What is thermal pollution?

Thermal pollution is defined as sudden increase or decrease in

temperature of a natural body of water which may be ocean, lake, river or
pond by human influence. This normally occurs when a plant or facility
takes in water from a natural resource and puts it back with an altered
temperature. Usually, these facilities use it as a cooling method for their
machinery or to help better produce their products.
Causes of Thermal Pollution
1. Water as Cooling Agent in Power, Manufacturing and
Industrial plants: Production and Manufacturing plants are biggest
source of thermal pollution. These plants draw water from nearby
source to keep machines cool and then release back to the source
with higher temperature. When heated water returns to the river or
ocean, the water temperature rises sharply. When oxygen levels are
altered in the water, this can also degrade the quality and longevity
of life in wildlife that lives underwater.
2. 2. Soil Erosion: Soil erosion is another major factor that causes
thermal pollution. Consistent soil erosion causes water bodies to
rise, making them more exposed to sunlight.
3. 3. Deforestation: Trees and plants prevent sunlight from falling
directly on lakes, ponds or rivers. When deforestation takes place,
these water bodies are directly exposed to sunlight, thus absorbing
more heat and raising its temperature.
4. 5. Natural Causes: Natural causes like volcanoes and geothermal
activity under the oceans and seas can trigger warm lava to raise
the temperature of water bodies.
Effects of Thermal Pollution
1. Decrease in DO (Dissolved Oxygen) Levels
2. Increase in Toxins
3. Loss of Biodiversity
4. Ecological Impact
5. Affects Reproductive Systems
6. Increases Metabolic Rate
7. Migration

What Is Water Pollution

The presence in water of harmful or objectionable material in
sufficient quantity to measurably degrade water quality.
Causes of water pollution

Sewage and Wastewater

The sewage water carries harmful bacteria and chemicals that can
cause serious health problems.
Industrial waste
They contain pollutants such as lead, mercury, sulphur, asbestos,
nitrates and many other harmful chemicals.
Mining activities
Mining is the process of crushing the rock and extracting coal and
other minerals from underground.
Marine dumping
The garbage produce by each household in the form of paper,
aluminum, rubber, glass, plastic, food
Accidental Oil leakage
Oil spill pose a huge concern as large amount of oil enters into the
sea and does not dissolve with water
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used by farmers to protect
crops from insects and bacterias.
Effects of water pollution.

Death of aquatic (water) animals

Disruption of food-chain
Diseases
Destruction of ecosystems

What is Air pollution?

Air pollution consists of gaseous, liquid, or solid substances that, when
present in sufficient concentration, for a sufficient time, and under
certain conditions, tend to interfere with human comfort, health or welfare,
and cause environmental damage.

Causes of Air pollution

1. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Sulfur dioxide emitted from the
combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory
combustibles is one the major cause of air pollution.
2. Agricultural activities: Ammonia is a very common by product
from agriculture related activities and is one of the most hazardous
gases in the atmosphere.
3. Exhaust from factories and industries: Manufacturing industries
release large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic
compounds, and chemicals
4. Indoor air pollution: Household cleaning products, painting
supplies emit toxic chemicals in the air and cause air pollution.
Effects of Air pollution
1. Respiratory and heart problems: The effects of Air pollution are
alarming. They are known to create several respiratory and heart
conditions along with Cancer, among other threats to the body.
2. Global warming: Another direct effect is the immediate alterations
that the world is witnessing due to Global warming.
3. Acid rain can cause great damage to human, animals and crops.
4. Effect on Wildlife: Just like humans, animals also face some
devastating affects of air pollution.
Solutions for Air Pollution
1. Use public mode of transportation: Encourage people to use
more and more public modes of transportation to reduce pollution.
2. Conserve energy: Switch off fans and lights when you are going
out. Large amount of fossil fuels are burnt to produce electricity.

What is Noise Pollution?

A form and level of environmental sound that is generally considered likely
to annoy, distract or even harm other people.
Causes of Noise Pollution
1. Industrialization: Most of the industries use big machines
which are capable of producing large amount of noise.
2. Poor Urban Planning: In most of the developing countries, poor
urban planning also play a vital role.
3. Transportation: The high noise leads to a situation wherein a
normal person lose the ability to hear properly.
4. construction Activities: Under construction activities like mining,
construction of bridges, dams, buildings, stations, roads, flyovers
take place in almost every part of the world.
Effects of Noise Pollution
1. Hearing Problems: Any unwanted sound that our ears have not
been built to filter can cause problems within the body.
2. Health Issues: Excessive noise pollution in working areas such as
offices, construction sites, bars and even in our homes can influence
psychological health.
3. Sleeping Disorders: Loud noise can certainly hamper your
sleeping pattern and may lead to irritation and uncomfortable
situations.
4. Trouble Communicating: High decibel noise can put trouble and
may not allow two people to communicate freely.
Pollution Prevention Tips
1. Use water-based paints. Rinse paint brushes and other equipment in an
interior drain only. Reduce smog (low level ozone) by painting when
temperatures are under 90 degrees.

