should need to anchor in the deep sea. Even if
the engines have to be stopped for some reason in the deep sea, the ship can keep floating without
anchoring since there is hardly a ship in the vicinity.
GROUND TACKLE:
Ground tackle is all equipment used in anchoring and mooring with anchors and buoy
mooring with chain and appendages. The following are defined as ground tackle: Anchors, Anchor
chain, wire rope, synthetic line, or combinations of these materials, when used with anchors
appendages consisting of connecting shackles or links, detachable links, pear-shaped links,
end links, bending shackles, mooring shackles, mooring swivels, detachable-link tool sets,
clear hawse pendants, dip ropes, chain stoppers, wrenches for chain stoppers, outboard swivel
shots, chain cable jacks, mooring hooks, chain hooks, anchor bars, and anchor buoys.
Ground tackle is one of the most vital parts of a ship's equipment. The vessel's safety
frequently depends upon the proper use of this gear; suitable ground tackle has saved many ships and
lives. The anchor windlass, equipped with capstan head or gypsy heads, is a vital part of the ship's
ability to handle its ground tackle and use the capstan or gypsy heads in mooring and warping
operations.
ANCHORS
Anchors today are grouped according to type. The most common types used are stockless
anchors, lightweight (LWT) or stock-in- crown anchors, and two-fluke balanced-fluke anchors.
STOCKLESS ANCHORS
Though there are a number of different designs of modern stockless anchors, all share the
same distinguishing feature-they are stockless. Three designs of stockless anchors are in use:
commercial, standard and the Mark 2 (Mk 2). These are shown in views A, B, and C of figure shown
below. Of the three, the Mk 2, with its long flukes, has the greatest holding power. The short,
commercial-type flukes have the least holding power. The stockless feature of these anchors
provides many advantages, not only in easing handling and stowing, but also in allowing the anchor
to be hoisted directly into the hawsepipe and secured, ready for letting go.
The stockless anchor consists of a heavy head in which the crown, tripping palms, and flukes
are forged in one piece. This unit is pivoted on the shank so that it can swing from 45 to either side
of the shank. The flukes are large and long, and projecting shoulders or tripping palms are cast at the
base of the flukes to make them bite. As the force of the drag exerts itself, the shoulders catch on the
bottom and force the anchor to take hold by pushing the flukes downward into the bottom. Because an
upward pull on the shank of a stockless anchor has a tendency to break out the flukes, a long scope of
chain must be used to make sure the shank remains on the bottom when the anchor is set. With too
short a scope, or even under a steady pull with a long scope, a stockless anchor may still disengage its
flukes as a result of gradually turning over and rolling out. Under this condition, the anchor can offer
no resistance to dragging except by its weight.
LIGHTWEIGHT ANCHORS
Two types of lightweight anchors are used: the Mk 2 LWT and the wedge block LWT
anchor. These are shown in views D and F of figure shown above. Lightweight anchors are
constructed of comparatively light metal, but are very strong in tension. They gain their holding
power by digging deep into the bottom rather than lying as deadweight.
Both the Mk 2 LWT anchor and the wedge block LWT anchor have high holding power for
their weights. The 30 fluke angle on the wedge block LWT anchor is most effective in sand bottoms;
and the 50 fluke angle, in mud bottoms. They are used as bower and stern anchors and may also be
used as stream or kedge anchors. Anchors less then 150 pounds are normally used as small boat
anchors.
The main characteristic of the LWT anchor is the placement of large flukes at such an angle
that they drive deep into the bottom to ensure good holding power. The crown is designed to lift the
rear of the flukes and force their points downward into the bottom. Good stability is also obtained by
placing the flukes close to the shank.
These anchors are extremely useful in any situation where lightweight but good holding
power is essential. The commercial Danforth anchor, shown in view E of figure, is used on some
Navy craft and small boats.
TWO-FLUKE BALANCED-FLUKE ANCHORS
The two-fluke balanced-fluke anchor (view G of figure) is used for anchoring some
surface ships and the newer submarines and is normally housed in the bottom of the ship. This anchor
is used on certain combatant-type surface ships in place of a bower anchor, which could interfere with
the ship's sonar dome.
STOCK ANCHORS
Stock anchors (view H of figure) have been abandoned by large merchant and Navy ships
because they are extremely cumbersome and difficult to stow. Because of their superior holding
power, stock anchors are still used on some boats, and yachtsmen use them for small craft.
MUSHROOM ANCHORS
Mushroom anchors are shaped like a mushroom with a long narrow stem serving as the
shank. Because of their excellent holding ability, they are used for permanent moorings and as
anchors for channel buoys and other navigational aids. The mushroom anchor (view I of figure) is
used to anchor buoys and torpedo testing barges. The rounded part, or crown, strikes the bottom first,
and the upper surface of the mushroom is cupped to provide a biting surface. As the anchor shifts
back and forth under strain, it digs itself deeper into the bottom, thereby increasing its holding power.
Consequently, it takes a firm hold and remains fixed under the most adverse conditions. Because the
mushroom anchor has no projecting stock or flukes to foul, the moored object can swing freely
around a mushroom anchor. However, since a mushroom anchor will break out if the direction of
pull is reversed, it is normally used only in groups of three or more, surrounding the central
mooring point. Certain older class submarines use this type of anchor.
CHAIN AND APPENDAGES
Present day anchor chain of the flash butt welded type is the standard for new ship
constructions and replaces die-lock chain as required for back fit. All links are studded; that is, a
piece of steel is placed in the center of the links. Studs prevent the chain from kinking and the links
from pounding on adjacent links. The size of the link is designated by its nominal diameter, which is
called wire diameter. Wire diameter is measured at the end of the link a little above the center line.
The length of a standard link is 6 times its wire diameter, and its width is 3.6 times its wire diameter.
An anchor chain is made up of many parts besides common links and requires a variety of equipment
and fittings to use and maintain the chain.
Standard Shot
The lengths of chain that are connected to make up the ship's anchor chain are called shots
and are made up with an odd number of links. A standard shot is 15 fathoms (90 feet) long. At the
time of its manufacture, each shot of the chain usually bears a serial number stamped, cut, or cast on
the inner side of the end links of each shot. If an end link is lost or removed from a shot, this
identification should be cut or stamped on the inside of the new end link of the altered shot.
Detachable Links
Figure-Detachable link
Shots of anchor chain are joined by a detachable link, shown in figure. The detachable link
consists of a C-shaped link with two coupling plates that form one side and stud of the link. A taper
pin holds the parts together and is locked in place at the large end by a lead plug. Detachable link
parts are not interchangeable, so matching numbers are stamped on the C-link and on each coupling
plate to ensure its identification and proper assembly. Detachable link toolbox sets contain tools,
including spare taper pins and lead plugs, for assembling and disassembling links and detachable
end links.
Chain Swivels
Chain swivels are furnished as part of the outboard swivel shot. They reduce kinking or
twisting of the anchor chain.
Bending Shackles
Bending shackles are used to attach the anchor to the chain. You can see that in the figure
given below.
Outboard Swivel Shots
Standard and alternate outboard swivel shots also called bending shots, consist of common
links and fittings. They are fitted to attach the 15 fathom shots of anchor chain to the anchor. They
also make it possible to stop off the anchor outboard of the swivel and break the chain at the
detachable link inboard of the swivel. This allows the anchor chain to be used as part of the towing
gear. Outboard swivel shots vary in length, but they usually do not exceed 5 fathoms. The taper pins
in the detachable links in the outboard swivel shot are additionally secured with a U-shaped, stainless
steel wire-locking clip (sometimes called a hairpin). This hairpin, inserted in holes drilled through the
coupling plates, engages a keyway or groove on the taper pin and is mandatory.
Mooring Shackles
Forged steel mooring shackles are used to attach the anchor chain to mooring buoys.
Mooring shackles are not to be used for any other purpose.
