Seanewdim Philology Ii9 Issue 44

p-ISSN 2308-5258
e-ISSN 2308-1996
www.seanewdim.com
Science and Education a New Dimension. Philology, III(9), Issue: 44, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
p-ISSN 2308-5258
e-ISSN 2308-1996
III(9), Issue 44, 2015

SCIENCE AND EDUCATION A NEW DIMENSION
Philology
www.seanewdim.com
Editorial board
Editor-in-chief: Dr. Xnia Vmos
Honorary Senior Editor:
Jen Barkts, Dr. habil.
Nina Tarasenkova, Dr. habil.
Andriy Myachykov, PhD in Psychology, Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Edvard Ayvazyan, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, National Institute of Education, Yerevan, Armenia
Ireneusz Pyrzyk, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, Dean of Faculty of Pedagogical Sciences, University of Humanities and
Economics in Wocawek, Poland
Irina Malova, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, Head of Department of methodology of teaching mathematics andinformation
technology, Bryansk State University named after Academician IG Petrovskii, Russia
Irina S. Shevchenko, Doctor of Science in Philology, Department of ESP and Translation, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National
University, Ukraine
Kosta Garow, PhD in Pedagogy, associated professor, Plovdiv University Paisii Hilendarski, Bulgaria
Lszl Ktis, PhD in Physics, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungary, Budapest
Marian Wloshinsk, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, Faculty of Pedagogical Sciences, University of Humanities andEconomics in
Wocawek, Poland
Melinda Nagy, PhD in Biology, associated professor, Vice-Rector, J. Selye University in Komarno, Slovakia
Anatolij Morozov, Doctor of Science in History, Bohdan Khmelnitsky National University in Cherkasy, Ukraine
Nikolai N. Boldyrev, Doctor of Science in Philology, Professor and Vice-Rector in Science, G.R. Derzhavin State University in
Tambov, Russia
Olga Sannikova, Doctor of Science in Psychology, professor, Head of the department of general and differential psychology, South
Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushynsky, Odesa, Ukraine
Oleg Melnikov, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, Belarusian State University, Belarus
Riskeldy Turgunbayev, CSc in Physics and Mathematics, associated professor, head of the Department of Mathematical Analysis,
Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Tashkent State edagogical University, Uzbekistan
Roza Uteeva, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, Head of the Department of Algebra and Geometry, Togliatti StateUniversity, Russia
Seda K. Gasparyan, Doctor of Science in Philology, Department of English Philology, Professor and Chair, Yerevan State
University, Armenia
Svitlana A. Zhabotynska, Doctor of Science in Philology, Department of English Philolgy of Bohdan Khmelnitsky National
University in Cherkasy, Ukraine
Tatyana Prokhorova, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, Professor of Psychology, Department chair of pedagogics andsubject
technologies, Astrakhan state university, Russia
Valentina Orlova, CSc in Economics, Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ukraine
Vasil Milloushev, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, professor of Departament of Mathematics and Informatics, Plovdiv University
Paisii Hilendarski, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Veselin Kostov Vasilev, Doctor of Psychology, Professor and Head of the department of Psychology Plovdiv University Paisii
Hilendarski, Bulgaria
Vladimir I. Karasik, Doctor of Science in Philology, Department of English Philology, Professor and Chair, Volgograd State
Pedagogical University, Russia
Volodimir Lizogub, Doctor of Science in Biology, Head of the department of anatomy and physiology of humans andanimals,
Bohdan Khmelnitsky National University in Cherkasy, Ukraine
Zinaida A. Kharitonchik, Doctor of Science in Philology, Department of General Linguistics, Minsk State LinguisticUniversity,
Belarus
Zoltn Por, CSc in Language Pedagogy, Head of Institute of Pedagogy, Apczai Csere Jnos Faculty of the Universityof West
Hungary
Managing editor:
Barkts N.
EDITOR AND AUTHORS OF INDIVIDUAL ARTICLES
The journal is published by the support of Society for Cultural and Scientific Progress in Central and Eastern Europe
BUDAPEST, 2015
Statement:
By submitting a manuscript to this journal, each author explicitly confirms that the manuscript
meets the highest ethical standards for authors and coauthors. Each author acknowledges that fabrication
of data is an egregious departure from the expected norms of scientific conduct, as is the selective
reporting of data with the intent to mislead or deceive, as well as the theft of data or research
results from others. By acknowledging these facts each author takes personal responsibility for the
accuracy, credibility and authenticity of research results described in their manuscripts. All the articles
are published in author's edition.
The journal is listed and indexed in:

INNO SPACE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL IMPACT FACTOR: 2.642
ISI (INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC INDEXING) IMPACT FACTOR: 0.465
DIRECTORY OF RESEARCH JOURNAL INDEXING
ULRICHS WEB GLOBAL SERIALS DIRECTORY
UNION OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS YEARBOOK
SCRIBD
ACADEMIA.EDU
GOOGLE SCHOLAR
CONTENT
Andreichuk N.I. Problematizing the Notion of Cross-cultural Semiosis .
Bulkina A. Dialogic Love Discourse in Fictional Communication: Marriage Proposals

in the Novels of Thomas Hardy . 10
Gach N. The evolution of the concept DEMOCRACY in American poetry 14
Gayovych G. The text as an element of communication system: the status issue
17
Ostapchuk I.I. Communicative and manipulative function of metaphor in English mass media
discourse
21
Sivkov I.V. Realization of notion heart in Arabic ... 25

Vanivska O.I. Noncategorial Means of the Finite Aspectual Meaning Expression
(based on the BNC) 28
Voskres A.A. Manner category in Old English language and texts ... 31
..
34
..
( XVI XVII .) .
38
.. /
- .
41
.. .. : 45
.. ...
50
.. -

54
.. ..
58
.. ,
62
..
66
.. -
70
.. ( )
74
..
78
.. .
83
.. 1920-: ... 89
.. : ... 93
Andreichuk N.I.
Problematizing the Notion of Cross-cultural Semiosis
_______________________________________
Andreichuk Nadiya, Doctor of Philology, professor
Ivan Franko Lviv National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Abstract. The article provides an insight into the semiotics of culture in general and the notion of cultural semiosis in particular. The
concept of culture text is viewed as the core of the cultural semiotics. The author claims that transforming information into text is the
communication-oriented sense generation process which results in the emergence of semiotic space. It is postulated that the cultural
mechanism of transforming information into text is but another definition of semiosis. The article also provides argumentation to support
the belief that cross-cultural semiosis is based on cultural schemata in the context of differences of lingual communities basic experiences. The study of differences in expectations based on these cultural schemata is viewed as a part of cross-cultural pragmatics.
Keywords: semiotics of culture, culture text, cultural semiosis, semiotic space, cultural schemata, cross-cultural semiosis, crosscultural pragmatics
Culture is a space of mind for the production of semiosis

(Yuriy Lotman)
The purpose of this essay is to revise some fundamental
ideas concerning semiosis as the process of cooperation
between signs, their objects, and their interpretants and to
introduce some new insights into the notion of rosscultural semiosis.
Philosophers and linguists have always discussed signs
in one way or another but until recently there had been no
attempt to bring together the whole range of phenomena,
linguistic and non-linguistic, which could be considered
as signs, and to make the problem of the sign the centre of
intellectual enquiry. It was only in the early years of the
20th century that the American philosopher Charles Sanders Pierce and the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure
envisaged a comprehensive science of signs. Their projects lie at the heart of semiotics. The programme outlined
by Ferdinand de Saussure was easy to grasp: linguistics
would serve as example and its basic concepts would be
applied to other domains of social and cultural life. A
lingual sign is the basic unit of language, for a language is
simply a large number of signs related to one another in
various ways. The internal structure of a sign is binary: it
consists of a slice or segment of sound, which he calls a
signifier (signifiant), combines with a slice or segment of
thought, a signified (signifi).
Ch. Peirce is a different case. He devoted himself to
semeiotic as he called it, which would be the science of
sciences, since the entire universe is perfused with signs
if it is not composed exclusively of signs [13, p. 394].
Ch. Peirces voluminous writings on semiotics are full of
taxonomic speculations. There are 10 trichotomies by
which signs can be classified (only one of which, distinguishing icon, index and symbol, has been influential),
yielding a possible 59 049 classes of sign. Certain dependencies allowed scholars to reduce this number to 66
classes but even this has been too many. One has to agree
with J. Culler that the complexity of his scheme and the
swarm of neologisms created to characterize different
types of sign have discouraged others from entering his
system and exploring his insights [3].
Both semiotic projects have produced different ideas
concerning semiosis. In structuralist tradition semiosis is
the operation which, by setting up a relationship of reciprocal presupposiotion between the expression form and the
content form (in L. Hjelmslevs terminology) or the signifier and the signified (F. de Saussure) produces signs:
in this sense any language act implies a semiosis. The term
is synonymous with semiotic function [5, p. 285].

Ch. Pierce used the term semeiosy to designate any sign
action or sign process, and also semiosis (pluralized as
semioses). He claims that its variant semeiosis in Greek of
the Roman period, as early as Ciceros time, if I remember
rightly, meant the action of almost any kind of signs (cited
from [10, p. 28]). For Ch. Pierce, semiosis is a triadic process in which an object generates a sign of itself and, in
turn, the sign generates an interpretant of itself. The interpretant in its turn generates a further interpretant, ad infinitum. Thus, semiosis is a process in which a potentially endless series of interpretants is generated. A sign stands for
something (its object); it stands for something to somebody
(its interpretant); and finally it stands for something to
somebody in some respect (this respect is called its
ground). The relationship between the terms, representamen, object, interpretant and ground determines the precise
nature of the process of semiosis. This relation must be
read in two directions, firstly as determination, and secondly as representation: the object determines the interpretant, mediated by the sign, and both the sign and the interpretant represent the object. As R. Parmentier says, these
are two opposed yet interlocking vectors involved in semiosis [9, p. 4]. If these vectors are brought into proper relations then knowledge of objects through signs is possible.
In this article semiosis is claimed to be the process by
which representations of objects function as signs. It is
the process of cooperation between signs, their objects, and
their interpretants. Semiotics studies semiosis and is an
inquiry into the conditions that are necessary in order for
representations of objects to function as signs. Theories of
semiotic mediation, such as those proposed by L. Vygotskyy, M. Bakhtin, B. L. Whorf and some others, agree on
viewing signs and lingual signs, in particular, as being:
1) means of rationality in human cognition and 2) instruments of communication in social interaction. The exchange of signs in the context of interaction is socially
meaningful only if there are conventional rules equating
signs and meanings across contexts. The entire set of sign
systems which endow the external world with value makes
up culture: cultural signs form an interpretative mechanism
through which the world is rendered meaningful.
The semiotic view of culture assumes the multiplicity
and correlation of sign systems which are investigated on
various levels. Most fundamental to cultural semiotics
were the theories of the Prague Linguistic Circle and the
related early Russian structuralists, as they evolved under
the leadership of R. Jakobson and J. Mukarovsky, departing from, and extending, Saussurian insights. These theories contributed to the extremely fruitful application of
semiotics to aesthetic and other cultural systems. A pioneering work in this direction was P. Bogatyrevs study of
folk costumes of Moravian Slovakia [2]1.
By the 1940s R. Jakobson brought the semiotics of
Ch. Peirce to bear upon the developing semiotic point of
view, thereby fundamentally broadening approaches to
typologies, as well as to the dynamics of sign systems,
particularly in the area of pragmatics. Moreover, the wartime contact between R. Jakobson and C. Levi-Strauss
stimulated both these seminal thinkers, as is evidenced by
their fundamental postwar studies in various aspects of
cultural semiotics. Extremely significant work in the field
under study has been carried out in Eastern Europe. The
Tartu-Moscow group has devoted much attention to the
semiotics of cultural systems and their mutual translatability. A compact summary of the basic principles of semiotics advanced by the Tartu-Moscow group became
available in the West due to the publication of the Structure of Texts and the Semiotics of Culture [11], particularly since it opens with an English translation of the
Thesis on the Semiotic Study of Culture. The latter is
considered to be a conceptual framework for the systemic
and semiotic analysis of culture as a metasystem. It was
written in 1973 by Yuriy Lotman together with his colleagues Boris Uspensky, Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich
Ivanov, Vladimir Toropov and Alexander Piatigorsky.
Two definitions are being most important for understanding the notion of cross-cultural semiosis: cultural
semiotics and culture text. Tartu-Moscow group presented
the definition of cultural semiotics, calling it a science
studying the functional relatedness of sign systems circulating in culture that departs from the presupposition that
it is possible to operationally (proceeding from the theoretical conception) describe pure sign systems functioning
only in contact with each other and in mutual influences
[14]. Since Y. Lotman held that all cultural semiotic systems were to be seen as secondary modeling systems,
shaped along the lines of language, the linguistic concept of text began to be applied by analogy to all cultural
behavior. Thus in defining culture as a certain secondary
language Tartu-Moscow school introduced the concept of
culture text, a text in this secondary language.
The culture text which is the structure through which a
culture acquires information about itself and the surrounding context is a set of functional principles: (1) the text is
a functioning semiotic unity; (2) the text is the carrier of

any and all integrated messages (including human language, visual and representational art forms, rituals etc.);
and (3) not all usages of human language are automatically defined as texts. Theses also defines distinct levels of
text that are incorporated into any culture. All semiotic
systems function in context as relative, not absolute, autonomous structures. As a result, what is perceived as a
text in one culture may not be a text in a different cultural
space (for more detailed analysis see [1; 18]).
The concept of culture text is the core of the semiotic
studies on culture. But even more important is the cultural
mechanism of transforming information into text: sense
generation process. Any generation of sense is the activity
of culture, thus cultural semiosis is suggested to be defined as the communication-oriented process of generating culture texts. Y. Lotman views communication as
the circulation of texts in culture and suggests a typology of
different, although complementary processes: 1) communication of the addresser and the addressee, 2) communication between the audience and cultural tradition, 3) communication of the reader with him/herself, 4) communication of the reader with the text, 5) communication between
the text and cultural tradition [7, p. 276 277].
Culture as an intelligent relationship among systems requires a deep understanding of the interaction among codes
and languages in the process of generating information and
this opens another challenging vector of researching the
process of semiosis. Cultural semiosis is the essence of
culture. Semiotic space emerges inside the experiences of
transforming information into sign systems. Thus information processes are the core of the semiotics of culture
and the cultural mechanism of transforming information into text is but another definition of semiosis.
Before trying to apply this understanding of cultural
semiosis for cross-cultural communication research it
should be mentioned that according to Ch. Peirce semiosis starts from a given outer sign. The question of who
produced it and why, falls outside the scope of his concept of semiosis. This bias is confirmed by his choice of
terminology, i.e., especially of interpretant, that is the
inner sign as an explanation, as a translation, of the outer
sign. From the wider perspective of communication, or
sign exchange, an outer sign can only be considered given
to a particular sign observer after it has been produced by
a particular sign engineer. V. Voloshinov2 can be seen to
apply this communication perspective right from the start
of his theoretical development. This scholar emphasizes
the representational nature of signs
_____________________________________________________________________
1
The work was published in Bratislava in 1937 and was issued in the English translation in 1971 in the series Approaches to Semiotics. P. Bogatyrev was one of the most active members of Prague Linguistic Circle and co-founder of the Moscow Linguistic Circle in
1915. He was greatly influenced by the Prague School and was in his turn to influence later scholars outside the field of structural
linguistics, such as Claude Levi-Strauss who tried to apply some tenets of structural linguistics to solve problems of social and cultural anthropology.
2
Valentin Voloshinov was one of those in post-revolutionary Russia who did succeed in developing a specifically Marxist conception of consciousness, and it was significant that he did so starting from an interest in the philosophy of language. Recently, the validity of Voloshinov's authorship of the book Marxism and the Philosophy of Language has come into question. This book was first
published in Leningrad in 1929 under the title Marksizm i filosofiia iazyka: Osnovnye problemy sotsiologitseskogo metoda v nauke
o iazyke (Marxism and the Philosophy of Language: Basic Problems of the Sociological Method in the Science of Language). It has
been suggested that it was in fact Mikhail Bakhtin who was the real author. It is probable we may never know the truth but it is worth
pointing out that although this claim is now accepted uncritically by many commentators, it rests on certain unsubstantiated facts and
contradictory assumptions.
He states that a sign does not simply exist as a part of a
reality it reflects and refracts another reality [15, p. 9]
and he also expresses the communication perspective of
sign: Signs can arise only on interindividual territory. Ten
years later Ch. Pierces pupil Ch. Morris introduces the
interpreter as the component of semiosis and argues that
the latter includes: 1) the sign vehicle (i.e. the object or
event which functions as a sign), 2) the designatum (i.e.
the kind of object or class of objects which the sign designates), 3) the interpretant (i.e. the disposition of an interpreter to initiate a response-sequence as a result of perceiving the sign), and 4) the interpreter (i.e. the person for
whom the sign-vehicle functions as a sign) [8]. His fundamental ideas concern the role that a science of signs
may play in analyzing language as a social system of
signs. He devides semiotics into three interrelated sciences: 1) syntactics (the study of the methods by which signs
may be combined to form compound signs), 2) semantics
(the study of the signification of signs), and 3) pragmatics
(the study of the origins, uses, and effects of signs). Thus
semiosis has syntactical, semantical, and pragmatical levels or dimensions. The last dimension is governed by the
relations which signs have to their producers and interpreters.
Ch. Morris definition of pragmatics as the study of the
relation of signs to their interpreters has been accepted
and developed by different scholars. G. Yule defines four
areas that pragmatics as the type of study is concerned
with: 1) the study of meaning as communicated by the
speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader); 2) the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said;
3) how a great deal of what is said is recognized as part of
what is communicated; 4) what determines the choice
between the said and unsaid [19, p. 3]. He emphasizes
that pragmatics is appealing because it is about how people make sense of each other linguistically, but it can be a
frustrating area of study because it requires us to make
sense of people and what they have in mind [19, p. 4].
From the first pages of his Pragmatics G. Yule attracts
attention to cross-cultural differences that account for the
differences in the contextual meaning communicated by a
speaker or writer and in the interpretation of a listener or
reader. Communicants belonging to one lingual and social
group follow general patterns of behavior (including lingual) expected within the group. G.Yule describes his
experience of answering questions about his health when
he first lived in Saudi Arabia [19, p. 5]. He tended to answer them with his familiar routine responses of Okay
or Fine but soon discovered that pragmatically appropriate in that context would be to use a phrase that had the
literal meaning Praise to God. Thus the phrase he used
conveyed the meaning that he was a social outsider: more
was being communicated than was being said. Thus cultural semiosis which was suggested to be defined as the
communication-oriented process of generating culture
text is based on cultural schemata in the context on
differences of our basic experiences. The study of differences in expectations based on such schemata is part of
a broad area of investigation generally known as crosscultural pragmatics. This field of studies sprang up in
the 1980s. Its emergence is associated with the names of
such world-famous scholars as A. Wierzbicka, C. God-
dard, D. Tannen and others. The fundamental tenet of

cross-cultural pragmatics, as understood by A. Wierzbicka, is based on the conviction that profound and systematic differences in ways of speaking in different societies
and different communities reflect different cultural values, or at least different hierarchies of values. Different
ways of speaking can be explained and made sense of in
terms of independently established different cultural values and cultural priorities. To study different cultures in
their culture-specific features we need a universal perspective: and we need a culture-independent analytical
framework. We can find such a framework in universal
human concepts, that is in concepts which are inherent in
any human culture [16, p. 9]. The scholar believes that
what we need for real human understanding is to find
terms which would be both theirs and ours. And she
suggests that we can find such universal concepts in the
universal alphabet of human thoughts suggested by
G.W. Leinbnitz (16461716) [16, p. 10]. His philosophiclinguistic project is based on four principal tasks:
1) construction of the system of primes arranged as an alphabet of knowledge or general encyclopedia; 2) drawing
up of an ideal grammar based on the template of simplified Latin; 3) introducing rules of pronunciation; 4) arrangement of lexicon containing real signs using which
the speaker automatically acquires the ability to construct
a true sentence. The system of signs suggested by Leibniz
is based on the principle that language has to be improved
through the introduction of the general terms denoting
general ideas. People use words as signs of ideas and this
is not because there are intrinsic connections between
some articulate sounds and certain ideas (in this case,
people would have only one language), but because of the
arbitrary agreement, by virtue of which certain words are
selected to mark certain ideas [6].
Leinbnitzs idea of the alphabet of knowledge correlates with the semantic metalanguage suggested by
C. Goddard and A. Wierzbicka for cross-linguistic semantics. They believe that such a metalanguage ought to be
based as transparently as possible on ordinary natural
languages, and furthermore, it ought to consist as far as
possible of elements whose meanings are present in all
natural languages, i.e. of universally lexicalized meanings
[4, p. 7]. Universal concepts are viewed as indefinable,
i.e. semantically simple words and morphemes of natural
languages such as I, you, someone, something, this, think,
say, want, do which can be found in all the languages of
the world. But it is in a clash with another language that
the distinctness of a language (as a separate identity) reveals itself [17, p. 19].
The study of semiosis as the generation of culture texts
can provide the penetration into the system of inherited
conceptions expressed in sign forms by means of which
people communicate and develop their knowledge about
and attitudes toward life. To look at semiosis as the construction of signs by the speakers from different cultures
and the relations which signs have to their producers and
interpreters is the principal task of cross-cultural pragmatics. D. Tannen emphasizes that in analyzing the pragmatics of cross cultural communication, we are analyzing
language itself and that there are eight levels of differences in signaling how speakers mean what they say,
namely: when to talk, what to say, pacing and pausing,
listenership, intonation, formulaicity, indirectness, cohesion and coherence [12]. These levels can be explained
through cultural schemata or models of culture. Thus,
cross-cultural semiosis reflects the relations between language and context that are encoded in the texts of different cultures. It is the object of research in the field of
cross-cultural pragmatics which belongs to the second
dimension of pragmatic research.3
Summing up it should be emphasized that defining culture

as the generation of senses one can claim that cultural
semiosis as the generation of culture-texts is the heart of
communication and provides for defining a group of people
as a lingual and cultural community possessing its cultural
schemata. Community places itself in relation to tradition
and from perspective of cross-cultural communication
cross-cultural semiosis becomes the key object of inquiry.
__________________________________________________________________________
3
One can single out three dimensions or axes of pragmatic research which allow to differentiate between different types of pragmatics: 1) the first dimension (generalist vs particularist approach) the universal pragmatics and the language-specific pragmatics;
2) the second dimension (studying languages in isolation or in comparison) culture-specific pragmatics and cross-cultural pragmatics; 3) the third dimension (diachronic vs synchronic) language-state pragmatics and evolutionary pragmatics.
REFERENCES
1. Andrews E. Conversations with Lotman: cultural semiotics in 10. Sebeok Th.A. Semiotics and its congeners / Thomas F. Selanguage, literature and cognition / Edna Andrews. Toronbeok // Studia z historii semiotyki: III Semiotic-historical
to: University of Toronto Press, 2003. 204 p.
studies [Ed. by Jan Sulowski]. Wrocaw, Warszawa, Kra2. Bogatyrev P. The Functions of Folk Costume in Moravian
kw, Gdask: Zakad Narodowy imienia Ossoliskich,
Slovakia : Approaches to Semiotics 5 [Transl. by R.G. Crum]
Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii nauk, 1976. S. 27 38.
/ Petr Bogatyrev. The Hague; Paris: Mouton, 1971. 120 p. 11. Structure of Texts and the Semiotics of Culture [Ed. by Jan
3. Culler J. The Pursuit of Signs. Semiotics, Literature, Deconvan der Eng and Mojmir Grygar]. The Hague: Mouton de
struction / Jonathan Culler. London and Henley: Routledge
Gruyter. 1973. 372p.
& Kegan Paul, 1981. 242 p.
12. Tannen D. The pragmatics of Cross-Cultural Communication
4. Goddard C., Wierzbicka A. Men, Women and Children: the
/ Deborah Tannen // Applied Linguistics, 1984. Vol.5.
Conceptual Cemantics of Basic Social Categories / Cliff
No.3. P. 189 195
Goddard, Anna Wierzbicka. URL: http://www.colorado. 13. The Essential Peirce. Selected Philosophical Writings. Voledu/ling/courses/LAM5430/More5430e-reserves/Basic_Soci
ume 2 (1893 1913) [Ed. by Peirce Edition Project].
al_Categories.pdf
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. 624 p.
5. Greimas A.J. Semiotics and Language : An Analytical Diction- 14. Torop P. Cultural semiotics and culture / Peeter Torop // Sign
ary / Greimas A.J., Courts J. [Gen. editor Thomas A. Sebeok].
Systems Studies. 1999. Vol.27. P. 9 3.
Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1979. 409 p.
15. Voloshinov V. N. Marxism and the Philosophy of Language
6. Leibnitz G.W. New Essays on Human Understanding /
/ V.N. Volosinov [Trans. Ladislav Matejka and I. R. Titunik].
G.W. Leibnitz [Transl. and ed. by P.Remnant and J. Bennett].
New York: Seminar Press, 1973. 205 p.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. 312 p.
16. Wierzbicka A. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: The Semantics of
7. Lotman Y.M. Universe of the Mind: A Semiotic Theory of
Human Interaction / Anna Wierzbicka. Berlin-New York:
Culture [Transl. by A. Shukman; intr. by U. Eco] / Yuri M.
Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. 502 p.
Lotman. London, New York: I. B.Tauris & Co Ltd., 1990. 17. Wierzbicka A. Understanding Cultures through Their Key
288 p.
Words / Anna Wierzbicka. New York, Oxford: Oxford
8. Morris Ch.Writings on the General Theory of Signs [Ed. by
University Press, 1997. 317 p.
T.A. Sebeok] / Charles Morris. The Hague: Mouton, 1971. 18. Winner I.P., Winner Th.G. The Semiotics of cultural texts /
486 p.
Irene Portius Winner, Thomas G.Winner // Semiotica.
9. Parmentier R.J. Signs in Society: Studies in Semiotic Anthro1976. 18:2. P. 101 156.
pology / Richard J. Parmentier. Indiana University Press, 19. Yule G. Pragmatics / George Yule. Oxford: Oxford Uni1994. 225 p.
versity Press, 1996. 138 p.
..
. . . , - . . , ,
, .
: , , , , , ,
Bulkina A.
Dialogic Love Discourse in Fictional Communication:
Marriage Proposals in the Novels of Thomas Hardy
_________________________________________
Bulkina Anna Volodymyrivna, PhD student
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
Abstract. This article deals with the issue of the fictional love discourse. It gives a brief overview if the principal approaches to the study
of the nature of love discourse. The article gives a detailed analysis of speech genre marriage proposal in the works of Thomas Hardy. It
describes the given speech genre as both ritual and argumentative and separates two formalization of the speech genre marriage proposal: rigid and free.
Keywords: dialogue, formalization, love discourse, speech genre
The communicative function of language is most naturally

realized in the process of dialogue interaction, that is why
the specifics of the dialogue communication attract considerable attention of the linguistic research [1, p 5]. The particular interest presents the dialogical speech in the sphere
of the fictional discourse. Literary dialogue as a form of
secondary communication is an important factor of aesthetic
effect, the specificity of which is caused by the author's
identity [11, p. 6].
Fictional love discourse (FLD) is the sphere of interpersonal love communication that is focused on dialogical understanding in relation to the parameters of language, environment and culture. The communicative, linguistic and
cultural aspects of FLD have been investigated by different
scholars.
Among the first to produce the detailed analysis of the
semiotics of "passionate discourse" were Algirdas J. Greimas and Jacques Fontanille, who interpret the feeling and
passion as a way of life that exists outside of "rationality"
and "semantic competence" and therefore the discourses of
passion, including love, are defined as "other, new forms of
narrative experiences" [3] .
Roland Barth has studied the main principals of differentiation and defining features of lovers discourse. According
to the researcher, Dis-cursus is, initially, the action of running around and walking back and forth, demarches, intrigues. Love discourse, in this case, is like a speech attack caused by a casual drive. [2, p.81-82].
Julia Kristeva (1989) investigated diachronic and synchronic aspects of the love discourse in the Western culture
[12]. Tatiana Renz (2011) singled out the specific features of
romantic discourse in the English language [9]. Natalia
Kushnir (2005) concentrated on the sensual communicative
intentions in the Russian dialogical speech [8]. Up to now the
research of particular speech genres of the FLD, with reference to the unfolding of the plot, has not been carried out.
The paper aims at the analyzing the speech genre proposal with regard to how social standings operate on the
side of the effectiveness of utterances to attain communicative goals. A corpus of marriage proposals is made up of
Thomas Hardys novels.
The hypothesis is that the analyzed genre demonstrates
specific characteristics of the ritual and thus can be realized
in the loose and rigid formalizations depending upon the
purpose and extralinguistic context of the communicative
situation.
Love discourse is implemented through a series of speech

genres, defined as "the systematic and structural phenomena, which are a complex combination of speech acts selected and connected with the special communicative purpose"
[5, p. 43]. Speech genre in terms of pragmatics is a "verbal
processing of typical situations of social interaction between
people" [10, p. 11].
Proposal is one of the most expressive speech genres of
the love discourse. The genre is both argumentative and
ritual. Its argumentativity is determined by the general
communicative and pragmatic aim of the speaker (initiator
of the situation of communication) to persuade the recipient
through a variety of tactics and strategies of argumentation
and get the acceptance of marriage proposal. In the process
of reasoning the speaker manifests himself as a linguistic
identity, demonstrating his/her extralinguistic, linguistic and
communicative competence [4, p. 189].
The problem of the rituality in love discourse is still insufficiently researched. Ritual a fixed sequence of traditional symbolically significant actions, dynamic communicative formation, which occurs at a certain socially significant actions and is exposed through symbolic reconsideration (ritualization) [7, p. 276-277]. Ritual discourse, therefore, is a stereotyped symbolically laden communicative
situation, which primarily aims at consolidating existing
identity or creating a new one [6, p. 5].
Using the parameters developed by A.Izvekova to describe the ritual discourse, we can identify features of ritualization in the speech genre "marriage proposal": high mode,
emotionality, dramatization, the main objective of dialogic
interaction is initiation, i.e. the change of social status (in
this case the acquisition of a new social status "engaged"),
scenarity (repeatability).
The issue of conventionality and rigidity of the speech
genre under analysis presents a great linguistic interest. The
given analysis demonstrated that the speech genre marriage proposal can be characterized by rigid or loose formalization of discursive forms, depending on how strictly
certain scenario parameters of the situation of ritual interaction are fixed.
Speech genre of rigid formalization is based on the respective scenario frame: 1) initiation / introduction, 2) a
proposal, 3) negative reaction of the addressee, 4) a detailed
argumentation, 5) the final answer of addressee, 6) a request
for authorization to hope / for second proposal, 7) response /
result of dialogic interaction.
10
Rigid structure of the communicative situation is most
widely used in the course of formal offers of marriage with
the lack of intimacy between speakers, especially when the
stage of love confessions was not presented in their previous communication. Thus, the initiator of the marriage proposal opts for the rigid form of the speech genre when
he/she isnt fully confident that his/her feelings will be reciprocated and the addressee will accept the proposal.
Lets have a close look at the dialogical interaction between young teacher Fanny Day and vicar Mr. Maybold
from the novel Under the Greenwood Tree [3] in terms of
the proposed scenarity of the speech genre "marriage proposal". The vicar is deeply interested in Fanny and showed
her his attentions, but they communicated only as friends.
Fancy is unaware of the depth of the vicars feelings and
has already secretly agreed to marry Dick Dewy. One day
Mr. Meybold dared to pay young woman a visit to confess
his feelings and offer her marriage.
you for more than six months! Perhaps my late interest in

teaching the children here has not been so single-minded as
it seemed. You will understand my motivelike me better,
perhaps, for honestly telling you that I have struggled
against my emotion continually, because I have thought that
it was not well for me to love you! But I resolved to struggle
no longer; I have examined the feeling; and the love I bear
you is as genuine as that I could bear any woman! I see
your great charm; I respect your natural talents, and the
refinement they have brought into your naturethey are
quite enough, and more than enough for me! They are equal
to anything ever required of the mistress of a quiet parsonage-housethe place in which I shall pass my days, wherever it may be situated. O Fancy, I have watched you, criticized you even severely, brought my feelings to the light of
judgment, and still have found them rational, and such as
any man might have expected to be inspired with by a
woman like you! So there is nothing hurried, secret, or
untoward in my desire to do this. Fancy, will you marry
me?
No answer was returned.
The addressee doesnt answer the questions and doesnt
react to his emotional argumentation, thats why he comes
to the logical stage of argumentation.
b) logical argumentation
Dont refuse; dont, he implored. It would be foolish
of youI mean cruel! Of course we would not live here,
Fancy. [] Your musical powers shall be still further developed; you shall have whatever pianoforte you like; you
shall have anything, Fancy, anything to make you happypony-carriage, flowers, birds, pleasant society; yes,
you have enough in you for any society, after a few months
of travel with me! Will you, Fancy, marry me?
The man uses logical argumentation, enumerating all
benefits of getting married to him, and finally asks the girl
to marry him.
INITIATION: declaring of the speakers intentions and

their importance
Good-evening, Miss Day.
Good-evening, Mr. Maybold, she said, in a strange
state of mind. []
I want to speak to you, he then said; seriouslyon a
perhaps unexpected subject, but one which is all the world
to meI dont know what it may be to you, Miss Day.
No reply.
Fancy does not know about the nature of "unexpected
subject", so she uses non-verbal means silence, to induce
him to talk more and to explicate the purpose of his visit.
QUESTION: Explicit
Fancy, I have come to ask you if you will be my wife?
As a person who has been idly amusing himself with rolling a snowball might start at finding he had set in motion
an avalanche, so did Fancy start at these words from the
vicar. []
The sender understands that the recipient has not be deciphered his hint, so chooses the tactics of direct question
and asks her to be his wife. Fancys reaction is primarily
non-verbal and expresses her surprise, described with the
help of metaphorical comparison (she is surprised as the
human who played snowballs, and caused an avalanche).
FINAL ANSWER OF THE ADDRESSEE: hesitations,

positive (?)
Another pause ensued, varied only by the surging of the
rain against the window-panes, and then Fancy spoke, in a
faint and broken voice.
Yes, I will, she said.
God bless you, my own! He advanced quickly, and put
his arm out to embrace her. She drew back hastily.
No no, not now! she said in an agitated whisper.
There are things; but the temptation is, O, too strong,
and I cant resist it; I cant tell you now, but I must tell you!
Dont, please, dont come near me now! I want to think, I
can scarcely get myself used to the idea of what I have
promised yet. The next minute she turned to a desk, buried
her face in her hands, and burst into a hysterical fit of
weeping. O, leave me to myself! she sobbed; leave me!
O, leave me!
Fancy has already promised her hand and heart to Dick,
but his Maybolds arguments and material promises of a
happy life make her doubt and accept his proposal. However, it does not consent to be considered complete: although
Fancy initially agrees to marry, she still continues to doubt
NEGATIVE REACTION OF THE ADDRESSEE: refusal to participate in further communication