2. Bike or walk instead of driving (Every 25 miles you don't drive prevents
a pound of pollution)
3. Consider using solar energy in your house. Solar energy prevents water
and air pollution associated with burning fossil fuels for energy.
4. Park your car on hot summer days when ozone levels rise to unhealthy
levels. Consider leaving your car home once a week and ride the bus or
your bike instead.
5. A well insulated house & energy efficient windows conserve energy and
saves money.
6. Recycle burned out fluorescent lamps at the Lane County Household
Hazardous Waste Collection Center. Fluorescent lamps may contain
mercury.
7. Choose earth friendly lawn care methods & products. When using
chemicals, follow package instructions for use and disposal. (Excess
chemicals can destroy beneficial insects). If in doubt, ask an expert.
8. Consider using a push mower for your lawn. No air pollution, minimal
maintenance & good exercise.
9. Replace the water your soil has lost through evapotranspiration (ET).
Call EWEB or SUB to determine the weekly ET rates for your area.
(Thorough soaking promotes healthy root systems).
10. Leaving small grass clippings on the lawn, "grasscycling", provides
nutrients to the soil, creates healthy lawns and diverts yard debris from
the landfill
10 facts on Pollution
Fact 1: Pollution is one of the biggest killers, affecting more than 100
million worldwide.
Fact 2: More than 1 billion people worldwide dont have access to safe
drinking water.
Fact 3: 5000 people die every day as a result of drinking unclean water.
Fact 4: The garbage dumped in the ocean every year is roughly around 14
billion pounds. Plastic is the major constituent.

Fact 5: Pollution kills more than 1 million seabirds and 100 million
mammals every year.
Fact 6: People who live in high-density air pollution area, have 20% higher
risk of dying from lung cancer, than people living in less polluted areas.
Fact 7: Approximately 46% of the lakes in America are extremely polluted
and hence risky for swimming, fishing and aquatic life.
Fact 8: In the great Smog Disaster, that happened in London in the year
1952, approximately four thousand people died in a few days due to the
high concentrations of pollution.
Fact 9: United States produces 30% of the worlds waste and uses 25 % of
the worlds natural resources
Fact 10: The Mississippi River dumps 1.5 million metric tonnes of nitrogen
pollution in the Gulf of Mexico every year.

Pollution Issues
Air pollution is a broad term applied to any chemical, physical, or
biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the
atmosphere. Examples include particulate matter and groundlevel ozone.
Air pollutants fall into four main categories: criteria air contaminants,
persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and toxics. Individual
pollutants differ from one another in their chemical composition,
reactions with other chemicals, sources, persistence, ability to travel
through the atmosphere, and impacts.

This section contains information air pollutants, their sources, and how
they affect human health and the natural environment.
Often we do not think of air pollution as separate pollutants, but as the
broader issues that these pollutants are a part of, including:

Smog;

Acid rain; and

Transboundary Air.

These issues are influenced by several factors including our land use
patterns and behaviours, as well as the transboundary movement of air
pollutants across long distances, such as from the United States.
CONCLUSIONS ON POLLUTION
Much is being done to control, monitor and rectify damage done by
pollutants. The problems are diverse and some are only being recognised
but it is important to keep a close control over pollutants so that we can
maintain the environment in an acceptable condition for future
generations

Keadaan ekonomi semasa penjajahan British telah meninggalkan pelbagai kesan terhadap
ekonomi negara kita. Bincangkan.
Soala
n
1