Dimensions (mm)
Weight of Anchor (kg)
180
904
811
251
157
550
434
138
135
36
225
974
874
270
169
593
468
149
145
39
340
1109
995
307
192
675
533
169
165
45
460
1227
1101
340
212
747
590
187
182
49
675
1398
1254
387
242
851
672
213
207
56
910
1540
1382
427
267
938
740
235
229
62
1140
1660
1490
460
287
1011
798
253
246
67
1360
1761
1580
488
305
1072
846
269
261
71
1590
1855
1665
514
321
1130
892
283
275
75
1820
1940
1741
538
336
1182
933
296
288
78
2040
2016
1809
559
349
1227
969
308
299
81
2270
2089
1874
579
362
1272
1004
319
310
84
2720
2218
1991
615
384
1351
1066
339
329
90
3040
2302
2066
638
399
1402
1107
351
342
93
3240
2352
2110
652
407
1432
1130
359
349
95
3445
2400
2154
665
415
1462
1154
366
356
97
3670
2451
2200
680
424
1493
1178
374
364
99
3940
2510
2252
696
434
1529
1207
383
373
101
4210
2566
2303
711
444
1563
1234
392
381
104
4500
2624
2355
727
454
1598
1261
401
389
106
4840
2688
2412
745
465
1637
1292
410
399
108
5175
2749
2467
762
476
1674
1321
420
408
111
5515
2808
2520
778
486
1710
1350
429
417
113
5850
2864
2570
794
496
1744
1376
437
425
116
6225
2923
2623
810
506
1780
1405
446
434
118
6525
2970
2665
823
514
1808
1428
453
441
120
6600
2981
2675
826
516
1815
1433
455
443
120
7015
3042
2730
843
527
1853
1462
464
452
123
7425
3100
2782
859
537
1888
1490
473
460
125
7875
3162
2837
876
547
1925
1520
483
469
128
8325
3221
2890
893
558
1961
1548
492
478
130
8775
3278
2942
909
567
1996
1576
500
487
132
Baldt Anchor:
Dimensions in mm
Weight in Kgs
450
1066
850
460
640
250
190
40
170
170
500
1170
860
440
690
230
220
40
190
170
570
1170
920
430
720
250
220
40
190
170
600
1170
970
510
770
270
220
40
190
170
650
1240
990
510
760
270
250
50
220
180
700
1240
1020
520
770
280
250
50
220
180
725
1240
1020
520
770
280
250
50
220
180
800
1320
1050
530
840
290
250
50
220
180
850
1320
1090
560
850
300
250
50
220
180
880
1320
1090
560
850
300
250
50
220
180
950
1470
1140
580
850
310
250
50
220
190
1000
1470
1140
590
850
310
250
50
220
190
1100
1470
1140
590
850
310
250
50
220
190
1200
1470
1220
630
910
330
250
50
220
190
1270
1470
1220
630
910
330
250
50
220
190
1360
1620
1190
650
910
320
300
60
250
220
1470
1620
1280
670
960
350
300
60
250
220
1590
1620
1340
700
1000
360
300
60
250
220
1700
1620
1340
700
1000
360
300
60
250
220
1800
1790
1350
700
1000
370
300
60
250
240
1930
1790
1350
700
1000
370
300
60
250
240
2040
1790
1440
740
1070
380
300
60
250
240
2150
1790
1480
760
1090
400
300
60
250
240
2260
1930
1460
760
1070
400
380
80
300
260
2380
1930
1460
760
1070
400
380
80
300
260
2500
1930
1560
820
1140
430
380
80
300
260
2600
1930
1610
840
1190
440
380
80
300
260
2720
1930
1610
840
1190
440
380
80
300
260
2850
1930
1610
840
1190
440
380
80
300
260
Byers Anchor:
Approximate Dimension in mm
Weight of Anchor (kg)
220
165
420
495
1041
266
165
432
502
1067
318
178
432
502
1092
360
178
457
600
1143
412
209
533
610
1168
457
209
533
650
1219
493
216
572
660
1245
600
216
572
660
1321
700
228
610
720
1422
805
241
640
740
1575
915
241
650
787
1600
1025
254
711
838
1651
1130
254
711
864
1702
1250
266
750
898
1829
1350
266
750
920
1880
1475
292
787
946
1880
1600
292
787
965
1930
1720
305
838
999
1981
1870
305
838
1022
1981
2030
318
838
1041
2108
2200
330
889
1080
2184
2360
330
914
1110
2210
2540
330
946
1118
2286
2700
343
980
1180
2362
2900
343
990
1180
2438
3100
370
1041
1219
2438
3300
369
1041
1346
2489
3500
369
1067
1372
2510
3750
393
1092
1397
2591
4000
393
1092
1397
2616
4150
406
1092
1397
2667
4370
406
1143
1448
2692
4575
406
1168
1448
2769
Danforth Anchor:
Weight of Anchor
Dimensions in mm
Kgs
Lbs
225
500
1600
665
975
1340
310
325
85
340
750
1720
720
1000
1480
368
370
95
455
1000
1830
760
1100
1580
395
410
110
680
1500
1955
815
1180
1690
425
475
135
910
2000
2100
900
1275
1820
490
525
140
1135
2500
2260
930
1350
2140
510
560
145
1360
3000
2390
990
1440
2260
540
595
150
1820
4000
2640
1050
1590
2550
585
660
170
2270
5000
2780
1170
1650
2700
600
710
175
2730
6000
2960
1200
1780
2810
640
750
205
3180
7000
3120
1280
1880
2960
675
790
215
3635
8000
3260
1320
1960
3090
700
825
225
4080
9000
3380
1370
2040
3210
730
830
235
4540
10000
3510
1420
2100
3330
755
890
240
5445
12000
3730
1510
2240
3540
805
945
255
6350
14000
3920
1590
2350
3720
845
995
270
7260
16000
4100
1650
2470
4000
885
1040
280
8165
18000
4270
1730
2560
4080
920
1080
295
9075
20000
4370
1770
2620
4150
945
1110
300
11345
25000
4710
1910
2820
4470
1020
1195
325
13610
30000
5000
2025
3000
4750
1080
1270
345
Wymlary w mm
Dimensions in mm
6000
2290
1056
1964
1610
1610
3230
488
320
88 336
Halls Anchor:
4072
142
264
272
Anchor Weight
Dimensions (mm)
lbs
kg
1260
570
1330
950
700
408
670
219
249
862
170
221
52
1455
660
1400
1000
740
430
710
230
262
910
179
234
55
1720
780
1480
1060
870
456
750
244
278
960
189
247
58
1985
900
1550
1110
820
477
780
255
291
1009
199
259
61
2250
1020
1620
1160
860
500
820
267
304
1057
208
272
64
2515
1140
1680
1200
890
520
850
276
315
1094
215
281
66
2845
1290
1750
1260
920
540
880
288
328
1132
224
293
69
3175
1440
1820
1300
960
560
920
299
340
1181
234
306
72
3505
1590
1880
1340
990
580
950
308
351
1218
240
315
74
3835
1740
1930
1380
1020
600
980
318
362
1255
247
323
76
4230
1920
2000
1430
1060
620
1010
329
375
1303
257
336
79
4630
2100
2060
1470
1090
640
1040
338
385
1340
263
344
81
5025
2280
2110
1510
1120
650
1070
347
396
1377
270
353
83
5425
2460
2170
1550
1150
670
1100
357
306
1414
277
361
85
5820
2640
2230
1590
1180
690
1120
366
417
1450
284
370
87
6285
2850
2280
1630
1210
700
1150
375
427
1487
292
383
90
6745
3060
2340
1670
1240
720
1180
384
438
1524
299
391
92
7275
3300
2390
1710
1270
740
1210
393
448
1561
306
400
94
7805
3540
2450
1750
1290
750
1240
402
458
1588
313
408
96
8335
3780
2510
1790
1320
770
1260
412
469
1624
320
417
98
8930
4050
2650
1830
1350
790
1290
420
480
1661
328
429
101
9525
4320
2620
1870
1380
800
1320
430
490
1698
335
438
103
10120
4590
2670
1910
1410
820
1350
440
500
1735
342
446
105
10780
4890
2730
1950
1440
840
1380
448
510
1772
349
455
107
11575
5250
2800
2000
1480
860
1410
460
520
1820
358
467
110
12370
5610
2860
2040
1510
880
1440
470
530
1857
365
476
112
13230
6000
2930
2090
1540
900
1480
480
550
1895
384
489
120
14220
6450
3000
2140
1580
920
1510
492
560
1944
384
502
118
15210
6900
3070
2190
1620
940
1550
500
570
1992
390
510
120
16205
7350
3140
2240
1650
960
1580
520
590
2030
401
522
123
17195
7800
3190
2280
1680
980
1610
530
600
2068
407
530
125
Lightweight Anchor:
Anchor Weight
Dimensions mm
Lbs
Kg
500
227
1285
1218
787
438
505
206
135
34
104
750
340