I cannot, I cannot, Mr. MayboldI cannot! Dont ask
me! she said.
Addressee expressively refuses to participate in further
interaction by repetition of performative verbs in negative
form (I can not).
ARGUMENTION OF THE SPEAKER: logical (prudence of feelings, wealth), emotional (declaration of love,
compliments)
Argumentation of the speaker consists of several phases,
each punctuated by the question on marriage:
a) an emotional argument, tactics of compliment.
Dont answer in a hurry! he entreated. And do listen
to me. This is no sudden feeling on my part. I have loved
11
and is an intense emotional state. Indicators of high emotion
are nonverbal characteristics of verbal behavior (agitated
whisper; hysterical fit of weeping), and verbal means: interrupted speech acts (There are things; ....), elliptical constructions (I cant tell you now, but I must tell you!), using
exclamatory sentences, repeated directives (leave me! O,
leave me!).
The speaker has reached his communicative purpose: received formal consent to the marriage, but girls embarrassment and doubts are indicators of future difficulties in
their relationship. Finally, the engagement will be canceled
as vicar learns that she has accepted the offer of another
man.
However, the genre under analysis demonstrates variation of appropriate communicative acts and omission of
certain scenario stages due to its exceptional axiological
loading. However, the semantic core of the marriage proposal is always the set of question and answer "Will you
marry me? - Yes / No ", which may take different forms of
speech realization.
Deviations from rigid conventionality of the speech genre "proposal" are found in its instances of loose formalization and can take a variety of forms.
1. Violation of the scenario development of communicative situation under analysis can find its reflection in omission of certain stages of the proposal or changes in the typical sequence of communicative actions. This deviation is
usually combined with other instances of loose formalization.
2. Exchange of traditional gender roles in relationships
addresser-addressee. Thus, in the dialogue between Bathsheba and farmer Oak in the novel "Far from the Maddening Crowd" the woman initiates the proposal, violating social norms and coming home to the man and directly alluding to the possibility of marriage between them:
"Bathsheba," he said, tenderly and in surprise, and coming closer: "if I only knew one thing--whether you would
allow me to love you and win you, and marry you after all
if I only knew that!"
"But you never will know," she murmured.
"Why?"
"Because you never ask."

"Oh--Oh!" said Gabriel, with a low laugh of joyousness.
"My own dear-" [1, p 417].
Such choice of verbal behavior is explained, firstly, by
the close friendship that connects both characters and secondly, by Bathshebas confidence in Oaks love. In addition, Bathsheba does not completely take over the function
of initiating the proposal, but merely directs dialogical interaction by implicit hint that takes the form of assertives
"But you never will know" and "Because you never ask".
3. Transposition of the semantic centre of argumentation
from the sender of the message to its recipient.
In the novel A Pair of Blue Eyes Stephen starts talking
about marriage without any prefaces and introductory parts:
'And you do care for me and love me?' said he.
'Yes.'
'Very much?'
'Yes.'
'And I mustn't ask you if you'll wait for me, and be my
wife some day? [2].
The sender considers feelings of love sufficient basis for
marriage. After receiving the affirmative answer to the first
question, he immediately comes to the nuclear issue, which
takes the form of implicit assertive through the use of the
modal verb must in the negative form. Thus, the speaker
indirectly demonstrates confidence in the affirmative reply
of the recipient.
This instance vividly demonstrates the principal difference between the loose and rigid formalizations of the genre: traditionally during the proposal addressee suggests marriage and proclaims his own feelings for the recipient with
the purpose of convincing her to accept the marriage offer.
In the given case, the reasons for marriage are the feelings
of the person who decides on the acceptance or refusal of
marriage, i.e. the semantic center of the argument is not the
addresser, but the addressee. Schematic representation of
this deviation can take the following form, where option
number 1 represents the line of reasoning of the speech genre "marriage proposal" in rigid formalization, and option
number 2 the direction of reasoning in loose formalization
of the genre:
love
You
Thats why
We should marry
2
You
love
Thats why
Me
4. The omission of the core question Will you marry

me?, which is replaced by the utterance that does not allow
negative response. The reason for such speech behavior
may be the sufficient reason for marriage, such as the preg-
We should marry
nancy of woman. The illustration is the dialogue between

Dick and Fancy in the novel Under the Greenwood Tree:
You do know, that even if I care very much for you, I
must remember that I have a difficult position to maintain.
12
a significant degree of intimacy between interlocutors;
objective reasons that lead to marriage (e.g. pregnancy
or destroying the reputation of girl, threat of departure of
one of the communicants, extraordinary circumstances, etc);
implicit provoking suggestions of women;
b) spontaneous emergence of decision to make a proposal;
high emotionality of interlocutors that is usually caused
by the depth and intensity of love feelings between them.
The given analysis showed that the speech genre marriage proposal in rigid or partially rigid formalization results in negative or partly negative outcome. In addition, in
most cases these are strictly regulated communicative interactions that arise between the parties, relationships of which
are not close or even friendly and who havent not passed
the initial stage of formalization of romantic relationship
previous declaration of love. Deviations from rigid conventionality of the given genre in loose formalization can take a
number of implications and in most cases result in full or
partial positive outcome.
Further research of the speech genre marriage proposal
on a larger fictional corpus can be carried out with the aim
to investigate the socio-cultural component of FLD.
The vicar would not like me, as his schoolmistress, to indulge in a tete-a-tete anywhere with anybody."
"But I am not any body!" exclaimed Dick.
"No, no, I mean with a young man;" and she added softly, "unless I were really engaged to be married to him."
"Is that all? Then, dearest, dearest, why we'll be engaged at once, to be sure we will, and down I sit! There it
is, as easy as a glove! [3].
The interaction shows the temporal substitution of the
roles of interlocutors: Fancy sends Dick out because her
staying in the same room with the man, with whom she is
not even engaged, is socially inappropriate, thereby hinting
at the need to formalize their relationship. This behavior
allows the interlocutor Dick feel confident in getting the
positive answer to the proposal of marriage, he even says
its as easy as a glove. However, further development of
interaction and the lack of quick acceptance of proposal
from Fancy still urges him to make an explicit proposal:
And youll be my own wife?
The analysis of dialogical discourse of proposal in fiction
reveals the following causes of realization of speech genre
in loose formalization:
a) confidence in obtaining the positive answer, which is
usually a result of:
REFERENCES (TRANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED)

1. Agapova S.G. Pragmalinguistic Aspect of English Dialogical 7. Karasik V.I. Linguistic Circle: Personality, Concepts, Discourse/
Speech: Dis. ... d-ra filol. nauk : 10.02.19, 10.02.04/ S.G. AgaV.I. Karasik. Volgograd: Peremena, 2002. 477 p.
pova. Rostov n/D, 2003. 269 p.
8. Kushnir N.A. Verbalization of Sensual Intentions in Russian Dia2. Bart R. A Lovers Discourse /R.Bart. M.: Ad Marginem, 1999.
logical Speech (Based on the Communicative Situation "Declara431 p.
tion of Love"): thesis dis. ... kand. filol. sc // Taras Shevchenko
3. Greymas A.Zh. Semiotics of Passions. From the State of Affairs to
National University of Kyiv. Kiyev, 2005. 15 p.
the State of the Soul / A.Zh. Greymas, Zh. Fontaniy. trans. from 9. Rents T.G. Romantic Communication in Communicative-semiotic
French. Foreword by K. Zil'berbeoga. M. : Pub. LKI, 2007.
Aspect: Monograph / T.G. Rents; sc. ed. V.I. Shakhovskiy ; Fed336 p.
er. state. budgets. Educational Institution of Higher Professional
4. Grigor'yeva V.S. Discourse as an Element of the Communication
Education "Volgogr. state. Univ ". Volgograd : Pub. VolGU,
process: Pragmalinguistic and Cognitive Aspects: Monograph /
2011. 392 p.
V.S. Grigor'yeva. Tambov : Publ. Tambov State. Tehn. Univer- 10. Sedov K.F. Psycholinguistic Aspect of the Study of Speech Gensity, 2007. 288 p.
res / K.F. Sedov // anthology of speech genres: daily communica5. Dement'yev V.V. The Study of Speech Genres: a Review of the
tion. M.: Labirint, 2007. P. 124-137.
Works in Modern Russian Studies / V.V. Dement'yev // Problems 11. Khisamova G.G. Dialogue as a Component of a Literary Text: on
of Linguistics. 1997., 1. P. 109-121.
a Material of Fiction of V.M. Shukshin: dis. ... doct. filol. sc.:
6. Izvekova A.S. Pragmalinguistic Characteristics of Ritual Dis10.02.01 / G.G. Khisamova Galiya Gil'mullovna. Ufa, 2009.
course: thesis dis. ... kand. filol. sc: 10.02.19 / A.S. Izvekova.
396 s.
Volgogr. State. Ped. Univ - 21 p.
12. Kristeva J. Tales of Love (European Perspectives). - Columbia
University Press, 1989. 414 p.
THE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL
1. Hardy T. Far from the Madding Crowd/T.Hardy. Modern Library edition, 2001 512p.
2. Hardy T. A Pair of Blue Eyes// http://www.gutenberg.org/files/224/224-h/224-h.htm
3. Hardy T. Under the Greenwood Tree// http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2662/2662-h/2662-h.htm
..
:
. . . "
" . -,
" ": .
: , , ,
13
Gach N.
The evolution of the concept DEMOCRACY in American poetry
Gach Nataliia,
PhD in philology, assistant professor at the Department of theory and practice of translation from English
Institute of Philology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
Abstract. The article examines the cognitive and pragmatic potential of nominative linguistic units within poetic discourse. It is
proved that word-combinations represent the elements of cultural-historical continuum of a linguistic community on a text level. The
research is carried out within the analysis of the American poems (XIX - XXI cent.). The method of cognitive discourse analysis
helps to interpret the knowledge behind the meaning of linguistic units. The diachronic scope of the study is a basis for the comparative analysis of the representation of the concept DEMOCRACY in the American poetic works of different epochs.
Keywords: cognitive discourse analysis, concept, cultural continuum, nominative linguistic units, poetic discourse.
(transcendental union); the eternal union of the citizens of

America (endless Nationality):
I will plant companionship thick as trees along all the
rivers of America,
and along the shores of the great lakes, and all over the
prairies;
I will make inseparable cities, with their arms about
each other's necks
W. Whitman A Song [5]
The metaphor companionship thick shows the continuity of the US territories (inseparable cities) and the unity
of the citizens (their arms about each other's necks). The
method of syntactic parallelism, the repetition of the lexeme all in particular (along all the rivers of / America,
and along the shores of the great lakes, and all over / the
prairies), emphasizes the idea of the unity of the whole
country, which is realized on the level of the place name
America and other words denoting geographical objects
(rivers, great lakes, prairies). The XIX century was the
time of internecine quarreling on the US territories, so the
idea of unity between the rival states was of pivotal importance, proclaimed in poetic works.
The same topic is presented in the poem One Song,
America, Before I Go by W. Whitman [6]:
ONE song, America, before I go,
I'd sing, o'er all the rest, with trumpet sound,
For thee the Future.
I'd sow a seed for thee of endless Nationality;
I'd fashion thy Ensemble, including Body and Soul;
I'd show, away ahead, thy real Union, and how it may
be accomplish'd
The place name America embodies the whole united
country. It is proved on the text level by such wordcombinations as endless Nationality and real Union. The
lexeme endless shows the permanence of the union of the
American nation in present and future (I'd sing / For
thee the Future). The adjective real stresses the necessity to draw the society together in spiritual and material
aspects (Ensemble, including Body and Soul).
Moreover, in the poetic works of the XIX century
America is represented as a prosperous and flourishing
country, a shelter for the deprived, where there is no place
for misery and injustice:
Theirs is a pure republic, wild, yet strong,
A 'fierce democracie,' where all are true
To what themselves have votedright or wrong
And to their laws denominated blue;
(If red, they might to Draco's code belong,)
A vestal state, which power could not subdue
F.-G. Halleck Connecticut [2]
1. Introduction.
The research within cognitive linguistics presupposes the
analysis of linguistic units from the point of view of their
cultural relevance. Such approach implies the fact that
culturally significant information is encoded into the
meaning of linguistic units and is realized in the context
of a whole poetic work. Therefore, the conducted research
is aimed at the revelation of extra-linguistic knowledge
behind the form and meaning of linguistic units in a poetic discourse.
The article is based on the analysis of nominative linguistic units that realize their cultural and pragmatic potential in certain historical contexts. Traditionally, the
attention has been drawn to the analysis of phraseological
units, but this research is based on the study of the representation of culturally and historically significant information on the level of word-combinations, endowed with
connotative meaning.
The method of lexical-semantic analysis (aimed at the
revelation of the main means of conceptual sphere representation on the level of nominative linguistic units); discourse analysis (presupposes the investigation of the cognitive-pragmatic meaning of linguistic units in the context
of a whole poetic text); the method of cognitive analysis
(based on the determination of cultural knowledge in the
meaning of word-combinations in a poetic text) serve as
the methodological basis of the research. The diachronic
approach to the study provides the possibility to trace the
changes that occur in the semantics of the linguistic units
analyzed, taking into account authors intentions and historical-cultural prerequisites of a poem creation.
2. Practical aspects of the concept analysis
The American poetic discourse of the XIX - XXI centuries becomes the object of the investigation and serves the
basis for the representation of the American conceptual
picture of the world. The conducted research concentrates
on the concept DEMOCRACY, which is one of the basic
for the American society.
2.1. Conceptual analysis of the XIX cent. American
poetry
In the poetic works of the XIX century the following
components of the concept DEMOCRACY can be distinguished: UNITY, JUSTICE and EQUALITY. This fact
demonstrates that in the XIX century the notion of democracy was associated with the basic values of the
American society. The stylistically marked word-combinations stress upon the existence of a united country,
consisting of separate states; its nature, blessed by God
14
That the roused spirits of Democracy
May leave to freer States the same wide door
Through which thy slave-cursed Texas entered in,
From out the blood and fire, the wrong and sin,
Of the stormed city and the ghastly plain,
Beat by hot hail, and wet with bloody rain,
The myriad-handed pioneer may pour,
And the wild West with the roused North combine
And heave the engineer of evil with his mine
J. Whittier To a Southern Statesman [9]
The northern states are considered the source of democracy in America, since their development was determined by such values as freedom and equality. The differences in the systems of governance in the northern and
southern states are represented on the level of the following word-combinations: freer States; roused North vs.
slave-cursed Texas; the wild West. The author differentiates between freedom as a democratic ideal of the American society (roused spirits of Democracy, freer States),
and slavery curse of the past (slave-cursed Texas, the
wrong and sin, engineer of evil). Slavery is considered to
be the source of chaos (wild West), violence (the blood
and fire) and war (the stormed city, Beat by hot hail, wet
with bloody rain), and the American nation has to find its
way out of such a state.
The place names West and North perform the function
of identification, since they determine the role of the
northern states in the process of the US development,
taking into account their industrial significance and active
opposition to slavery; informative function of acknowledging readers with the main events in the American history; evaluative function of distinguishing enslaved and
free territories.
The notion of equality is often represented by the lexemes equal, Equality, white and black:
They are rising, all are rising,
The black and white together!
O brave men and fair women!
It comes of hate and scorning:
Shall the dark faces only
Be turned to morning?..
J. Whittier Howard At Atlanta [7]
The equality of white and black population is realized
in the word-combination black and white together. The
antithesis dark faces vs. morning in the phrase Shall the
dark faces only / Be turned to morning foresees bright
future for all shifts of the American society.
As the conducted research shows, the concept DEMOCRACY in the American poetic works of the XIX
century is represented through the notions of unity, justice
and equality that fully reflect the social and historical processes in the American society of those times, the establishment of the main principles of the political, judicial
and value systems in particular.
The word-combination pure republic represents the reality of the USA in the XIX century. Republic as a form of
state governing, when all the highest organs of power are
elected or formed by national representative institutions,
and all the citizens are endowed with personal and political rights, is characteristic for America. In the process of
the creation of the Declaration of Independence, monarchy was defined as inappropriate and tyrannical for the
formation of a new state. That is why the French Republicanism, described thoroughly in the works of the French
liberal leaders, came to the forefront. In such a way,
America became the federal republic. This fact is reflected in the word-combination fierce democracie, in which
the main idea is emphasized by the use of the French
words. The word-combination pure republic expresses the
special understanding of the notion republic by J. Madison and Th. Jefferson, who used it as a synonym for democracy.
The word-combinations laws denominated blue and
Draco's code represent the basic principles of the American law system. Blue Laws are defined as laws that restrict or ban certain types of secular Sunday activities, e.g.
shopping. Even today some states (Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, New Jersey) are governed by such laws, forbidding alcohol or car sales on weekends. These laws were
created in the Connecticut puritan colonies, whose principles became fundamental in the process of the USA development.
The word-combination Draco's code points at another
source of the American law system formation. Draco laws
are the first written code of rules created by the
first legislator of Athens in Ancient Greece. The code is
known for its exceedingly cruel punishments. One could
be sentenced to execution not only for murder, but also
for misdemeanors. In such a way, the intolerance of the
Americans towards the law breach, and the superiority of
law in the system of state governing are established on the
text level.
The same idea is demonstrated in the poem Sumner
by J. Whittier [8]:
Beyond the dust and smoke he saw
The sheaves of Freedom's large increase,
The holy fanes of equal law,
The New Jerusalem of peace
The stanza mentioned above reveals tight associations
between the notion of law and such American values as
freedom (Freedom's large increase) and peace (New Jerusalem of peace). The superiority of law is regarded as
the prerequisite of order and mutual respect in a society,
as well as the movement from the state of degradation
(the dust and smoke). The realization of a connection between law and religion is typical for the American society. From this perspective, the use of the place name New
Jerusalem is aimed at the representation of the main
tendencies of the US development by means of the creation of strong associations with the biblical town. As it is
generally known, New Jerusalem, mentioned in the Old
Testament, is a place where people live with God, being
not knowledgeable of disgrace and injustice.
The XIX century is also known as a period of the establishment of the democratic principles on the US territories, including those affected by slavery:
2.2. Conceptual analysis of the XX - XXI cent. American poetry

At the beginning of the new XX century the perception of
the notion of democracy changed and got new facets. On
the contrary to the previous century, it acquired rather
negative meaning, which is explicitly demonstrated in the
poem of L. Hughes Democracy [4]:
15
Democracy will not come
Today, this year
Nor ever
Through compromise and fear...
I tire so of hearing people say,
Let things take their course.
Tomorrow is another day.
I do not need my freedom when I'm dead.
I cannot live on tomorrow's bread.
The notions of democracy and freedom are closely intertwined as they symbolize the basic values of the American society. Nevertheless, the author points out that they
are impossible to be achieved at the moment when the
country is governed by compromise and fear. This idea
has a very strong social background since certain classes
of the American society, African-Americans in particular,
did not have equal rights with white population in the
1900s. Moreover, such values as freedom and democracy
appear to be sheer promises that will not be fulfilled by
the authorities (tomorrow's bread). The last lines of the
poem prove this idea and express authors doubts about
the existence of democracy in the world.
The similar point of view is expressed in the poem
written by E. Hemingway To Good Guys Dead [3]:
They sucked us in;
King and country,
Christ Almighty
And the rest.
Patriotism,
Democracy,
Honor
Words and phrases,
They either bitched or killed us.
The disenchantment in the ideals of the American society is revealed in one of Hemingways war poems. The
author stresses upon the fact that the country is not able to
defend its people, but it is aimed at the usage of all their
resources and abilities (They sucked us in They either
bitched or killed us). At the same time, such notions as
patriotism, democracy and honor are simple words used
to manipulate people in order to achieve certain goals.
Such disillusionment, however, is not all-embracing:

It's coming through a hole in the air
From the wars against disorder
Democracy is coming to the U.S.A
It's coming from the sorrow in the street,
the holy places where the races meet
From the wells of disappointment
where the women kneel to pray
for the grace of God in the desert here
and the desert far away:
Democracy is coming to the U.S.A...
L. Cohen Democracy [1]
That author expresses a hope that America can change
for the better as it is a very powerful state. That is why the
principles of democracy deserve to be fought for. Moreover, in the context of the whole poem the notion of democracy is closely associated with religious values of the
American society. In such a way, L. Cohen shows that the
moral principles laid down in the past support the development of modern values, and the country has a chance to
evolve in a right direction.
3. Conclusions
The conducted research proves that the concept DEMOCRACY is one of the basic in the American society.
However, the analysis of the XIX XXI cent. poems reveals the changes in its perception by the American community. The prominence of the concept DEMOCRACY
in the XIX century is presented on the level of its component parts (unity, justice and equality) that are considered
the main prerequisites of the US development. Nevertheless, the attitude to the notion of democracy becomes
more complicated with the time. The XX century brings
the understanding of democracy as of menace and dictatorship, and the government is regarded as such that is
unable to defend its people and provide them with equal
rights. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that the
American poets of the XIX XXI centuries continue to
believe in a better future for their country. Therefore, the
perception of the basic notions by a linguistic community
depends greatly on historic and social prerequisites of the
country development and is changed with time.
REFERENCES
1. Cohen L. Democracy. URL:
6. Whitman W. One Song, America, Before I Go. URL:
http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/leonardcohen/democracy.html.
http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/one-song-america-before-i2. Halleck F.-G. Connecticut. URL:
go/comments.asp
http://www.bartleby.com/102/13.html
7. Whittier J. Howard at Atlanta. URL:
3. Hemingway E. To Good Guys Dead. URL:
http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/8135/
http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/to-good-guys-dead/
8. Whittier J. Sumner. URL:
4. Hughes L. Democracy. URL:
http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/democracy/
9. Whittier J. To A Southern Statesman. URL:
5. Whitman W. A Song. URL:
http://www.poemhunter.com/walt-whitman/
..
. . , -
. ( XIX - XXI .). ,
. .
: , , , ,
16
Gayovych G.
The text as an element of communication system: the status issue
______________________________________
Gayovych Galyna Vasylivna, PhD., Associate Professor
National Avionics University, Kyiv, Ukraine
Abstract. The article discusses different approaches to the definition of the text as an important element of the communication system both in general and - in particular - in verbal communications. First of all, this study focuses on the status of the text. It is noted
that, considering this question, the researchers distinguish types of written and oral text. However, many scientists believe that the
text can function only in written form. Upon analyzing the different approaches, the author emphasizes that within a considered problem, it is necessary to distinguish between broad and narrow meaning of the text. As a result, she makes s conclusion that the determination of the text status depends on the task to be resolved, and further researches in this area are to have promising developments.
Keywords: communication, verbal communication, text, status of a text, text linguistic
Communication (from Latin ommunicatio to make

joined) is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon.
Its main function is to transfer information by means of
symbols. The primary feature of communication is multidisciplinary. This can be a reason of different aspect within
various science disciplines with main role of linguistics,
culture science, and social psychology. Mankind devotes
leading place to communication. We can name leading
scientists W. Humboldt, C.-G. Jung, R. Jakobson,
C. Shannon, A. Potebnja, G. Pocheptsov who researched
these problems. Great attention of Ukrainian scientists to
communication problem is stimulated by social changes
which took place in post-Soviet environment after totalitarian regime was cancelled. The mean feature of the changes
is that the system of hierarchical communication where
the primary component was the order has become to
change for democratic system of communication with the
conviction as a basis [11]. It is hard to disagree the statement of Ukrainian scientist G. Pocheptsov. Establishment
of democratic communication system is an important
task for Ukraine which has selected European civilization
way of development. This issue is of special importance if
to take into account that the main task of communication is
to influence the recipients behavour [4].
Communication is one of the most important components of human life which enables to obtain new information, to share opinions, to gain mutual understanding.
All these tasks can be resolved by means of language. The
language is universal human communication instrument
to maintain mutual understanding. Universal nature of the
language as a communication unit is confirmed by the
fact that it can be used to transfer meaning of other signs,
facial expressions, gestures, and symbols. One more task
of the language as a communication instrument is to provide information processes in different areas of contemporary life scientific, technical, political, business, educational, and cultural. Facilitating society demands for
information processes the language establishes its influence too. As far as the language without communication
practice has to become dead. Thus, the language and the
communication are interlinked variables.
The analysis of papers devoted to professional, social
and interpreter (multilinguistic) communication can help
to make a conclusion that these issues are important for
modern world. The broad spectrum of similar problems is
to be investigated and reasoned. Therefore, the necessity
of further researches is rather obvious.
The scientists speak unanimously about multidimensional character of the term communication. They emphasize the language as its main component. For example,
G. Pocheptsov stresses out two main channels of the human communication: verbal and visual, but W. Manakin
distinguished broad and narrow meanings of the phenomenon and proposed within its broad interpretation approach to emphasize as a separate components verbal and
non-verbal communication [8, p. 8]. I. Shevchenko has
put a name for linguistic communication as a part of
whole communication which is implemented in two forms
oral (verbal) and written [15, p. 12]. The article we also
consider verbal communication as a main, and non-verbal
communication as a secondary (derived), as it was mentioned above all possible signs and signals could be transferred by means of the language. No any signage system
can be similarly universal. Considering the communication as a basic element in the human civilization structure
G. Pocheptsov gives special meaning to the artistic communication.
Within this study of communication system of the language we will focus on the text concept. In particular, the
purpose of the research is the analyze different approaches
to define the text from the its status point of view. By differentiating written and oral (plural) types of the text we
expect to trace evolution of viewpoints on the problem outlined as well as actuality of its main principles understanding upon todays/modern stage of linguistics development.
By acknowledging the text as a output of mentallinguistic human activity we consider it as linguistic phenomenon. Therefore, upon our opinion, problems of the
text are considered within the framework of text linguistics.
It is a young scientific branch which is to attain a position
of separate chapter of modern linguistics. Moreover, the
text as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon is a
subject of research of other sciences psychology, literary
criticism, semiotics, and cultural science. Thus, we are not
surprised that there are a lot of approaches to interpret typical features of the text, categories, ontological essence,
creation mechanisms, and the very definition is not well
established. Meantime, earlier studies performed by both
international and domestic scientists contain important
achievements which are helpful for deep understanding of
text nature. On top of that, they can serve as a basis for
further detailed analysis. The text topic was and is located
in the point of interest of many wellknown researchers.
They are, in particular, A.J. Greimas, W. Dressler, L. Bulakhovsky, V. Vynohradov, R. Halperin, G. Kolshanskyi,
J. Lotman, A. Losev, L. Shcherba, . Selivanova, T. Radzievska et al. The modern study of the text features systemic approach, the main emphasis is made by linguists on
analyzing integral features of the text, on solving its structure.
17
Scientists use various approaches to study a linguistic of
the text. To explore a problem of text status we consider
structural-grammatical, structural-semantic and communication-oriented approaches to the texts study. Within a
framework of the first (structural-grammatical) one the
linguists (R. Halperin, L. Loseva, A. Kostrykina et al.)
analyze primarily means and types of the text coherence,
as well as how to maintain it. The text is perceived here as
language unit, and scientific research is focused on establishment of text creation rules. Thus, the scientists of this
approach define text as hierarchically structured unit
which consists of series of separate expressions (phrases)
linked structurally and intonation within more complex
unit [16, p. 23] .
Supporters of the second approach study the texts as
isolated separate linguistic object. The main attention paid
by the scientists is devoted to the text semantics which is
considered as a unit of speech. Scientific works of this
approach are associated with text study as a consistent
speaking (language) composition (A. Leontiev, L. Novikov, M. Kozhina et al). The text is explained here as a
fixed series of sentences which are linked each other as
semantically using different linguistic means [1, p. 27]
The third mentioned approach (communicationoriented) is focused on communication features of the
text, on its pragmatic orientation (J. Lotman, L. Murzin,
G. Kolshankyi et al). The text upon these scientists is a
unit of culture. Thus, it is considered here as an outcome
of speaking (linguistic) activity which performs specific
tasks aimed by the speaker (i.e. creator of the text) [5].
This understanding enables us to dedicate the text to semiotic system in broad meaning of this conception. Later
below we will return to the issue of semiotic explanation
of the text.
These approaches to text study are different, but they
do not argue each other, thus we can assume their mutual
amendment. We will analyze the issue of text status in
accordance to the described approaches. Thus, supporters
of structural-grammatical and structural-semantic approaches consider text as a hierarchical structured unit
and as fixed series of sentences. It means that they underline systemic nature of the text. To understand why
only systemic form of the text implementation is
acknowledged by most of scientists we need to know their
explanations and arguments.
An approach to the text as an objective reality is used
by many scientists. For example, upon conclusion made
by R. Halperin: Text is an outcome of speech creating
process that has completeness and is formed (objected) as
a written document, that is processed in literature mode
upon the type of the document, it is named (titled) and
organized as a set of specific units (extra phase units)
united by different types of lexical, grammar, logical,
stylish links for certain purpose and pragmatic attitude
[3, p. 71]. As we can see this definition the scientist emphasizes on completeness (integrity), maturity and exclusively on the written form of the text. To develop this
topic he acknowledges oppositeness of the text to the oral
expression (speech). In accordance to the scientists all
features of speech (spoken language) are opposite to the
text characteristics. By developing the text conception the
researcher separate also its following parameters as purposefulness, predicativity, modality, openness, , moreover
he forecasts development of new objective methods for