Isi Dan Huraian

Pengenalan
Jelaskan maksud ekonomi tradisional dan ekonomi dagangan

Markah
5
markah

Ekonomi tradisional adalah ekonomi berasaskan sara diri

Melombong
Bercucuk tanam
Memungut hasil hutan
Menternak binatang
Menangkap ikan secara kecil-kecilan
Ekonomi dagangan adalah kegiatan pertanian atau perlombongan
yang melibatkan lebihan pengeluaran pemasaran
Berskala besar
Mengguna tenaga buruh yang ramai
Modal besar
Teknologi yang tinggi
Pemasaran luas
Ciri-ciri ekonomi tradisional dan ekonomi dagangan
* Ekonomi Tradisional
- Pelbagai kegiatan ekonomi.
- Berjaja/berniaga/berdagang.
- Melombong
- Bercucuk tanam
- Memungut hasil hutan
- Menternak binatang
- Menangkap ikan
- Mengusahakan tanaman sampingan
- Ekonomi sara diri
- Skala pengeluaran kecil
- Menggunakan teknologi yang rendah
- Modal yang kecil
- Modal terhad
- Buruh terhad
- Pasaran kecil
- Lebihan hasil digunakan keluarga/kumpulan masyarakat
- Hasil lebih ditukar dengan barangan lain
- Hasil yang lebih digunakan untuk kendurikendara/zakat/sedekah/hadiah/simpanan.
- Tiada pengkhususan pekerjaan
- Pembahagian kerja melibatkan perbezaan jantina dan umur
- Kraftangan/sutera/kain kapas/senjata/tembaga
- Tenunan
* Ekonomi Dagangan
- Bertujuan pemasaran/eksport
- Berskala besar
- Buruh ramai
- Modal besar
- Teknologi tinggi
- Pasaran luas
- Contoh tanaman getah/gambir/lada hitam/tebu/ubi
kayu/kopi/tembakau/kelapa sawit/ teh/ kelapa.
- Dwiekonomi
- Pecah dan perintah
- Melibatkan orang barat/india/cina/pemodal Eropah

30
markah

- Melantik H.N Ridley sebagai Pengarah Botanical Garden

- Mengadakan pameran
- Mengagihkan benih getah secara percuma
- Memperkenalkan sisitem torehan secara Ibedem
- Melibatkan syarikat-syarikat perwakilan
- Memberi galakkan/sokongan kepada pemodal asing
- Industri Perlombongan
- Industri Kewangan
- Industri Pertanian
Usaha-usaha British memperkenalkan ekonomi dagangan
- Melantik H.N Ridley sebagai Pengarah Botanical Garden
- Mengadakan pameran
- Mengagihkan benih getah secara percuma
- Memperkenalkan sisitem torehan secara Ibedem
- Melibatkan syarikat-syarikat perwakilan
- Memberi galakkan/sokongan kepada pemodal asing
- Mengagihkan benih getah secara percuma
- Memberi galakan dan sokongan kepada pemodal asing
- Memberi kadar sewa tanah
- Memberi tarif cukai yang rendah
- Cukai Eksport dikeculaikan selama 50 tahun
- Memperkenalkan rancangan sekatan Stevenson
- Melaksanakan Rancangan Peraturan Getah Antarabangsa.
- Penyediaaan modal/insentif modal
- Teknologi kapal korek
- Meluluskan enakmen / undang-undang untuk menguasai lombong
- Menggalakkan kemasukan buruh luar
- Membawa masuk buruh luar
- Buruh Cina dalam sector perlombongan
- Buruh India dalam sector perladangan
- Mewujudkan jawatan pegawai perlindungan buruh
- Meluluskan undang-undang untuk membaiki system pengambilan
buruh
- Sistem pengambilan kakitangan/rumah kongsi menggantikan sistem
tiket kredit
- Menaja kemasukan imigran Cina /Foochow ke Sarawak
- Menguatkuasakan undang-undang Tabung Imigresen India
- Memperkenalkan penggunaan mata wang asing
- Menubuhkan Lembaga Pesuruhjaya Wang untuk mengeluarkan
wang kertas
- Wang kertas digunakan untuk perdagangan di Negeri Selat
- Menubuhkan institusi kewangan/bank
- Memperkenalkan system kewangan moden yang berorientasikan
keuntungan/ kadar faedah yang tinggi
- Memperkenalkan system rekod tanah
- Memperkenalkan Enakmen Tanah Persekutuan
- Memperkenalkan Enakmen Tanaman Padi
Kuasa Residen untuk menentukan jumlah kawasan konsesi tanah
- Memperkenalkan kadar cukai mengikut jenis tanah
- Mengekalkan orang Melayu sebagai petani