1471
1394
901
502
578
235
154
38
119
1000
454
1619
1535
992
552
636
259
169
42
131
1500
680
1853
1757
1135
632
728
296
194
48
150
2000
907
2040
1933
1250
696
802
326
208
53
166
2500
1134
2197
2083
1346
750
864
352
230
57
178
3000
3160
2335
2213
1432
797
918
374
244
61
190
3500
1588
2458
2330
1506
839
966
393
257
64
199
4000
1815
2570
2436
1573
877
1010
411
269
67
208
4500
2041
2673
2533
1637
912
1053
427
280
70
217
5000
2268
2768
2623
1696
945
1088
443
290
72
224
6000
2722
2941
2788
1802
1003
1156
471
308
77
238
7000
3175
3097
2935
1809
1057
1217
495
324
81
251
8000
3629
3238
3069
1983
1104
1273
518
338
85
262
9000
4082
3368
3192
2063
1194
1324
539
352
88
273
10000
4536
3488
3306
2173
1190
1371
558
365
91
284
12000
5443
3707
3513
2270
1265
1457
593
388
97
300
13000
5897
3807
3608
2332
1300
1496
609
398
99
309
13228
6000
3829
3629
2346
1306
1505
613
401
100
311
14000
6350
3902
3698
2390
1331
1534
624
408
102
317
15000
6804
3993
3784
2446
1362
1569
639
418
104
324
16000
7258
4080
3867
2500
1392
1604
653
427
106
331
18000
8165
4243
4022
2600
1448
1668
679
444
111
344
20000
9072
4394
4166
2692
1498
1727
703
460
115
357
22000
9980
4537
4300
2780
1548
1783
726
475
118
368
25000
11340
4733
4487
2900
1615
1860
757
495
124
385
30000
13608
5030
4768
3082
1716
1977
805
256
131
408
Dimensions in mm
Anchor Weight (kg) A
OH
60
539
140
420
203
650
107
77
22
60
75
581
151
452
215
700
107
77
22
60
90
594
160
458
224
712
107
77
22
65
105
637
169
501
239
771
107
77
22
70
125
670
175
525
251
810
107
77
22
75
135
674
178
528
255
815
107
77
22
75
160
747
194
581
286
895
107
77
22
80
180
780
201
610
297
937
107
77
22
85
225
821
224
641
312
982
134
98
28
90
270
895
230
700
335
1080
134
98
28
100
315
937
247
733
354
1124
134
98
28
100
360
980
258
766
370
1175
134
98
28
110
430
1040
274
818
393
1260
161
111
32
110
495
1078
283
842
402
1295
161
111
32
120
585
1149
302
899
436
1388
202
140
40
130
675
1205
315
943
454
1456
202
140
40
130
765
1256
328
984
470
1518
202
140
40
140
855
1306
340
1020
496
1575
234
173
50
140
970
1360
351
1064
513
1642
234
173
50
150
1080
1410
368
1103
530
1703
234
173
50
150
1195
1435
377
1123
537
1730
234
173
50
160
1305
1490
390
1175
558
1814
306
210
60
160
1440
1554
402
1218
585
1875
306
210
60
170
1575
1594
418
1250
600
1931
306
210
60
170
1710
1635
429
1285
614
1985
306
210
60
170
1845
1684
443
1315
638
2035
361
260
75
180
1980
1733
451
1359
652
2088
361
260
75
190
2140
1765
463
1385
664
2138
361
260
75
190
2295
1802
473
1418
678
2190
361
260
75
200
2475
1860
487
1453
705
2240
361
260
75
200
2655
1900
497
1486
716
2298
361
260
75
210
2835
1945
510
1521
730
2350
400
285
80
210
Dimensions in mm
Anchor Weight (kg)
OH
62
549
142
425
207
657
107
77
22
65
79
595
154
461
224
712
107
77
22
70
97
637
165
494
240
762
107
77
22
75
114
672
174
521
253
804
107
77
22
75
138
716
185
555
270
857
134
98
28
80
149
735
190
570
277
879
134
98
28
85
167
763
197
592
288
913
134
98
28
85
184
788
204
611
297
943
134
98
28
90
202
813
210
630
307
973
134
98
28
95
219
835
216
648
315
1000
134
98
28
95
237
858
222
665
323
1027
134
98
28
100
255
879
227
681
331
1052
161
111
32
100
272
898
232
696
338
1075
161
111
32
100
294
922
238
714
347
1103
161
111
32
100
320
948
245
735
357
1135
161
111
32
110
347
974
252
755
367
1166
202
140
40
110
373
998
258
773
376
1194
202
140
40
110
404
1025
265
794
386
1226
202
140
40
120
439
1053
272
816
397
1260
202
140
40
120
474
1081
279
838
407
1293
202
140
40
120
509
1107
286
858
417
1324
202
140
40
130
544
1131
292
877
426
1354
234
173
50
130
579
1155
298
895
435
1382
234
173
50
130
617
1180
305
915
445
1412
234
173
50
130
649
1200
310
930
452
1436
234
173
50
140
685
1222
316
947
460
1462
234
173
50
140
724
1245
322
965
469
1489
234
173
50
140
768
1269
328
984
478
1519
234
173
50
140
817
1296
335
1004
488
1551
306
210
60
150
856
1316
340
1020
496
1575
306
210
60
150
960
1368
353
1060
516
1637
306
210
60
160
1050
1409
364
1092
531
1687
306
210
60
160
1140
1448
374
1123
546
1734
306
210
60
170
Main Dimensions in mm
Anchor Weight (kg) A
OH
40
466
395
367
95
570
107
77
22
236
48
502
428
405
101
610
107
77
22
248
60
560
475
430
105
654
107
77
22
262
75
595
505
462
113
704
107
77
22
282
90
632
537
491
121
748
107
77
22
299
105
665
565
516
127
788
107
77
22
315
125
703
597
546
134
833
107
77
22
333
135
723
615
562
138
857
107
77
22
343
160
765
650
594
146
907
107
77
22
363
180
796
676
618
152
942
107
77
22
377
225
858
728
666
164
1016
134
98
28
406
270
911
774
708
174
1079
134
98
28
432
315
960
815
745
183
1136
134
98
28
455
360
1002
852
780
190
1188
134
98
28
475
430
1062
902
825
203
1258
161
111
32
503
495
1115
948
866
213
1320
161
111
32
528
585
1180
1002
916
225
1396
202
140
40
558
675
1236
1050
960
236
1465
202
140
40
586
765
1290
1096
1002
246
1528
202
140
40
610
855
1338
1138
1040
255
1585
234
173
50
634
970
1395
1185
1083
266
1652
234
173
50
660
1080
1446
1230
1124
276
1714
234
173
50
685
1195
1495
1270
1161
285
1771
234
173
50
708
1305
1541
1309
1180
294
1825
306
210
60
730
1440
1592
1352
1236
304
1886
306
210
60
754
1575
1640
1386
1274
313
1942
306
210
60
777
1710
1685
1433
1309
322
1997
306
210
60
799
1845
1729
1469
1342
330
2048
361
260
75
819
1980
1770
1504
1375
338
1098
361
260
75
838
2140
1816
1543
1411
347
2151
361
260
75
860
2295
1860
1580
1444
357
2202
361
260
75
880
2475
1910
1620
1480
364
2260
361
260
75
904
Spek Anchor:
Approximate Dimensions in mm
Weight in Kgs
240-310
500
680
160
342
220
650
900
310-380
550
760
175
390
228
716
990
380-480
600
827
190
412
258
780
1080
480-610
650
902
205
442
280
846
1170
610-735
700
960
221
472
302
910
1260
735-880
750
1030
235
502
320
975
1350
880-1030
800
1100
251
542
340
1040
1440
1030-1150
850
1170
270
568
362
1102
1530
1150-1400
900
1240
286
587
388
1158
1620
1400-1750
950
1299
295
644
420
1229
1710
1750-2020
1000
1378
316
671
442
1300
1800
2020-2360
1050
1454
330
706
460
1362
1890
2360-2750
1100
1514
343
744
480
1424
1980
2750-3000
1150
1594
362
788
492
1502
2070
3000-3700
1200
1650
380
801
520
1560
2160
3700-4000
1350
1850
418
890
580
1743
2430
4000-5100
1400
1927
438
910
610
1813
2520
5100-5800
1450
2000
451
954
626
1864
2610
5800-6500
1500
2060
467
993
642
1946
2700
6500-8000
1550
2138
490
1030
650
2006
2790
8000-9600
1700
2333
533
1118
734
2210
3060
9600-11700
1770
2449
553
1178
782
2301
3186
11700-14100
1910
2632
603
1270
844
2483
3438
14100-17000
2050
2825
648
1360
876
2655
3690
Now we will see how the Coupling (connecting the Anchor cable/ Chain with Anchor and
the Chain Locker) is done.