text analysis as a graphically implemented specific spoken composition [3, . 77]. Therefore, the text is considered as a fixed graphically, properly ordered form of
communication that is missing any spontaneous features.
Besides, L. Loseva is keen on the idea that the text has
a graphics layout. The text upon the researchers opinion, is a message in written form, that is featured by
meaningful and structural finiteness and by proper attitude of the author to it [7, p. 17 ].
Contrary to that, some scientists do not agree with
written only status of the text. In particular, upon the
communication-oriented approach to the text study any
communication creation can serve as a meaning for transfer and reception of the information. Basing on this idea
some scientists have different approaches to the issue of
text status. They distinguish its written and oral types and
do not give any preferences to any of them. So, in particular, G. Kolshankyi [5] do not agree on opposition of the
text and oral forms. The scientist doubts the thesis that
texts are only graphical layout of novels of speakingmental activity of humans. He reminds that the written
form emerged much later comparing to oral communication and it is in fact serves as its fixing. The linguist emphasizes also on limited possibility to prove that eventually the written form has created any new specific linguistic
forms that are usable only within this form, so that the
text could be considered as a unit. We should point out
that eventually the scientist agrees that the written form of
the text contrary to the oral one is more ordered, accurate,
normed (regulated). But these features are considered by
the author as external manifestation only that do not influence main characteristics of the text. The essence of the
language emerges in oral form that is primary. Upon the
authors conclusion it does not enable dedicate the text to
the written from only. The scientist proposes own definition of the text: Text is a speaking complex that is created upon grammar rules and that creates contextually completed finished integrated ordered set of sentences that
provide linear rollout (development) of the topic [5,
p. 5]. Upon this definition we can conclude that the text
can be considered as a speaking creature that has finished
linear rollout of the topic and that is developed in accordance to the grammar norms of certain language. Meantime, the author do not put emphasize any text status issue. Thus, we can conclude that both written and oral
forms are equally acceptable for the author.
It is interesting upon our opinion that the scientist contradicts opportunity of spontaneous unregulated by the
author emergence of the text independently of the implementation form written or oral. We conclude that any
sense for one of the main arguments in favor of the text as
written creature if to neglect any opportunity for spontaneous creation of the text with communication purpose
(no matter of the form).
By analyzing papers of communication-pragmatic topic we could notice certain discrepancy among researchers
on the issue of text status. From one hand, as we already
saw, there are scientists who identify communication process with the text considering it as an implementation of
the very communication that is demands pragmatic interpretation. Thus, they consider the text both as a result
(product), and as a communication instrument [14, p. 17]
18
meantime this opinion is not supported universally. Some
researchers consider the text only as a result of communication where live exchange is implemented upon its
finish [2, p. 147]. Thoughts of the modern Ukrainian researcher T. Radzievska seem interesting in this domain.
The scientist defines the texts as written communication
creatures, and the communication process based on the
text as text communication [12, p. 4]. To specify, the
main attention of the linguist is addressed to social function of the text. Upon the researchers opinion Socialization is the main feature of the text contrary to the expression [12, p. 4]. We should point out that the expression
as an element of interpersonal communication is interpreted by the author as an direct, i.e. oral, communication.
By comparing these two types of verbal communication
the main difference is seen by the researcher within duration of existence. For spoken (oral) phrase upon the researchers opinion it is restricted, i.e. it encompasses the
period when the recipient(s) is(are) available for its perception. The existence of written text is infinite in time
domain as far as it is created eventually in order to function in society, to put influence, to be included into cultural and historical memory[12, p. 4]. The other important stimulus that provides more preferable position of
graphically layout text comparing to oral communication,
upon the researchers opinion, is that the written word is
specified as authority in society, and thus, it can influence
on various different processes. Thus, we can assume that
T. Radzievska has higher propensity to to contrast (contraposition) the text and spoken language. Naturally, it is
hard not to agree with the authors argumentation. Meantime, we should not forget that the cited paper the researcher considers only one aspect in analysis of the
text as a multidimensional conception. She considers
social only function of the text that is not sole. For more
complete resume it is worth to consider the text as multifunctional phenomenon taking into account its communication typology.
As mentioned above the semiotic approach in the text
linguistics has a communication-pragmatic orientation
too. It studies signage models of the text relying on the
text interaction of communication participants. The researches point out that the text is characterized by certain
semiotic content that reflects and causes humans cognitive activity during both text creation (by author) and its
perceptions (recipient). For example, Kubrjakova separating semiotic, linguistic and philological interpretation
(explication) of the text considers it within semiotic approach as a complex sign or set of signs. The text as a
signage creation upon the authors opinion is always
emerged instead of some triune phenomenon that includes
the body of the sign, the reference and the value so that
syntax, semantics and pragmatics are united together as a
complete unit [6, p. 139].
Understanding the text from semiotics point of view is
addressed also by Myshkina who tries to develop links
among the sign components. The scientists considers that
the text as a signage creation is attributed by some effu-
siveness (fluctuation). It causes its creative features. The

researcher is confident that the body of the sign performs
cultural-informational and suggestive-energetic functions,
and then certain content is underpinned: the meaning of the
sign as well as pointing to something apart of the sign,
meantime the border (interface) between these components
is rather conventional upon the author [9, p. 182].
Tarasov and Sosnova [13, p. 226] propose to understand the text as a certain ordering signage creation that
exist just in the process of its meaningful perception and
of its creation. The scientists pay special attention to linguistic signs. They support the thought the linguistic signs
is derivative from the social experience that is unique for
every human. Thus, each man has own personalized perception of the readymade text. Variability of meaningful
perception of the text leads to changing forms of existence upon the scientists thought [13, p. 226].
Given the provided above thesis are resumed we can
conclude that in the generic semiotic understanding the
text is conceived series of some signs [2, p. 162.]. Thus,
all signage creations that correspond to some logical rules
can be considered as the text. The main purpose of the
creation is communication independently of the form. It
can be linguistic communication with both oral and written types or non-verbal e.g. ritual/habit/dance etc..
Thus, upon analyzing different approaches to the text
definition as important unit of verbal communication we
can conclude that there is no certain solution to the problem. In particular, by considering the issue of the text
status scientists distinguish its written and oral types.
Many scientists prefer the text could exist in written form
only. Meantime, we consider that the issue is not so strictly and straightforwardly defined. As far as it presents the
authors experience, skills and competence with no relation to the form written or oral. Thus, we can assume
that oral text developed e.g. by the linguist (or by other
man with good speaking skills) by its characteristics will
not differ from graphically fixed form. At the same time,
going back to the social function that upon the T. Radzievska opinion is primarily performed by the text we
also prefer to consider that the text fixed by means of
some document has much stronger social potential comparing to the oral text due to lower time dependence.
Summarizing the above considerations we support the
opinion that has been declared by many scientists that is it
worth to distinguish wide and narrow meaning (understanding) of the text. To define the wide meaning understands as a general tendency of culture interpretation as a
complex semiotic creation, meantime the narrow one considers the text as any speaking expression that do not depend on the volume but it is always specified by finiteness
and communication meaning [10, p. 123124]. Consequently, all mentioned above approached are accompanied
with some logic, and they support a conclusion that the
definition of text status is derived from the researchers
task. The striving of scientists for deeper study into the
multifarious (multidisciplinary) phenomenon of the text
could provide further promising developments in this area.
19
REFERENCES (TERANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED)
1. Babenko L.G. Linguistic analysis of artistic text: Theiry and 9. Myshkina N.L. Internal life of the text: mechanisms, forms,
practice 3rd edition, Flinta, Nauka, 2005. 495p.
charateristics: Monography/ N.L. Myshkina Perm, PH
2. Batsevich F. Basics of communication linguistics Study
Perm univ., 1998 152 p.
book. Publishing house Akademia, 2004. 344 p.
10. Petrova N.V. The text and the discourse // Voprosy yazykoz3. Galperin I.R. About Text notion // Voprosy yazykoznaniya
nanija 2003 No.6 p.p.123-131.
1974 No.6, p.p.68-77.
11. Pochepsov G.G.
Communication
theory.
URL:
4. Gayovych G.V., Prykhodko O.Yu. Public presentation as a
http://polbu.ru/pochepcov_communications
kind of communication/ G.V. Gayovych, O.Yu. Prykhodko, 12. Radzijevska T.V. The text as a communication tool / T.V.
Ridna mova osvitniy kvartalnyk Ukrajinskogo
Radzijevska NAS of Ukraine, Ukrainian language institute.
vchtelskogo tovarystva u Polshchi. Valch, 2014, No.21,
2nd ed. K, 1988 194 p.
p.p.76-83.
13. Tarasov E.F., Sosnova M.L. About existence forms of the
5. Kolshankyj G.V. Communication function and structure of the
text. Oral communication: goals, motivation, and tools. M.,
language. M. Nauka, 1984, 174 p.
1985 p.p. 30-44.
6. Kubryakova E.S. Coming cack to the sign definition: com- 14. Trukhanova N.L. Expressive prosodial means in implemenmemorative to R. Yakobson // Voprosy yazykoznaniya
tation of pragmatic aspect of the text. Ph.D. Thesis (philolo1993 No.4, p.p.20-27.
gy). Trukhanova N.L. Odessa: State univ., 1990 p.15-18.
7. Loseva L.M. How the text is build up. Teachers book.// 15. Shevchenko I.S. Basiscs of linguistic communication theory.
L.M. Loseva _ Moscow, Prosveshchenije, 1980 96 p.
Students Study book, referent-interpreter specialization,
8. Manakin V.M. The language and cultural communication:
Kh; NUA, 2008 168p.
study book// V.M. Manakin. Kiev PH Academiya, 2012 16. Shchirova I.A., Goncharova E.A. Multidimensionality of the
288 p.
text: understanding and interpretation. Study book. / I.A.
Shchirova, E.A. Goncharova SPb, Knizhnyi dom Ltd., 2007
472 p.
.. :
. . , . , , , . , . , , ,
. , , , .
: , , , ,
20
Ostapchuk I.I.
Communicative and manipulative function of metaphor in English mass media discourse
____________________________________
Ostapchuk Iryna Igorivna, post graduate student
English Department, The Faculty of Foreign Languages, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
Abstract. The article discusses the metaphor and its use in English media sphere. The analysis of three main functions of the trope is
outlined: nominative, cognitive and pragmatic. Pragmatic function of the metaphor is expressed within communicative and manipulative aspect as the media is a powerful pillar to influence the readers. Strategic maneuvering with the help of the metaphor involves
the formation of desired conclusions of the audience by creating contextual situations of prevention, prohibition, request, seeking for
confidence and trust, compassion, disapproval, agreement, promise, recommendation and others.
Keywords: massive communication, metaphor, naming, framing, strategic maneuvering, contextual situation
Nowadays journalists and people who are always in the

public eye try to attract attention to their speeches and
deeds in order to remain influential and shape peoples
outlooks. Thus, philologists claim about transformation of
classic publicist style into the style of massive communication and emergence of media world view (as the result of
media influence on the readers lifestyle and opinions) [10,
p. 46]. One of the linguistic means such as the tropes help it
to succeed. The basis of the tropes and expressive figurative speech is the metaphor. A metaphor is a figure of
speech in which a word or phrase denotes one kind of object or idea instead of another to suggest likeness or analogy between them [merriam-webster.com] cleared by the
stylistics dictionary to make an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two objects that are poles apart
from each other or contradictory but have some characteristics common between them [literarydevices.net].
The metaphor has become a topical issue under research
for many scholars such as G. Lakoff, M. Johnson, O.Majer,
P. McFedries A. Sahlane, N. Arutiunova, S. Ter-Minasova,
D. Shmeliov, O. Rykova, A. Ignatieva, N. Bessarabova and
others. G. Lakoff and his followers contributed a lot to
cognitive aspect of our mind and metaphors as the mechanisms of thinking. N. Arutiunova compiled and edited a set
of essays concerning the interdependence of language, culture and mind and the use of metaphors as the embodiment
of these relations. Though, the topic needs a systematic
approach to be used and new linguistic tendencies to be
taken into consideration.
The aim of the article is the analysis of metaphors that
are used in media environment and their influence on
readers expressed by communicative and manipulative
function. Our corpus (300 samples) is retrieved from
prominent broadsheet English newspapers, mainstream
blogs or materials of important international conferences
from 2013 to 2015. As follows, the target is to interpret
the manipulative use of metaphor within contextual situations with the help of P. MacFedries The Word Lovers
Guide to New Words and the classification of metaphortext manipulative functions outlined by O. Rykova.
The metaphor is claimed to have the power to construct
and reconstruct the way we perceive the world around us.
According to the cognitive linguistics metaphorical representation involves the evocation of already experienced
schematic frames and their further imposition on new situations, rising the implications and connotative shades that
might have no empirical basis (personal associations, elements of cultural traditions, social behavior, trendy phenomena, etc.). According to G. Lakoff they can (even)
enter our brains and provide models that we not merely live
by, but that define who we are [3].
On the linguistic level metaphor has a generative
quality of a carrier of meaning across conceptual realms
by analogical extension [4]. This process of imagisticschematic and cross-domain projective mappings is enacted in a metamorphic and transformative way of
enriching the language and personal speech acts giving
the possibility to understand both the source and the target
domains interaction (the tenor, the vehicle and
shared common feature the ground) [7].
On the level of pragmatics the use of metaphors in
certain context changes the perception of the information
due to the imposition of new names on familiar or brandy
objects usually followed by emotional component and
associations (personal or social). Thus, the audience decode the data as true and pure in the same way shaping
readers opinions as it is needed for journalist or speakers.
Therefore, the metaphor has three main functions: linguistic (naming), conceptual (framing), and communicative (perspective changing) [1]. To express it differently,
individual agents set cognitive targets for themselves
opportunistically in that reasoning serves as an aid to
belief-change and decision [2].
Thus, metaphor in media context has the greatest
power to transform complex current realities under attention (political or social) into more readable graspable concepts that need to be believed [1]. As mass media is an active or passive communication so sharing knowledge and
opinions and their interdependent impact on both communicants is obvious. Manipulations are either explicit in direct requests, threats, appeals of the speakers/journalists or
implicit. Implication is the presence of verbally nonexpressed senses of communication; in the context they can
be easily guessed and extracted [6, p. 48].
Realization of pragmatic intentions of the information in
media articles is done on the level of a word, sentence and
text [11]. So, besides the informative and framing functions
the metaphor may use certain symbols, myths, associations
that are employed to serve political agendas, social issues,
current cultural trends (e.g. arouse peoples emotions, give
prominence/neglect or rationalize particular phenomena in
social reality or ridicule ones political opponents or policy
statements). In this sense, strategic maneuvering is
achieved when the (culturally) established institutional
conventions and the (more or less fixed) procedural format
of a communicative activity type are violated [5 p. 148].
In case of media interpretation, manipulation is the impact
on the addressees in the way they think these are their own
thoughts, conclusions and decisions [9, p. 60]. A journalist
21
or a speaker arranges the text of the article in the way of
adequate informing leaving for themselves the right to express their own targets (or wished on) and intentions according to the type of the newspaper. It is a conscious
transformation in order to manage and regulate the ideas of
the audience [10, p. 37]. Advertisements and announcements are the brightest examples of implicit manipulation. Metaphors, on the one hand, help to hide direct obtrusion and, on the other hand, they help to create the effect
of the new and unexpected that without any suspicion
attracts readers attention [8, p. 181].
Manipulation can contain different aspects and have various colorings: to warn, to indict, to share with ones
thoughts and ask about opinion, to promise, to invite or
urge the reader to believe or do certain act, to accept the
objects as good/bad, to tell about ones own troubles and
seek for compassion and trust, to appeal to do something in
certain algorithm and consecution, to advertise a new
brand, to ask about a favor, to engage to try, to ban something, etc. The following examples of contextual situations
reveal the nuances of metaphor maneuvering on readers.
I cant tell you how many times I saw what I call a
slow-motion nightmare on the highway, said House Minority Leader Lawrence F. Cafero, who first spearheaded
the effort to ground ice missiles in 2001. You cant do
anything. Youre surrounded by traffic. Youre just watching it happen Connecticut Mirror, January 3, 2014. In
the discussion of common winter problems the vivid
warning to the readers with the help of ice missile arises: (n), a metaphor on the association with a rocket or
whiz bang (missile) meaning a chunk of ice that flies off
the roof of a moving vehicle.
To make matters worse, many industrial control system vendors are not committed to fixing the security holes
that exist in their deployed products, especially legacy
products, resulting in forever-day bugs International Conference on Security and Management, February
21, 2013. A speaker warns companies that want to secure
their systems from long lasting small defaults in a program code; a security hole that is usually fixed in the
next generation/version of the software, is not. Foreverday (adj) is a period of time that is strictly arranged but it
lasts somehow longer than should do a metaphor to
emphasize pejorative prolongation of time.
Anyway, be on the lookout for parcel mullets as
you peruse our Delray/Boynton neighborhoods and
please share any findings Delray Beach Real Estate,
August 12, 2013. Apparently, a parcel mullet is a house
with a mowed, manicured front lawn but a wild, unkempt
yard in the back; (n), metaphor reminiscent of the unlamented mullet hairstyle, which is short at the front and
sides of the head, and long at the back. As well, the term
parcel is real estate jargon for a piece of land [wordspy.com]. A less formal alternative is lawn mullet. This
new phenomenon rises disapproval in the neighborhood
and shows that people keep their front territory arranged
only for the public eye.
Its a Glowface world. Thats people who always
have their faces buried in a computer screenSuddenly,
from one corner of the world to the other, glowfacing
emerged. What first seemed like a harmless phenomenon
is now changing the way we interact Dot Complicated,
May 22, 2013. Glowface (n) is a face lit up by a device
screen or computer monitor; a person whose face is lit in

this way. The cited contextual situation containing metaphor aims to tell readers about their own thoughts and
conclusions in order for the audience to agree/support
that sitting in front of computer is harmful for the health
and social skills/interaction.
Nano technology is about making everything even
smaller, while Nana technology is about making small
technology bigger and giving seniors the tools to keep
them safe and be more mentally alert Star Tribune,
January 31, 2012. Nana technology (n) is both a pun on
the common nickname for grandmothers and on nanotechnology, which represents technological devices
smaller than a poppy seed. So, nana technology is certain
computer stuff convenient for easy use of grandmas and
grandpas, many of whom are the clients and patients of
todays power driven industry. In this way the author of
the media article promises senior people that it will be
easy for them to use all innovations of modern life and
not feel old and ignorant.
The next interesting step I think is the binge-able documentary, where stories are watched in multi-part episodes adding up to five or six hours instead of as a single
two-hour film, said Andrew Jarecki, the Oscarnominated director of the well-regarded nonfiction feature Capturing the Friedmans Los Angeles Times,
November 5, 2013. The director in this way recommends
watching this film probably because it is very interesting
and that is the reason of broadcasting it in 4-hourepisodes-time instead of the format of classic film. So
something that is bingeable (adj ) is compulsively and
excessively watchable or consumable, particularly a TV
show or food. The speakers make an advert for the film
with the help of association of a booze and extensive
drinking and partying that drag on late.
I wrote a few paragraphs of this column between
school drop-off and an appointment. I sent a bunch of
emails between making dinner and taekwondo. Bedtime
reading with the kids, then more writing at 1 a.m., after a
few hours of sleep. Then back up at 4 a.m. to write and
sign up for summer camp. Theres a name for thistime
confetti The Sydney Morning Herald, March 17,
2014. The narrator who is probably a woman shares her
day schedule complaining about having no time to do
business in a calm pace. This text is of typical style for
the editors column or the correspondence that seek for
certain credit and understanding from other people in
the same situation. Time confetti (n) is a metaphor that
helps to realize these brief scraps of leisure time scattered
throughout a persons day.
The film adaptation of Rex Picketts book Sideways
bumped the sales of pinot noir by 16 percent, according
to ACNielsen research. It had a similar effect in the
opposite direction on merlot, which Picketts character
Miles disparages in the film. Those statistical changes
are Sideways effect Yakima Herald, April 11,
2013. The term-metaphor (n) as we can see from the citation is connected with the novel where two friends have a
week holidays to remember their young years and drive
away to have fun and drink wine. The actions of the heroes have influenced social tastes. Together with characters common people started preferring pinot sort of wine
22
and refusing to drink merlot. The metaphor reveals the
instruction or the way of formation of certain opinions of
common people and how this system of judgments can
affect the rates of wine industry just because there are a
lot of unconscious followers of The Sideways readers.
Yet, examples of techs pinkification persist. In February, at a Harvard event designed to get women interested in computer science, sponsor Goldman Sachs handed
out cosmetic mirrors and nail files The San Francisco
Chronicle (California), July 6, 2014. A vocative statement
that is to engage women into serious business and to form
their clear awareness of hard but necessary job by using
pink color associated and attracted by female. Yet, pinkification (n) is some kind of attempt to make something
that is traditionally masculine more interesting or appealing to women by associating it with stereotypically feminine traits or ideas.
Legalities and market demand aside, the app is plain
ol mean-spirited, as a privatization of a public service.
The hashtag for this sort of thing is #JerkTech Boston.com, July 16, 2014. Jerktech (n) is the very apt metaphor for the class of disruptive startups that sell things
that do not belong to them, like parking spots and restaurant reservations, simply raising the prices of them and
making access to public resources a factor of your disposable income [wordspy.com]. Antisocial behavior of
smart people causes a wave of indignation and forces
media to interrogate upon the provocative question or
situation whether it is good to resell the booking of something or it is a swindling.
There were smaller statements of support of the
French people in the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo
shootings, too, most notably the JeSuisCharlie button
Amal Clooney pinned to her satin Dior clutch Los Angeles Times, January 12, 2015. Or A trendy London hotel
has been accused of using the Paris killings to promote its
business after using the JesuisCharlieto unveil plans
for a branch in the French capital London Evening
Standard, January 12, 2015. JeSuisCharlie is a metaphoric expression (identifying oneself with the victims of
the tragedy or with the nation that grieves for the dead) of
support for freedom of speech, freedom of press, and
freedom from any terror, particularly as a reaction to the
January 7, 2015 attack on the French publisher Charlie
Hebdo for its caricature. Another collocation was immediately coined by analogy JeSuisVolnovakha to support Ukrainians that suffer from terrorist attacks on the
East of the country and to say sorry for the death of
civilians after the shelling of the bus in Volnovakha on
January 13, 2015. It is a call for support and compassion
and the conviction of any illegal inhumane deeds.
What is zero-tasking? It means being, not doing. It
means taking those 60 minutes and just doing nothing.
Simply rest, relax, de-stress and de-load (the opposite of
overload). It means just breathing in and out, over and
overand marveling at the fact that you can breathe, that
you are alive, that you are here Make a Change Blog,
November 3, 2013. I will use P. MacFedries accurate
notes on this metaphor Zero-Tasking Day is when were
supposed to use an extra hour not to perform more chores
or check more feeds or see more people instead of relaxing
and simply doing nothing. Of course, in the recent experi-
ment where some people got to choose between sitting and

doing nothing and giving themselves electric shocks, twothirds of men and a quarter of women chose the electric
shocks. According to the study, even older people did not
show any particular fondness for being alone thinking.
And these were people being asked to do nothing for between six and 15 minutes. Who knows what theyd do to
themselves if you asked them to be alone with their
thoughts for a whole hour! Maybe all this just proves that
now we need Zero-Tasking Day more than ever [wordspy.com]. It is a kind of request and invitation to zero
task for people who are deep in their chores and workload
and cannot afford or imagine themselves doing nothing: in
this formulation they should do a task to do nothing;
think about people or relations instead of problems.
There is also one more similar metaphor coined digital detox (n). Ive chosen this somewhat humourless
way of celebrating to road-test the latest travel fad: the
digital detox. In this age of information overload, holidaymakers increasingly prefer a break from the treadmill
of technological lives filled with 24/7 notifications and
spam The Guardian (London), January 18, 2015. Or If
you are looking for a resort that respects your need for
digital detox there are many that specifically request that
should you bring your mobile phones and laptops that you
do not use them in public places The Sydney Morning
Herald, March 11, 2013. In this communicative situation
the need for detoxication means the time spent away from
computers and other digital devices. Comparing with
pragmatic use of the previous metaphor this one also
means an ask to repose and free oneself from computer
work for some period.
Nose-to-tail is the basis of traditional European cuisine and the cooking styles of most indigenous populations on Earth. If youre going to bother to hunt and
slaughter an animal for food, then every single edible
piece of the animal, from its nose to its tail, gets used
somehow, some way Prince George Citizen (British
Columbia), June 17, 2014. This expression uses metaphor
that somehow bans (puts an interdiction) an idea that animals can be killed just for fur or liver and points the justification of this case in the only way of using meat and
other parts efficiently and completely.
Contextual situations above also testify that the most
active target domains that use metaphoric naming are
computer technology, everyday lifestyle, films and their
influence, women, terror, human consume of products and
time spending.
In conclusion, we can confirm that metaphor is a trope
that introduces complicated or new concepts in terms of
more familiar notions by transferring a known name on
the brandy complex phenomena on the basis of associations or certain common features. Such situations of comparison may be different to various groups of people or
even personalities causing the emergence of extra meanings or connotative senses. As the sphere of mass media is
the first source of information and sharing opinions it is
ideal for manipulating beliefs of the audience. The use of
metaphors in media context rises the pragmatic potential
to influence people. Thus, the metaphor has three main
functions in context: to name notions, to shape them into
familiar cognitive frames and to change the way people
perceive the world.
23
Transformation of the media material in order to manage
and regulate the ideas of the audience has many shades
depending on the aims of the journalist (their personal or
wished on). The manipulative use of metaphors in contextual media situations may obtain a form of prevention,
warning, prohibition, request, finding confidence, com-
passion, disapproval, agreement, promise, recommendations, call for understanding, appeal, etc.
The question of metaphor is extremely broad and covers many other aspects of interpreting information,
which leads to the relevance of further study of metaphor
use in mass media.

1. Bougher L.D. The case for metaphor in political reasoning and 7. Arutiunova N.D. Metaphor and Discourse / N.D. Arutiunova //
cognition // Political Psychology. - 2012. - 33(1). - P. 145-163.
introduction to col.: Theory of metaphor. - Moscow: Progress,
2. Gabbay D.M., Woods J. Fallacies as cognitive virtues. Logic,
1990. - P. 5-32.
Epistemology, and the Unity of Science [in O. Majer et al. 8. Bessarabova N.D. Figurative and expressive possibilities of metaphors in journalese speech: dis. Cand. Philol. Sc. / N.D. Bes(Eds.)] // Games : Unifying logic, language, and philosophy.
sarabova. - M., 1985. - 24 p.
2009. Vol.I. 1(5). P.57-98.
3. Lakoff G. The political mind: Why you cant understand 21st 9. Dotsenko E.L. Psychology manipulation: phenomena, mechanisms and protection / E.L. Dotsenko. - M.: TOO "Cheraw":
century politics with an 18th-century brain / New York : ViMGU, 1996. - 342 p.
king Penguin, 2008. P.231.
4. Sahlane A. Metaphor as rhetoric: newspaper Op/Ed debate of 10. Rykova O.A. The metaphor of text as a way to manipulative
function text (based on German Yazikov): dis. Cand. Philol.
the prelude to the 2003 Iraq War // Critical Discourse Studies.
Sc. / O.A. Rykov. - Kursk: KSU, 2003. - 163 p.
2013. Vol. 10. No. 2. P.154-171.
5. Van Eemeren F.H. In context: Giving contextualization its right- 11. Telia V.N. Metaphor as a model smysloproizvodstva and its
expressive evaluation function / V.N. Telia // metaphor in
ful place in the study of argumentation // Argumentation.
language and text. - Moscow: Nauka, 1988. - P. 26-50.
2011. No 25. P.141 161.
6. Arnold I.V. The style of modern English language: Manual /
I.V. Arnold. - LA: Education, 1981. - 295 p.
OTHER RESOURCES
1. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metaphor
2. http://literarydevices.net/metaphor/
3. http://wordspy.com/index.php?page=about
.. -
. .
: , . - ,
.
, , , , , , , , , , . .
: , , , , ,
24
Sivkov I.V.
Realization of notion heart in Arabic
__________________________________________
Sivkov Ivan Viktorovich, CSc in Philology, Associated professor, Department of Middle East Studies
Institute of Philology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
Abstract. This article continues the examination of lexical realization of notion heart in Arabic through the prism of etymological,
semantic and derivational study of Arabic somatic term fud heart. The etymological relation between this lexical unit and its Semitic cognates is defined on the basis of examination of CS etymological dictionaries. Its semantic field is thoroughly studied and
connections between its direct and figurative values are established. The comparative study of semantic field of fud and its synonym qalb was carried out and derivational valence of somatic term fud heart and common semantics of its denominative derivatives are examined on the basis of materials of classical and modern Arabic explanatory dictionaries. A stock of somatic idioms with
fud as its core component is structurally and semantically studied.
Keywords: somatic, lexeme (lexical unit), lemma, idiom (phraseological unit), semantics, value, etymology, derivation
Sense development heart > feeling, emotion may be

motivated by metaphoric extension (the heart was long
identified as the seat of emotion and feelings) [Sivkov
2014b, 19].
It is stated that due to its pulsation and commotion, the
heart is said to be called al-qalb from al-taqallub1.
Somatic term fud has two values:
1. The heart [Lane, VI, 2323]
This value of fud is broadly attested in the Qurn
(e.g. XVII; 36):
Inna al-sama wa al-baara wa al-fuda kullu lika
kna anhu maslan Verily! The hearing, and the sight,
and the heart, of each of those one will be questioned (by
Allh) [Translation, 373].
According with [Lane, VI, 2323] Arabic lemma fud
(synonymous to qalb) is derived from fad (vn. from vb. I
faada) with the primary value motion and the putting
in motion [TA, VIII, 476] (see below). It is so called
because of its tafaud i.e. tawaqqud (ardor; pulsation,
commotion; vn. tafaada i.q. tawaqqada it burned,
burned up, burned brightly or fiercely, blazed, or flamed
(when said of fuel); it became excited with ardor, or eagerness (when said of the heart); i.q. taarraqa it burned
much or i.q. taarraka it was, or became, in a state of
motion, or commotion).
As indicated in [Lane, VI, 2323-2324, VII, 2553], most
authors make a distinction between fud and qalb; the
latter of which is said to have a more special signification
than the former and the former is said to be the pericardium (i al-qalb [LA, 3334; TA, VIII, 477], wi alqalb [TA, VIII, 477]), or the middle thereof (wasauhu)
[LA, 3334], or the interior thereof (dhil al-qalb [TA,
VIII, 477]), or fud signifies m yataallaq bi-l-mar
min kabid wa ria wa qalb the appendages of the oesophagus, consisting of the liver and lungs and the heart
[QM, 305; TA, VIII, 476], or qalb is a lump of flesh
(mua), pertaining to fud, suspended to niy the
suspensory of the heart (a vein, or a thick vein [app. the
ascending aorta,] by which the heart is suspended from or
to, the watn [which seems to signify the descending aorta, or the aorta altogether] the cutting, or severing, of
which causes death) [Lane, VIII, 2868-2869; TA, VIII,
477; TL, IX, 172 (qlb) (with reference to al-Lays).
Introduction. Materials of our article are built on study

of the realization of somatic terms as distinct lexicalsemantic group of Arabic language. As an example of
somatic lexemes a lexical unit fud heart and idioms
with it as key element are examined. This article continues our studies of Arabic somatic lexical-semantic group
[Sivkov 2013, 2014a, 2014b].
The term somatic is generally accepted in linguistic
studies to denote parts of human body. It is evident that
somatic lexicon is universal lexical-semantic group in any
language and a common object of study in different
branches of linguistic works. Somatic lexis has a complex
system of direct and figurative values and is highly productive in morphological and idiomatic derivation [Sivkov 2014b, 18].
In Arabic linguistics researches of somatic lexicon are
peripheral and unsystematic. The semantic- derivative
analysis of some Arabic somatic units (ra's head, jism,
jasad body, iba finger, mirfaq elbow, qalb heart)
was conducted [Sivkov 2013, 2014a, 2014b].
The etymology of the Arabic somatic term fud
heart is established in the Semitic etymological material
(e. g. [Semitic etymology]), but detailed study of its semantic development wasnt carried out.
The aim of our study is to analyze in details etymological, semantic and derivative aspects of the realization of
somatic term fud.
The materials of our study are:
1. Etymological and explanatory dictionaries of Semitic languages (namely CS, Ugaritic);
2. Arabic-English/Russian dictionaries;
The methods used in study of somatic term fud are
descriptive, comparative-historical and structural.
Our article continues multiple-aspect analysis of realization of notion heart in Arabic expressed by two synonymous lexemes qalb and fud. In previous issue we
prepared research on the etymological and semantic development of qalb [Sivkov 2014b].
In Arabic lexeme fud (pl. afida) has somatic value
heart.
On CS level (< PS *pVVd- heart) Arabic fud has
only one cognate (Ugaritic pid heart > feeling, emotion,
goodness (Ugaritic written in the syllabic tradition: the
element /pi?du/ in personal names); in the divine epithet il
d pid divine name, the dear, kind-hearted [DUL, 658]).
PS *pVVd- is very problematic due to its scarce evidence
(it is attested only in Ugaritic and Arabic) [SE, Number: 62].
q.v. [Lane, VI, 2323]. Tataqallabu fhi al-qulbu wa al-abru

