Unit 4 Inverters
Unit 4 Inverters
Unit 4 Inverters
Operational Details
3-wire DC source
2
Vo
To
1
2
V
Vs
0 4 dt 2
To
2
2
s
Vs
1 Vs
bn
sin(nt )d (t ) sin(nt )d (t )
2
2
0
2Vs
bn
n 1,3,5,...
n
2Vs
vo
sin(nt )
n 1,3,5,.. n
ECE 442 Power Electronics
2Vs
vo
sin nt
n 1,3,5,.. n
1 2Vs
Vo1
2
Vo1 0.45Vs
+
Vs/2
-
+
Vs/2
-
10
Turn off Q2 at t = To
Current falls to 0 via D1, L, Vs/2 upper
+
Vs/2
-
+
Vs/2
-
11
12
vo
vo
2Vs
io
sin(nt n )
Z R jn L n 1,3,5,... n R 2 (n L)2
n L
n tan (
)
R
1
13
2Vs
Po1
2
2
2 R ( L)
14
DC Supply Current
If the inverter is lossless, average power
absorbed by the load equals the average
power supplied by the dc source.
T
v (t )i (t )dt v (t )i (t )dt
s
15
1
0 is (t )dt Vs
Vo1
Is
I o cos(1 )
Vs
16
Performance Parameters
Harmonic factor of the nth harmonic (HFn)
Von
HFn
Vo1
for n>1
17
1
2
THD
( Von )
Vo1 n 2,3,...
1
2
18
1
Von
DF
2
Vo1 n2,3,... n
Von
DFn
2
for n>1
Vo1n
ECE 442 Power Electronics
1
2
19
20
21
Operational Details
22
+ Vs -
23
- Vs +
24
25
26
27
INVERTERS
In SEE 4433, regardless of the control method, the circuit topology of singlephase inverter are of two types: Full-bridge and half-bridge
A.
Full-bridge inverter
Q1
D1
Vdc
vo
Q3
D3
Q2
D2
io
Q4
D4
INVERTERS
In SEE 4433, regardless of the control method, the circuit topology of singlephase inverter are of two types: Full-bridge and half-bridge
B.
half-bridge inverter
C1
Vdc
C2
+
Vdc/2
+
Vdc/2
Q1
+
vo
D1
Q2
D2
INVERTERS
Square-wave inverter (with full-bridge)
S1, S2
S3, S4
S1, S2
INVERTERS
Square-wave inverter (with full-bridge)
Current path for inductive load:
Q1
D1
Vdc
vo
Q3
D3
Q2
D2
io
Q4
D4
INVERTERS
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
THD is used to measure the quality of the AC voltage or current
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter Amplitude and harmonic control
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter Amplitude and harmonic control
vo (t) =
V sin ( nw t )
n
n,odd
where
Vn =
4Vdc
cos ( na )
np
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter Amplitude and harmonic control
Amplitude control
Amplitude of fundamental component:
V1 =
4Vdc
cos (a )
p
V3 =
4Vdc
cos ( 3(30 o )) = 0
3p
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter Amplitude and harmonic control
Simultaneous control of amplitude and harmonic
In order to be able to control amplitude and harmonic simultaneously, variable
Vdc has to be added
Vn =
4Vdc
cos ( na )
np
Fixed DC voltage
DC-DC Variable
DC
converter
Inverter
Load
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter Amplitude and harmonic control
Switching signals (full-bridge inverter)
S1
S1
S2
S2
S3
S3
S4
S4
INVERTERS
Pulse Width Modulation
Is a method used to control the output voltage (amplitude and frequency)
of an inverter by modulating the width of the pulses of the output
waveform
Main advantages of PWM control:
Filter requirement is reduced
Amplitude and frequency can be control independently
Significant reduction in THD of load current (inductive load)
Disadvantages of PWM control:
More complex control circuit
Higher switching losses
In SEE4433, two switching scheme for single-phase inverter will be
discussed:
Bipolar switching scheme
Unipolar switching scheme
INVERTERS
Pulse Width Modulation
Bipolar switching scheme
INVERTERS
Pulse Width Modulation
Bipolar switching scheme
fsine
ftri
Vm,sine
mf =
Vm,tri
ftri
fsin
ma =
Vm,sin
Vm,tri
INVERTERS
Harmonics in PWM single-phase inverter
INVERTERS
Harmonics in PWM single-phase inverter : Bipolar switching scheme
If mf is chosen as odd integer with the triangular wave synchronize
with the modulating signal, then the PWM output is an odd quarter
wave symmetry.
an = 0 and bn exist only for odd vo (t ) Vn sin(no t )
n 1
INVERTERS
Pulse Width Modulation
Unipolar switching scheme
Vab = va - vb
INVERTERS
Harmonics in PWM single-phase inverter : Unipolar switching scheme
The frequency of the output voltage is doubled.