ANCHOR CABLE AND CHAIN:
Coupling system:
Coupling to the Anchor:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Anchor shank
Anchor shackle DT 104
End link
Enlarged link
Swivel
Common link
Kenter joining shackle
Jaw and jaw swivel
Anchor crown shackle
Anchor swivel
End link
Enlarged link
Swivel
Common link
Kenter joining shackle
Clinch shackle
In the Coupling system you might have seen a few items used for connecting. Details of
those connecting pieces are given below.
J
mm
DN
mm
NS
Inches
A
mm
B
mm
C
mm
D
mm
E
mm
F
mm
G
mm
H
mm
I
mm
14
9/
16
20
42
70
27
55
30
13
115
18
1.1
16
5/
22
48
80
29
66
36
14
131
21
1.3
17.5
11/
16
25
53
88
32
71
38
16
144
23
1.4
19
3/
29
62
103
39
82
45
18
168
27
20.5
13/
16
29
62
103
39
82
45
18
168
27
22
7/
31
66
110
42
87
48
20
180
29
24
15/
34
72
120
46
96
53
22
197
31
26
38
81
135
51
108
59
24
221
35
28
1 1/8
38
81
135
51
108
59
24
221
35
30
1 3/16
43
93
155
59
124
69
28
254
40
10
11
32
1 1/4
43
93
155
59
124
69
28
254
40
10
11
34
1 3/8
49
105
175
67
139
77
32
287
46
12
15
36
1 7/16
49
105
175
67
139
77
32
287
46
12
15
38
1 1/2
55
117
195
74
156
85
35
320
51
14
22
40
1 9/16
55
117
195
74
156
85
35
320
51
14
22
42
5/
1 8
55
117
195
74
156
85
35
320
51
14
22
44
1 3/4
62
132
220
84
175
96
40
361
57
16
32
46
1 13/16
66
141
235
89
188
103
42
385
61
16
38
48
1 7/8
66
141
235
89
188
103
42
385
61
16
38
50
1 15/16
71
153
255
97
204
113
46
418
66
16
50
52
2 1/16
71
153
255
97
204
113
46
418
66
16
50
54
2 1/8
71
153
255
97
204
113
46
418
66
16
50
56
2 3/16
77
165
291
105
219
127
50
451
72
20
58
58
2 1/4
83
177
302
112
236
136
53
484
77
20
69
60
2 3/8
83
177
302
112
236
136
53
484
77
20
69
62
2 7/16
90
192
320
122
255
140
58
525
83
20
84
64
2 1/2
90
192
320
122
255
140
58
525
83
20
84
66
2 9/16
95
204
340
129
273
150
61
558
88
20
103
68
2 11/16
95
204
340
129
273
150
61
558
88
20
103
70
2 3/4
98
210
350
133
280
154
63
574
91
25
114
73
2 7/8
102
219
365
139
292
161
66
599
95
25
132
76
108
231
385
146
308
169
69
631
100
25
150
78
3 1/16
108
231
385
146
308
169
69
631
100
25
150
16
Kg
The Detachable Chain Connecting Link eliminated connecting shackles. However, the
connection between the chain and the large anchor shackle still had to be made by use of a large,
weak, end or "bending" shackle, which was easily caught on the lip of the hawse pipe, spread and
caused loss of a valuable anchor. Detachable Anchor Connecting Link, as pictured, consists of a "C"
link with two fixing caps. A stainless steel tapered pin and a plug are provided to positively lock the
caps with the "C" link. It is possible to disassemble the link by removing the tapered pin by use of a
drift sledge.
No.
Chain Size
Break
Proof Test Test
in Pounds in Pounds
1/
2 - 11/14
5 1/2
3 13/16
1 1/8
5/
15/
16 1 11/32
2/
41,300
61,800
3/
4 - 15/16
7 3/8
5 3/16
1 9/16
1 3/8
74,000
113,500
1 - 1 3/16
9 3/4
6 9/16
1 13/16
1 1/4
1 13/16
118,000
179,500
8 1/2
2 3/16
1 1/16- 1 3/4
2 1/4
200,500
302,500
1 3/4 - 2
15
9 7/8
322,000
488,000
2 1/4 - 2 3/8
17 7/8
12 5/16
3 3/8
2 3/8
447,000
675,000
2 7/16 - 3
22
14 13/16
4 5/8
3 3/4 5 7/8
3 1/8
693,000
1,045,000
3 1/16- 3 5/8
25 5/8
16
5 1/2
3 3/4
4 7/8 6
3 5/16 - 3 3/4
27 1/4
17 1/8
5 3/4
3 7/8
5 1/8 6 1/4
4 7/8 - 5 3/8
1 1/4 2 1/2
4 3/4
15/
16
4 3/8
5 3/16
1,120,000 1,750,000
The pear shaped link is used to join the swivel end of the chain cable to the anchor shackle.
Because of its smooth profile, the pear shaped link can advantageously replace the Kenter anchor link.
Its lightness makes it very easy to handle. The position of the closing system and its simplicity makes
it easier to use where larger chain diameters are concerned.
DN
mm
NS
inches
A
mm
B
mm
C
mm
D
mm
E
mm
F
mm
G
mm
H
mm
J
mm
K
mm
Kg
19-24
3/
15/
4 16
194
132
38
24
32
57
24
35
17
31
25-30
1 1 3/16
238
167
46
30
38
66
33
45
19
35
6.5
32-40
1 1/4 1 9/16
298
206
59
40
48
83
40 x 45
57
26
43
13
42-51
1 5/8 2
378
260
76
51
64
100
59 x 61
74
32
53
27
52-60
2 1/16 2 3/8
454
313
92
60
76
121
73 x 62
88
38
65
49
62-79
2 7/16 3 1/8
562
376
117
79
95
149
79 x 86
111
48
76
95
81-92
3 3/16 3 5/8
654
419
133
92
124
149
80
150
94-95
3 11/16 3 3/4
692
435
146
98
130
159
57
83
236
97-102
3 13/16 4
889
572
191
121
165
191
130
181
73
108
386
940
610
203
127
175
203
76
111
420
991
648
216
133
184
216
105
115
460
This swivel shackle, fitted directly between the chain cable and the anchor, avoids the use of
an anchor shackle and a Kenter link if the chain is fitted with an end link.