In which the hearts and the eyes shall be in a state of
commotion, or agitation, by reason of fear, and impatience; the
hearts between safety and perdition, and the eyes between the
right side and the left [Qurn, XXIV; 37; Lane, VII, 2553].
25
1. He, or it, hit, struck, smote, affected, or hurt, his
fud heart, he hit, or smote, him, or shot, or shot at,
and hit, or smote, him (namely a gazelle), or an animal of
the chase in his fud. And, said of a disease, and of fear,
it smote, or affected, his fud (faada-hu al-hawf The
fear smote, or affected him; faada-hu ad-d The disease smote, or affected him), or, said of fear, it rendered
him cowardly. Its phonemic variant faida and passive
form fuida He had a disease in his fud, or he had a
complaint thereof, or he had a pain therein, or he was, or
became, hit, struck, smitten, affected, or hurt, therein
[Baranov, 578; Lane, VI, 2323].
2. He baked/toasted the bread in the hot ashes; He
roasted the meat in the fire [Lane, VI, 2323].
It is used as verbal component in the following phrases:
faada al-hubza/hubz (f-l-malla) He put the cake of
bread, or lump of dough, or the bread, into the hot ashes,
and baked it therein, or he toasted [or baked] the cake of
bread, or lump of dough, [or the bread] in the hot ashes
[Lane, VI, 2323; Mujam, 566];
faada li-l-hubza He made for the cake of bread, or
lump of dough, a place in the hot ashes, or in the fire to
put it therein [for the purpose of baking it] [Lane, VI,
2323];
faada al-lam (f-n-nr) He roasted the flesh-meat [in
the fire] [Baranov, 578; Lane, VI, 2323; Mujam, 566].
As being the verbal derivate, pp. from vb. I mafd has
two values of verb faada:
1. Hit, struck, smitten, affected, or hurt, in his fud;
smitten, or affected, by a disease therein, or by pain therein; A man without a heart, having no heart, weakhearted, a coward;
2. (applied to bread [or dough]) - Baked on the fire; put
into hot ashes; and baked therein; toasted [or baked] in hot
ashes; (applied to flesh-meat) Roasted on the fire, or
roasted upon live coals [Lane, VI, 2324; Mujam, 566];
fad fire [for baking etc.] and its word-formation
homonym with meaning of pp. from vb. I [Lane, VI,
2324; Mujam, 566];
ufd (pl. afd) (applied to bread [or dough]) Baked on the fire; put into hot ashes; and baked therein;
toasted [or baked] in hot ashes; A place which one
makes, for a cake of bread, or lump of dough, in hot ashes, or in fire, to put it therein [for the purpose of baking
it] [Lane, VI, 2324; Mujam, 566];
ni. mifad, mifada, mifd (pl. mafid) The iron instrument, with which flesh-meat is roasted, or with which
one roasts and bakes; The piece of wood, or wooden
implement, with which the fire in the kind of oven called
tannr is stirred [Lane, VI, 2324; Mujam, 566].
vb. V tafaada (see above):
tafaadat an-nr The fire blazed or flamed [Mujam,
566];
vb. VIII iftaada:
iftaada He lighted a fire for the purpose of roasting
[Lane, VI, 2323; Mujam, 566];
iftaada al-hubz He put the cake of bread, or lump of
dough, or the bread, into the hot ashes; and baked it therein, or he toasted [or baked] the cake of bread, or lump of
dough, [or the bread,] in the hot ashes [MW, 670];
iftaada al-lam (f-n-nr) He roasted the flesh-meat
[in the fire] [Lane, VI, 2323; Mujam, 566; MW, 670];
It is also pointed out in [Lane, VI, 2324] that some lexicographers say that qalb is abba [Lane, II, 497; LA, 3334;
TA, VIII, 477] or suwayd [Lane, IV, 1462] the core of
the heart (fud), the black, or inner, part of the heart, or a
black thing in the heart, or the black clot of blood that is
within the heart, or the hearts blood. But they in the same
time give idioms abba al-qalb [Lane, II, 497; LA, 745]
and suwayd (diminutive form from sawd) (sawd,
sawdiyy, aswad, sawd) al-qalb the core of the heart
(fud), the black, or inner, part of the heart, or a black
thing in the heart, or the black clot of blood that is within
the heart, or the hearts blood [Lane, IV, 1462; LA, 2143],
that may prove the absolute semantic identity of each element of synonymous pair fud and qalb and refute the
general view of classical philologists and lexicographers of
fud and qalb as notionally synonymous but semantically
heterogeneous and distinct lexemes.
This subtle semantic distinction may be considered artificial and far-fetched and should be observed within the
framework of a general trend of classical lexicographers
to give distinct lexical meaning to synonymous words (alfurq al-luawiyya) to repudiate the idea of existence of
the phenomenon of synonymy in Arabic. But this way of
denial of synonymy was proved to be untenable and
groundless and was taken ironically even by their contemporaries as strange [Belkin 1975, 148-149].
2. The mind, or intellect [Lane, VI, 2323]
The semantic shift heart > mind, intellect is caused
by metaphoric extension (the heart is identified as the seat
of mind and intellect)2 [Sivkov 2014b, 19].
This lexeme is productive in somatic phraseological
derivation. It forms a stock of somatic idioms that denote
following concepts:
mind (intellect):
add al-fud Sharp, or acute, in mind, applied to a
man, and sharp in spirit, applied to a beast [Lane, III,
1188, VI, 2324];
faras add al-fud A mare sharp in spirit [Lane, VI,
2324];
ruw/ruwa al-fud (she-camel) a quick, spirited,
vigorous, sharp in spirit [Lane, III, 1188, VI, 2324];
rji al-fud man of great intellect; very clever man
[MLAM, 1659];
emotional condition:
fri al-fud The heart, or mind of somebody became
devoid of anxiety or He is in bad condition from
Qurnic verse Wa abaa fudu ummi Ms frian
And the heart of the mother of Ms (Moses) became
empty [from every thought, except the thought of Ms
(Moses)] [Qurn, XXVIII, 10; Translation, 517];
ra fudu-hu His mind or intellect, fled, and his
courage [Lane, VI, 2324];
af al-fud Coward [LA, 3334].
mi al-fud bad-hearted (man) [MLAM, I: 560;
FD: 136].
Somatic lemma fud may be regarded as derivational
source of following denominative verbs and its nominal
derivatives:
vb. I faada has two values:
cf. sense development heart > feeling, emotion.
26
muftaad pp. from vb. VIII (synonymous to mafd)
and its word-formation homonym muftaad np. from vb.
VIII place of fuel; a place in which a fire is lighted for
roasting [Lane, VI, 2324; Mujam, 566].
All denominative nominal and verbal derivatives of the
somatic unit fud show following values:
1. hitting, striking, smitting, affecting, or hurting, somebodys fud heart;
2. ardor, eagerness; pulsation, commotion;
3. fire, burning, burning up, burning brightly, blazing,
flaming; baking, toasting of cake of bread in the hot
ashes, roasting of meat in the fire.
Value 1 is clearly denominative and expresses the
making or doing of, or being occupied with the thing expressed by the noun from which it is derived: heart > to
hit, strike, smite, affect, or hurt the heart.
Group of values 2-3 may be taken as semantic derivative of somatic heart on metaphoric basis:
heart > 1) pulsation, commotion; ardor, eagerness,
passion; 2) fire, burning, blazing, flaming; 3) baking,
roasting. First semantic group convey the notion of pulsation of blood in heart. Second group employs heart as
symbolic source of emanation of strong emotions. Third

group is united around the notion of fire symbolically
connected with heart on the emotional basis (q.v. semantic group 2).
Conclusions. The multiple-level (etymological, semantic and derivational) study of Arabic somatic lexeme
fud heart gives us the possibility to state that:
1. The somatic lexeme fud cannot be considered to be
the part of CS lexical stock due to the fact that it has cognate only in Ugaritic pid heart > feeling, emotion,
goodness. Thus, PS *pVVd- is very problematic due to its
scarce evidence (it is attested only in Ugaritic and Arabic).
2. Somatic lexical unit fud is absolute synonymous to
qalb despite the fact that about all of the classical Arabic
lexicographers suppose certain semantic inconsistencies
between them.
3. Arabic fud is source of denominative verbal and
nominal derivatives with common metaphorical values
pulsation, commotion; ardor, eagerness, passion; fire,
burning, blazing, flaming; baking, roasting. Also it constitutes a group of idioms that metaphorically denote such a
notions as mind (intellect); emotional condition.
ABBREVIATIONS
CS Common Semitic
DUL G. del Olmo Lete, J. Sanmartn. A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition, Leiden Boston, 2003.
FD Hava J.G. Al-Farid ad-durriyya f-l-luatayn al-arabiyya wa-l-inklziyya. Arabic-English dictionary for the use of students.
- Beyrut: Catholic press, 1899.
LA Ibn Manr. Lisn al-Arab. al-Qhira: Dr al-Marif.
MLAM Mujam al-lua al-arabiyya al-muira. al-Qhira, lam al-kutub, 2008
MW al-Mujam al-Was. - Maktaba al-urq al-dawliyya, 2004
ni. the noun of instrument (ism al-la)
np. the noun of place (ism al-makn)
pp. passive participle (ism al-mafl)
PS Proto-Semitic
QM al-Frzbd, Majd ad-dn Muammad Ibn Yaqb. al-Qms al-mu. Bayrt, Muassasa ar-Risla, 2005
SE The Tower of Babel. An Etymological Database Project. Databases. Semitic etymology // http://starling.rinet.ru/cgibin/query.cgi?basename=\data\semham\semet&root=config&morpho=0
TA al-usayn az-Zabd, as-Sayyid Muammad Murta. Tj al-ars min jawhir al-qms. Mabaa ukma al-Kuwayt
TL al-Azhar, Ab Manr Muammad Ibn Amad. Tahzb al-Lua. al-Dr al-Miriyya li-t-talf wa-t-tarjama
vb. verb (al-fil)
vn. verbal noun (al-madar)
1. Baranov Kh.K. An Arabic-Russian Dictionary. Moscow,
A. Krymskiy of NAS of Ukraine, 2014 Vyp. 65 66. - P. 120
1996.
- 125.
2. Belkin V.M. An Arabic lexicology. Moscow, 1975.
5. Sivkov I.V. Somatic lexeme qalb heart in Arabic: etymologi3. Sivkov I.V. Somatic lexemes in multisystem languages: semancal and derivational analysis // Science and Education a New
tic-derivational, nomination and etymological aspect (on the
Dimension. Philology, II(7), Issue: 34, 2014. pp. 18 20.
materials of Arabic, Hebrew, English, Ukrainian and Russian 6. E.W. Lane. Arabic-English Lexicon. London, 1867.
languages ) // Institute of Oriental Studies n.a. A. Krym-skiy of 7. Malf Luws. al-Munid f-l-lua. Bayrt: Dr al-mariq, 1996.
NAS of Ukraine, 2013 - 2 - 3. - P. 119-125.
8. Muhmmad Taq ad-Dn al-Hill, Muhmmad Muhin Khn.
4. Sivkov I.V. Somatic lexis in Arabic, Hebrew, English, and
Translation of the meanings of the Noble Quran in the English
Ukrainian languages (structural-semantic and etymological aslanguage. al-Madna al-Munawwara: Mujamma al-Malik
pect) // Orientalism. Kyiv: Institute of Oriental Studies n.a.
Fahd li-Tba al-Musf al-Sharf, 1418 [1997].
..
. , fud . . . qalb. fud
.
- fud .
: , ( ), , ( ), , , ,
27
Vanivska O.I.
Noncategorial Means of the Finite Aspectual Meaning Expression (based on the BNC)
Olga Vanivska, PhD in Philology, Associate professor of the Foreign Languages Department
Lviv Academy of Commerce, Lviv, Ukraine
Abstract. The article deals with the noncategorial or lexical means of the finite aspectual meaning expression, i.e. varieties of postpositives and phrasal verbs. The variation of the phrasal verbs in different genres of written and spoken speech is observed. Also the
frequency of the usage of these lexical means by different categories of speakers (children, teenagers, adults) is analyzed. The changes in the usage of complex tense forms are discovered. The topicality of our investigation concerns the necessity to study actual usage
of various means of aspectual meanings expressions, including phrasal verbs in authentic language, their variability in different genres and registers, frequency and ergonomic aspects.
Keywords: aspectual meaning, finite, genre, lexical (noncategorial) means, phrasal verbs, postpositives
Aspect - a grammatical category of the verb, which indicates "how time flows or how the situation is distributed
over time" (A.M Peshkovski). Unlike the category of
time, the aspect is not associated with the deictic temporal
localization of activities but with its internal "time frame",
with the way it is interpreted by the speaker. In different
languages category of aspect is characterized by the diversity of both the internal (synthetic and analytic) forms
of expression, and by the table of contents [7, p. 83]. In
English, aspect concerns mainly how the speaker perceives time (flow) events and how different events relate
to each other in time [9, p. 223].
George Kerm in his work The Grammar of English
Language (1931), in the chapter about the verb, expressed the idea that in English language there is a category of aspect: durative, inchoative and effective (finite).
But his concept was just partially accepted. Read on, play
on the expression of duration; up, down, out, off, in in
many cases stand for the expression of the inchoative aspect (inchoativeness); and in the other cases with such
elements as through, out, up, off the expression of
boundedness. Particles may have not just direct meaning,
but also abstractive distant meaning. For example eat up
expresses boundedness in an abstractive way [11].
The aspectual meaning of the verb may be inbuilt in
the semantic structure of the verb itself or may be presented in the other grammatical categories [2, p. 155]. The
universal form of the boundedness expression, which is
closely connected with aspectuality, are local elements
postpositives (the term was suggested by N.N. Amosova
[1, p. 131-135]).
Later on the other scientists made some interesting observations concerning the boundedness. For example,
M.G. Ignatieva suggested that transitiveness, which locate
the action in the object, limits this action, although
boundedness as a peculiarity of action/process is only in
the semantics of the verb [3, p. 28-31]. After some period
of time there appeared lots of works in which scientists
put forward the inventory of the means of some aspectual
meanings expression [8].
The aim of the article is the research of phrasal verbs
as categorical (lexical) means which express finite aspectual meaning and analyze their usage in different genres
of spoken and written speech. The object of the investigation is the learning of phrasal verbs which express finite
aspectual meaning and the subject phrasal verbs which
express the necessary aspectual meaning. The material of
our study includes dictionaries of phrasal verbs and the
BNC (version 2007).
It is vital to submit that we take into consideration the ideas

presented by G.O. Zhluktenko. In the works of this famous
philologist there is presented the list of postpositive particles which may express different meanings [4, 5, 6], thus
we are interested only in those by means of which the finite
aspectual meaning may be expressed. They are: up, out, off.
Accordingly, we were using phrasal verbs dictionaries
discovering the meaning of phrasal verbs and finally
weve chosen those that express the finite aspectual meaning [10; 12]. There are lots of such phrasal verbs (in
brackets there is given the quantitative information of the
phrasal verbs usage): blank out (16), block out (50), blot
out (51) to deliberately stop yourself thinking about
something or someone, because it is too painful or it upsets you to think about them; branch off (18), turn off
(244) to leave the main road and turn onto a smaller
one; break down (634), go off (677) to stop working;
break off (118) if talks between people, countries, etc.
stop suddenly before they have finished; call off (68) to
stop an event that has been arranged from taking place,
especially because of a problem; cast off (142) to finish
something you have been knitting by taking the last
stitches off the needle in a way that stops it from coming
undone; finish work; come off (593) 1) to stop being
connected to something or to stop sticking to something;
2) to stop taking drugs, medicines, or alcohol; cool off
(38) to stop feeling attracted to someone; cut off (1134)
to stop the supply of electricity, gas, water, money, or
goods from getting to a place; cut out (864) to stop eating, drinking, smoking etc something, especially in order
to improve your health or lose weight; drift off (34) to
stop listening or paying attention to someone or something; dry out (132) to stop being an alcoholic; fade out
(16) to gradually disappear or stop happening; finish up
(116 ) to arrive or end at a
particular place, after going to other places first; finish off
(166); get off (863) 1) to stop being dependent on something that you used to have regularly; 2) to stop talking
about a subject and talk about something else; give up
(1717) to stop doing something that you did regularly,
for example a gob or a sport ; to stop smoking, drinking
etc; go off (677) to stop liking someone or something
that you used to like; when food stops to be good for eating; hang up (86), ring off (21) to end a telephone conversation by putting the part of the telephone that you
speak into back in its usual place; knock off (42) to stop
working because it is time to go home, have your midday
meal etc; lay off (112) to stop doing or having something, especially in order to rest or because it may have a
bad effect on your health; leave off (33) to stop doing
28
something; move out (308) to stop living in a particular
apartment, house or area; pass away (21) to disappear or
stop existing; poop out (0), drop out (179) to stop doing
something because you are too tired; shut off (66), turn off
(244), switch off (253) to turn something off to stop it
working; shut up (1277) to stop talking, or to make
someone stop talking; sign off (26) to finish doing
something, especially after you have been doing it for a
long time; take off (682) to stop someone from doing a
particular type of work, usually because they are doing
something badly; to leave; if you take off your clothes
you become naked; use up (162) to use all of something
so that there is none left; wash off (33)/away (40) to
remove something using water or some other liquid; eat
up (89) to finish eating, etc. For example: This sight
encouraged Sid and I to increase our efforts to finish off
our double trench. Additionally he will sign off client
reports. He tells her to shut up. Don't you ever switch
off? I've cut out the crisps, and that's not been easy. The
activated lymphocytes are able to use up glucose extremely quickly. It can eat up your very essence. Turn off
the tap, then restore the water supply to the tap. I asked
her to move out at once. But don't take off, mind, while
I'm getting it for you! You then knit two rows, and cast
off using the linker.
As far as the most typical tense forms are Simple tense
forms, Present Simple, Past Simple, weve analyzed
thoroughly the usage of those phrasal verbs in these tense
forms. It is important to submit that almost all phrasal
verbs are used both in written and in spoken language.
Weve also seen that phrasal verbs are often used in Passive voice, for example: The short-term objectives for
instruction in online information retrieval, for end-user
and intermediaries, are set out in a user-orientated manner in table 3. A host of new opportunities were opened
up, once again revitalising the market.
We have to underline that weve chosen the most frequently used phrasal verbs which express the finite aspectual meaning and in details analyzed their usage both in
written language and in speech (in brackets there is given
the quantitative information of the phrasal verbs usage):
give up (1717), shut up (1277), cut off (1134), cut out
(864), take off (682), get off (863), go off (677), break
down (634), come off (593), move out (308), switch off
(253), turn off (244), drop out (179), finish off (166), use
up (162), cast off (142), dry out (132), break off (118),
finish up (116). : My alarm clock didn't go
off. Oh shut up! yelled Jo. The activated lymphocytes
are able to use up glucose extremely quickly. Anyway I'll
better get off. It's gonna come off.
The aforementioned phrasal verbs are often used both
in written language and in speech. Its vital to submit that
the most typical and ergonomic phrasal verbs as the
means of the finite aspectual meaning expression in everyday English (in speech) are the following: shut up, get
off, go off, come off (all of them, except finish up, are
mostly used in Present Simple, and less used in Past Simple). But after analyzing the phrasal verbs take off, go off,
move out, switch off, turn off, drop out, use up, break off,
finish up weve revealed that, unlike the above written,
these are more often used in Past Simple, than in Present
Simple. For example: So they all went off to lunch with
the mayor, while a messenger was sent to the Registrar of
Births, Marriages and Deaths to get the necessary information. His Dad turned off the road they were in, into
one lined with trees. The doctor finished and cut off the
end of the tape neatly. She broke off, wiping her eyes.
The common feature between all these before mentioned phrasal verbs of the finite aspectual meaning expression is that almost all of them are most often used in
fiction and verse. Besides, such phrasal verbs as give up,
cut off, cut out, move out, drop out, use up, break off are
also often used in nonacademic prose and bibliography.
The phrasal verbs which express the finite aspectual
meaning are also wide spread in newspapers and other
published materials.
If to speak about the spoken language those phrasal
verbs, except everyday English, are also used in the
sphere of leisure time and education; but they are less
used in the business area and hardly used in the institutional sphere.
The division of the usage of such phrasal verbs according to the age characteristics shows that, naturally, the
primary position is occupied by adults. But there is the
interesting fact that some of the phrasal verbs are more
often used by children and not by teenagers shut up, cut
out, including tense forms went off, switched off, turned
off, broke off.
If to compare the usage of the phrasal verbs which express the finite aspectual meaning by men and women, it
was noticed that in most cases women use them more
often than men, except such as drop out, finished off.
It is important to emphasize that the most typical and
ergonomic phrasal verbs which are the means of the finite
aspectual meaning expression are those which consist of
the most frequently used and typical verbs, such as go,
get, give: Shut up! Get off my desk! Any idiot can go
off and do that. So she could come off the lead. Can you
finish up here? she asked.
The facts of the usage of phrasal verbs in the modern
English language show that the absolute majority of the
usage of these units is in the Present Simple and Past
Simple tense forms. The comparisons of the other quantitative data are insignificant.
Although the phrasal verbs do have a reputation of oral
speech attributes, the majority of them are in the speech
of adults. Obviously, the small number of tokens in the
speech of children and adolescents indicates that the corresponding component of linguistic and communicative
competence is formed later.

1. Amosova N. Fundamentals of English phraseology / N.N. Amoand their linguistic realization. - L .: LGPI im.Gertsena, 1989.
sova. - L., 1963. - 250 p.
- P. 28-32.
2. Bloch M.Ya. The theory of English grammar / M.Ya. Bloh. - 4. Zhluktenko Yu.O. On the so-called compound verbs such as
M.: Higher School. - 1983. - 383 p.
stand up in sovtemennom English / Yu.O. Zhluktenko //
3. Ignatieva M.G. Implementation of the categorical variable
Questions of linguistics. - K., 1954. - 5. - P. 105-113.
Limit / unsaturated and transitional / intransitivity in the past
participles of time / M.G. Ignatieva // conceptual categories
29
5. Zhluktenko Yu.O. Post-positional verb prefixes in Modern
English: Abstr. dis. cand. philol. sc. specials. 10.02.04 "Philology" / Yu.O. Zhluktenko. - Kyiv, 1953. 17 p.
6. Zhluktenko Yu.O. The mobility component II English verb
type units stand up / Yu.O. Zhluktenko // Problems in the
theory of the English language. - K., 1958. - 10. - P. 113124.
7. Maslov Yu.S. Aspectology / Yu.S. Maslov // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary [ed. V.N. Yartseva]. - Moscow: Soviet
Encyclopedia, 1990. 685 p.
8. Tlunova S.P. Ways of expressing the phase values in the English and Russian languages: [Textbooks on a special course] /
S.P. Tlunova. - Kemerovo Kemer. Stata Un-ty, 1986. - 84 p.
9. Carter R., McCarthy M. Cambridge Grammar of English. A

Comprehensive guide. Spoken and Written English Grammar
and Usage / Roland Carter, Michael McCarthy. Cambridge,
2006. 973 p.
10. Courtney R. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs: The learners guide to two-word verbs / Rosemary Courtney. Longman
Group Limited. 1983. 734 p.
11. Curme G. A Grammar of the English language / G. Curme.
London, 1931. Vol. III. Syntax. 616 p.
12. Longman Phrasal Verbs Dictionary: over 5000 phrasal verbs.
Pearson Education Limited, 2000. 608 p.
.. .
( )
. ,
.
.
(, , ).
. () , , , , , .
: , , , () , ,

30
Voskres A.A.
Manner category in Old English language and texts
_________________________________________
Voskres Anna Anatoliivna, researcher
Kyiv National Linguistic University, Kyiv, Ukraine
Abstract. The article deals with the system of manner adverbials in Old English language and their usage in Old English texts. Manner adverbials in language reflect the objective category of manner, characterizing this or that action. It makes up a generalized functional semantic field which includes manner adverbials of different structure and senantics. Old English texts demonstrate that in
Early Old English manner adverbials were not very numerous, which is proved by the quantatitive analysis of these texts. The article
presents the system of structural classes and semantic groups of manner adverbials during two subperiods of the development of Old
English language. The results of the analysis of different texts have shown that manner category during the Old English period developed from adverbials of simple structure in Early Old English to more complicated structure in Late Old English. In the whole
manner adverbials as to their structure can be treated as simplexes (primary adverbs), derivatives, phrasal and clausal constructions.
As to their meaning, manner adverbials gradually widen their semantics at the expense of the appearance of new semantic groups:
axiological adverbs, reinterpreted phrases, comparative clauses etc. In addition to that, the number of manner adverbials rapidly
grows in Late Old English in comparison with Early Old English, which is proved by the research of quantitative and qualititative
data of manner adverbials in texts of different subperiods and genres.
Keywords: manner adverbials, objective category of manner, simplexes, derivatives, phrasal, clausal constructions; axiological
adverbs, reinterpreted phrases, comparative clauses
Manner adverbials are understood by us as linguistic units

belonging to different structural levels but fulfilling the
same function that of manner of action. Thus, manner
adverbials include, alongside with adverbs of manner,
also other means such as phraseological units rendering
the meaning of manner and also adverbial clauses of the
same function. Up to now the problem of manner adverbials was not fully resolved because its studies were restricted mainly by the typological class of linguistic units
known in different languages under the term of adverbs
[1, 2, 3, 4 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 23, 24, 25,]. Only some
scholars were interested in the units which fulfill the same
function (manner of action) but are represented by different structures [7, 13, 31]. Other researchers touched upon
the units which can be termed as adverbials but in connection with other grammatical functions, such as comparison [19] or the category of intensification [26, 28].
The purpose of the article is the analysis of adverbials
as the system in Old English and its functioning in Old
English texts. The system of adverbials can be viewed
from the point of structure and meaning. Text analysis
will be executed in two directions quantitative and qualitative. Methodology on which the research is based comprises structural analysis of adverbials [21, 23,], field
analysis [22, 30, 31], functional semantic analysis [12],
text analysis [18, 20, 25], cognitive analysis [6, 14, 15],
diachronic and synchronic analysis [32], quantitative
methods [33]. In general, it may be said that the system of
adverbials is analysed through the usage, or in other
wordsfrom the usage (in texts) to the system (in language). The research was realized on the basis of twentytwo Old English texts. Combining diachronic and synchronical analyses has brought about the necessity to
subdivide all the texts into two groups correlated with two
time periodsearlier and later. Thus we discern Early Old
English subperiod (VIII-IXcc.) and Late Old English
period (X-XIcc.). The texts are subdivided correspondingly into Early Old English and Late Old English texts. In
this article the analysis is done on the basis of the most
important Old English texts: Beowulf, Genesis A, Old
English Chronicle (VIII IX centuries), Pastoral Care and
Kings lfreds Orosius. Late Old English texts are represented by Chronicle (X-XI centuries), Genesis B,
Psalms, Sermo Lupi ad Anglos. As can be seen from the

names of the texts each subperiod includes texts of different genres.
The analysis of the above mentioned texts expose
structural and semantics characteristics of manner adverbials. Practically, the Old English system of adverbials
includes the following manner adverbial structures (MA):
primary MA (simplexes) marked as A; derivative MA
with the suffix (-e) marked as A-e; derivative MA with
suffix (-lice) A-lice; degree MA A-or/ost; modus MA
A-agent/modus; phrasal MA: case MAA-um; prepositional MA marked as mid A; clausal MA marked as
swa A. The latter can be represented by variant structures:
S1 swa S2; S1 swa swa S2; S1 swaswa S2. All these
structures have the same function and enter a general field
of manner of action.
Manner of action can be represented by different
shades of meaning. It is possible to say that all the manner
adverbials can be distributed into a definite number of
semantic classes. Semantic analysis made it possible to
state the existence of the following groups of manner
adverbials: nominative classes which are represented
mostly by different kinds of adverbs: physical-aspect
adverbs, meta-aspect adverbs, intensifying adverbs, degree adverbs, also modus, emotive-axiological, modalaxiological adverbs. The next group is represented by
phrasal manner adverbials which developed on the basis
of reinterpretation of case forms and prepositional phrases
turning them into manner adverbials. Rather large class is
made by clausal manner adverbials which can be termed
as comparative manner adverbials and subdivided into
four semantic subgroups: empirical, deontological / reasonary, artistic and metaphorical. Each class is characterized by its own specific semantics within the frame of one
and the same function. All the structures, having different
semantics, make up a monocentric functional semantic
field of manner of action which refrects the linguistic
system of manner category in the Old English language.
Text analysis is supposed to make it possible to research the establishing and development of manner category through the Old English period. Such development
in different subperiods can be characterized on the basis
of two approaches quantitative and qualitative. The
31
quantitative data may be represented by the proportion of
the density of manner adverbs in relation to the number of
stipulated lines. Thus, the counts have shown that the
density of manner adverbs in the earliest Old English
texts belonging to the eighth century (Chronicle VIIIc.)
can be reflected by the proportion 1:29. The quantitative
growth of the number of manner adverbs in Early Old
English can be proved by the change of density from 1:29
(as mentioned above) to 1:5 (the average proportion of
adverbs in stipulated lines through all the texts referring
to Old English period) by the end of the ninth century.
The Late Old English subperiod is characterized by futher quantitative and qualitative changes. Thus, if the
maximum proportion of the usage of manner adverbials in
Early Old English period as 1:5, the proportion of manner
adverbials in Late Old English texts growth up to 1:2
which means that every two average lines contain at least
one manner adverb. This change illustrates the crucial
growth of the use of manner adverbials as of textsbuilding means. The category of manner of action begings
to play a very important role in the Late Old English texts.
The qualitative changes can be demonstrated by specification of manner semantics: if in early texts of the Early
Old English period the main semantic classes were repre-
sented mostly by physical-aspect, meta-aspect and intensifying manner adverbs, in later texts there appear new
semantic classes of manner adverbials: axiological (modal
and emotional); modus manner adverbials, which reflect a
close relation of the manner of action with the agent of
action; prepositional (reinterpreted) phrases which became widely used in lately periods. The development of
comparative manner adverbials is characterized by different tendencies: if empirical comparative adverbials of
manner become not so widely used as in the previous
periods, the metaphorical comparative adverbial clauses
grow in number. One more peculiarity of comparative
manner clauses is gradual disappearance of the conjuction
swa which in later periods of the development of the
English language (in Middle English) will be substituted
for the conjunction as.
In conclusion it is possible to state that the category of
manner in the Old English language was not widely developed, which is proved by the fact that manner adverbials are rather rare in the texts of the eighth century but the
number of manner adverbials rapidly grows in the late
Old English subperiod, especially after the appearance of
Kings lfreds works and wide dissemination of sacral
texts.