15
markah

- Dasar perlindungan kepada pemodal dan pengusaha Eropah/Sekatan

Stevenson
- Menaikkan harga getah di pasaran
Cadangkan langkah-langkah untuk menjadikan Malaysia sebagai
tarikan pelabur asing ;
Mengekalkan perpaduan kaum
Kreatif dan inovatif
Menambah tenaga mahir
Menaik taraf infrastruktur
Merperkukuh pusat kewangan persisir pantai
Mewujudkan perdagangan bebas
Memberikan bantuan modal
Meluaskan pasaran / mencari pasaran baru
Meluaskan dagangan dua hala
Menjadikan negara hub hala
Memperkasa wilayah pembangunan ekonomi
Memperluaskan hubungan diplomatik
Mengadakan pertukaran teknologi
Mempelopori penggunaan dinar emas dalam kalangan negara Islam
Menjamin keamanan dan kedaulatan negara
Memajukan pelancongan
Perkongsian ilmu pengetahuan
( mana-mana munasabah )
Kejayaan Malaysia dalam ekonomi di peringkat global.
Perindustrian ;
Pembuatan otomobil/industri berat
Sektor perkilangan
Menyediakan zon perdagangan bebas
Koridor raya multimedia
Industri elektronik
Pertanian ;
Bioteknologi
Pusat pengeluaran herba
Pengeluar komoditi dunia
Menjadikan pertanian satu industry
Perlombongan ;
Petrokimia
Carigali minyak
Pusat Kewangan ;
Pusat pengeluar makanan halal dunia
Pelopor hub halal dunia
Pusat tumpuan ekonomi dunia
Sistem bank yang kukuh
Pusat kewangan Islam
Sistem pengangkutan dan perhubungan ;
Industri perkapalan
Pengangkutan tambang murah
Perkhidmatan cemerlang peringkat dunia
Perluasan penggunaan internet
Jalur lebar

15
markah

10
markah

Pelancongan ;
Memelihara bandar warisan dunia
Menarik pelabur asing
( mana-mana munasabah )
Cabaran dan langkah-langkah untuk menghadapi cabaran
Wawasan 2020
* Cabaran
i) Kewangan
- Kekurangan modal
- Nilai mata wang turun naik/spekulasi
ii) Pelaburan
- Kejatuhan pasaran saham
- Pelabur berpindah ke Negara lain
- Masalah menarik pelabur asing
iii) Teknologi
- Teknologi masih rendah
- Masih bergantung kepada teknologi luar
iv ) Globalisasi
- Persaingan dengan Negara maju
- Pengiktirafan oleh Negara maju
- Salah guna laman sesawang
v) Pasaran
- Menembusi pasaran antarabangsa
- Pasaran terhad
- Tekanan/sekatan Negara maju
vi) Tenaga kerja
- Kurang mahir
- Bergantung kepada Negara luar
- Ramai tenaga mahir berkhidmat di luar Negara
- Kurang pengetahuan
vii) Gejala social
- Keruntuhan akhlak
- Dadah
- Nilai-nilai kemanusiaan pudar
* Langkah-langkah
i) Penguasaan ilmu
- menjadi hak pendidikan
- mengubah suai kurikulum untuk memenuhi keperluan semasa
- pendidikan sepanjang hayat
- melahirkan modal insane
- pendidikan maya
- pendidikan kel luar Negara
ii) Kemahiran
- penguasaan ICT
- menambah bilangan tenaga professional dalam/luar Negara
- menambah pusat pengajian tinggi yang berkaitan kemahiran
- mendapat latihan di luar Negara
iii) R& D
- menghasil produk tinggi
- memperuntukkkan dana

10
markah

- mendapat hak milik/patern

- meneroka bidang baru
iv) Kewangan
- penggabungan bank
- tambatan mata wang
- memperkenalkan dinar emas
- memperluaskan perbankan Islam
v) Pasaran
- meningkatkan kualiti barangan
- mencari pasaran baru
- mengadakan promosi/pameran
- e-dagang
vi) Modal Insan
- memperkukuhkan jati diri/PLKN
- menerapkan integriti/anti rasuah
- memperkasa sekolah agama
- konsep 1 Malaysia
- merealisasikan wawasan 2020
- mendaulat Bahasa Melayu/memperkasa BI
Nilai-nilai murni daripada perkembangan ekonomi negara
Berkemahiran
Bersyukur
Rajin
Berusaha bersungguh-sungguh
Berani
Bijak memanfaat peluang
Kreatif
Inovatif
Berdaya saing
Jati diri yang tinggi
Perpaduan
Kerjasama
Kebijaksanaan pemimpin
( mana-mana munasabah )
Rumusan
Pengetahuan yang diperolehi
Iktibar kepada diri, bangsa dan negara
Harapan untuk masa depan ekonomi Malaysia yang lebih cemerlang

10
markah

5
markah

Jelaskan ciri-ciri ekonomi tradisional yang diamalkan oleh masyarakat

Melayu sebelum kedatangan penjajah.
F1 Menjalankan pelbagai kegitan ekonomi
F2 Antaranya melombong/ bercucuk tanam/ memungut hasil hutan/
menternak binatang/ menangkap ikan