DN
mm
NS
mm
A
mm
B
mm
C
mm
D
mm
E
mm
F
mm
G
mm
H
mm
I
mm
J
mm
K
mm
L
mm
M
mm
Kg
14
9/
16
27
54
56
22
21
227
45
80
35
147
50
64
29
16
5/
17.5
11/
19
3/
20.5
13/
22
7/
24
15/
26
27
54
56
22
21
227
45
80
35
147
50
64
29
16
30
60
61
25
23
248
49
88
39
161
55
70
32
32
65
67
27
25
269
53
95
42
175
60
76
34
16
35
70
72
29
27
290
57
103
45
189
65
82
37
37
75
77
31
29
312
62
110
48
202
69
88
40
10
41
82
84
34
31
340
67
120
53
221
76
96
43
14
44
88
91
36
34
368
73
130
57
239
82
104
47
18
28
1 1/8
48
95
98
39
36
396
78
140
62
258
88
112
50
23
30
1 3/16
51
102
105
42
39
425
84
150
66
276
95
120
54
28
32
1 1/4
54
109
112
45
42
453
90
160
70
294
101
128
58
33
34
1 3/8
58
116
119
48
44
481
95
170
75
313
107
136
61
38
36
1 7/16
61
122
126
50
47
510
101
180
79
331
113
144
65
46
38
1 1/2
65
129
133
53
49
538
106
190
84
350
120
152
68
53
40
1 9/16
68
136
140
56
52
566
112
200
88
368
126
160
72
63
42
1 5/8
71
143
147
59
55
595
118
210
92
386
132
168
76
69
44
1 3/4
75
150
154
62
57
623
123
220
97
405
139
176
79
75
46
1 13/16 78
156
161
64
60
651
129
230
101
423
145
184
83
82
48
1 7/8
82
163
168
67
62
680
134
240
106
442
151
192
86
90
50
85
170
175
70
65
708
140
250
110
460
158
200
90
97
52
2 1/16
88
177
182
73
68
736
146
260
114
478
164
208
94
108
16
1/
54
2 8
92
184
189
76
70
765
151
270
119
497
170
216
97
120
56
2 3/16
95
190
196
78
73
793
157
280
123
515
176
224
101
144
58
2 1/4
99
197
203
81
75
821
162
290
128
534
183
232
104
168
60
2 3/8
102
204
210
84
78
850
168
300
132
552
189
240
108
200
The Kenter joining shackle is used to join two stud link chain elements ending in a common
link. Its made of Heavy Duty forged steel (U2- U3 grade).
DN
mm
NS
Inches
A
mm
B
mm
C
mm
D
mm
E
mm
F
mm
G
mm
H
mm
Kg
14
9/
16
14
59
21
16
22
56
84
0.5
16
5/8
16
67
24
18
25
11
64
96
0.6
17.5
11/
16
18
73
27
20
27
12
70
105
0.8
19
3/
19
79
29
21
29
13
76
114
20.5
13/
16
21
86
31
23
32
14
82
123
1.6
22
7/
22
92
33
24
34
15
88
132
1.6
24
15/
24
100
36
27
37
16
96
144
26
26
109
40
29
40
17
104
156
2.7
28
1 1/8
28
117
43
31
43
18
112
168
3.3
30
1 3/16
30
125
46
33
47
20
120
180
3.9
32
1 1/4
32
134
49
36
50
21
128
192
4.6
34
1 3/8
34
142
52
38
53
22
136
204
5.8
36
1 7/16
36
150
55
40
56
24
144
216
6.6
38
1 1/2
38
159
58
42
59
25
152
228
7.8
40
1 9/16
40
167
61
45
62
26
160
240
9.8
42
1 5/8
42
176
64
47
65
28
168
252
10.6
44
1 3/4
44
184
67
49
68
29
176
264
12
46
1 13/16
46
192
70
51
71
30
184
276
14
48
1 7/8
48
201
73
53
74
32
192
288
15.5
50
50
209
76
56
78
33
200
300
17.5
52
2 1/16
52
217
79
58
81
34
208
312
20
54
2 1/8
54
226
82
60
84
36
216
324
22
56
2 3/16
56
234
85
62
87
37
224
336
26
58
2 1/4
58
242
88
65
90
38
232
348
30
60
3/
2 8
60
251
91
67
93
40
240
360
31.5
62
2 7/16
62
259
94
70
96
41
248
372
34
64
2 1/2
64
268
97
72
99
42
256
384
38
Swivel:
16
The Swivel is usually fitted between the anchor and the chain cable to prevent the chain
cable from twisting and kinking. An anchor shackle with a joining shackle or a Kenter link is needed
to complete the assembly. Material of construction is heavy grade duty forged steel.
DN
mm
NS
A
Inches mm
B
mm
C
mm
D
mm
E
mm
F
mm
G
mm
H
mm
I
mm
J
mm
Kg
14
9/
16
15
48
17
88
23
22
66
136
50
104
1.7
16
5/
18
54
19
101
26
25
75
155
58
118
1.9
17.5
11/
16
19
60
21
110
29
27
82
170
63
130
2.1
19
3/
23
70
25
129
34
32
96
199
74
152
20.5
13/
16
23
70
25
129
34
32
96
199
74
152
22
7/
24
75
26
139
36
34
103
213
79
163
3.5
24
15/
26
82
29
151
40
37
113
233
86
178
26
29
88
31
164
43
40
122
252
94
192
28
1 1/8
31
95
34
176
46
43
132
272
101
207
7.5
30
1 3/16
33
102
36
189
50
46
141
291
108
222
32
1 1/4
35
109
38
202
53
49
150
310
115
237
11
34
1 3/8
37
116
41
214
56
52
160
330
122
252
13.5
36
1 7/16
40
122
43
227
59
55
169
349
130
266
16
38
1 1/2
42
129
46
239
63
59
179
369
137
281
19
40
1 9/16
44
136
48
252
66
62
188
388
144
296
22
42
1 5/8
46
143
50
265
69
65
197
407
151
311
25.5
44
1 3/4
50
153
54
284
74
69
212
437
162
333
31.5
46
1 13/16
50
153
54
284
74
69
212
437
162
333
31.5
48
1 7/8
53
163
58
302
79
74
226
466
173
355
38
50
1 15/16
56
173
61
321
84
79
240
495
184
377
46
52
2 1/16
58
180
64
334
87
82
249
514
191
392
52
54
2 1/8
58
180
64
334
87
82
249
514
191
392
52
56
2 3/16
62
190
67
353
92
86
263
543
202
414
60.5
58
2 1/4
64
197
70
365
96
89
273
563
209
429
67.5
60
2 3/8
68
211
74
391
102
95
291
601
223
459
83
62
2 7/16
68
211
74
391
102
95
291
601
223
459
83
64
2 1/2
70
218
77
403
106
99
301
621
230
474
90
66
9/
73
224
79
416
109
102
310
640
238
488
99
16
2 16
Chain Data:
Approximate weights & misc. details:
The Kenter joining shackle is used to join two stud link chain elements ending in a common
link or enlarged link. Its made of Heavy Duty forged steel (U2- U3 grade).