1. Close R.A. A Reference Grammar for Students of English / 13. Dyshleva S.M. Adverbialna distribution of lexical and gramR.A. Close. London : Longman, 1975. 348 p.
matical groups of Ukrainian verbs: Abstr. dis. cand. philol. sc.:
2. Downing A. A University Course in English Grammar / Angela
10. 02. 01 / Svetlana Dyshleva. - K., 2008. - 27 p.
Downing, Philip Locke. New York : Prentice Hall Interna- 14. Zhabotinskaya S.A. Onomasiological model in the light of motional, 1992. 652 p.
dern trends of cognitive linguistics / S.A. Zhabotinskaya //
3. Eckard R. Adverbs, Events, and Other Things: Issues in the
"With love for language": Sat. scientific. works. Dedicated ES
Semantics of Manner Adverbs / Regine Eckard. Tubingen :
Kubryakova. - Moscow-Voronezh: FL RAS, Voronezh State
Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1998. 168 p. (Linguistische ArbeitUniversity Press, 2002. - P. 115-123.
en : 379).
15 Zhabotinskaya S.A. Conceptual analysis of language: Frame4. Ernst T. Why epistemic and manner modifications are excepnetwork / Language. Scientific journal of theoretical linguistics.
tional / T. Ernst // Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of
- Odessa: Astroprint, 2004. - 9. Problems of Applied
the Berkeley Linguistic Society. Berkeley : B.L.S., 1987.
Linguistics. - P. 81-93.
P. 7787].
16. Ivanov I.P. History of the English language / I.P. Ivanov, L.P.
5. Geuder W. Oriented Adverbs. Issues in the Lexical Semantics
Chakhoyan. - M., 1976. - 319 p.
of Event Modifiers : Philosophische dissertation / Wilhelm 17. Ilish B.A. History of the English language: [Tutorial] / B.A. IlGeuder ; Universitt Tbingen. 2000. 213 p. (Universitt
ish. - L: Education. 1972. - 350 p.
Tbingen online publication service: http://w210.ub.uni- 18. Karaulov Yu.N. The structure of the lexical-semantic field /
tuebingen.de/dbt/volltexte/2002/546/)
Yu.N. Karaulov // Philology. - 1972. - 1. - P. 57-68.
6. Langacker R. Foundations of cognitive Grammar / R. Langack- 19. Mzn K.. Compare ergo sum, or Actual or linhvofilosofskyy
er. Stanford, CA.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1991. Vol. II. : Deview of the nature of comparison / K.I. Mizin // Linguistics. scriptive Application. 406 p.
2010. - 1. - P. 54-68.
7. Maienborn C. Adverbs and adverbials / C. Maienborn, M. 20. Morokhovsky A.N. Selected Works: [monograph] / comp.,
Schfer. 2010. URL: http://www.martinschae
gen. ed. and start. article O.P. Vorobyev. - K. : Puc. Center
8. Pin Ch. Speech-act adverbs as manner adverbs / Christopher
KNLU, 2011. - 590 p.
Pin. URL: http://pinon.sdf-eu.org/work/pinon_saama_ 21. Morohovska E.Ya. Basics of Grammar anglysko MTIE.
ho.pdf
Teorya i practice / E.Ya. Morohovska. - K.: Vishcha School,
9. Schafer M. Pure Manner Adverbs Revisited / Martin Schafer //
1993. - 472 p.
// Sinn & Bedeutung VI. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual 22. Paducheva E.V. Dynamic models of lexical semantics: [moMeeting of the Gesellschaft fur Semantik / eds. Graham Katz,
nograph] / E.V. Paducheva. - M.: Languages of Slavic CultuSabine Reinhard, and Philip Reuter. Osnabruck : University
res, 2004. - 607 p.
of Osnabruck, 2002. Vol. 1. P. 311323.
23. Plotkin V.Ya. Story of English: [Tutorial] / V.Ya. Plotkin. 10. Thomason R. A Semantic Theory of Adverbs / Richard ThomMoscow: Higher School, 1989. - 241 p.
ason, Robert Stalnaker // Linguistic Inquiry 4. 1973. 24. Potebnya A.A. From the notes on Russian grammar / A.A. PoP. 195220.
tebnya. - Kharkiv, 1888. - Part I-II. - 548 p.
11. Bloch M.Ya. Theoretical Grammar of English: [Tutorial] / 25. Radzievska T.V. Text as a means of communication / T.V. RaM.Ya. Bloch. - [3rd ed. corr.]. - M: Vyssh. shk, 2000. - 381 p.
dzievska; ed. M.M. Peschak; National Academy of Sciences of
12. Bondarko A.V. Functional-semantic field / A.V. Bondarko //
Ukraine. -K., 1993. - 191 p.
Linguistics: large encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. ed. V.N. Yar- 26. Sapir E. Language / E. Sapir // New in foreign linguistics. - M,
tseva. - [2nd ed.]. - Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia,
1985. - Vol. 16. - P. 54.
2000. - P. 566-567.
27. Studenetz G.. Adverbs mode of action as part of the author's
commentary in English artwork / Ukraine and the World:
32
dialogue of cultures and languages of materials science. Intern.
Conf. (Kyiv, 03-05 April 2013). - K., KNLU Pub. center, 2013.
- P. 367-368.
28. Torosian O.M. Functional characteristics of adverbs extent and
degree in Modern English: Abst. dis. cand. philol. sc. specials.
10.02.04 "Germanic languages" / Torosian O.M. - K., 1998. 16 p.
29. Ufimtseva A.A. Lexical meaning: Principle semiological description language: [monograph] / Anna Anfilofevna Ufimtseva.
- [2nd ed. sr.]. - Moscow: URSS, 2002. - 240 p.
30. Fillmore Ch. On the organization of semantic information in

the dictionary / Ch. Fillmore; trans. from English. // New in
foreign Liteture. - M., 1983. - Vol. 14. - P. 23-60.
31. Schur G.S. Field theory in linguistics / G.S. Schur. - Moscow:
Nauka, 1974. - 255 p.
32. Yartseva V.M. Historical English grammar / V.M. Yartseva;
USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Linguistics. Moscow-Leningrad, 1960. - 194 p.
ENCYCLOPAEDIC SOURCES
33. / . . . . . . : , 1990. 685 .
..
.
.
, .
- , . , , .

. ,
. , ( ), , . , ,
: , , .. ,
, , .
: , , ,
, , , , ,

33
..

____________________________________
, ,
, . ,
. (, , , , ), , , , .
: , , ,

(, , , )
, , . ,
(.. , .. , .. , .. , .. .)
(Ch. Bally, G. Gross, F. Grossmann, Bl.-N. Grnig,
G. Haler, F.J. Hausmann, Ch. Hmmer, P.A. Howarth,
B. Lamiroy, R. Martin, M.H. Svensson, A. Tutin .)
, ,
.
, , , , , -
: ( ), ( -),
( ), ( ,
),
( , ), ( ,
) .
-,
, , . , , A. Rey, ,
() quasi- pseudo- ()

[25]. ,

,
(.) , / , , ,
; (.) , ,
, , ,
; (.) locutions, phrases
/ syntagmes figes, units phrasologiques, lexies complexes, expressions idiomatiques / figes / images / toutes
faites, gallicismes, idiotismes, idiomatismes, idiomes;
(.) fixed expressions, idioms, frozen metaphor, multiword items / units, routine formulaic.
, ,
,
,

. , , (. idima < . idima , ), , , .
, , (, , ,
), ,
.
.
idiome
,
,
. 1- Dictionnaire de lAcadmie franaise (1694), ,
., idiome ( )
, (Lidiome Franais.
Lidiome Allemand, etc.) (Lidiome
Provenal. Lidiome Gascon) [23; 26; 27; 30].
idiome, , ,
- . ,
, F. de Saussure, idiome ,
[9,
c. 261].
, . , idiome ,
(., , F.J. Hausmann, I. Meluk). , , [24; 33].
, [25, c. 9],
expression idiomatique (G. Grciano, A. Rey) phrase
idiomatique (G. Kleiber, R. Martin), , / ,
/ , .:
prendre la mouche, travailler darrache-pieds, mettre le
loup dans la bergerie.
idiome, -
34
idiotisme , .
XVII ., Dictionnaire de
lAcadmie franaise (1694),
, , ,
, . Cette particule
mise de telle faon, cette construction, ce plonasme est
un idiotisme de la Langue Franoise, de la Langue
Latine [23, c. 582].
idiome idiotisme Dictionnaire critique de la langue
franaise J.-F. Fraud (17871788),
, , .
: on,
, ;
si;
, .: . on
demande, . si domanda, . queritur. idiotismes, , idiomes [22].
idiotisme , [26],
[30].
N. Beauze, idiotisme
, , :
1) idiotismes rguliers ( , , ) 2) idiotismes irrguliers (
, ). :
, idiotisme, () .
aller i venir,
(il va lire
un livre ) (il vient de lire un livre
). , , N. Beauze,
, .

, .:
,
h mon opinion
* ma opinion, .
idiotisme,
,
gallicisme, , [30, vol. 8,
c. 498500].
idiotisme
,
. ,
DFL ,

, .: Comment allezvous? How do you do? [24].
Le Petit Robert, , ,
N. Beauze, 1) (gallicismes de vocabulaire), .: la bonne heure cest trs
bien, cest parfait, i 2) (gallicismes de construction), .: sen donner cur joie
se donner de qqch avec la joie du cur,
, [32].

. A. Rey, , idiotisme ,
: gallicisme ( ),
germanismes ( ), amricanismes (
) [25, c. 9]. il y a qui, cest ... qui,
voici / voil, cest toi de jouer et ce que J.M. Lard, ,
[8, c. 18]. idiotisme , .
-
. , ,

., ,
: , ,
[16; 20]. (19351940), ,
, (, .,
, .), ,
, , : 1) , ,
, .: ,
; 2) , (.) [21].

,
, , , ,
[14].
, [11; 19].

. , : 1) ,
; 2) , , .:
, [10; 15].

. , ..
,
[1, .
152; 4, . 200].
[17].

( .. ), [2, . 3; 13, . 2; 19],
35
, [18, . 173].
[11; 12, . 312], idiotisme.
.. , ( )
. , ,
,
, ;
, ,
. [3].
.,
,
. ,
[11; 21],
. ,
.. 1) ;
,

(
); 2)
,
- , .:
( + : *
, * ) [10].
,
idiotisme, ,
, , [15].
idiome , . -, ,
idiom , , [34]. -,
XVII ., ,
, [34]. , idiom
,
, [35],
idiotism, XVIII . idiom ,

.

idiom .
,
, [31, c. 4].
- . ,
, Th. Fontenelle, ,
, [6, c. 43].
. idiom
, ,
idiom , -: figure out, make love to,
beat around the bush, by accident, pass the buck, has cat
got your tongue [5, c. 66 ; 7, c. 22].
.
Idiom, XVI ., ,
1) ; 2) ,
[29]. ., , [28], .: Alle
Hnde voll zu tun, Auf den Hund kommen, Ins Garn
gehen. Idiotismus,
, [28].
, , ,
,
(. idiome), ,
(. idiotisme, . , . )
(. , .
). idioms
(. , .
), , (. ,
. locution, collocation).

,
.
1. ..
/ .. . .: , 1972. 328 .
/ .. // 5. Benson M. Collocations and idioms / M. Benson // Dictionaries,
.. . .
Lexicography and Language Learning; Ilson R. (d. et introd.);
., 1977. . 140161. URL: http://www.philology.ru/ linBrumfit C.I. (prf.). Oxford : Pergamon, viii. P. 6168.
guistics2/vinogradov-77d.htm
6. Fontenelle Th. What on earth are collocations? / Thierry Fon2. .. tenelle // English today: the international review of the English
/ .. //
language. Cambridge, 1994. Oct. 10:4 (40). P. 4248.
- 7. Fraser B. Idioms within a transformational grammar / Bruce
: . : Fraser // Foundations of language. 1970. Vol. 6. 1. P.
. . . -, 2011. URL: http://ffl.nspu.net/files/
2242. URL: http://www.academia.edu/578294
konf_2011_15/pdf
8. Lard J.-M. Les gallicismes. Etude syntaxique et smantique /
3. .. ? / .. . .:
J.-M. Lard. Paris-Louvaine la Neuve : Duculot, 1992. 143 p.
, 1966. 86 .
9. Saussure F. (de) Cours e linguistique gnrale / Ferdinand de
4. ..
Saussure. Paris : Payot, 1995. 520 p.
36
1. Vinogradov V.V. The main types of phraseological units in
rence materials. - Novosibirsk: the Novosibirsk. state. ped.
Russian / V.V. Vinogradov // V.V. Vinogradov. Selected Works.
University
Press,
2011.
URL:
Lexicology and lexicography. - M., 1977. - S. 140-161. - URL:
http://ffl.nspu.net/files/konf_2011_15/pdf
http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/vinogradov -77d.htm
3. Telia V.N. What is the phraseology? / V.N. Telia. - M .: Nauka,
2. Vlavatskaya M.V. The concept of collocation and kolligatsii in
1966. - 86 p.
diachronic examination / M.V. Vlavatskaya // Actual problems 4. Shanskij N.M. Lexicology of the modern Russian language /
of philology and methods of teaching foreign languages: confeN.M. Shanskij. - M .: Education, 1972. - 328 p.

1. .. / 13. Dictionnaire critique de la langue franaise / Jean.. . .: . ., 1969. 608 . URL:
Franois Fraud. 17871788. URL: http://artfl.atilf.fr/ dichttp://www.classes.ru/grammar/174.Akhmanova/
tionnaires/FERAUD/
2. .. . - 14. Dictionnaire de lAcadmie franaise. 1-re d. Paris : la
/ .. . .:
veuve de Jean Baptiste Coignard, 1694 ; 4-me d. Paris : la
, 2000. URL: http://www.efremova.info/
Vve de B. Brunet, 1762 ; 5-me d. Paris : J.J. Smits et Ce.,
3. .. / ..
1798 ; 6-me d. Paris : Imprimerie et librairie de Firmin Di. : , 2005. 848 .
dot Frres, imprimeurs de lInstitut de France, 1835 ; 8-me
4. .. .
d. Paris : Librarie Hachette, 1932-1935 ; 9-me d. 2010 /
/ .. . URL:
URL: http://artfl.atilf.fr/dictionnaires/ACADEMIE/index.htm
http://dict.ruslang.ru/
15. Dictionnaire de franais. Paris : Larousse. URL:
5. / . .
http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires
.. . .: , 1990. URL: 16. Dictionnaire dexpressions et locutions / Alain Rey, Sophie
http://www.tapemark.narod.ru/les/
Chantreau. Paris : Dictionnaire Le Robert, 2007. 1087 p.
6. .. / .. . ., 17. Dictionnaire de la langue franaise / E. Littr. Paris : Librai1949. URL: http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/ogegova/
rie Hachette, 1846. URL: http://www.littre.org/
7. , - 18. Dictionnaire universel franois et latin / F. Trvoux. De / . . 1907. URL:
laulne, 1721. URL: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k
http://olrs.ru/biblio_42.html
509819
8. .. - - 19. Die deutsche Rechtschreibug. URL: http://www.duden.de/
/ .. , .. . 3- ., - 20. Digitale Wrterbuch der deutschen Sprache. URL:
. . : , 1985. 399 .
http://homo-linguisticus.com/articles/translations/german_
9. . : dictionaries_online
/ . : -, 2006. 21. Encyclopdie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonn des Sciences, des Arts
716 .
et des Mtiers : en 17 vol. / D. Diderot, J. Le Rond
10. / .. .
DAlembert. Paris : Briasson, David lan, Le Breton, Du. 5-, . . : , 2010.
rand, 17501765. URL: http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie
URL: http://lingvistics_dictionary.academic.ru/3671
22. Idioms Dictionary. London: Collins CoBUILD, 1995.
11. : 4 . /
URL: http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/
.. . 18631866. URL: http://dic.academic.ru/ 23. Le Petit Robert. URL: http://www.lepetitrobert.fr/
contents.nsf/enc2p/
24. Nouveau Littr. 2007. URL: http://www.nouveaulittre.fr/
12. : 4 . / .. , 25. Online Etymology dictionary. URL: www.etymonline.com
.. , .. . / . .. . 26. Oxford Dictionary. URL: www.oxforddictionaries.com
.: . ., 19351940. URL: http://dic.academic.
ru/contents.nsf/ushakov/
LEXICOGRAPHICAL SOURCES (TRANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED)
1. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms / O.S. Akhuse in the Russian / M. Popov. - 1907. manova. - M .: Sovets. Enc. Dic., 1969. - 608 p. - URL:
URL: http://olrs.ru/biblio_42.html
http://www.classes.ru/grammar/174.Akhmanova/
8. Rosenthal D.E. Reference Dictionary of linguistic terms / D.E.
2. Ephraim T.F. New Dictionary of the Russian language. InterRosenthal, M.A. Telenkova. - 3rd ed., Corrected. and
pretative-derivational / T.F. Ephraim. - M .: Russian Language,
complement. - M: Education, 1985. - 399 p.
2000. - URL: http://www.efremova.info/
9. Selvanova O. Modern Linguistics: terminology Encyclopedia /
3. Kunch Z.J. Universal Dictionary of Ukrainian / Z.J. Kunch. Olena Selivanova. - Poltava: Environment-K, 2006. - 716 p.
Stockholm: Educational book - Bogdan, 2005. - 848 p.
10. Dictionary of linguistic terms / T.V. Zherebilo. - Ed. 5th, Ispra.
4. Kustova G.I. Dictionary Russian idiom. Combinations of words
and supplemented. Nazran: Pilgrim, 2010. - URL:
with the value of a high degree / G.I. Kustov. - URL:
http://lingvistics_dictionary.academic.ru/3671
http://dict.ruslang.ru/
11. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. / V.I. Dahl.
5. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. Ed. VN Yartseva. - M.:
- 1863-1866. - URL: http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/enc2p/
Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. 12. Dictionary of Russian language: in 4 volumes. / G.O. Vinokur,
URL: http://www.tapemark.narod.ru/les/
B.A. Larin, S.I. Ozhegov et al. / Ed. D.N. Ushakov. - M .:
6. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of Russian / S.I. Ozhegov. - M., 1949. Council. wikis., 1935-1940. URL: http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/ogegova/
URL: http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/ushakov/
7. A complete dictionary of foreign words which have entered into
Gladka V.A. Evolution of term idiom and its derivates in phraseology
Abstract. Exploring the evolution of the term idiom and its derivates in the different European languages (English, French, German,
Russian, Ukrainian), and also the differences in their meaning, which, in fact, predetermine disputes among scientists about terminology denotation of phraseological units.
Keywords: idiom, idiomatism, phraseological unit, terminology
..
. (,
, , , ), , , ,
.
: , , ,
37
..
( XVI XVII .)
_______________________________________
,
, . ,
. . - , .
: , ,

, - ,
, , .
, ,
, ,,
,, . ,
,
,
, .
, , , , ,
, [1, . 5].
, ,
,
, .
,
.
, , . ,, , ( )
[2, . 181].
.
, (, ) ,
[3, . 24-33].
(
XVI .. XVII .), - , .

,

, - .
,
, , .
,
: ,
,
[4, . 54-55].
120
, , .
: 1. ( ) ( ,
) , , // ( ) ,
, // , // , , ; 2. (; ) , , // (, ) , // (; , ) ; 3. (; , ) , // (; ) , , //
(, , ) ; 4. (
, ) , // () , // ( ,
, ) , // (, , ; ) , // (
) ; 5. ( ) , , // , ; 6. (, ) ; 7. (
, ) ; 8. .. , -;
, -.
1. , ,
// , ,
-. 2. , ,
; // -, , , // ; .
, ; , ; // , //
.
1. , ; , ;
// , . 2. ,
, // , ; // , . 3. , , ; , // , // ,
, . 4. // , ; .
5. ( , , ).

,, , . . [5]
, :
1) - ,
38
(, , , , .);
2) - ,
(
, , , , , ,
);
3) ( , , , , )
,
, :
.
:

i.

, ,
.

i
h .

, , , :

.
; , , ; , ; , ;
; hi

, , ,
,
.
, ,
- .
.
. . ,
.
- i.
,
- . , ()
, i, , , -
, , , , , , , : i
! [, .1570]. ,
, , : i i
h [, . 775]
i
.
, , -
( ,
, , , ):
h h .. [, . 1254];
[, . 521]; ...
i ii [, . 572].

,
- : ...
h
... [, . 1788-1790]; ...
... [,
. 1732]; ... h

? [, . 1718].
,

.

.
, (,
, )
: [, . 1234-1236].
h ( , , ; , -;
): ... h () [, . 874]; ...h [, . 506] h

( ) , , , , .
,
,
.
39
1. .. . . - 5. .. : . / ... ., 1988. 338 .

/ .. . ., 1986.
2. .. / .. ..
240..
., 1998. 896 .
6. . , 1621.
3. .. /
7. . , 1587.
.. . ., 1985. 228 .
8. . , 1599.
4. .. / // . 1989. 3.
. 54-60.
1. Arutiunova N.D. Types of linguistic meanings. Assessment. 4. Kononenko I.V. Components of the evaluation structure ad
Event. Actual / N.D. Arutyunova. - M., 1988. - 338 p.
jectives / Irina Kononenko // Linguistics. - 1989. - 3. - P. 542. Arutiunova N.D. Language and the world of man / N.D. Aru60.
tyunova .. - M., 1998. - 896 p.
5. Ufimtseva A.A. Lexical meaning: the principle of semiological
3. Wolf E.M. Functional semantics evaluation / E.M. Wolff. - M.,
description language / A.A. Ufimtseva. - M., 1986. 240 p.
1985. - 228 p.
6. Kopystensky Z. Palinodia, 1621.
7. Smotrytsky G. keys of the kingdom of heaven, 1587.
8. Filalet H. Apokrysys, 1599.
Glovatska O.L. The Adjectives with the Negative Meaning of Old Ukraining (late XVI early XVII centuries)
Abstract. The adjectives with negative meaning in old Ukrainian are analyzed in this article. It is determined on the bases of lexicalsemantic characteristics of axiological words which determine different functional peculiarities.
Keywords: determined adjectives, lexical semantics, negative meaning
..
( XVI .. XVII .)
. .
- , .
: , ,
40
..
/ -
________________________________________
, ,
, , . ,
. , :
.
,
.
: , , ,
, , ,
, , , .
, ,
,
, , , ,
.
(feminine ideal)
(cult of
true womanhood) [ 16, . 345].
. , ,

, .
:
(female shark) , (barracuda).
. : ,
, , , , ,
.
: , , , ,
, : , , , .
, ,
-, . - , , : , , , , , , , ,
, .. [10].

,
(, , ),
(, ), ,
, , [2].

,

, ,
, , , , ,
[9, .15].
,

,
-
. ,
. , , .. .
vir mulier: vir
vis , virtus , , mulier mollis , , , [.: 7, . 29].

,
. [12, . 275-282],
.
. , (Englishness) , (virility),

. , ,
. ,
.,
, , .
, ,
, ,
,
, .
, ,
41
, , - (negativism), , ,

. ,
, . ,
, , , , ,
,
.
, , , , .
,
.
, (barmaid),
,

. ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, .
, , , , ;
, , , . , ,
, , , , , - ,
,
,
, , , ,
. , ,
. ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
.
, , , . ,
.
,
, , ,
, , -
,

[15, . 35].
, . ,
, , , - , , / [6, . 27-31].
, . , , ,
, , , , . , , , , .

,
,
[5]. , , ,
, ,
.
, , -
, /
,
.

,

, , , , .

.
, . , , ,

,
: , .
: - , ,
[11].
, -
, : Let
man wear the fell of the lion, woman the fleece of the sheep.
42
, : The man who can govern a woman can
govern a nation.
(
. The Taming of the Shrew) Every man can tame a shrew but he that has
her, ( : They all know what to do with a bad wife but
he whos got one) [4, . 349 ].

husband , ,
: , ; good / bad husband / .
C
, -
,

, ,
.
: , , [8, . 129].

, .

weaker sex, weaker vessel ,
Women are strong when they arm themselves with
their weaknesses,
: Frailty, thy name is
woman.
to play the
woman , ,
, ; old woman
( ), :
Cassius: Let it be who it is: for Romans now
Have thews and limbs like to their ancestors;
But, woe the while! our fathers minds are dead,
And we are governd with our mothers spirits;
Our yoke and sufferance show us womanish.
(W. Shakespeare) [ 953]
Brutus: (to) bear fire enough
To kindle cowards and to steel with valour
The melting spirits of women
(W. Shakespeare) [13, . 956]
Portia: O constancy! be strong upon my side
I have a mans mind, but a womans might.

How hard it is for women to keep counsel!
..How weak a thing
The heart of woman is.
(W. Shakespeare) [13, . 960]
Ferdinand: And women like that part which, like lamprey,
Hath never a bone int.
Duchess: Fie, Sir!
Ferdinand: Nay,
I mean the tongue; variety of courtship:
What cannot a neat knave with a smooth tale
Make a woman believe?
(J. Webster) [14, . 267]

-
. ,
stronger sex :: weaker sex : :: , , [3, . 442, 518].

, ,
. , , , (A man
without ambition is like a woman without looks), , (Bashfulness
is a great hindrance to a man).
,
-
: Deeds are
masculine; words are feminine; For men must work, and
women must weep (B.F. Fing). ,
(A woman knows a bit more than Satan),
, (A
woman fights with her tongue; A womans strength is in
her tongue [4, . 128-129 ].

:
THE TREES
The poplar is a French tree,
A tall and laughing wench tree,
A slender tree, a tender tree,
That whispers to the rain
An easy, breezy flapper tree,
A little and blithe and dapper tree,
A girl of trees, a pearl of trees,
Beside the shallow Aisne.
The oak is a British tree,
And not at all a skittish tree,
A rough tree, a tough tree,
A knotty tree to bruise,
A drives-his-roots-in-deep tree,
A what-I-find-I-keep tree,
A mighty tree, a blighty tree,
A tree of stubborn thews [1, . 33]
, , ,
,
.
, , ,

,
, , ,
.
43
1. : . / 9. .. .. . 2- ., . .: : ,
: . . . . .
2006. 220, [4] .
: . 10.02.04 / .. .
2. .. , 2008. 19 .
(- 10. ..
): . - . : 69.60.05 / .. ;
. ., 2007.
: . . 415 . .: . 388-415.
. . . : . 10.02.04 3. .. - / .. . , 2008. 20 .
/ .. . .: , 2001. 11. Bradley R.N. Racial origins of English character. Chapter XII
640 .
Beauty / R.N. Bradley // 4. .. - /
: / .. . .: : .. . : , 2004. 416 .
, 2007. .275-278.
5. .. 12. Bradley R.N. Racial origins of English character. Chapter XIII
,
Women / R.N. Bradley // . / .. // : / .. . .: : . .:
, 2007. .278-282.
, , 13. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Edited With a
2012. . 38. .434-439.
Glossary by W.J. Craig. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1919.
6. .. . /
1352 p.
.. , .. . .: , 2006. 440 .
14. The Oxford Library of Words and Phrases. Volume I. The
7. .. : Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Second Edition.
/
Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. 464 p.
.. // . .19. - 15. Priestley J.B. The English. Englishwomen / J.B.Priestley //
, 2006. 1. .27-41.
: /
8. , . . . //
.. . .: :, 2007. . 34-81.
: / 16. Showalter Elaine. Feminist criticism in the wilderness / Elaine
.. . .: :, 2007. .128-130.
Showalter // Modern Criticism and Theory. A Reader / Edited
by David Lodge. London: Longman, 1992. P.331-353.
1. English grammar in verse: A Guide to English. Language / B.J. 6. Pryhodiy S.M. American romanticism. Polikrytyka / S.M.
Lebedinskaya. - 2nd ed., Rev. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2006. - 220,
Pryhodiy, A.P. Stepanov. - K .: Lybed, 2006. - 440 p.
[4] p.
7. Raevskaya M.M. Language in the mental space: the problem of
2. Vlasova T.I. Formation of gender stereotypes in Western phiunderstanding the logic of national thinking / M.M. Raevskaya
losophy (historical-philosophical analysis): Dis. ... Dr. Philo// Vestnik MGU. Ser.19. Linguistics and Intercultural
sophy. Sciences: 69.60.05 / TI Vlasov; Dnipropetrovsk NatioCommunication, 2006. - 1. P. 27-41.
nal University. - D., 2007. - 415 p. - Bibliogr .: p. 388-415.
8. Rayfield, Donald. Notes on England. British humor. // English
3. Holovaschuk S.I. Russian-Ukrainian dictionary of constant
national character: a tutorial / M.M. Filippova. - M .: AST:
expressions / S.I. Holovaschuk. - K .: Naukova Dumka, 2001. Astrel, 2007. - S.128-130.
640 p.
9. Tkachyk O.V. Gender Stereotypes in English folklore: Author.
4. Dubenko O.Yu. Anglo-American sayings / O.Yu. Dubenko. Thesis. for obtaining sciences. degree candidate. Philology.
Ball: A NEW BOOK, 2004. - 416 p.
sciences specials. 10.02.04 "Germanic languages" / O.V.
5. Levitas S.F. Piznoviktorianskoyi concept of the "new woman"
Tkachyk. - Kyiv, 2008. - 19 p.
in mifodyskursi Gothic novel "From the marble, life-size" 10. Yatsenko M.O. Updating content axiological concepts of
E. Nesbit / S.F. Levitas // Language and conceptual world
masculinity and femininity in contemporary English-language
view. - K .: Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv,
art discourse: Author. Thesis. for obtaining sciences. degree
NPC "Kyiv University" 2012 - Vol. 38. - P. 434-439.
candidate. Philology. sciences specials. 10.02.04 "Germanic
languages" / M.O. Yatsenko. - Kharkiv, 2008. - 20 p.
Doobenko E.Yu. Interpretation of the dichotomy masculine::feminine in Anglo-Saxon cultural tradition
Abstract. The article deals with the problem which is presently widely discussed in scholarly literature: the content of the concepts
masculinity and femininity in a concrete linguocultural medium. The issue is viewed in the light of the doctrine of Englishness
that allows to reveal the ideal type of popular consciousness in Anglo-Saxon cultural tradition.
Keywords: masculinity, femininity, Englishness, ideal type of popular consciousness
.. /
. , :
.
, .
: , , ,
44
..
.. :
_______________________________________
, ,
, . ,
. .. . : , , , ; , .
: , , , ,
. ,

[1, . 40],
"
, . .
" [19, c. 9].
, ,
,
- .
,

" ",
, "
" [16].
,
[.: 8, . 174].
,
, , .
, , . . , ,
, - .
. , , ; , ,
(, ,
..); [6, . 6263],
, .
, , -, ,
, -
[2, . 1215; 19, . 1314]. , [13], , ,

,
.

.. , ,

- ,
. ,
:
1)
; 2) ; 3) .. ; 4) .. ; 5)

.
.

.. , ,
,

[15, . 5; 17].
,
, , , ,
. . ,
[15, . 12].

- , . , , () , ,
[4 . 60; 23, . 76].
-
45
[9, . 18]. [12] ,
.
.

[11, . 5; 10, . 6, 22,
. 36]. ,
[7], , ,
, ,

.

, . , .
.
..
-
.
: [.: 5, . 297].

(,
, ,
.).
, ..
.
, , ,
, .
, . ,
.
.. , .. ,

(, , ).
, , [18, . 31]
.. "Slow Man" (" "). , 60-
,
.
, , -
.
.
. :
HE IS BEING rocked from side to side, transported.
From afar voices reach him, a hubbub rising and falling
to a rhythm of its own. What is going on? If he were to
open his eyes he would know. But he cannot do that just
yet. Something is coming to him. [].
Frivole. Something like panic sweeps over him. He
writhes; from the cavern within a groan wells up and
bursts from his throat.
'Pain bad?' says a voice. 'Hold still.' The prick of a
needle. An instant later the pain is washed away, then the
panic, then consciousness itself.
He awakes in a cocoon of dead air. He tries to sit up
but cannot; it is as if he were encased in concrete.
Around him whiteness unrelieved: white ceiling, white
sheets, white light; also a grainy whiteness like old
toothpaste in which his mind seems to be coated, so that
he cannot think straight and grows quite desperate. 'What
is this?' he mouths or perhaps even shouts, meaning.
What is this that is being done to me? or What is this
place where I find myself? or even What is this fate that
has befallen me? [26, . 14].
,
,
(What is going on?).
: from the cavern within a groan wells up and
bursts from his throat (, ,
); he awakes in a
cocoon of dead air ( , ) : something like panic sweeps over him (-, ); it is as if he were encased in concrete (, ); also a grainy
whiteness like old toothpaste in which his mind seems to
be coated ( ,
, ).
() (The prick of
a needle), , . white ()
whiteness () , , (),
, . ,
,
(What is this that is
being done to me ?; What is this
place where I find myself? ?), , , .
.. "Waiting for
the Barbarians" (" ")
.