If mf is chosen as even integer then the first cluster of harmonics
appear around 2mf (the harmonic at 2mf itself is zero)
Graphically, this can be represented using
frequency spectrum diagram :
INVERTERS
Harmonics in PWM single-phase inverter :
Comparison between square wave and PWM
SQUARE-WAVE
Contains harmonics at relatively low frequency: 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, etc.
In order to improve the THDV , a low pass filter can be employed filter
will be bulky since cutoff frequency is low difficult to remove
harmonics since at the same time must ensure fundamental component is
not attenuated.
PWM
Harmonics appear around mf which is further away from fundamental.
To improve THDV, filter with higher cutoff can be used smaller in size
easier to filter out harmonics.
PWM
mf = 21
Square wave
11
13
1
25
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
INVERTERS
Three-phase inverters
Six-step inverter
S1
S3
S1
S2
S3
Vdc
S4
S5
S5
S6
S4
Vdc
vAo
S2
vBo
vCo
vAB
vAn
S6
2
Vdc
3
1
Vdc
3
INVERTERS
Three-phase inverters
PWM inverter
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
One-leg inverter
8-6
The switches T+ and T- are controlled based on the comparison of vcontrol and vtri
When vcontrol > vtri , T+ is on and vAo=Vd /2
When vcontrol < vtri , T- is on and vAo=-Vd /2
Since the two switches are never off simultaneously, the output voltage vAo fluctuates
between Vd /2 and -Vd /2.
8-7
8-8
The average output voltage (or more specifically, the output voltage
averaged over one switching time period Ts = 1/fs) VAo depends on the
ratio of Vcontrol to Vtri for a given Vd
V Ao
V
Vd
control
2
V tri
Vcontrol V tri
8-9
8-10
Vcontrol V tri
Vcontrol sin 1t Vd
v Ao 1
Vcontrol V tri
2
V tri
V
m a sin 1t d
for m a 1.0
2
Therefore,
V
V Ao 1 ma d
2
8-12
8-13
8-14
Vcontrol
1.0
Vtri
8-15
Vd
+
Vd /
2+
Vd /
2-
TA+
DA+
A
io
TA-
+
DA-
vA
N-
8-17
8-18
8-19
Three-Phase Inverter
8-21
Summary
dc-to-ac converters are known as inverters
The function of an inverter is to change the dc input voltage to an ac output
voltage of desired magnitude and frequency
The output voltage waveforms of ideal inverters should be sinusoidal
However, the output of practical inverters contains harmonics
For high power applications, low distorted sinusoidal waveforms are required
Harmonic contents could be minimized by the use of high-speed
semiconductor switching techniques
Inverters are widely used in industrial applications
- motor drives, UPS, induction heating, standby power supplies, etc.
- input may be a battery, fuel cell, solar cell, or there dc source
dc-to-ac inverters can make smooth transition into the rectification mode,
where the flow of power reverses from the ac side to the dc side
Two types of inverters: single-phase inverters and three-phase inverters
8-22
Commonly-used Techniques
Single-Pulse-Width-Modulation
Multiple-Pulse-Width-Modulation
Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation
Modified-Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation
Phase-Displacement Control
Single-Pulse-Width-Modulation
Gate Pulse
Gate Pulse
2
Vo
2
2
V
d
(
t
)
s
1
2
Vo Vs
0 180
0 Vo Vs
ECE 442 Power Electronics
4Vs
n
vo (t )
sin sin nt
2
n 1,3,5,... n
TS
1
t1
(1 M )
2
TS
2
t2
(1 M )
2
Pulse width d (or pulse angle )
d t2 t1 MTS
TS = T/2
Harmonic Profile
Multiple-Pulse-Width-Modulation
10
11
12
13
2p
2
Vo
V
d
(
t
)
s
( ) / 2
1
2
Vo Vs
0 M 1
T
0
2p
0
p
0 Vo Vs
ECE 442 Power Electronics
14
vo (t )
n 1,3,5,...
Bn sin nt
4Vs
n
Bn
sin
4
m 1 n
2p
sin n( m 4 ) sin n( m 4
ECE 442 Power Electronics
15
2
tm
m
T
(m 1 M ) S
TS = T/2p
d tm1 tm MTS
16
Harmonic Profile
17