Stud Link Chain
Diameter weights
Joining
Joining Shackle Anchor Shackle
Swivel
Shackle Kenter Type D
Type D
Swivel Shackle
mm
kgs
kgs
kgs
kgs
kgs
kgs
kgs
12.5
3.5
96
0.17
0.23
0.23
0.39
0.8
1.1
0.9
14
4.4
121
0.24
0.32
0.36
0.51
1.1
1.3
1.3
16
5.8
160
0.36
0.5
0.51
0.62
1.3
1.6
1.7
17.5
7.0
193
0.47
0.74
0.68
0.82
1.6
2.0
2.1
19
8.1
223
0.60
0.88
0.89
1.00
1.8
2.5
2.5
20.5
10.0
275
0.75
1.10
1.13
1.35
2.1
3.3
3.1
22
11.1
305
0.93
1.25
1.28
1.6
2.5
4.0
3.5
10
24
13.3
366
1.21
1.70
1.77
2.0
3.5
5.0
5.0
14
26
15.7
432
1.55
2.15
2.20
2.7
4.3
6.0
6.0
18
28
18.3
503
1.9
2.8
2.9
3.3
5.0
8.0
7.5
23
30
21.0
578
2.4
3.2
3.3
3.9
7.0
9.5
9.0
28
32
23.9
657
2.9
3.9
4.0
4.6
7.5
12.0
11.0
33
34
27.0
743
3.4
4.7
5.0
5.8
9.5
14.0
13.5
38
36
30.2
831
4.0
5.5
5.9
6.6
11.0
17.0
16.0
46
38
33.7
927
4.7
6.1
6.8
7.8
13.0
20.0
19.0
53
40
37.1
1020
5.5
7.1
8.0
9.1
15.0
23.0
23.0
61
42
40.5
1114
6.4
8.4
9.6
10.5
17.5
26.0
27.0
69
44
44.3
1218
7.4
10.0
11.2
12.2
20.0
29.0
32.0
75
46
48.5
1334
8.5
11.5
13.0
14.0
22.5
33
37.0
82
48
52.8
1452
9.8
13.1
15.0
16.0
26.0
37
44.0
90
50
57
1568
11
15
17
18
29
41
57
97
52
62
1705
13
17
20
20
31
45
57
105
54
66
1815
14
19
22
20
34
50
67
113
56
71
1953
16
21
23
24
38
54
67
120
58
77
2118
17
23
25
28
44
65
80
129
60
83
2283
19
25
27
28
48
70
95
140
62
88
2420
21
28
30
33
52
76
95
140
64
94
2585
23
31
34
38
57
82
112
155
66
100
2750
25
34
38
38
66
94
130
180
68
107
2943
27
37
42
44
70
101
130
180
70
114
3135
30
40
45
44
75
108
152
200
73
124
3410
34
45
52
51
87
124
172
250
76
135
3713
39
50
59
58
99
141
194
315
78
142
3905
42
55
63
65
106
150
194
315
81
154
4235
46
61
70
74
119
171
220
375
84
166
4565
52
68
78
84
134
193
242
425
87
178
4895
58
75
86
94
150
218
270
475
90
189
5198
64
82
95
105
167
243
300
540
92
199
5473
68
88
100
105
175
256
325
570
DN
Nominal Size
Dimensions over 5
Consecutive Links
End Link
Weight
A
mm
B
mm
C
mm
E
mm
F
mm
G
mm
H
mm
I
mm
Maximu
Minimum m
mm
mm
kg/m
mm
Inches
14
9/
16
56
50
15
62
55
17
61
56
308
316
4.4
16
5/
17.5
11/
19
3/
20.5
13/
22
7/
24
15/
26
64
58
18
70
63
19
70
64
352
361
5.6
16
70
63
19
76
68
20.5
76
70
385
395
6.8
76
68
20.5
82
74
22
83
76
418
428
8.1
16
82
74
22
88
79
24
89
82
451
462
9.4
88
79
24
96
86
26
96
88
484
496
10.8
96
86
26
104
94
28
104
96
528
541
12.9
104
94
28
112
101
32
113
104
572
586
15.1
28
1 1/8
112
101
30
120
108
34
122
112
616
631
17.5
30
1 3/16
120
108
34
136
122
36
131
120
660
677
19.9
32
1 1/4
128
115
36
144
130
38
139
128
704
722
22.2
34
1 3/8
136
122
38
152
137
40
148
136
748
767
25.4
36
1 7/16
144
130
40
160
144
44
157
144
792
812
29
38
1 1/2
152
137
42
168
151
46
165
152
836
857
32.3
40
1 9/16
160
144
44
176
158
48
174
160
880
902
35.8
42
1 5/8
168
151
46
184
166
50
183
168
924
947
39.4
44
1 3/4
176
158
48
192
173
52
191
176
968
992
43
46
1 13/16
184
166
50
200
180
56
200
184
1012
1037
47
48
1 7/8
192
173
54
216
194
58
209
192
1056
1082
51
50
1 15/16
200
180
56
224
202
60
218
200
1100
1128
55
52
2 1/16
208
187
58
232
209
62
226
208
1144
1173
59
54
1/
2 8
216
194
60
240
216
64
235
216
1188
1218
64
56
2 3/16
224
202
62
248
223
68
244
224
1232
1263
68
58
2 1/4
232
209
64
256
230
70
252
232
1276
1308
73
60
2 3/8
240
216
66
264
238
73
261
240
1320
1353
79
62
2 7/16
248
223
68
272
245
73
270
248
1364
1398
84
64
2 1/2
256
230
70
280
252
76
278
256
1408
1443
90
66
2 9/16
264
238
73
292
263
81
287
264
1452
1488
95
68
2 11/16
272
245
76
304
274
81
296
272
1496
1533
101
70
2 3/4
280
252
78
312
281
84
305
280
1540
1579
107
73
2 7/8
292
263
81
324
292
87
318
292
1606
1646
116
76
304
274
84
336
302
92
331
304
1672
1714
126
78
3 1/16
312
281
85
340
306
95
339
312
1716
1759
133
81
3 3/16
324
292
90
360
324
97
352
324
1782
1827
144
84
3 5/8
336
302
92
368
331
100
365
336
1848
1894
155
87
3 7/16
348
313
97
388
349
105
378
348
1914
1962
167
90
3 1/2
360
324
100
400
360
107
392
360
1980
2030
178
16
QUAL 2
High Strength
QUAL 3
Extra High Strength
Breaking Load kN
Breaking Load kN
16
82
116
116
165
mm
Inches
14
9/
16
5/
17.5
11/
19
3/
20.5
13/
22
7/
24
15/
26
107
150
150
216
16
127
180
180
256
150
211
211
301
16
175
245
245
350
200
280
280
401
237
332
332
476
278
390
390
556
28
1 1/8
321
449
449
642
30
1 3/16
368
514
514
735
32
1 1/4
417
583
583
833
34
1 3/8
468
655
655
937
36
1 7/16
523
732
732
1050
38
1 1/2
581
812
812
1160
40
1 9/16
640
896
896
1280
42
1 5/8
703
981
981
1400
44
1 3/4
769
1080
1080
1550
46
1 13/16
837
1170
1170
1680
48
1 7/8
908
1280
1280
1810
50
1 15/16
981
1370
1370
1960
52
2 1/8
1060
1480
1480
2110
54
1/
2 8
1140
1600
1600
2270
56
2 3/16
1220
1710
1710
2450
58
2 1/4
1300
1810
1810
2600
60
2 3/8
1380
1950
1950
2770
62
2 7/16
1470
2060
2060
2950
64
2 1/2
1560
2200
2200
3130
66
2 9/16
1660
2310
2310
3300
68
2 11/16
1750
2450
2450
3500
70
2 3/4
1850
2600
2600
3700
73
2 7/8
2000
2800
2800
4000
76
2150
3010
3010
4300
78
3 1/16
2260
3160
3160
4500
81
3 3/16
2410
3380
3380
4820
84
3 5/16
2600
3610
3610
5160
87
3 7/16
2750
3850
3850
5500
90
3 1/2
2920
4090
4090
5840
92
3 5/8
3040
4260
4260
6080
95
3 3/4
3230
4510
4510
6440
97
3 13/16
3350
4680
4680
6690
100
3 15/16
3530
4940
4940
7060
102
3660
5120
5120
7320
16
MOORING ARRANGEMENT
A mooring strictly speaking, refers to any device used to hold secure an object by means of
cables, anchors, or lines though most often it is specifically a device to which a vessel can attach so
that it can remain in the same position. The vessel is then moored. A mooring is typically a heavy
object located on the sea bed with a rope or cable going to the surface where a float makes it possible
to pick it up from a vessel.