. ,
,
,
46
. ,
, , , , .. [14, . 15].

"" ,
,
, ,
[22, . 48]. ,
, . ,
(man of conscience)
[21, . 363]. .

. "Waiting for the Barbarians"
(" ")
[3]. ,
, , , ,
, [ ].
"Waiting for the Barbarians" ("
") ,
. ,
,
, - , :
In the night the dream comes back. I am trudging
across the snow of an endless plain towards a group of
tiny figures playing around a snow castle. As I approach
the children sidle away or melt into the air. Only one
figure remains, a hooded child sitting with its back to me.
I circle around the child, who continues to pat snow on
the sides of the castle, till I can peer under the hood. The
face I see is blank, featureless; it is the face of an embryo or a tiny whale; it is not a face at all but another
part of the human body that bulges under the skin; it is
white; it is the snow itself. Between numb fingers I hold
out a coin. [25, . 35]
,
-. ,
- (a hooded
child) , (The face I
see is blank, featureless; it is the face of an embryo or a
tiny whale). ,
, ,
, - ,
(it is not a face at all but another part of the human body
that bulges under the skin; it is white; it is the snow itself).
,
melt into the air (
) numb () numb fingers ( ).

"In the Heart of the Country" (" ")
. , ( 266), ,
, , ,
.
, ,
( ), ,
-
. "In the Heart of
the Country" (" ") :
: ,
, , " " [20,
. 24]. ,
,
, , " ". :
I am a black widow in mourning for the uses I was
never put to. All my life I have been left lying about,
forgotten, dusty, like an old shoe, or when I have been
used, used as a tool, to bring the house to order, to regiment the servants. But I have quite another sense of myself, glimmering tentatively somewhere in my inner darkness: myself as a sheath, as a matrix, as protectrix of a
vacant inner space. I move through the world not as a
knife blade cutting the wind, or as a tower with eyes, like
my father, but as a hole, a hole with a body draped
around it, the two spindly legs hanging loose at the bottom and the two bony arms flapping at the sides and the
big head lolling on top [24, . 44].
. -- : I am a black widow in mourning (
); :
forgotten, dusty, like an old shoe like an old shoe (, , ), as a tool, to bring
the house to order, to regiment the servants (
), as a sheath, as a matrix, as protectrix of a vacant
inner space ( , ), , : I move through the world
not as a knife blade cutting the wind, or as a tower with
eyes, like my father, but as a hole, a hole with a body
draped around it ( , , , , , ); the two spindly legs hanging
loose at the bottom and the two bony arms flapping at the
sides and the big head lolling on top (
, , , ).
47
. , , .. ,
,
,
. , , -
, . ,
.

.. .
1. .. : .
. .: , 1974.
.: , 2006. 182 .
. 54 101.
2. .. : - 13. .. (
, , . :
. ).
" ", 2004. 244
. : " ", 1996. 464 .
3. .. .. - 14. .. " " // -
. : , 2013. 520 .
". . " 2010 5 .
15. .. URL: http://www.zpu-journal.ru/e-zpu/2010/5/Alekhnovich/
4. .., .. . : - . -, 2005. 262 .
: : [; - 16. ..
]. . : : , 2004. 496 .
( . "") //
5. .. . .: INTRADA,
. . - . .. ,
1999. 415 .
2008. . 75. . 2337.
6. . // . . 2. 17. ..
. : - , 1998. . 60278.
- //
7. .. :
. . , 2013. 1. URL:
. [3- -]. .: , 2011 URL:
http://www.zpu-journal.ru/ehttp://iknigi.net/avtor-andrey-esin/52962-psihologizm-russkoyzpu/2013/1/Tolkachev_Multiculturalism-Cross-culturalklassicheskoy-literatury-andrey-esin.html
Literature/
8. .., .. 18. . // . , 2002. . 531. : http://www.
// . . - philology.nsc.ru/journals/kis/pdf/CS_05/cs05tupa.pdf
. 1 (22), 2013. . 174.
19. . . . : 9. .. . .: :
, 2008. 304 .
, 2008 464 .
20. Attridge D. Coetzee and the Ethics of Reading: Literature in
10. ..
the Event. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2004.
.. : . . . . :
225 p.
. 10.02.04 " ". ., 2009. 21 .
21. Coetzee J. M. Doubling the Point: Essays and Interviews. [ed.
11. .. by D. Attwell]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.
.. : . . . . :
438 p.
. 07.00.03 " ( )". 22. Head D. The Cambridge Introduction to J. M. Coetzee.
., 2012. 16 .
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 115 p.
12. .. 23. Scholes R. Semiotics and Interpretation. New Haven and
: // ..
London: Yale University Press, 1982. 161 p.

24. Coetzee J. M. In the Heart of the Country. L.: Vintage,
Books, 2010. 180 p.
1999. 151 p.
26. Coetzee J. M. Slow Man. N. Y.: Viking Penguin, 2003.
25. Coetzee J. M. Waiting for the Barbarians. N. Y.: Penguin
198 p.
1. Andreeva V.A. Literary narrative: text and discourse. - SPb.: 7. Esin A.B. Psychology of Russian classical literature: a book for
Norma, 2006. - 182 p.
teachers. - [3-ed-e] .- M .: Flint, 2011 - URL: http://iknigi.net/
2. Andreeva K.A. Literary narrative: cognitive aspects of text seavtor-andrey-esin/52962-psihologizm-russkoy-klassicheskoy-li
mantics, grammar, poetics. - Tyumen, "Vektor", 2004. - 244 p.
teratury-andrey-esin.html
3. Alekhnovich A.S. Genre originality of the novel by J.M. Coet- 8. Klemenova E.M., Kudryashov I.A. Psihopovestvovanie as a
zee's "Waiting for the Barbarians" // Information Portal Humanarrative technique of modeling the author of Art and discourse
nities "Knowledge. Understanding. The ability to" - 2010 - 5
// Proceedings of growth. state. Univ of Railways. - 1 (22),
Philology. - URL: http://www.zpu-journal.ru/e-zpu/2010/5/ Al2013. - 174 pp.
ekhnovich/
9. Kozhina M.N. The style of the Russian language. - M .: Flint:
4. Babenko L.G., Casarin Yu.V. Linguistic analysis of a literary
Science, 2008 - 464 p.
text: Theory and Practice: [tutorial; workshop]. - Moscow: 10. Konstantinova N.V. Lingvostilistichekie features prose J.M. CoeFlint: Nauka, 2004. - 496 p.
tzee: Author. dis. ... Cand. Philology. Sciences: spec. 10.02.04
5. Ginzburg L.Ya. On the psychological prose. - M .: INTRADA,
"Germanic languages". - SPb., 2009. - 21 p.
1999. - 415 p.
11. Kubrak M.S. Historical views and creative activity J.M. Coet6. Genette G. Narrative discourse // Figures II. - T. 2 - Moscow:
zee: Author. dis. ... Cand. hist. Sciences: spec. 07.00.03 "GenPub. Sabashnikovs, 1998. - P. 60-278.
eral History (recent history)." - M., 2012. - 16 p.
48
12. Larin B.A. About the lyrics as a form of artistic speech: Semantic studies // B.A. Larin. Aesthetics of speech and language
writer. - L .: Fiction, 1974. - P. 54 - 101.
13. Paducheva E.V. Semantic research (Semantics time and type
in the Russian language. The semantics of the narrative). - M.:
School "Languages Russian culture", 1996. - 464 p.
14. Savelyeva V.V. Art and hypnology oneyropoetika Russian
writers. - Almaty: Zhazusy, 2013. - 520 p.
15. Sidorova O.G. British post-colonial novel of the last third of
the twentieth century literature in the context of the UK. - Ekaterinburg: Publishing House of the Urals. University Press,
2005. - 262 p.
16. Tataru L.V. Composite rhythm and cognitive logic of narrative

text (J. collection. Joyce's "Dubliners") // Bulletine of the Russian State. Un-ty n.a. A.I. Herzen, 2008. - Vol. 75. - S. 23-37.
17. Tolkachev S.P. Multiculturalism in the postcolonial space and
cross-cultural with knowledge of English literature //-set. Understanding. Skill, 2013. - 1. - URL: http://www.zpujournal.ru/e-zpu/2013/1/Tolkachev_Multiculturalism-Crosscultural-Literature/
18. Tyupa B. Sketch of modern narratology // Criticism and semiotics. - Novosibirsk, 2002. - P. 5-31. - URL http://www. philology.nsc.ru/journals/kis/pdf/CS_05/cs05tupa.pdf
Izotova N.P. Linguistics of psychonarration in J.M. Coetzees novels: aspects of study

Abstract. The article focuses on semantics and functioning of psychonarration in the novels written by the famous South-Africa writer
J. M. Coetzee. Psychonarration is viewed from two perspectives: as a certain narrative technique aimed at portraying the characters
inner world as well as his/her psychological and emotional state thus conveying the authors perception of the objective reality, and as a
verbal representation of events and situations revealing the characters inner life.
Keywords: postcolonial novel, idiogenre, idiostyle, psychologism, psychonarration
49
..

, -
, , . ,
.
. , , .
: , , ,
,
, .

, , ,
,
[1;2;3;4]. ,
[4] [3]
ratio
emotio .
,
, ,
[1, . 3] .
[3;4], . , , / .
,
- .
, .
,

: ,
, , , .

,
.

, , :
"Dont you mind my assistance?" "Im sure I will enjoy

your company this night, Mr Crag," Nita replied,
consciously trying to keep sarcasm out of his voice [11, p.
37]. , , ,
, , .
-

, ,
-.
,

:
She smiled at him and welcomed him with her cute
eyes. Jack smiled and stood there looking at her in
amazement [9 . 11]. - : looking at her in amazement
( feeling of great surprise or wonder [6]).
,
, .
( , ), (, , , ) (,
, , ). : -, -, -, -, -, , -, - [2, c. 15].
, . ,
,
.
, , -
-.
-
. , ,
,
,
.
50
I probably shouldnt be calling you, but theres a
couple things I need to get off my chest.
Every second of the last two weeks without her had
been like acid eating through his system. Hearing her on
his voice mail, his suffering vanished as if it had never
been bringing joy and delight [9, p. 22]. , Hearing her on his voice mail,
,
(his suffering vanished),
(bringing joy
and delight).

', , - '.
, .. , , , . ' (,
),
.
.

, ,
, ,
, (her face had taken on a boiled
colour and little flecksof froth were gathering at the corners of her mouth, her lips turned to a grin).
Matilda, stand up! the Trunchbull barked.
I havent done anything, Miss Trunchbull, honestly I
havent!
Stand up, you disgusting little cockroach!
The Trunchbull was in such a rage that her face had
taken on a boiled colour and little flecksof froth were
gathering at the corners of her mouth, her lips turned to a
grin [7, p. 162].
grin grimace grotesquely so as to
reveal the teeth, Oxford Dictionary [6],
.
.
, , -
, ,
,
, , [2, . 95]. ,
[5, . 40], , ,
.
,
,
, (Angry color stained his strong
cheekbone.), (He looked stunned) / (Regret twisted her emotions into
knots), :
I think you gave me the saddle to make yourself feel
better about lying to me. To ease your guilt. Well, it wont
work. I wont accept your gift.
She snuck a glance toward Codys silent presence. Angry color stained his strong cheekbones. He looked
stunned. As if shed slapped him.
Regret twisted her emotions into knots, but she plowed
on, wanting Cody to understand how his actions affected
those around him. Youll just have to find some other way to
ease your conscience. [9, p. 20].

(regret twisted her
emotions into knots; blue eyes swung her way, recognition struck, stricken expression on Jaimes face; the hurt
pooling in her eyes, heart crimped) .
,

( : : ). ,

. ,
, , . [2]. ,
, ,
[4, c. 315]. , .

:
, (Its great. Id love to go
shopping to the downtown with you)
(Candy's face creased with pleasure.) .
, .
,
.
Its great. Id love to go shopping to the downtown
with you, Johanna replied.
Candy's face creased with pleasure [9, p. 31].
. .
"",
, , .
,
,
[4, c. 320].
, , :
If Ive done it right it ought to be four thousand three
hundred and three pounds and fifty pence. Is that what
youve got, dad? The father glanced down at the paper
in his hand. He seemed to stiffen. He became very quiet.
There was a silence. Then, he said,
Say in again.Four thousand three hundred and
three pounds and fifty pence, Matilda said. There was
another silence. The fathers face was beginning to go
dark red.
51
You you little cheat! the father suddenly shouted,
pointing at her with his finger. <> No one in the world
can give the right answer just like that, especially a girl!
<> [7, p.54].

, , , .
(The
fathers face was beginning to go dark red),
(suddenly shouted),
, (utter a loud cry, typically as an expression of a
strong emotion [6]), (pointing at her with his finger), [6]
- (Openly accuse someone or apportion blame).

, ,
. , , ,
, . ,
, ,
" " [4, c. 321].
. , '
, . , ,
, , , , , , , ..
Chop your pigtails off and throw em in the dustbin,
you understand? Headmaster shouted.
Amanda, paralyzed with fright, managed to stutter,
My m-m-mummy likes them. <> [7, p.114].

(Amanda, paralyzed with fright)
(managed to stutter ay
something with difficulty, repeating the initial consonants
of words [6]). .
, , , .
,
, , ,
'.
, , , ,

,
: , ,
.

-
- , ' ,
-
[4]. , ' : , , ', . ,
, , , , .
:

, :
Have there been any late developments? the doctor
asked.
No. Nothing new. He stopped suddenly, raised a
warning hand and cocked his head. Old as he was, he had
sharp ears; sight, sound, smell, all good, all in order [8,
p. 17].
, ,

.

, , , :
:
, , , /
,
.
When Miss Honey entered the study, Headmistress
Trunchbull was standing beside her huge desk with a look
of scowling impatience on her face.
Yes, Miss Honey, she said. What is it you want?
There is a little girl in my class called Matilda
Wormwood Miss Honey began in a quiet voice.
Miss Trunchbull barked. She hardly ever spoke in a normal voice. She either barked or shouted [7, p. 85].
,

, -
. , , , ,
, , /
:
Still working too hard? he asked, as she approached
the bed, and stood near him. Of course. She smiled at
him. Don't I always tell you not to do that? You work too
hard. You'll end up like me one day. Alone, with a bunch
of pesky nurses around you, living in an attic, he
reached up a hand for hers and held it [10, p. 22]. , ,
, , "":
.

, , ,
, -
52
, . ,
, ,
,
.
- , ' ,
,
, -
, , , , .
,
, , ,

.
1. Johnson M. The Meaning of the Body / Mark Johnson. Uni- 4. ..

versity of Chicago Press, 2008. 308 p.
: . . . : . 10.02.04 "2. . / . . . :
", 10.02.15 " " /
, 2000. 312 .
, ., 2012 . 441 .
3. .., .. : - 5. .. / ,
// . 2008.
. .: , ,
7. . 39-42.
2004. 253 .
(REFERENCE BOOK)
6. Oxford Dictionary online. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014 URL: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/
(SOURCES ILLUSTRATIONS)
7. Dahl R. Matilda / Roald Dahl. New York : Puffin, 1988
10. Steel D. The House / Danielle Steel. New York : Bantam
256 p.
Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 2007. 416 p.
8. OConnor E. I was dancing / Edwin OConnor. New York : Dra11. Wilson N. Needing Nita / Norah Wilson. Los Gatos :
matic Play Service Inc., 1998. 72 p.
Smashwords, 2010. 50 p.
9. Schield C. Her secret millionaire / Cat Schield. Los Gatos :
Smashwords, 2011. 44 p.
2. Izard K. Psychology of emotions / Carroll E. Izard. - SPb. :
guages" 10.02.15 "General Linguistics" / Iryna Ivanivna
Peter, 2000. 312 p.
Sieriakova. K., 2012. 441 p.
3. Romanov A.A. Sorokin Yu.A. Somatikon: Aspects of nonver- 5. Shahovsky V.I. Generating capacity of emotions and discurbal semiotics / A.A. Romanov, Yu.A. Sorokin. M .: IL
sive norms // Questions of psycholinguistics. 2008. 7.
RAS, TSU, 2004. 253 p.
pp. 39-42.
4. Sieriakova I.I. Somatikon of English discursive practices: dis.
... Doctor. flol. Sciences: spec. 10.02.04 "Germanc LanKazak S.P. Nonverbal emotional reactions in the aspect of communicative styles
Abstract. This article is dedicated to the investigation of communicative styles of characters on the material of modern English fictional discourse in termes of nonverbal emotional reactions. The main characteristics of emotions through body behaviour of characters are highlighted, the influence of extralingual factors during assertive, aggressive and submissive styles determination is emphasized.
Keywords: somaticon (combination of nonverbal signs), emotional reactions, emotional triads, communicative styles of characters
..
.
. , ,
.
: , , ,
53
..
-

______________________________________
, ,
, . ,
. , - .
: , , , , ,
- ,

.
. , ,
,
.
,
, . ,

. ,

,
. ,

,
, , , , .

, ,
.
,
: , ;

; - .
[3] ,
- ,

,
.
,
- , - .
, , ,
(, ),
, - ,
. , ,
, ,
.

,

(. 1). , , , .
, , () : ,
.
- , ,
(. 1). . , ,
,
, , , .
. 1
. , .
1, ,

.
54
. 1.

, . ,
- . . 1

.

, . 1,

,
.
, . ,
- .
[1] [2; 4]
- ( ) ,
.
, , :
F0 t I 0
,
1000 I 3
(1)
: ; F0 (1/c.); t
(.); I0 F0 (); I3 F3 (); 1000 .
, , .
- [1, . 480-482; 2]

(, ). ,
- ,
, , ,
, , -, , .

.
-
55
,
.
, : 1) ; 2) -
, , , .

, :
[
t1 ,
(.);
t2 , (.);
L1 , ;
L2 , ;
(.).
, (Praat, Cool Edit Pro, SpectraLab) -
-

,
(, , )
.
,
,
(2), 1.
(2)
: Py ;
K1
, ;
K2
, ;
1. -

, , ,
,
,
.
(2)
, Py. ,

(, -9,74), , ()
,
. Py (, 29,52),
, , .
, ,
. , 1,
56
.

, ,
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
.

-
- .

-
,

.
1. .. : . 24 (249). 2012.
- / .. . 186-191.
, .. // . . 105 (1). : 3. .. // (): 2 . :
. . 127. : ( . . , 2012. . 476-484.
). : . . .
2. ..
2014. . 24-34.
- / .. 4. Kalyta A. Energetic approach to phonetic studies // Book of Ab, .. //
stracts of the International Linguistics Conference Linguistics
. :
Beyond and Within (1415 November 2013; John Paul II
Catholic University of Lublin, Poland). 2013. P. 54-56.
REFERENCES TRANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED
1. Kalita A.A. The criterion defining the level of the utterance
L.I. Taranenko // Naukovyj visnyk Volyns'kogo nacional'emotional-and-pragmatic potential / A.A. Kalita, L..
nogo universytetu imeni Lesi Ukrai'nky. Serija: Filologichni
Taranenko // Naukov zapiski. Vip. 105 (1). Serja:
nauky: Movoznavstvo. 24 (249). 2012. S. 186-191.
Flologchn nauki (movoznavstvo): U 2 ch. Krovograd: 3. Kalita A.A. Psychoenergetics of speech pauses // Naukov
RVV KDPU m. V. Vinnichenka, 2012. S. 476-484.
zapiski. Vip. 127. Serja: Flologchn nauki (movoz2. Kalyta A.A. Perceptive and instrumental evaluation of the
navstvo). Krovograd: RVV KDPU m. V. Vinnichenka.
utterance emotional-and-pragmatic potential / A.A. Kalyta,
2014. S. 24-34.
Kalyta A.A. The criterion evaluating a pausal jump of emotional-and-pragmatic potential of adjacent speech segments
Abstract. In the article the speech pauses generation, actualization and decoding are analyzed from the standpoint of energetic theory
being developed by the author. On these grounds the author substantiates the classification of speech pauses psychoenergetic features
as well as deduces the formula defining the specific pausal jump of emotional-and-pragmatic potential of the adjacent speech segments.
Keywords: speech pause, psychoenergetic features, classification, pausal jump, speech segment, emotional-and-pragmatic potential, formula
57
. .

______________________________________
,
. , . ,
. , , .
.
: , , , , ,
. , .
,
.
.
, ,
( 2004, 1976),
(, , 1978, 2003, 2002, 1998) ( 1979, 2000, 2000, 2004, 2006). ( 2006),
(
2002), (
2005), ( 2007), (
2010, 2007), (
2000) .
.
.
: - -; -
; ;
.
,
(,
-).
. ,
,
. -
.

.
,
,
, , , .
, ,
, , , ,
.
- .
-
[12, . 5].
, , - , .
.. ,

:
,
;
,
;
-,
[14, . 8].
,
, [6,
. 180;7, . 15].
,
[2, . 57; 3, . 79], :

[2, . 19].
..
,
, :
, , .
,
[11,
. 43]. ,
, , [8, . 177].
, , ,
,
.
58
(-) , , .. :
1) , , ;
2) ; 3) ,
; 4) - ( , , /
) [4, . 440].
, . [6, . 185].
.
() ,
, [13, . 42].
.. ,

, , , [10, . 567].
( ) . ..
:
1) ,
;
2( - ;
3( [13, . 42-44].
..
, ,

,
,
-, :
,
,
;
, ,
, ;
(), ,

;
, ;
, [10, . 592-593].

, ,
, ,
, . -
. ,

[14, . 26],

, .
. , ,
. ,
, , [14, . 28]

, - ,
(), , . ..
, [1, . 358].

, . ..
.
,
, .
, ,
, , on-line [8, . 178].
, .
.. , . : 1) ,
,
; 2) , ; 3) ,
; 4) ,
, , , [1, . 358].
, , ,
,
. ,
,
.

:
WONDER: Now let me say this to you. I want to
interview you, too.
KING: OK. In a while [15].
, ,
, , :
INTERVIEWER: Is it true that you're reuniting with
the original Dio members?
59
, . , ,

:
I never used a negative number in my whole life. I
doubt you have, either.
If six executives read something, and the rumor going
around town is it's not very good, then no one thinks it's
good. If I think something's good, I don't fall out of love
with it.
Remember the days when you could only see The
Wizard of Oz or It's a Wonderful Life once a year? When
you see a movie that is incredibly crafted, you see something new every time you see it [17].

.
.
, - , ,
, . ,
,
.
, , , ,
, , [5]. ,
()
,
.
.
,

, , , .
,

( ) (
/ ).

, .
CAMPBELL: Yeah, that's very much happening. ... I

kind of ran into (Dio bassist) Jimmy Bain and we got to
talking and we got together and played and it was great fun.
... We brought in this guy to sing the songs. He doesn't
sound like (the late frontman) Ronnie (James) Dio, but he
sings great and does it justice. One thing led to another and
we thought, why the hell not? This is as much our heritage
as it was Ronnie's. That's the way I look at it now. For
years it was a painful memory, and now I feel very proud
of those records. I wrote those songs; I cut those albums. I
feel that that is as much a part of my heritage as it was
Ronnie Dio's and I have every right to go out there and play
that. ... At some point in 2013, I will be out there playing in
the band and we'll call it Last in Line, and we'll only play
songs from the first two albums, maybe a couple songs
from the third album [16].

- Def Leppard . , , , ,
, .

, : (
), ( , ),
- ( ) [14, . 32].

,
, , .
, ,

, [5]. ,
, ,
. ,
() , , ,
, ,
( ) () [9, . 5].
-
1. .. / .. // - 4. .. : /
. .
.. // XX . .,
.:. 1981. . 40, 4. .356-367.
2000. . 427 453.
2. .. . [] : - 5. . :
, , / . .
"" / .. , .. , ..
URL: http://lnu.edu.ua/lknp/mova/jur6/dmytr.htm
. : , 1978. 181 .
6. .. /
3. / [.. , .. , ..
.. // .]. 2- . .: , 1976. 176 .
. . ., 2005. . 10. . 179
186.
60
7. .. / .. , .. , .. . .: ,
2002. 304 .
8. .. - / .. //
, . .:
, 2008. .174-179.
9. .. "'"
:
: . .. . . . : . 10.02.15 / .. . : .., 2011 . 20 .
10. .. : : / . : -,2008. 712 .
11. .. ' / .. //
. ., 2004. . 43-51.
12. .. : - / .. . .:
- , 1998. 230 .
13. .. : / .. . .: .
., 2002. 216 .
14. .
:
: ... :
10.02.05 / C . , 2006.
163 .
15. Cathalena E. Burch. Def Leppard returns after 13 years.
URL:
http://tucson.com/entertainment/music/def-leppardreturns-after-years/article_93b67195-a063-5ad0-a49f-d5cf9ee
51f53.html
16. Cnn larry king live. Interview With Stevie Wonder. URL :
http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1012/05/lkl.01.html
17. Kevin Costner: What I've Learned. URL: http://www. esquire.com/entertainment/interviews/a13794/kevin-costnerquotes-0512/

1. Arutyunova N.D. The factor of the addressee / N.D. Aru- 8. Krupko O.I. Communicative-pragmatic aspect of investigation
tyunova // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the
of the texts of interviews in the press / .. rupko // ProbUSSR. A series of literature and language. M.: Nauka.
lems of semantics, pragmatics and cognitive linguistics. .:
1981. T. 40, 4. P. 356-367.
Logos, 2008. P. 174-179.
2. Vakurov V.N. Stylistics of newspaper genres [Tekst] : a man- . Salamatina O.O. Speech genre of interview in modern German
ual for students enrolled in the specialty "Journalism" / V.N.
and Ukrainian press : functional and pragmatic
Vakurov, N. N. Kohtev, G. Y. Solganik. Moskva : Visshaya
characteristics: avt. diss. kand. filol. sc.: spec. 10.02.15
shkola, 1978. 181 p.
General Linguistics / O.O. Salamatina. Odessa : B.v.,
3. Newspaper genres / [V.I. Vlasov, .V. Grebnev, I.A. Zubkov
2011. 20 p.
i drugiye]. 2-ye izdaniye. .: Politizdat, 1976. 176 p.
10. Selivanova O.O. Modern linguistics : trends and problems:
4. Golanova Ye.I. Oral public dialogue: the genre of interview /
Tutorial / O.O. Selivanova. Poltava: Dovkillya-,2008.
Ye.I. Golanova // Russian language the end of XX century.
712 p.
., 2000. P. 427 453.
11. Serazhim K. S. Interview with a politician as a typical genre
5. Dmitrovskiy Z. Interview in television programme : peculiariof modern political discourse / .S. Serazhim // Ukrainian
ties, training procedure / Z. Dmitrovskiy. URL: http://lnu.
journalism. ., 2004. P. 43-51.
edu.ua/lknp/mova/jur6/dmytr.htm
12. Tertichniy A.A. Analitical journalism : cognitive-psychologi6. Karpalyuk N.V. Interview in the newspaper as a sociolingual
cal approach / ..Tertichniy. .: Pub. Gendalf, 1998.
phenomenon / N.V.Karpalyuk // Actual problems of Slavic
230 p.
philology.. Berdyanskiy DPU. ., 2005. Vyp. 10. 13. Formanovskaya N.I. Conversation : communicative-pragmaP. 179186.
tic approach / N.I. Formanovskaya. .: Rus. jaz., 2002.
7. Kuznetsov V.G. Televizionnaya zhurnalistika [TV journalism]
216 p.
/ G.V.uznetsov, V.L. Zvik, A.Ya. Yurovskiy .: High 14. Shtiryova S.V. Pragmalinguistic characteristics of interview:
School, 2002. 304 p.
based on the French press nterviews: diss. ... kand. filol. sc. :
10.02.05 / S.V. Shtiryova. Moskva, 2006. 163 p.
Kuzmenko O.Yu. Peculiarities of communicative situation of interview and its components
Abstract. The article is dedicated to the consideration of the peculiarities of the communicative situation of interview, its components and factors that influence the effectiveness of the development of communicative interaction between the communicants. Special attention is devoted to the role of communication channels in order to come in contact with the addresser and the addressee as the
partners of communication.
Keywords : communicative situation, interview, addresser, addressee, interaction, communication channel
..
. , , . .
: , , , , ,
61
..
,

_________________________________________
, ,
, . ,
. , . C- , .
: , , , - ,
,
.
, , ,
,
/
,
[14, c. 52].
, ,
. ,
, .
C ,
.
, , , ,
.
. ,
, [13, c. 14].
,
,
, :
, , .
,
,
,
,

[11, c. 37].

,
[9, . 24].
,
,
, , ,
,
. , ,
-
, , .
, . : , ,
; -
; .
, , . -, XX c . [16]; - ,
. [2] . [12]; [18; 23] . [14]. , .

, ,
, , [1, . 187].

, ,
: , , , , , ,
.
. .
(),
, [20, . 12].
, . , [13, . 34; 14, . 71].
, ,
, .
62

,
,
,
. () ,
, .

. , 1947 . , :
( ),
(-) ( ).
,
; -
;

[1, c. 13]. , , , , .

, , , ,
, , ,
, . , ,
.
, ,
,
.
2005 2009 , ,
.
,
,
,
. , , . ,
. ,
,
:
The new arrivals pose a threat to everything we
cherish our jobs, our welfare, our national identity and
way of life. They dont enrich and invigorate our
economy, as the Labour party believes [24].
, , .
: The new arrivals pose a threat to
everything..., They dont enrich and invigorate...
, : we cherish our jobs, our welfare, our national

identity and way of life; our economy. -
, , jobs, the
welfare state, our national identity and way of life. They dont enrich and invigorate
our economy, as the Labour party believes,
, , .
:
Immigrants do create tensions and British people
perceive that newcomers are in competition for scarce
resources and public services. The pressure on resources
is often intense and local services are often insufficient to
meet the needs of the existing community, let alone
newcomers [19].
.
immigrants, newcomers, do create tension, are in competition
for scarce resources and public services, , . ,
The pressure on resources is often intense ...
,
.

,

() () .

, - .
. , ,
[14,
c. 41]. ,

, . .
, , , ,
[14, . 42].

[5;
15; 17]. . . ,
i
, ,
[5, c. 495497]. , , , [6,
. 62-68]. , - .
. , -
63
,
(- / -
/ ),
[2, c. 52].

. ,
, , ,
.
, , :
The American way is simply superior in key respects,
for it creates the greatest freedom and prosperity for the
greatest number of individuals. The threat of new jackals
comes from abroad. Islamic representatives cannot
reconcile with the Western-secular universe. We all know
who were terrorists, we all know where they were taught
or came from [25].
,

-
superior, creates the greatest freedom and prosperity, the
greatest number of individuals.

new jackals.
,
. - ,
, , ,
Islamic representatives cannot reconcile with
the Western-secular universe, We all
know who were terrorists, we all know where they were
taught or came from.

, /
: / : .

, ,
, , ,
, , , , , :
,
,
.
? , ,
. , , , ,
, - ,
, , ,
. -.
,
, [10].
,
- : ; ,
; , ,
,
. : ,
, .

,
/ : / : . , /
: / :
,

.
, , , / : / : ,
. .
,
, , , , , ,
.