F3 Dilakukan secara kecil-kecilan

F4 Secara sara diri
F5 Pengeluaran dilakukan dalam skala yang kecil
F6 Penggunaan jumlah buruh yang terhad
F7 Penggunaan teknologi mudah
F8 Memiliki modal yang kecil
F9 Mempunyai pasaran yang yang kecil
F10 Lebihan hasil yang ada digunakan semula oleh keluarga atau
kumpulan masyarakat
F11 Digunakan untuk pertukaran barangan/ kenduri-kendara/ pembayaran
zakat/ sedekah/ hadiah
F12 Lebihan pengeluaran disimpan dalam tempoh masa yang lama untuk
tujuan memastikan kelangsungan bekalan makanan/ tujuan sebagai benih
F13 Masyarakat Melayu menanam padi/ ubi/ pisang/ kelapa
F14 Masyarakat Melayu menternak ayam/ itik/ lembu/ kerbau/ untuk
menambah sumber bekalan makanan
F15 Alatan mudah yang digunakan seperti tajak/ cangkul/ tugal dan
tenggala
F16 Teknologi mudah yang digunakan lebih banyak digerakkan oleh
tenaga manusia/ binatang bukannya mesin
F17 Aktiviti ekonomi biasanya dilakukan secara bersama oleh ahli
keluarga
F18 Tidak berlakunya pembahagian pekerjaan
F19 Pembahagian kerja hanya melibatkan perbezaan jantina dan umur
Andaikan anda seorang pemimpin masyarakat di tempat tinggal anda.
Anda diberi tanggungjawab memajukan ekonomi masyarakat yang anda
pimpin. Berdasarkan kejayaan British memajukan ekonomi di Tanah
Melayu, apakah ciri-ciri yang boleh anda ambil untuk memajukan ekonomi
masyarakat yang anda pimpin itu? Berikan alasan anda berbuat demikian.
F1 Menggunakan modal yang besar
H1 dapat memajukan perusahaan/ pertanian/ perbankan/ perlombongan
dengan efektif
F2 Menggunakan teknologi moden dan terkini
H2 dapat menjadikan sesuatu pekerjaan dapat dilakukan dengan cepat/
berkesan
F3 Menjalankan ekonomi pertanian secaraa berskala besar
H3 dapat menjimatkan kos pengeluaran dan keuntungan yang besar
F4 Menjalankan ekonomi atas tujuan untuk eksport ke kawasan lain

b) Nyatakan usaha-usaha untuk mengatasi cabaran

dalam memupuk

Nyatakan iktibar yang boleh diperolehi darip

semangat perpaduan di Malaysia. (5 M)

kesan

semangat

perpaduan

dalam

kalan

masyarakat majmuk di Malaysia.

B1

Bersama-sama berganding bahu memajukan

negara

Mengetepikan perbezaan bangsa dan agama

B2

Berusaha gigih demi masa depan negara

Mengamalkan sikap berkerjasama

B3

Menekankan kemajuan dari sudut dunia/akhirat

Bertolak ansur/tolenrasi

B4

Memajukan ekonomi/politik/sosial

Sanggup berkorban

B5

Menjadi

modal

insan

terbilang/memiliki Mematuhi undang-undang

personaliti unggul
B6

Menjaga keamanan

Mendapatkan pendidikan berkualiti/berprestasi Kebijaksanaan dalam kepimpinan

tinggi
B7

Permuafakatan anatar kaum

Mempunyai sikap positif untuk membangunkan Kesungguhan dalam perjuangan

bangsa
B8

Menepati janji

Berfikiran

kritis/kreatif

dalam

memajukan Amalan bersaudara

bangsa

Memberi

B9

mememerlukan

Mencipta inovasi/nilai baru/ciptaan baru

bantuan

kepada

B10 Mempersiapkan diri dengan pelbagai kemahiran Berakhlak mulia

B11 Sentiasa

mengamalkan

sahsiah/sikap/moral Tidak mudah berputus asa

yang baik
B12 Melibatkan diri dalam aktiviti pembangunan
minda
B13 Mematuhi ajaran agama
B14 Memelihara jati diri
B15 Mengamalkan budaya hidup sihat
B16 Perbezaan

warna

kulit/agama/bangsa

diketepikan
B17 Bertoleransi dalam kalangan masyarakat
B18 Mengekalkan keamanan
B19 Bertolenrasi dalam kalangan masyarakat
B20 Setiap

kaum

berusaha

masyarakat yang merdeka

( Mana-mana yang munasabah )

melahirkan

identiti

mereka