PURPOSE OF MOORING
The purpose of a mooring is to safely hold a ship in a certain position to accomplish a
specific mission. A key need is to safely hold the vessel to protect the ship, life, the public interest,
and to preserve the capabilities of the vessel and surrounding facilities.
Ship moorings are provided for:
a.
Loading/Unloading - Loading and unloading items such as stores, cargo, fuel, personnel,
ammunition, etc.
b.
Ship Storage - Storing the ship in a mooring reduces fuel consumption and personnel costs.
Ships in an inactive or reserve status are stored at moorings.
c.
d.
Mission - Moorings are used to support special mission requirements, such as surveillance,
tracking, training, etc.
Mooring lines are used to secure a ship to a wharf, pier, dock or another ship. The size and
strength of mooring lines is matched to the ship and generally increases as the size of the ship
increases. Mooring lines of nylon or polyester have most often been used. Lines made of high
strength, low stretch, and reduced snapback aramid fibers are also approved and are becoming more
widely used because of their inherent safety characteristics. Mooring line accessories include
tattletales, line throwing devices, rat guards, and fairleaders.
Mooring fittings include chocks, bitts, cleats, and hawser reels.
Mooring machinery facilitates the handling and securing of mooring lines. It includes the
capstan head and related machinery, as well as constant tension mooring winches.
A vessel is said to be moored when it is fastened to a fixed object such as a bollard, pier,
quay or the seabed, or to a floating object such as an anchor buoy. Mooring is often accomplished
using thick ropes called mooring lines or hawsers. The lines are fixed to deck fittings on the vessel at
one end, and fittings on the shore, such as bollards, rings, or cleats, on the other end.
Mooring by permanent anchor can be accomplished by use of a permanent anchor at the
bottom of a waterway with a rode (a line, cable, or chain) running to a float on the surface. This
allows a person on the vessel to connect to the anchor.
Once the mooring line is attached to the bollard, it is pulled tight. On large ships, this
tightening can be accomplished with the help of heavy machinery called mooring winches or
capstans.
Mooring lines are usually made out of synthetic materials such as nylon. Nylon is easy to
work with and lasts for years, but has a property of very great elasticity. This elasticity has its
advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage is that during an event, such as a high wind or the
close passing of another ship, excess stress can be spread among several lines. Some ships use wire
rope for one or more of their mooring lines. Wire rope is hard to handle and maintain. There is also a
risk of using wire rope on a ship's stern in the vicinity of its propeller.
Combination mooring lines made of both wire rope and synthetic line can also be used.
This results in a hawser. This is more elastic and easier to handle than a wire rope, but not as elastic
as a pure synthetic line. Special safety precautions must be followed when constructing a combination
mooring line.
A typical mooring scheme
Number
Name
Purpose
Bow line
Stern line
MOORING LINES
A ship is moored when its made fast to a buoy, when its between two buoys, when its
between two anchors, or when its secured by lines alongside a pier or another ship. The lines used in
mooring a ship alongside a pier are shown in figure. Well in advance of mooring, the lines should be
faked down, fore and aft, each near the chock through which it passes in preparation for passing the
line. Rat guards are hinged conical metal shields secured around mooring lines. They are used to
prevent rats from coming aboard ship. The bowline and forward spring lines prevent the ship from
drifting astern. The stern line and after spring lines prevent the ship from drifting forward. Look at the
figure. Here, lines 1, 3, and 5 are called forward lines; lines 2, 4, and 6 are called after lines.
When secured, these lines tend to breast the ship in. The forward and after spring lines are used to
prevent the ship from drifting forward or aft.
2.
3.
4.
Dead weight moorings are the simplest kind of mooring. They are generally made as a large
concrete block with a rode attached which resists movement with sheer weight; and, to a
small degree, by settling into the substrate. The advantages are that such moorings are simple
and cheap. A dead weight mooring that drags in a storm still holds well in its new position.
Such moorings are better suited to rocky bottoms where other mooring systems do not hold
well. The disadvantages are that they are heavy, bulky, and awkward.
Mushroom moorings are the most conventional moorings for mud and silt substrate. They
are shaped like an upside down mushroom which can bury it-self in these materials quite
readily. The advantage is that it has up to ten times the holding power to weight ratio as
compared to a dead weight mooring. The disadvantage is that they're more expensive than
dead weight moorings, don't hold well on rocky or pebbly substrates, and they take time to
settle in before reaching full holding capacity.
Screw in mooring is a modern method. The screw in mooring is a shaft with wide blades
spiraling around it so that it can be screwed into the substrate. The advantages are a high
holding power to weight ratio. An additional consideration is size. Screw-in moorings are so
small that they are relatively cheap. The disadvantage is that a diver is usually needed to
install, inspect, and maintain these moorings.
Multiple anchor mooring systems use two or more (often three) light weight temporary
style anchors set in an equilateral arrangement and all chained to a common center from
which a conventional rode extends to a mooring buoy. The advantages are minimized mass,
ease of deployment, high holding power to weight ratio, and ease of access to the required
anchor components because temporary style anchors are commonly available.
Now let us look into some of the machineries used in Anchoring and Mooring.
Mooring Winch
A ship is a huge structure and when it comes to a port for any purpose such as cargo loading,
discharging or bunkering; it needs to be "parked" properly so that it does not move from its position
beyond a certain degree. This could lead to disruption of operations and also could mean damage or
harm to life and nearby installations. It is very easy to tie up a small boat to the shore, but how do you
go about securing a big sized vessel.
Mooring winch is a mechanical device used for securing a ship to the berth. An equipment
with various barrels used for pulling ropes or cables, mooring winches play an important role in
berthing the ship ashore. The barrels, also known as winch drums, are used for hauling in or letting
out the wires or ropes, which will help in fastening the ship to the berth.
Mooring winches assembly comes in various arrangements with different number of barrels,
depending on the requirement of the ship. The main parts of a mooring winch include a winch barrel
or a drum, a warp end and a driving motor. Modern mooring winches comprises of elaborate designs
with various gear assemblies, which can be electric, pneumatic or hydraulic driven.
A mooring winch assembly consists of a winch drum which has cable or rope wound around
it. The winch drum and warp end is driven with the help of a motor drive. All these parts are
supported with the help of a substantial frame, which also support a band brake, clutch and geared
drives.
The motor drive is connected to the barrel and warp end using a spur gear transmission
system. The transmission system is also provided with a clutch and a band brake. Thus, the spur gear
transmission system controls both the barrel and the warp end. The warp end acts like a locking
device, which prevents the rope from sliding off the barrel when pulled excessively. Warp end is
extremely important for moving the ship along the berth for alignment purposes. This is done by
fastening one end of the ropes or wires to the bollards on the shore and the other end around the warp
end of the winch.
Appropriate control of the drum movement is an important aspect of the mooring operation.
For this reason, band brakes are provided to stop the drum whenever required. Also, it is important
that the drum rotates smoothly in both reverse and forward direction. A controller arrangement of the
drive motor facilitates forward and reverse direction as and when required, including selection of
speeds as per the requirement.
Most of the modern mooring winches help in avoiding the stress related to constant
monitoring of the mooring winches when the ship is berthing at a port. It is essential to tension or
slacken the mooring wires according to the flow of the tides and the change in the draught that takes
place due to cargo operations. The modern mooring assemblies act as an automatic self tensioning
unit, which provides for paying out or recovering wires when a pre-set tension is not present.