,
.
1. .. / 6. .. . . : , 2000. 288 .
/ . . . . : , 1967. 142 .
2. . S/Z / . . . :, 2001. 231 .
7. .. . -3. .. /
/ .. //
. . : , 1994. 39 .
. 1966. 9. . 187201.
4. .. - 8. - . / . / , .
. . : , 1983. 535 .
: - , 1995. 200 .
9. .. / .. .
5. .. .
. : "", 2003. 280 .
/ .. , . . . : , 1983. . 10. .. 483551.
/ .. . URL: http://www.km.
64
19. Howard M. Its Time to Set an Annual Limit to Immigration /
M. Howard. URL: http://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?
def=news.story.page&obj_id=119049&speeches=1
20. Krech D. Individual in society / D. Krech, R. Crutschfield.
N.Y. : Academic Press, 1962. 214 p.
21. Racizm at the Top. Parliamentary Debates on Ethnic Issues in
Six European States: [ed. by R. Wodak & Dijk T. A. van]
Klagenfurt : Drava Verlag, 2000. 412 p.
22. Reisigl M. Discourse and Discrimination. Rhetorics of Racizm
and Antisemitizm / Martin Reisigl, Ruth Wodak. L. & N.Y. :
Routledge, 2001. 298 p.
23. Shutter J., Gergen K. Social construction: Knowledge, self,
others and continuing the conversation / J. Shutter, K. Gergen /
Communication Yearbook. Vol.17. Thousand Oaks, 1988.
P. 333.
24. Smith D. Asylum Debate / D. Smith. URL: http://www.con
servatives.om/tile.do?def=news.story.page&obj_id=133321
&speeches=1
25. Tirkophope E. Islamic Threat / Edward Tirkophope. URL:
http://hot.com.politica.usa= 72237&speeches=1
ru/v-rossii/2014/03/18/vladimir-putin/734940-obrashchenievladim ra-putina-k-federalnomu-sobraniyu-o-vo
11. .. 1999- 2000 . : .
. : 10.02.19 / . , 2000. 163 .
12. . / . . : . 1996. 207 .
13. Dijk T. A. van. Communicating Racizm. Ethnic Prejudice in
Thought and Talk / Teun A. van Dijk. L. : Sage Publications.
1987. 437 p.
14. Dijk T.A. van. Ideology: a Multidisciplinary Approach / Teun
A. van Dijk. L. : Sage Publications, 1998. 374 p.
15. Gandelman . The semiotic square as a catastrophe /
. Gandelman // Semiotica. 1988. 70. P. 7998.
16. Habermas J. Towards a Rational Society / J. Habermas.
Boston : Beacon Press, 1970. 218 p.
17. Halliday M. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in Social-Semiotic Perspective / M. Halliday, R. Hasan.
Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1991. 126 p.
18. Hardimon M.O. The Ordinary Concept of Race / M.O. Hardimon // The Journal of Philosophy. 2003. Vol. 1, 9.
P. 437455.

1. Andreeva G.M. Psychology of social cognition / Galina Andre- 8. Levi-Stross Kl. Structural Anthropology / Kl. Levi-Stross. eva. - Moscow: Aspect Press, 2000. - 288 p.
Moscow: Nauka, 1983. - 535 p.
2. Bart R. S/Z / R. Barth. - Moscow: URSS, 2001. - 231 p.
9. Makarov M.L. Fundamentals of the theory of discourse / M.L.
3. Hasanov I.B. National stereotypes and enemy images / I.B. HaMakarov. - M.: ITDGK "Gnosis", 2003. - 280 p.
sanov. - Moscow: Progress, 1994. - 39 p.
10. Putin V.V. Address to the General Assembly on the reuni4. Gnatenko P.I. Ethnic installation and ethnic stereotypes /
fication of the Crimea / V.V. Putin. - URL: http://www.km.ru/
P.I. Gnatenko, V.I. Pavlenko. - Dnepropetrovsk: Publishing
v-rossii/2014/03/18/vladimir-putin/734940-obrashchenieHouse of the DSU, 1995. - 200 p.
vladim ra-putina-k-federalnomu-sobraniyu-o-vo
5. Greimas A.J. Semiotics. Explanatory dictionary of language 11. Filinsky A.A. Critical analysis of political discourse campaign
theory / A.J. Greimas, J. Kurt. - M.: Rainbow, 1983. - S. 4831999- 2000 years. : Dis ... Cand. flol. Sciences: 10.02.19 /
551.
Alexander Filinsky. - Tver, 2000.- 163 p.
6. Zvegintsev V.A. Abstracts of the Prague Linguistic Circle / 12. Foucault M. The Archaeology of Knowledge / Michel FoucaV.A. Zvegintsev. - Moscow: Progress, 1967. - 142 p.
ult. - Kiev: Nika-centr. - 1996. - 207 p.
7. Kon I.S. Psychology of prejudice. On the social and psychological roots of ethnic prejudices / I.S. Kon // New World. 1966. - 9. - S. 187-201.
Kushch ..
Ideological Peculiarities of Prejudiced Discourse of American, British and Russian Politicians
Abstract. The article is devoted to the investigation of the ideological peculiarities of the prejudiced discourse of American, British
and Russian politicians. The structural and semantic organization of the prejudiced discourse is determined by the macrostructure of
ideological polarization, that is verbalized with the help of recurrent propositions.
Keywords: polarization, macrostructure, proposition, structural and semantic organization, prejudiced discourse
..
,
,
. -
, .
: , , , - ,
65
..

________________________________________
, ,
..
, . ,
. . . , , , . , .
.
: , , , ,
: , , () [7]. ,
,
,

[ , . 208-209].
,
. ,

, , ,
, [4; 5;
18]. - , , [2; 20].
,
, .

, ,
.
-
, , [4, c. 47]. ,

, [1; 5; 20] [3; 9; 11; 15; 16].
,
, , [6].
, ,
, ,
, , -
, [8, c. 115].
,
, ,
[10, c. 35-36].
, ,
:
? ?
?
.
,
, , (
. odex , , ; , ).
,
,

[1, c. 198].
, , , . , , ,
[12, c. 5456]. . , , , [3, c. 20].
, , , , , .
[13]. . ,
[3, c. 54].
, .
, .
, , ,
66
, , ..
. ,
, ,
, .
, , , ..
. ,
. , ( . ), ,
, . -
,
.
, .
.
, . , . , .
, .
, , ,
, , ,
. , .
comfortable disease (E.E. Cummings)
, , . ,
comfortable
, disease .
comfortable shoes,

. . (Carol A. Duffy)
living doll .
. (D. Gascoyne),
,
,
: an image of an aqueduct/ with a dead crow
hanging from the first arch/a modern-style chair from the
second/a fir-tree lodged in the third/an image of a pianotuner with a basket of prawns/his moustache made of clayclotted twigs/an image of an aeroplane/the propeller is
rashers of bacon/the pilot is a wasp, .
, , ,
. ,
(
..) ,
.
, ,
,
.
Valentine
(Carol A. Duffy),
: Not a red rose/I give you an
onion.
not,
rose onion . ,
, ,
rose onion.
,
.
, ,
. -
, , , ,
. , , ,
.
, ,
, , , ()
(). , , , , , , . ,
.
.
, , [20, c. 2], .. , , .
, .. -
67
, . . ,
, [1],
.
- ,

, ,
,
[17] [2, c. 33]. -
, ,

.
,
, ,
.

, . .
-
.
1. .. : - 10. .. / .. : [] / .. . 2-
. .: - , 2004. 326 .
., . .: , 2004. 376 .
11. .. .
2. .. :
/ .. . .: , 2000. . 176 223.
/ .. // 12. : / . .. ; . 2-,
: , . :
. . .: : ,
, . .. 2001. 702 .
(27 2012 ., ). .: . , 13. () ..
2012. . 33.
: ., . (
3. . S/Z / . . .: , 2001. 232 .
): . ... . . : 10.02.02; 10.02.01
4. .. :
/ .. (). - .
// . . . 2013. . 16,
. ., 1996. 47 .
2. . 4147.
14. .. . 5. .. 2012: , /
/ .. . .: : , 2013. 208 .
.. // - 15. . .
: . .:
/ . . .: , 2004. .83.
. , 2012. . 47 48.
16. . : . . / . 6. / .. ,
// : . .: ,
.. , .. , .. / . .
1975. . 193-230.
.. . .: , 1996. 245 .
17. Fauconnier J., Turner M. The Way We Think: Conceptual
7. ..
Blending and the Minds Hidden Complexities / J. Fauconnier,
( ) /
M. Turner. N.Y.: Basic Books, 2002. 440 p.
.. // 20 : : 18. Lehrer J. Imagine: How Creativity Works / Jonah Lehrer.
[ . . .. ]. .: . . .
Edinburgh, London: Canongate, 2012. 279 p.
-, 1995. . 144238.
19. Vorobyova O. Music, Mobility, Intemediality: An Affective
8. .., .. / .. , .. Dimension of Movie Trailers / O. Vorobyova // 32-nd PALA
//
Conference Mobile Stylistics. Book of Abstracts. University
// . 1992. 2. . 112 122
of Heidelberg, Germany, July 31 August 4, 2013. P. 151.
9. .. . . - 20. Tsur R. Playing By Ear and the Tip of the Tongue: Precatego / .. . : , 2001.
rial Information in Poetry / R. Tsur. John Benjamins B.V.
703 .
2012. 309 p.
1. Byelyehova L.I. Verbal abuse in American poetry: Linguistic 6. A short dictionary of cognitive terms / E.S. Kubryakova, V.Z.
and Cognitive view: [monohraf] / L.I. Byelyehova. - 2nd ed.,
Demyankov, J.G. Pankratz, L.G. Luzinaq /, ed. E.S. KubryakoEnlarged and overhauls. - M .: Zvezdopad, 2004. - 376 p.
va. - M .: Dialog, 1996. - 245 p.
2. Byelyehova L.I. From a sense of compassion cognitive opera- 7. Kubryakova E.S. Evolution of linguistic ideas in the second half
tions precategorical level / L.I. Byelyehova // The world of
of the twentieth century (the experience of paradigmatic analyemotions in mirror of cognition, language, text. Discourse: Prosis) / E.S. Kubryakova // Language and science of the late 20th
ceedings of the round table dedicated to the anniversary of prof.
century: Collection of articles: [ed. Acad. Yu.S Stepanova]. - M
A.P. Vorobyov (Sept. 27-tion in 2012, KNLU). - K .: Type.
.: Rus. State. Hum. Un-ty Press, 1995. - S. 144-238.
Center KNLU, 2012. - P. 33.
8. Lalayants I.E., Milovanova L.S. / I.E. Lalayants, L.S. Mi3. Bart R. S / Z / R. Barth. - M .: Editorial URSS, 2001. - 232 p.
lovanova // Recent studies of brain function language // Ques4. Vorobyova O.P. Linguistics today: reinterpretation episteme //
tions of linguistics. - 1992. - 2. - S. 112 - 122
Bulletin KNLU. Avg. Philology. - 2013. - Vol 16, 2. - P. 41- 9. Lotman Yu.M. Semiosphera. Culture and Explosion. Inside
47.
minded worlds / Yu.M. Lotman. - St. Petersburg: Art, 2001. 5. Vorobyova O.P. Linguistics 2012: the ways that we choose /
703 p.
Vorobyova O.P. // Proceedings of the International scientific 10. Manakin V.N. Comparative lexicology / V.N. Manakin. - K .:
conference "Ukraine and the World: dialogue of cultures and
Publishing House "knowledge", 2004. - 326 p.
languages." - K .: Type. Center KNLU, 2012. - P. 47- 48.
68
11. Peirce Ch.S. Selected Philosophical Works. Doctrine of signs /
Ch.S. Pearce. - M .: Logos, 2000. - S. 176 - 223.
12. Semiotics: An Anthology / Comp. Yu.S. Stepanov; Ed. 2nd,
rev. and add. M .: Academic Project: Business Book, 2001. 702 p.
13. Slukhay (Molotayeva) N.V. The artistic image in the mirror
myth ethnicity: M. Lermontov, Shevchenko (linguistic semiotic
aspect): Abstract. Thesis ... cand. Philol. Sciences: 10.02.02;
10.02.01 / N.V. Slukhay (Molotayeva). - Kyiv University n.a.

Taras Shevchenko. - K., 1996. - 47 p.
14. Chernjavskaja V.E. Text Linguistics. Linguistics of discourse /
V.E. Chernjavskaja. - M .: FLINT: Nauka, 2013. - 208 p.
15. Eco U. lack of structure. Introduction to semiology / U. Eco. SPb .: Symposium, 2004. - P. 83.
16. Jacobson R. Linguistics and Poetics: Trans. from English. /
R. Jakobson // Structuralism: "for" and "against". - M .: Progress, 1975. - P. 193-230.
Marina O.S. Semiopoetic Specificity of Paradoxicality in Communicative Space of Contemporary Anglophone Poetry
Abstract. The article focuses on revealing semiopoetic specificity of paradoxicality in communicative space of contemporary Anglophone poetry. It is realized by means of outlining the character of codes interaction in forming paradoxical poetic forms. It is determined
that peculiarities of codes interaction are predetermined by the character of their combinability, i.e. combination of heterogeneous or
homogeneous codes. It is figured out that when different codes are united paradoxicality is manifested in its greatest extent. In case of
homogeneous combinability poetic images possess solely the elements of paradoxicality.
Keywords: semiopoetics, combinability of codes, heterogeneous combinability, homogeneous combinability, graduality of paradoxicality
69
..
-

_______________________________________
, ,
" ", . ,
. - - .
.
: - , , , ,
. -
. ,
,
- .
,

-

.
. [13] . -
- (., .,
[4; 9; 21 .]) ,
. - , : ,
, ,
, , [4].
-
-
-

, ,
[12; 14; 22]. , ,
, [2, . 26] [12,
c. 143; 14] , , [12; 19].

,
[1, c. 16] - . , ,

,

, .
[5]
, ,
. -
.. [7, c. 207-211], , ,
.
, [ , .
207-209] ,

, , ,
,
, .
, , ,
,
"" .
, ,
[8, . 92].
[
, . 93], ,
,
70
, ,
,
-
-
.
,
"". ,
, ,
, .
, .. [2,
c. 70-75], ,
, ,

.
, ,
.. [2], - , - .
..
" " [10, . 5],
,
. , , .
,
, " " .
[3, . 327]
[17],
[3, . 328].

, . ,
- ,
[15, . 19].
, ,
, , ,
,
..
"" [6, . 213],
,
,
,
, -

. , ,
, , , , .
, ,
.
,
,
, , , ,
.
,
,

.

.

,
, ,
, . [11, . 92], ,

.
. [20, . 165],
, , ,
, , ,
, , , , , , .
. "" "- ",

, ,

[18].
, ,

, ,
.
71
,
- ,
- , . ,
- [16] : , -
, ,
,
,
, [22].
.

-

.
1. .. - : . . / . . . . .. / .. // . .: . . . , 2003. . 3-14.
: . 11. .
. . .: : , 2011. . 16-27.
/ . // .
2. .. , . 1-2 /
.: , 1980. . 91-111.
. .: - 12. ..
, 1971. 376 .
/ .. // 3. .. /
. . .
.. // . 2. 2008. . 326. 74. 2013. . 140-143.
329.
13. .. 4. ..
- / / .. , .. //
. : , 2008. 332 .
: 14. .. -
. . 441-443: . :
/ . . //
. 2009. . 3-6.
, , . 1 (32). 2012. . 39-41.
5. .. - 15. .. - / .. , .. // / .. . . : // , 2 (9), 2011.
.
. 18-26.
. 38. 2013. . 79-82.
16. .. -6. .. / .. //
/ .. , .. // . .. . 2004. 635. . 202-205.
. . 96 (2). : (- 17. Adorno T.W. Music and Language: A Fragment / T.W. Ador): 2 . : . . .
no // Quasi una Fantasia. Essays on Modern Music. London,
2011. . 213-219.
New York: VERSO, 1956. URL: https://www.msu.edu/
7. .. , , : /
~sullivan/AdornoMusLangFrag.html
. : - 18. Fiske H.E. Connectionist models of musical thinking (Studies
, 2010. 304 .
in the History and Interpretation of Music) / H.E. Fiske. Mel8. .. len Press, 2004. 211 p.
/ . . // - 19. Pradier M.F. Emotion Recognition from Speech Signals and
. . 81 (3). : (Perception of Music / Melanie Fernandez Pradier // Universitt
): 4 . : . . Stuttgart, 2011. 104 p.
, 2009. . 88-104.
20. Rubin D. Memory in Oral Traditions: The Cognitive Psychol9. ..
ogy of Epic, Ballads, and Counting-out Rhymes / David Rubin.
Oxford University Press, 1995. 404 p.
(- - 21. Tatham M.A.A. Cognitive Phonetics. Some of the Theory /
): . ... . . : 10.02.04 /
M.A.A. Tatham // In Honor of Ilse Lehiste. Dordrecht: Foris
. . -. .,
Publications, 1987. P. 271-276.
2009. 20 .
22. Zbikowski L.M. Conceptualizing Music. Cognitive Structure,
10. .. / ..
Theory, and Analysis / L.M. Zbikowski. OUP USA, 2002.
//
376 p.
1. Alefirenko N.F. Cognitive and pragmatic subparadigm of the 4. Kalita A.A. Cognitive approach towards the study of phonetic
language science / N.F. Alefirenko // Cognitive-pragmatic veclanguage means / A.A. Kalita, L.. Taranenko // Scientific Bultors of modern linguistics: a collection of scientific. works.
letin of Chernivtsi University: Collection of scientific papers. M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2011. P. 16-27.
Vol. 441-443: Germanic Philology. - Chernivtsi: ChNU.
2. Asafev B.V. Music form as a process / Boris Vladimirovich
2009. P. 3-6.
Asaf'ev. L.: Izdatel'stvo Muzyka, 1971. 376 p.
5. Kalita A.A. The mechanism of production and perception of
3. Bryleva N.A. The problem of concept in music culture / N.A.
speech-and-music works / A.A. Kalita, V.V. Marchenko // SciBryleva // Vestnik KrasGAU. 2. 2008. P. 326-329.
entific notes. A series of "Philological". - Ostrog: Publishing
72
House of the National University "Ostrog Academy". - Vol. 38.
2013. P. 79-82.
6. Kalita A.A. Synergetics of the production and actualization of
phonoconcept / A.A. Kalita, L.. Taranenko // Scientific notes. Vol. 96 (2). - Series: Philology (Linguistics): In 2 parts.
Krovograd: RVV KDPU m. V. Vinnichenka. 2011. P.
213-219.
7. Klimeniuk A.V. Knowledge, perception, cognition: monograf /
Aleksandr Valerianovich Klimenjuk. Ternopol': Textbooks
and manuals, 2010. 304 p.
8. Klimeniuk A.V. Models of the conceptosphere and the mechanisms of individuals cognitive thinking / A.V. Klimenjuk //
Scientific notes. Vol. 81 (3). Series: Philology (Linguistics):
U 4 ch. Krovograd: RVV KDPU n.a. V. Vinnichenka, 2009.
P. 88-104.
9. Krasovs'ka .V. Linguo-cognitive peculiarities of prosodic composition of English utterances denoting positive emotions (experimental phonetic research): avtoref. dis... kand. flol. nauk:
10.02.04 / Krasovs'ka .V. Kyiv National Linguistic University. K., 2009. 20 p.
10. Moskalenko V.G. The aura of word in the music intonation /
V.G. Moskalenko // Semantic aspects of speech in musical
work: a collection of articles / Nat. Musical Acad. of Ukraine.

PI Tchaikovsky. - K .: Nat. Musical Acad. of Ukraine,, 2003.
P. 3-14.
11. Nazajkinskij E. Musical perception as the problem of musicology / E. Nazajkinskij // Perception of Music. M.: Muzyka,
1980. P. 91-111.
12. Potapchuk M.A. Song discourse as a communicative process /
M.A. Potapchuk // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. Philology. Arts. - Vol. 74. 2013. P. 140-143.
13. Prihod'ko A.M. Concepts and concept systems in cognitivediscursive paradigm of linguistics / Anatolj Mikolajovich Prihod'ko. Zaporzhzhja: Premier, 2008. 332 p.
14. Taraeva G.R. Musical-speech systems as the object of the
musical semantics theory / G.R. Taraeva // The world of science, culture and education. 1 (32). 2012. P. 39-41.
15. Shajmuhametova L.N. Migrating intonation formula as the
phenomenon of musical thinking / L.N. Shajmuhametova //
Horizons of Musicology, 2 (9), 2011. P. 18-26.
16. Shevchenko I.S. Formation of cognitive-communicative paradigm in linguistics / I.S. Shevchenko // Bulletin of the KNU
n.a. V.N. Karazn. 2004. 635. P. 202-205.
Marchenko V.V. Peculiarities of the communicative and cognitive approach towards the study of speech-and-music works
Abstract. The article explains the appropriateness of the choice of communicative and cognitive approach as a theoretical and methodological foundation for the study of the intonation functioning in speech-and-music works. The author dwells on the importance of
studying the verbal and phonetic concepts interaction and the way they convey the meaning of these works in cognitive processes of
speech-and-music communication.
Keywords: communicative and cognitive approach, speech-and-music work, intonation, concept, phonoconcept
73
..
( )
________________________________________
, ,

, . ,
. . ,
- ,
, , , , , .
.
: , , , - ,

.
.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. .
(.. ,
.. , .. , .. , ..
, .. , .. ). .. , .. , .. , .. .
:
, , .
.
- ,
[2; 8; 9]. : (, ), ( , ),
- (, ),

.
, , [9, . 240241].
, , , (, ),
, [9, . 243-249]. .
, ,
,
:
,
.
.. , ( ),
'
[1, . 276].
.

.
.

;
.
/ . ,
, , .
, . ( ), 1 2.
.

, .
, , ,
.
/ ; ; / . , , , .
, , -
, . , , .
, ,

.
, - , .
, ,
' .
--
74
, .

.. [1,
. 92].
,
, , , .
.
, , '
. : (1)
, (2) ,
(3) , (4)
, (5)
(. ). ;
- ,
.
. .
.
.. , , ,
, , ,
, [4, . 101].
, .
, , ,
(.. , . , .. ,
. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. .)
(.. , .. , .. , .. .) . .. , : 1) (, ),
, , , , , ;
2) [7, . 38]. : .
, (.. ). , (, - ), , , , , , , , , (), , , (.. ); , , , , , (), , , ,
, (.. ) .
.. , ,
,
, , ,
, -
[3, . 12].
,
:

.
,
. , , , , (, , ), .

, [10, . 392].
,
: , ,
; : , ; : ; : ; : ; , :
, ; : . , ,
(. ) ,
, ,
.
,
:
1) :
: , , , ,
, ; : , , , ;
2) ( ): , , , , , , , ; , , , , ;
3) ( / , , ): , , , , , ;
4) ( ): , , , ;
5) : , , , ;
6) : , , ; : , , , ;
7) : , , ; .
,
,
, , ,
,
, [5, . 5].
,
, .
.. ,
[6, . 21].

.

, . ,
, ,
75
, , :
(1) (2)
(. -) 1 , 2 ; (1) (2) (. -) 1
, 2 .
.

: (1) (2) (. ).
, .
, , : , ! (1) (2)
(. ) 1 , 2 .
,
: (1) (2)
(. ); : (1)
(2)
(. ).
, :
(1) , (2)
(. ); : (1)
(2)
- ( );
: (1)
(2) (. -); :
(1) (2)
( ). , , , . .
(
) ,
: (1) , ,
, ,
(2) (3) ( )
1
( ).
, :
. (1)
, (2)
, (3) (4) (. ). : .
.
, , :
(1)
(2) - . (3) (4) -
- , (5)
- (. ).
. , .
,
: (1) (2) (. ) :
, (1)
(2) (. ).

. :
(1) (2)
(. ); (1)
(2) (. ).

.

, , , ,
, , , :
(1) , (2) (. ) ; (1), (2),
(3) ( )
; (1),
(2) (. ) ; (1) , (2) (. )
. , .
, ,
, .
. ,
, ' . ,
, , , , , . - .
, , . , , , .
:
, , ,
. , , . .
-
, , , .
76
1. . : . . - 6. ..
: [] / . -: , , : . . : , 2011. 416 .
. . : . 10.02.01
2. ..
/ .. . ., 2009. 35 .
: / .. . 7. .. : ,
: , 1996. 192 .
, / .. // -3. : [] / . .
. 2. 2009. 6. . 38-45.
.. . ; -; 8. .. :
, 2010. 408 .
/ .. .
4. .. : .. 2011. 404 .
/ .. . .: , 1978. 116 .
9. : , 5. .. - , , / . .
:
.. . 6- . .: ,
. . . . . :
2011. 352 .
. 10.02.01 / .. . ., 2004. 10. : / .
18 .
. .. . 2- . .: , 1998. 685 .
1. Barchuk B. Grammatical temporality: interval. Time. Taxis: 6. Leuta A.I. Verbal sentences in Ukrainian literary language,
[monograph] / Vladimir Barchuk. - Ivano-Frankivsk: Simyk,
structure, semantics, model: Thesis dis. doctor of philol. sc.
2011. - 416 p.
specials. 10.02.01 "Ukrainian language" / A.I. Leuta. - K.,
2. Bondar A.I. Temporal relationship in modern Ukrainian literary
2009. - 35 p.
language: the system of means of expression / A.I. Bondar. - 7. Paducheva E.V. The structure of the event: the semantic role
Odessa: Astroprint, 1996. - 192 p.
aspectuality, causation / E.V. Paducheva // Scientific and tech3. The predicate in the sentence structure: [monograph] / ed. acad.
nical information. Series 2. - 2009. - 6. - S. 38-45.
NAPS Ukraine V.I. Kononenko. - Kyiv; Ivano-Frankivsk; 8. Slobodynska T.S. Taxis in the Ukrainian language: universal
Warsaw, 2010. - 408 p.
characteristics and specific features / T.S. Slobodynska. - Ball:
4. Kubryakova E.S. Parts of speech in onomasiological light /
PP Baluk IB - 2011. - 404 p.
E.S. Kubryakova. - M .: Nauka, 1978 - 116 p.
9. Theory of Functional Grammar: An Introduction, aspectuality,
5. Kutnya G.V. Structural and functional characteristics and selocalization of time, taxis / holes. Ed. A.V. Bondarko. - 6th ed.
mantic predicates process in modern Ukrainian language: The- M .: Book House "LIBROKOM", 2011. - 352 p.
sis dis. cand. philol. sc. specials. 10.02.01 "Ukrainian lan- 10. Linguistics: large encyclopaedic dictionary / Ch. ed. V.N. Yarguage" / G.V. Kutno. - L., 2004. - 18 p.
tseva. - 2nd ed. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998.
685 p.
Rusakova O.V. Typology of taxis predicates (on material of modern Ukrainian)
Abstract. In the article taxis are considered as a temporal value of actions order. It is set that determining in forming of taxis values is
semanti-syntactic co-operation of taxis predicates, to which predicates on denotation of physical action, motion, broadcasting, sounding,
perception, state and process are set off. The features of combination of predicates of different semantics are found out in forming of
straight lined taxis of succession.
Keywords: taxis, taxis predicate, verb, semanti-syntactic co-operation, succession
.. ( )
. . ,
- , , , , , , .
.
: , , , - ,
77
..

____________________________________
, ,
-
- ,
, . ,
. . .
: , , ,

.
, , [1, . 158].
, , , ,
, - .
,
, , . ,

.
, [2,
. 3233; 10]. ,

,
.
:
,
, , .
, ,
[12, c. 5] . .
. ,
,
.
, , ,
. ,
[3; 9].
. .. [7], ,
,

.
: , ; , ; ,

.
,
, . , , , , . :
He started toward her, shouting angrily. What in the
hell do you think youre doing? He reached her in a few
long strides and grabbing her arm in a hard grip, propelled her from the center of the pavement over to her
Jeep [21, p. 11].

[3; 6; 12].

[5; 11],
, , [8; 9].

, [9; 13] .
,
,

.
: (1) (,
78
, , ); (2)
(, ); (3) (, ); (4) (,
).
: , , [4; 10; 11],

.
. - , , [1; 2; 11].
,
, :

( );

( );
(
).
"", ""

. ,
.
,
, " ",
,
, , . , , , , . . :
She forced herself to make eye contact with the gun toting monster.
If you want the disk, youll go with me to the airport,
she repeated, her voice strangely calm now that her options had been narrowed to one. If you dont want it,
then kill me here.
A tempting thought, he said, but its your show for
now. He put a hand on her shoulder and shoved her toward the door. Lead the way. My car is just outside. Just
remember, Im only a step behind, and when I shoot, I shoot
to kill. Her stomach turned inside out, and she had to
force her feet to move past the slain guard [20, p. 85].
, , ,
,
. , , -
"",
"" [9, c. 162].
, ,
, :
Cade followed her to the car, grabbing her arm before
she could close the door of the vehicle. His eyes narrowed, she could tell even in the dim light reflected from
the porch lamp. If Ive insulted you, I apologize, he told
her, but if I spoke the truth, I think you owe me an apology. Stephanie fought back the tears still welling in her
eyes. I dont owe you a thing, Mr. Steel. She jerked free
of his hold, slammed the door and started the engine [15,
p. 114115].

:
, , , , , , , ,
, . . :
His other hand slipped behind her neck, keeping her
locked in his rough embrace. Stephanie defiantly turned
to face him. Youve been reading too many gossip columns, Mr. Steel. [15, p.128];
, , ,
, , , . :
And if you do get him, tell he's a fucking savage who
cut a chunk of beauty out of this fucking world. Shouting.
Red as a beet, the outsized hands white-knuckled [18,
p. 74];

, ("", ""),
, (,
), , , (, , , , . .). :
She glared at him, hating him. Why you pompous, arrogant swine! I would prefer to be a shriveled, old maiden
rather than have the likes of you touch me. Oh, yes, she
added quickly, knowing too well what he was about to
say, you kissed me once but I had to suffer your abuse
afterward. I must have been out of my mind to give you
the impression that I wanted more of the same! And with
that she whirled quickly and raced down the short hallway to her room, slamming the door behind her before
falling on to her bed [14, p. 102].
, "" "" "",

.

,
, .
"", "" , , .
79
,
, ,
.
,
"", , ,
, , " ", ", , " [2, c. 3; 10].
Cade sat mute for a minute longer. Stephanie went to
shatter the oppressive silence, but she didnt know what to
say. Her anger at him had been dissipated by her account
of the movies plot, so she waited for him to speak while
she watched the twinkling lights of downtown Dallas from
the window.
Youll report to me personally every single evening
the film crew is on my property, he suddenly announced,
and Stephanie whirled in surprise. You will be responsible for anything that happens, he told her. Not the producer or the actors or anyone else. I expect to have a
complete report by seven oclock every night. Taking her
stunned silence as agreement, he strode to the door and
walked out without looking back. Stephanie stood like a
statue, staring at the closed door. She was too numb to
feel any exultation at the fact that her mission had finally
been accomplished [15, p. 5758].
, ,
, .

: , , , , ..),
[5; 6] ,
, . .
At the mention of the prestigious lawyers name, the
corners of Amandas mouth tightened.Do you mind if I
wait? Lauren asked. Amanda eyed Lauren skeptically
and then lifted her shoulders in a dismissive gesture. I
dont think he plans to come into the office, she replied.
Ive got a little time, Lauren responded firmly. I may
as well spend it here [17, p. 11].
,
,
, ,
.
, .

, ,
, [12; 13]. ,
.

,
, . ? ? , ?

.

" ". , -, , , -, , .
"" "".
,

, .
, ,

.
, , ,
. .
, ,
, ,
.
, "" [2, c. 315]. , , ,
,
.
, .
"", , [9, c. 164-165].
"". , . "",
" ".
, ..
. :
You really have a low opinion of women, dont you? she
challenged him. Well, Im glad I dont have to be around
you any longer. Goodbye, Mr. Steele. It was definitely not a
pleasure to meet you. She whirled out of the room, almost
running down the hallway to the kitchen [15, p. 49].
80
,
,
[1; 2, c. 164],

.

,
"", , , , ,
.
She withdrew as if shed been struck. I think about my
children every day. I know they belong with me. Not just
for my well-being, but for theirs as well. No one can love
them the way I love them. No one. She was shaking with
the intensity of her conviction. The courts will agree. My
only mistake was thinking that you would help me. With
that, she turned on her heel and strode out of the restaurant and into the slanting rain. The pain of his rejection
overwhelmed her [17, p. 58].
,
,
- ( )
( ). :
You'll regret this, he warned her in an angry voice.
You're thirty-eight years old, and you'll wind up alone.
For chrissake, Sarah, don't be stupid. He was almost
threatening her.I was alone when I was with you, Phil,
Sarah said quietly. Now I'll only be by myself. Thanks

for everything, she said, and without hearing what he
had to say in answer, she hung up [19, p. 250].
She obeyed, scarcely able to stem the tears that were
trying to force their way through from the backs of her
eyes. Was it the end? If so, she alone had brought it on.
If you would listen? she began desperately. I might
be able to explain.
No response; Shane was taking strides twice the length
of hers and she began to skip in order to keep up with him.
They took little to reach the clubhouse where, with a stiff
little bow, he said good night, and left her [16, p. 165166].
, , ,

.
: ,
,
; , ""
.
. ,

,
,
.
1. .., .. (2-
. .. . . : , 1993. 155 .
.) / .. , .. . . : , 2006. 11. .. 526 .
/ .. . : 2. .. . 2- . / .. , 1996. 157 .
. . : , 2008. 544 .
12. .. 3. .. : , ,
/ .. . : , 2002. 476 .
( 4. .. : ) : . . . . : . 10.02.04
. - .: , 1988. - 315 .
" " / .. . ., 2007. 20 .
5. .. - 13. Gamble T.K., Gamble M. Communication Works / T.K. Gam / .. // , ble, M. Gamble. N.Y. : Random House, 1987. 440 .
: . . . / - 14. Badger R. Shadows of Eden. / Rosemary Badger. New York :
, . . . - / . . ..
Harlequin Books, 1986. 189 p.
. . : , 2014. . 26. . 118127
15. Bowen A. Dangerous Promise / Alyce Bowen. New York :
6. ..
Superromance, 1982. 378 p.
( 16. Hampson A. South of the Moon. / Anne Hampson. New
) : . ... . . : . 10.02.04 "York : Harlequin Books, 1979. 187 p.
" / .. . ., 2006. 191 .
17. Jackson L. Zacharys Law / Lisa Jackson New York : Silhou7. .. / ... .: ette Books, 1986. 252 p.
, 2002.- 263.
18. Kellerman J. A Cold Heart / Jonathan Kellerman. New
8. ..
York : Ballantine Books, 2004. 413 p.
: . . 19. Steel D. The House / Danielle Steel. New York : A Dell
. . : . 10.02.04 " " /
Book, 2007. 385 p.
.. . i : , 2004. 20 .
20. Wayne J. The Outsiders Redemption / Joanna Wayne. New
9. .. York : Harlequin Books, 2000. 250 p.
: [] / .. 21. Whitley H. Time of Your Life / H. Whitley N.Y. : Kensington
. : . , 2012. 280 .
Publishing Corp., 2000. 176 p.
10. /
81
1. Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictologist Dictionary (2nd
lishing House of the MEI, 2002. 263.
ed.) / A.Ya. Antsupov, A.I. Shipilov. - SPb. : Peter, 2006. 526 p. 8. Odarchuk N.A. The semantics and pragmatics statements of
2. Grishin N.V. Psychology of conflict. 2nd ed. / N.V. Grishin. refusal statements in English literary discourse: review ... dis.
SPb. : Peter, 2008. 544 p.
cand. philol. sc. specials. 10.02.04 "Germanic languages" /
3. Karasik V.I. Linguistic Circle: Personality, Concepts, Discourse
N.A. Odarchuk. - Kyiv: KNLU, 2004. 20 p.
/ V.I. Karasik. Volgograd: Change, 2002. - 476 p.
9. Sieriakova I.I. Non-verbal communication in English sign dis4. Kagan M.S. World of communication: Problem intersubjective
cursive practices: [monograph] / I.I. Sieriakova. K. Pub.
relations. M .: Politizdat, 1988. - 315 p.
Center KNLU, 2012. 280 p.
5. Kazak S.P. Intensiveness of nonverbal emotional reactions of a 10. Social conflicts in modern society / Ed. S.V. Pronin et al. character / S.P. Kazak // Problems of semantics, pragmatics and
Moscow: Nauka, 1993. 155 p.
cognitive linguistics: Coll. scien. works. / Ministry of Educa- 11. Hasan B.I. Psychotechnics of conflict and conflict competence
tion and Science of Ukraine, Kyiv. Nat. Ling. Univ. / m.ed.
/ B.I. Hasan. Krasnoyarsk: The fund of mental health, 1996.
N.M. Korbozerova. K: Logos, 2014. Vol. 26. P. 118-127.
157 p.
6. Kozyarevych L.V. Verbal and nonverbal means empatyzatsiyi 12. Chernenko O.V. Cognitive and pragmatic features of discourse
dialogical discourse (based on the English prose of the twentiimplementation in the final phase of conflict interaction (based
eth century): dis. ... cand. philol. sc. specials. 10.02.04 "Geron the English prose of the twentieth century): review dis. canmanic languages" / L.V. Kozyarevych. - K., 2006. 191 p.
d. philol. sc. > specials. 10.02.04 "Germanic languages" /
7. Muraveva N.V. Language conflict / N.V. Muraveva. M .: PubO.V. Chernenko. K., 2007. 20 p.
Sieriakova I.I. Communication Management of Conflict Discourse
Abstract. The article offers a comprehensive analysis of key models of conflict discourse and of main types of communication management relevant to them. The role of nonverbal means of communication is highlighted in terms of discourse strategies and effective management of interaction.
Keywords: communication management, conflict discourse, nonverbal means of communication, conflict discourse models
82
..
.
________________________________
, , ,

, . -,
. .. - , , . -
, .
: , , , ,

: 1, (, , , ), .
,
.
.
. , ., . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . -
-. , , . ,
- . - ,
[13, . 66].
[11, . 3]
. . - ,
. .

[15, . 7]. , , [23, . 26].
: - , - [2, . 82].

[25, . 97]
. , .
-
, -
,
. . ,
, ,
. . , [6, . 52-61], ,
[7, .3-19], [8, . 3-13],
[10, . 29-35.], [9, . 355377.] . ,
, (. ,
. ) 2 ,
' -
,
() .
, . ,
- . - -
(.. ,
. , . ),
,
.
,
.
- -
_________________________________________________________________
1
. . , :
(. ..) , [16, .128], . ,
,
- [2, . 11].
_____________________________________________
2

. , , . -.
. : . & / . // , 2013. - 3. . 3-25.
83
, , .
(/ (pictura), / (nscriptio)
/ (subscriptio) 12, . 236
. ,

.

,

. ,
, (
) . ,

, , .
, , , . : ,
[4, .436], ,
, . , ,
[32,
. 74]3.
, - - - . , , , . :
/ , /
, / . /
, , / [30, .25].

,
: ,
, (
..) , ,
[26,
. 297]:
-, / . / / . / ,
/ , : / , /
[30, .52].
, :
, / / , / / [30, . 52].

,
, , , , . ,
,

. , . , :
, / / ,
/ . / / [30, . 71 ].
-,
() / / - , , , . , , - .
, -
, (
subscriptio). - ,
.
,
. , , ,
[25, . 58],
-
:
, ,/ , !/
/ ?/
, ! [30, . 67].
( , , 1839, -).
, ,/ ,/
/ ./ , /
,/ - / [30, . 440].
( , , 1848, ).
. .
, , , -
_____________________________________________________________________
3
. : Peter M. Daly Literature in

the light of the emblem: structural parallels between the emblem
and literature in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
University of Toronto Press, 1998. 283 p.
84
[25, . 58]. ,
, - . -
, - ,

- - , - (pictura), / (subscriptio).
.

, , , ,
, . , - , (1839), (, 1841), (1839),
(1840-1841) post factum, [6,
. 56].
, , .

. ,

, .
. . : , ,

. , , ,
,
[2, . 36].

[24, . 194] . 18431845
, ,

,
. .
. , , [2, . 36]. ,
, .
, , , . , [2, . 37]. , -
XVI-XVIII .

,
, , -,
, -,
. , . ,
, , , , -, , , ,
, [24, . 195].
,
, , ,
, , ,
. . , -
. , ,
( ) .
, ,
[3, . 182].

. ,
26 , -
. .
. .
. [29, . 31-32]. .
,
12 ,
. ,

[5, . 5672.],
.
. [18], .
. 4,
, , ,
_____________________________________________________________________
4
, , ;
(), () () (,
) [7, .4], , ,
.
85
. (
) , [7, . 4]. ,
,
, :
.. - [7, . 4].
,

,
.
[28, . 326379.].
,
. .
, , ,
,
. ,
, ,
[17, . 192].
, -
-,
, ,
. -
, .
, .
.
-
, , , , , , . , , , . , [1, . 40], ,
(, ), [20, . 79].
, , . , -.
, , ,, , [21,
. 218], , .
,
, ,
5. , :
,/ , /
/ ./ , / ./ , / , ./ , / [30, . 54].
:
/ , .../
/ [30, . 58].
, , .
. .. .
.
. ,
[19, . 141],
. :
[22, . 241]. - , , , , -.
. .
, . ,
, :
, .

:
? [27, . 168],
, , ,
,
- .
______________________________________________________________________
5
,
.. , ,
.
, , , , .
,
, ( ) ( , )
, , [31,
. 74] ( -)
,
. , ..
.
86
,
,
-
, . , ,
[30, . 52]. ,
-,
, . ,
, ,
.
,
,

.
,
, ,
, .
, .
.
.
1. . : . .: -, 17. . // . 2011. 408 .

. .1. : ,
2. .. -. .: , 2004.- 272 .
1992. . 191-199.
3. . . . . . 18. . :
.: . - , 2007. 744.
. URL: www.volunteering.org.ua/wordstown/Text/Miha
4. /
ylov/htm.
.. . .:: 19. .. //
, 2001. 1440 .
. . . 2009. 3. . 140-146.
5. . . 20. . . - :
, 1999. - 176 .
// . . - 21. . . . :
- . 2008.
, 2007. 240 .
. 1. . 5672.
22. . .//
6. . // ,
. : 2004.- 3.- . 52-61.
. , 2014. - 1 (31).
7. . . 239-244.
// 23. .
, 2009. - 3. . 3-19.
// , 2009. 3. . 26-34.
8. . - 24. . : // , 2013. - 2. . 3-13.
: , , // ..
9. .
. .:- , 2006.
// 282 .
. : . . . 5. 25. .. //
.: , 2008. . 355377.
: 50 . .: , 1981. .31. .45120.
10. . 26. .. [ : ..
// : . . .
. , 1889] // : 50 . .: .: -, 2005. . 7. . 2935.
, 1980. .27. . 285-307.
11. .. 27. . . // . -
/ .. : , 2005.
: . . . 154-169.
: . 10.01.02 - 28. . // . , 2011. 43 .
: . : ,2003. .326379.
12. . ( ). .: - 29. . // .
, 1973. 436 .
. .5. .: . 1979. . 11-236.
13. . : // 30. . . .: . , 2012.
, 2004. - 3 . . 61-66.
736 .
14. . & // 31. .. / . .
, 2013. - 3. . 3-25.
; . . . 15. . : . : , 2013. 588 .
. .: , 2013. 256 .
32. Peter M. Daly Literature in the light of the emblem: structural
16. . // parallels between the emblem and literature in the sixteenth and
/. . .. ... .:
seventeenth centuries. University of Toronto Press, 1998.
, 1982. . 122-129.
283 p.
1. Aheyeva V. Apology Nouveau: outline of the twentieth centu- 4. Great Dictionary of the modern Ukrainian language / comp.
ry. - K .: Grani-T, 2011. - 408 p.
and ed. V.T. Busel. - K: Irpen: WTF "Perun", 2001 1440 p.
2. Antonovich D. Shevchenko the painter. - K .: Ukraine, 2004.- 5. Heneralyuk L. "Prodigal Son". Symbolism of graphic series of
272 p.
Shevchenko in the context of the interaction of literature and
3. Barabash Y. Selected studies. Skovoroda. Gogol. Shevchenko.
fine Cape-tetstva // Studies of art. Architecture. Fine and dec- K .: Pub. house "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy", 2007. - 744 p.
orative-applied art. - 2008. - Num. 1. - P. 56-72.
87
6. Heneralyuk L. Visual code of Shevchenko // Word and time,
2004.- 3.- P.52-61.
7. Heneralyuk L. Hipostypozys in the works of Shevchenko - the
main means of modeling the visual image of Ukraine // Word
and Time, 2009. - 3. - P. 3-19.
8. Heneralyuk L. Code of Fine Arts in word Shevchenko: coloring // Word and time, 2013. - 2. - P. 3-13.
9. Heneralyuk L. Poetry in the structure of Shevchenko and artistic issues interspecific interactionism // Art Kultura. Current
Affairs: Science. Gazette. - Vol. 5. - C .: Intertehnolohiya,
2008. - P. 355-377.
10. Heneralyuk L.S. Synestezity of Shevchenkos worldview artist and poet // Shevchenkoznavchi studiy: Coll. sc. works. K .: Kyiv University Press, 2005. - Vol. 7. - P. 29-35.
11. Heneralyuk L.S. Writings of Taras Shevchenko in the context of the interaction of literature and art of the early-midnineteenth century: abstr. diss. Doctor of Philology, spec.
10.01.02 "Ukrainian literature". - Kyiv, 2011. - 43 p.
12. Dovhalevskyy M. Poetics (Garden of poetic). - K .: Art,
1973. - 436 p.
13. Zhulinsky M. Shevchenko studies: Status and Prospects //
Word and Time, 2004. - 3. - P. 61-66.
14. Klochek G. Film director Taras Shevchenko & Hollywood //
Word and Time, 2013. - 3. - P. 3-25.
15. Klochek G. Poetics of visuality of Taras Shevchenko: monograph. - K .: Akademvydav, 2013. - 256 p.
16. Kulish P. Historical narrative // Memories of Shevchenko /
Comp. V.S. Borodin and M.M. Pavlyuk. - K .: Dnieper, 1982.
- P. 122-129.
17. Lotman Yu. Symbol in the system of culture // Lotman Yu.
Favourites articles in 3 volumes. V. 1. - Tallinn: Alexandra,
1992. - P. 191-199.
18. Mikhailov A. The poetics of the Baroque: the completion of
rhetorical Epoch. URL // www. volunteering. org. ua /
wordstown / Text / Mihaylov / htm.
19. Movchan N. Shevchenko in the discourse of philosophy of

solitude // Science. Religion. Society. - 2009. - 3. - P. 140146.
20. Nyamtsu A. Poetics of traditional stories. - Chernovtsy: Ruta,
1999. - 176 p.
21. Plachinda S. Dictionary of ancient Ukrainian mythology. K: Velez, 2007. - 240 p.
22. Tihovska O. Archetypal imagery of Shevchenkos ballads //
Scientific Bulletin of Uzhgorod University: Philology. Social
Communications, 2014. - Volume 1 (31). - P. 239-244.
23. Tkachuk M. Narrative optics of poem of Taras Shevchenko
"Catherine" // Word and Time, 2009. - 3. - P. 26-34.
24. Ushkalov L. Baroque source of new Ukrainian literature:
Kotliarevsky, Kvitka, Shevchenko // Ushkalov L.V. Essays of
Ukrainian Baroque. - K: Fact nowadays, 2006. 282 p.
25. Franco I. From the Secrets of poetry // Collected Works: A
50 t. - K .: Naukova Dumka, 1981. - T.31.- P. 45-120.
26. Franco I. Foreword [to the publication: Taras Shevchenko.
Perebendya. Lviv, 1889] // Collected Works: A 50 t. - K .:
Naukova Dumka, 1980. - T.27.- P. 285-307.
27. Franco I. "Poplar" of T. Shevchenko // I. Franko. Shevchenkos Studios / compiler M. Hnatyuk. - Lviv: World, 2005. - P.
154-169.
28. Chizhevsky D. Emblematic poetry // Ukrainian literary baroque essays. - Kharkiv, Acta, 2003. - P. 326-379.
29. Shevchenko T. Diary // Shevchenko T. Works in five volumes. V.5. - K .: Dnieper. 1979. - P. 11-236.
30. Shevchenko T. Kobzar. - K .: Pub. center "Prosvita", 2012. 736 p.
31. Jung K.. The archetypes and the collective unconscious /
Trans. from ger. Catherine Kotyuk; Sc. Ed. of Ukrainian edition Oleg Feshovets. - Lviv: Publishing House "Astrolabe",
2013. - 588 p.
Soletskyy O.M. Emblematic Forms of Taras Shevchenkos Kobzar

Abstract. The functionality of emblematic forms of Taras Shevchenkos Kobzar have been studied in the article. The forms have
been reviewed in two perspectives: as the majorant of the writers synthetic figurative-verbal creative self-expression and as the
structuralist code of texts reception. It is a kind of text memory that unities the most expressive and significant symbol representatives in a single notional unit. Thus, the emblematic form has been treated as a particular type of verbal and graphic structured unity
forming the matrix of textual concordance between the author and the reader.
Keywords: emblematic form, structure, reception, symbol, archetypal image
..
. .
- - , , .
- ,
.
: , , , ,
88
..
1920-:
_________________________________________
,
, . ,
. 20- .
, , , .
, , ,
. . . , 20- , . . ,
. , , , .
: , , , , , ,
.

.
,
. :
, , ,
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
, , , [1, . 142-143].
, .

. . ,
,

.
: ,

,
, .
, ;
, , . ,
,
.
. .

(, , .).
. ,
.-.-. , . . . . , . , . , . ,
. .
. , . ,
. , -
. .
20- . . .
, 20- .
.
.
. .
[10]
, , , , .
,
,
. ,
,
.
. ,
, ,

, [10,
. 87].
, , , .

,
, , , ,
[7, . 33].
.
. ,
, , .
, .
, . ( ..)
,
( )
89
( ) . ,
,
.
,
.
, , . ,
, ,
,
. ,
, .

.
, , .
,
.
. . ,
, . .
, , ,
,
,
[6, . 100]. , , , , . .
, .
. .
,
.
, ,
. . ,
, , , -,
,
, [3, . 12].
, ?

,
.
, , .

,
, ,
.
.
,

. . , ,
[5].
20-

.
, ,
.
20- , . :
[2]
,
. , .
. , , : , .
. , . , . , . , . , . ,
. , . , . ,
V ., , .
, ,
. . . , , ,
.
, .
,
. ,
.

. ,
,
, , , , , . , ,
,
, ,
.
.

,
.
90
,
, .

,
. , .
, ,
. , , .
.

, .
, .
-
,
[4, . 226-227]. . . , , ,
, - ,
- ' . ,
,
, ,
[9, . 240]. . ,
(
, )
, , ,
[8, . 41].
,
,
. ( V .) ,
, ,

( ),
[2, . 254]. , , . . , . ,
,
. ,

.
,
,
. ( , , .)
. , 20-
.
, ,
, . , ,
.
.
1. . - 6. .. :
/ . // . / . . . -- : 1992. 7. . 136176.
, 2002. 418 .
2. . : 7. . . [] /.. . : -, 2006. / . . . 328 .
, 2010. 262 .
3. . / . // 8. . / . //
. . - .
159. , 2009. . 514.
. 4. . . : . KM Academia, 1998.
4. . / . 3742.
. // . 20. . : 9. . / . . ..
, 2008. .226230.
.. /. // 5. . [ - - . , , . . : -
] / . / . ./ - -, 1987. . 232263.
http://nz-biblio.narod.ru/html/eliade1/index.htm
10. . / . //
. /. . . : ,
1992. . 6696.
1. Husserl E. The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental 3. Kavun L. "The romance of vitaism " as outlook/ Kavun L. //
Phenomenology / E. Husserl // Problems of Philosophy.
Bulletin of Cherkassy University. - Series Philology. - Issue
1992. 7. P. 136176.
159. Cherkasy, 2009. p. 514.
2. Kavun L. The Rebel romance of vitaism: the prose by 4. Kazanova U. The tragic irony in modern discourse / U. KazanoVAPLTE /L.I. Kavun. Cherkasy : Brama-Ukraina, 2006.
va // Literary Studies. - Issue 20 - K: CUP "Kyiv University",
328 p.
2008. P. 226230.
91
Vol 4 - Philology. - K., Pub. house KM Academia, 1998.
P. 3742.
9. Frai N. Anatomy of Criticism / Trans. from English. A.S. Kozlova and V.T.Oleynika / H. Fry // International aesthetics and
literary theory in nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Treatises,
articles and essays. M.: Pub. of Moscow University, 1987.
P. 232263.
10. Tsymbalistyi B. Rodyna i dusha narodu [The family and soul
of the people] / B. Tsymbalistyi // Ukrainian soul / ed. Viktoriia Khramova. K. : MP Feniks, 1992. S 6696.
5. Myrcha E. The Myth of the Eternal Return / E. Myrcha / Trans.

by E.Morozova y E.Murashkyntseva / http://nz-biblio.narod.ru/
html/eliade1/index.htm
6. Pyhulevskyi V.O. The irony and fiction: from the romanticism
to postmodernism/ V.O. Pyhulevskyi. Rostov-na-Donu : Folyant, 2002. 418 p.
7. Piskun O. The writer and totalitarianism. The psychoanalytic
interpretation of prose by T. Osmachka / O.U. Piskun.
Cherkasy, 2010. 262 p.
8. Struts R. The types of the irony / R. Struts // Scientific Proceedings of the National University of "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy". -
Tkalych I.V. Ironic strategies of modernism of the 1920s: a literary context

Abstract. This article analyzes the specific of the literary irony in the Ukrainian literature of the 1920s. The author believes that this
period in Europe was marked by crisis of world view; a human has lost the meaning of life; the history has lost the only sense. In
addition, the new time brought a revolution to Ukraine, planting alien ideology through bloodshed and cruelty that led to the serious
mental changes of Ukrainian people. I. Tkalych finds frustration on social perspectives as the cause of the tragic consciousness.
However, the researcher does not consider a person of the 1920s as a weak victim because her philosophy is permeated by vitaism
and desire to fight. . Tkalych drew attention to the fact that the two aspects actual picture of the world has generated the polarity of
irony in the literary space. Next to the tragic irony of the person locked himself in and doomed to live in the totalitarian society the
vitaistic irony inspired by faith in life is positioned.
Keywords: irony, disasters, depression, dehumanization, mentality, tragedy, vitaism
.B. 1920- :
. 20- .
, , , . , ,
, . . . , 20- , . . , . , , , .
: , , , , , ,
92
..
:
______________________________________
, ,

. , . ,
.
, . . .
, , .
: , , , , ,

,
.
, . . ,
,
. .
.
, , , (B. [8]; .
[13]; . [5]).
, , (. [1], . [2], . [9]).
.
,

. . .

.
, , , .
. .
[12], , :
. , . [7, 1417].
, . ,
, , ,
, , , [3, 79].
, , . -
: ,
[3, 80].
, . , .
. [3],
. [4],
,

. ,
.
: , ,
, . , .
, , .
,
. , . , .
[ ..] , ,
. ,
.
[3, 109].
. . ,
, , , . ...
, ,
, [3, 131132].
,
. , , .
. ,
,
, .
, :
, [12, 198]; : - , .
93
, ,
. , .
,
. , , . -
. [4, 308309]; ( ) [4, 308309]; (, , ) [4, 308]; (, [4, 308309]; [4, 309]; , :
: , [4,
308309].

(, , ), ( , ) ( , , ).
. : ().

. , , , ,
[4, 269].
. ,
.
,
.
,
. . ,
. , ,
[4, 273].
,
, .
, . , : ..., , ,
, : ,
[4, 273]. , .
, ,
, .
.
. ,
,
,
. ,
,

,
[1, 7]. . , - , ,
( ).
, .
, ,
.
,
.
-,
,

.
.
,
, .
.
, ,
.
. , ,
,

, [9, 2].
, , , .
,
, ,
, .
, . . ,
. , , . . . ( ,
, );
- (, -, ). ,
, .
, .
. .
,
, .
, . ! .
94

, , .
, , , , . ,
,
(, ).
: -
, - -
. - . .
: !; ,
,
: -
- - ,
- !
, , : - - . -
- . . - -
, - .
. ,
: ,
. : !.

, , .

. , : - . - - . - - ,
- . -
,
, : , ! !.
,
, , , ,
.
: - , - , - , - .
,
,
, ,
( ,
)
, ,
-,
.
, .

, .
1. .. / .. - 7. .. .
// . . 2. ,
( III . .. III . . .) / .. .
1924. - 256 .
.: , 1969. . 14-17.
2. .., .. 8. .. / .. , .. // // , 1.
. ., 1981. (. . ).
9. .
3. . 5- / . . -.: , 2010.
/ . .: , 2006.
368 .
256 .
10. - [,
4. . /
.
: : -
]. :
5 . / . . . . .: ,
, 1998. . . 1946 .
2008. . 1. . . . 2008. 1998. 355 .
400. . 214 395.
11. / [ 5. .. : ,
]. .:
, : . .
, 1997. . . 1997. 577 .
. . . . : . 10. 01. 07. 12. , . . / .. . , 2005. 20 .
/ ., . . .. . .:
6. .., .. , 1993. 768 .
/ .. , .. . - 13. .. ... (.: -, 2006. 591 c.
, , ) / .. .
.: , 2002. 224 .
1. Vynohradov H.S. Children's folk calendar // Siberian live old. - 4. Zahlada N. Everyday life of peasants child / Ukrainian folk
Vol. 2. - Irkutsk, 1924. - 256 p.
culture: the life cycle of man: historical and ethnological study
2. Hrechyna O.N., Osoryna M.V. Children's modern folk prose /
in 5 vol. / Science. ed. M. Hrymych. - K .: Duliby, 2008. - Vol
O.N. Hrechyna, M.V. Osoryna // Folklore and historical reality.
1. Children. Childhood. Children's subculture. 2008.- 400 p.
L., 1981. (RF. T. KhKh).
S. 214 395.
3. Hrushevs'kyy M. The child in the customs and beliefs of the 5. Kulynych S.P. Modern children's folklore: semantic, structural,
Ukrainian nation / Marko Hrushevs'kyy. K.: Lybid', 2006.
functional aspects / Abstr. dis cand. philol. sc.: spec. 10. 01. 07.
256 p.
- "Folklore" / S.P. Kulinich. - Kyiv, 2005. 20 s.
95
Edmonton: Alberta Association of Ukrainian Pioneers, 1998.
T.I. reprint of the original 1946. 1998. 355 s.
11. Ukrainian Language Dictionary / [Compiled with the addition
of Boris Hrinchenko own material]. - K .: "Trust" -UNVTS
"Native Tongue" 1997. T.II Z N. 1997. 577 s.
12. Ukrainian sayings, proverbs etc. / concluded M. Nomys /
Compilation, notes and introductory article M.M. Pazyak. K.:
Lybid', 1993. 768 s.
13. Cherednykova M.P. Voice of childhood from farness (game,
magic, myth in children's culture) / M.P. Cherednykova. M.:
Labyrynt, 2002. 224 s.
6. Lanovyk M.B., Lanovyk Z.B. Ukrainian folklore. Tutorial /

M.B. Lanovyk, Z.B. Lanovyk. - K.: Znannya-Pres, 2006.
591 p.
7. Lysevych Y.S. Ancient Chinese poetry and folk song (Yuefu
end of the III. BC beginning of the III. BC. E.)/ Y.S. Lysevych.
M .: Nauka, 1969. s. 14-17.
8. Lur'e V.F. Brief anthology of folklore primary school children //
ShBF, 1.
9. Osoryna M. The secret world of children in the space of the
adult world / M. Osoryna. S-Pb.: Pyter, 2010. 368 s.
10. Bywords or Ukrainian-national philosophy / [[Gathered, prepared for publication and published Vladimir S. Plav'yuk]. -
Yarmolenko N.N. Child's spooky tales is in ukrainian folklore: transforming traditions

Abstract. The article describes genesis and transformation of nastrashky (term by the author), these spooky tales are one of the
least researched genres in modern childrens folklore. The research offers an insight of genetic similarity of this genre with miscellaneous traditional forms used by adults and elder children to scare a child away. Children were taught by scaring to beware of some
unknown things. Adults told scare stories for didactic purposes, they gave children an ability to anticipate danger. Childrens fear
performed the function of self-preservation and self-regulation. The author accents on interrelation and mutual influence of two cultures (adults and children). Children studied the system of forbiddances of adults through legends, stories and tales. Ukrainian folklore stories which were documented in XX century showed us tendencies of childrens introducing into the picture of the world of
adults, their connection with outlook of adults. They interpreted the traditional myths, represented traditional meaning and realized
them in different systems of codes. Spooky tales reconstructed the system of archaic concepts, which were in the basis of the mythological consciousness. As far as transmission of information derived from the older to the younger, so an adult intervention was not
necessary on transitional stages. Younger children learned the accepted norms of cultural behavior of the nation due to the elder children. Paradigmatic analysis of the concept of "fear" gave the right to assert in the folk tradition that children's spooky stories were
formed on the basis of inherited archetypal characters, the traditional worldview and particular life experiences (whish was heard
from adults or saw in real life). Traditional mythological and folklore structures lied in a basis of nastrashky. An imaginary creatures and representatives of underworld acted according their malice in such tales. The author defines kinship childrens spooky stories with folk epic and argues that the pragmatic aim of this genre was to teach children to be in control of their emotions.
Keywords: fear, spooky tales, scary stories, nastrashky, childrens epos, childrens subculture
.. :
. , .
,
. . . ,
. , , .
, -, . ,
.
: , , , , ,
96
Editor-in-chief: Dr. Xnia Vmos
The journal is published by the support of

Society for Cultural and Scientific Progress in Central and Eastern Europe
Kszlt a Rzsadomb Contact Kft nyomdjban.

1022 Budapest, Balogvr u. 1.
www.rcontact.hu

Seanewdim Philology Ii9 Issue 44

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Seanewdim Philology Ii9 Issue 44

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Seanewdim Philology Ii9 Issue 44

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

p-ISSN 2308-5258

III(9), Issue 44, 2015

The journal is listed and indexed in:

Andreichuk N.I. Problematizing the Notion of Cross-cultural Semiosis .

Bulkina A. Dialogic Love Discourse in Fictional Communication: Marriage Proposals

Sivkov I.V. Realization of notion heart in Arabic ... 25

Culture is a space of mind for the production of semiosis

is synonymous with semiotic function [5, p. 285].

a functioning semiotic unity; (2) the text is the carrier of

dard, D. Tannen and others. The fundamental tenet of

Summing up it should be emphasized that defining culture

The communicative function of language is most naturally

Love discourse is implemented through a series of speech

you for more than six months! Perhaps my late interest in

INITIATION: declaring of the speakers intentions and

FINAL ANSWER OF THE ADDRESSEE: hesitations,

NEGATIVE REACTION OF THE ADDRESSEE: refusal to participate in further communication

"Because you never ask."

4. The omission of the core question Will you marry

nancy of woman. The illustration is the dialogue between

REFERENCES (TRANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED)

(transcendental union); the eternal union of the citizens of

2.2. Conceptual analysis of the XX - XXI cent. American poetry

Such disillusionment, however, is not all-embracing:

Communication (from Latin ommunicatio to make

he forecasts development of new objective methods for

siveness (fluctuation). It causes its creative features. The

Nowadays journalists and people who are always in the

screen or computer monitor; a person whose face is lit in

ment where some people got to choose between sitting and

REFERENCES (TRANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED)

Sense development heart > feeling, emotion may be

Introduction. Materials of our article are built on study

q.v. [Lane, VI, 2323]. Tataqallabu fhi al-qulbu wa al-abru

cf. sense development heart > feeling, emotion.

symbolic source of emanation of strong emotions. Third

It is vital to submit that we take into consideration the ideas

REFERENCES (TRANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED)

9. Carter R., McCarthy M. Cambridge Grammar of English. A

Manner adverbials are understood by us as linguistic units

Psalms, Sermo Lupi ad Anglos. As can be seen from the

REFERENCES (TRANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED)

30. Fillmore Ch. On the organization of semantic information in

idiotism, XVIII . idiom ,

1. .. . . - 5. .. : . / ... ., 1988. 338 .

I have a mans mind, but a womans might.

[2, . 1215; 19, . 1314]. , [13], , ,

16. Tataru L.V. Composite rhythm and cognitive logic of narrative

Izotova N.P. Linguistics of psychonarration in J.M. Coetzees novels: aspects of study

"Dont you mind my assistance?" "Im sure I will enjoy

1. Johnson M. The Meaning of the Body / Mark Johnson. Uni- 4. ..

CAMPBELL: Yeah, that's very much happening. ... I

REFERENCES TRANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED

, : we cherish our jobs, our welfare, our national

REFERENCES (TRANSLATED AND TRANSLITERATED)

10.02.01 / N.V. Slukhay (Molotayeva). - Kyiv University n.a.

c. 143; 14] , , [12; 19].

work: a collection of articles / Nat. Musical Acad. of Ukraine.

Sarah said quietly. Now I'll only be by myself. Thanks