Windlass
Anchoring is a process that is carried out when the ship requires a stoppage at mid sea or at
the port. For this an anchor is used for holding the ship at one place, to remain unaffected by waves
and weather. Bigger the ship, larger and heavier is the anchor. The anchoring process requires
dropping and lifting of the anchor from the sea. Windlass is the device used for anchor handling on all
the ships.
Usually, a ship is provided with a pair of anchors. On almost all the ships, a single marine
windlass handles both the anchors, but if the size of the ship is more, dedicated windlasses known as
split windlasses are used for individual anchor.
The cable lifter guides the anchor by raising and lowering the cable through the spurling
pipe. The spurling pipe is located at the top and centre of the chain or the cable locker. Snugs in the
cable lifter are used not only to grip the cables but also to hold the band brakes and the cables.
Anchor capstans, which are windlasses that rotate in the horizontal direction about a vertical
axis, also have cable lifters that rotate about the same axis. This arrangement is generally used for
heavy anchors and have the cable lifter unit located on the deck with the driving machinery on the
deck below. The same unit which drives the cable lifter is used to drive the warping end, which is
generally positioned near the cable lifter.
Nowadays, different types of windlasses are used according to the weight of the anchor and
various other vessel requirements. The driving unit can be electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic, which
also depends on the ship's system requirement.
Capstan
A ships capstan is a drum shaped device that is used for hoisting weights or for winding
ships anchor cable. A capstan is similar to a windlass, but unlike windlass, it rotates in a horizontal
plane and around a vertical axis.
The term capstan was generally used in the days of wooden ships, when the ships were
smaller in size. Capstans were used to weigh the ships anchors using anchor cables or for hoisting the
sails. However, as the size of the ships went on increasing, the size of the anchor cable also became
longer. Instead of anchor cables, messenger cables were then used to wound it around the capstan in a
continuous loop. The messenger cables were attached to the anchor cables using small lines known as
nippers. When the cables were not in use, the nippers were removed to let the cables enter the holds.
All these capstans were manually operated by means of wooden bars, attached to slots made in the
upper portion of the capstan. The drum was rotated by means of pushing these wooden bars in a clock
wise direction.
Capstan Vs Windlass
As time passed, capstans were completely made from iron and steel. Gears were used at the
head of the capstan to provide a mechanical advantage when the bars were pushed anti-clockwise.
Even though things improved, capstans still used to be driven by human power, making their usage
stressing and difficult.
However, in the modern ships, the traditional capstans are replaced by hydraulically or
pneumatically operated windlass. A windlass is a complex device meant for the same purpose as that
of capstan, but comprised of different parts, which together make the anchorage process smoother and
easier. A capstan differs from a windlass only in the matter of the axis on which the rope or cable is
wound (for a capstan its vertical axis, whereas for a windlass its horizontal)
Ropes
Ropes have a variety of usages on board a ship. Ropes were the most highly seen equipment
on a ships deck in the olden days. Though technology has reduced their usage to a certain extent,
ropes still have many important applications in a ships operation.
Different types of ropes are used for different applications on a ship. The thickness, strength
and length of the rope depend on the ropes usage. The material from which ropes are made can be
both, man-made and natural. It is on the basis of the characteristics of these materials that the
selection of rope type is done for a particular use.
In olden days these ropes were built from materials found in the natural environment. In
those days, fishermen and boaters used ropes made from natural fibers such as helm or sisal.
However, presently these materials have been substituted by the modern synthetic materials, which
are stronger and durable.
Materials
Choosing a material for a particular rope is a difficult task because each and every material
has its own negative and positive points. Knowing the characteristics of a material helps a sailor or
boater to choose a rope for specific uses and operations. The different characteristics of materials that
one needs to keep in mind are cost, strength, elasticity, durability and resistance to chemicals, water
and sunlight.
Lets take a look at the most common materials of ropes.
Rope materials can be classified into two main categories:
Natural
Manmade
Natural Materials
Though obsolete on commercial vessels, natural materials are still used for making ropes by
many fishermen and small vessel owners. The main disadvantage of natural fibers is that they are
shorter in length, which makes them weaker and more brittle. This also makes the rope surface harder
and difficult to handle. Also, for higher strengths the diameter of the rope needs to be larger.
Moreover, all the natural materials have a tendency to absorb more of moisture, which makes them
freeze. These materials also have a tendency to decay and degrade from insects, rot and fungus
infestation.
Manmade Materials
Synthetic ropes have substituted almost all the natural material ropes. These ropes are used
in a variety of applications because of the long length of their fibers, which increases the strength and
durability of the materials. The different types of synthetic materials are:
Polyester
This is one of the most widely used fibers because of its strength and high resistance to load
and degradation. Having very low elasticity, polyester does not stretch and is thus less affected by
wear and tear. It also has a high resistance towards chemicals, acids, water and sunlight. The ropes
made of polyester do not float and are generally used for mooring applications.
Polypropylene
This is the only manmade fiber that is affected by sunlight and thus needs various additives
during making. Polypropylene can be made from a single filament fiber or a multi filament-fiber. A
polypropylene rope is not used where more of friction is there. Resistant to most of the chemicals, the
ropes made from these materials are lighter and float on water.
Polyethylene
Generally used for making light weight ropes, this plastic easily wears and tears. The rope
made out of this material is a bit difficult to tie in knot. Due to the light weight of the material, the
rope made out of it floats on water.
Polyamide
Also known as nylon, it is one of the strongest manmade materials for ropes. It is elastic,
durable and is not affected by chemicals or water. Though the material loses strength when wet, it has
a high ability to absorb loads, tension and shocks. Ropes made from nylon float on water.
Berthing
In reality berthing of vessel or ship on a wharf is quite a specialized job involving the use of
several equipment, lines etc. It is more like parking of a car in a tight parallel parking slot. Since
vessel is required to carry out cargo work at berth, positioning of vessel should be such that shore side
cargo handling equipments are aligned with vessels equipments. The access way (gangway) is placed
safely on the jetty.
Since the job is quite critical and ships staff is not familiar with local meteorological and
topography of port, services of an expert, popularly called pilot, is sought. In fact in most of the ports,
this service is mandatory. The picture below shows a ship being berthed at a port.
On shore wind though will assist in berthing but strong on shore wind may push the vessel
hard to berth causing damage.
Current:
Current affects the maneuverability of the vessel. In tidal port with currents, berths are
designed in such a way that current will be flowing at 15 to 30 degree to the berth. Design
berthing velocity for ship is normally 0.2 m/second.
Tugs:
Ship berthing tugs are powerful tugs that can fasten a line to the ship to pull the ship away
from the berth, or push with their bow against the side of the ship move the ship towards the
berth. The tugs are rated by horsepower and usually range from 1200 HP to 3200 HP.
Fenders:
Due to the momentum shipside or jetty may be damaged due to impact of vessel. Fenders are
used to avoid the damage and designed to absorb the energy of the berthing impact at around
25 % deflection.
In tidal port with currents, berths are designed in such a way that current will be flowing at
15 to 30 degree to the berth. Design berthing velocity for ship is normally 0.2 m/second.
In a typical modern port, the vessel will approach at an angle of about 20 degree to
berth. Vessel will be maneuvered in such a way that her speed will be one or two
knots and forward part is some 10 meters away so that lines can be passed.
Forward tug will be used to hold the bow so that she doesnt come in contact with
jetty. Engine will be reversed to stop the vessel.
Aft tug will push the vessel towards jetty. When approach speed is more than 0.2
m/second, tugs are used to retard the speed.
With careful use of engines and rudder vessel will be positioned when she is still
few meters away from jetty.
Once in position, vessel will be brought along side by using tugs and mooring
ropes. Modern tugs with azimuth propeller can virtually push or pull the vessel
without changing her position.
The End