Tulsa Technology Center

Dental Assisting
Created by Debbie Batson, R.D.H., B.S.

Head and Neck

Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology

Part I

General

Terms
Landmarks of the Face
Landmarks of the Oral Cavity
Bone & Cartilage

Terms
ANATOMY
Study of the structure of the human body and
its parts

PHYSIOLOGY
Study of the functions of the human body
systems

Structural Units & Body Systems

THE HUMAN BODY HAS 4 BASIC LEVELS
OF ORGANIZATION:
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Body Systems

Body Systems
Organs

Tissues
CELLS

CELLS

Smallest living unit of the body and are

composed of a nucleus and cytoplasm.
Different types of cells have different
functions; for example brain cells have a
different function than blood cells.
Differentiation: Specialization of cells

CELLS

Cells have shapes that resemble columns,

cubes, and spheres
Cell Membrane: Surrounds the cell body and
serves two purposes: Structural &
Semipermeable
Cytoplasm: Gel -like fluid which makes up
the major portion of the cell

TISSUES
Groups

of specialized cells that

join together to perform a
particular function

Types of Tissues:

Connective

Binds & supports other tissues (tendons,

cartilage, blood, lymph, & bone)

Muscle

Contract & move body parts ( voluntary &

involuntary)

Types of Tissues

Nerve

Specialized to conduct electrochemical

impulses (receives signals and sends
messages to & from all body parts)

Epithelial

Covers the external portion of the body and

lines the internal body cavities

ORGANS
Collection

of related tissues that

perform a definite function
the individual organ performs a
specific function

Human Heart

BODY SYSTEMS
Compromise many organs, are
interdependent and function as a team
to keep the body healthy and functional

BODY SYSTEMS
Examples:
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Reproductive System
Circulatory System

Digestive System
It

all starts here:

Process of breaking down

ingested foods into forms
that body can use.

The Digestive System

COMPOSED OF THE:
Mouth
Stomach
Teeth
Small Intestine
Tongue
Large Intestine
Pharynx
Liver
Esophagus

Swallowing
z

Phase I

Masticated food (chewed) forms a mass at the dorsum of

the tongue
z

Phase II

Food passes through the pharynx into the beginning of the

esophagus
z

Phase III

Food passes down the esophagus into the stomach

Pharynx
Tongue
Esophagus

Nervous System

Causes muscles to contract, stimulates

glands to secrete, and regulates other
systems of the body
It allows sensation to be perceived, such as
pain, pressure, and touch

Cardiovascular System

Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood

It functions to circulate blood, carry various
gases to all areas of the body, and filter and
eliminate wastes

Cardiovascular System
Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Carry blood to the heart

The Lymphatic System

Part of the immune

system
Plays an important role in
the defense of the body
against infection and
disease

Lymph nodes

Small round or oval structures located in

lymph vessels.
They fight disease by producing antibodies
In acute infections, the lymph nodes become
swollen and tender as a result of the
collection of lymphocytes gathered to destroy
the invading substance

Lymph Nodes
3 MAJOR SITES:
Cervical
Axillary
Inguinal Nodes

Head & Neck area

Under the arms
Lower Abdomen

Muscular System
Muscles must expand and contract to
make movements possible.
Each muscle has a point of origin that
is fixed and a point of insertion that is
movable.

Muscular System
3 BASIC TYPES OF MUSCLES

Striated
Smooth
Cardiac

Skeletal
internal organs
forms wall of the heart

Types of
Muscle

Striated
Smooth
Cardiac

The
Skeletal System

Consists of 206 bones

Two systems Axial and
appendicular
Axial consists of the skull,
spinal column, ribs and
sternum
Appendicular consists of
the upper extremities,
shoulder and pelvic girdle
and the lower extremities

Structure of the Bone

Periosteum
Cancellous bone

Compact Bone

Layers of bone

PERIOSTEUM

Is a specialized connective tissue that covers

all bones of the body
It is attached to the bone by sharpeys fibers,
which penetrate the underlying bone matrix

Two kinds of bone:

COMPACT

/ CORTICAL

CANCELLOUS

COMPACT / CORTICAL BONE

Hard
Dense
Very Strong
On radiographs it appears whiter,
because it is more dense

CANCELLOUS BONE

Known as spongy bone

Lighter in weight
Not as strong as cortical bone
Found in the interior of the bone
Filled with bone marrow
Small spaces (like swiss cheese)

LAYERS OF BONE

PERIOSTEUM

COMPACT BONE

CANCELLOUS BONE

CARTILAGE

Tough
More ELASTIC than bone
Forms some structures such as the end of
the nose
Covers joint surfaces

Landmarks of the Face

Inner
Canthus

Outer
Canthus

of the

of the

eye

eye

Landmarks of the Face

Philtru
m

Ala

Landmarks of the Face

Tragus
of the
ear

Landmarks of the Face

Commissure

Vermillion
Border

Sinus
Frontal Sinus
Sphenoid Sinus

Nasal Concha

Tonsils and the palates of the oral cavity

Pharyngeal tonsil
Soft palate
Uvula
Hard palate

Palatine Tonsil

Oral
Cavity

Maxilla
Mandible

Tongue

Gingiva
Rugae
Uvula

Labial Frenum

Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Palatine Tonsil

Retromolar Area

Oral Cavity

See Web page below

Head & Neck
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/

End PART I

Click on the Button to the right of her head

this will open the hyperlink to the Web
Page Anatomy Lesson Head & Neck
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/

PART II
HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY
z
z
z

Bones of the Cranium & Face

Salivary Glands
Papillae of the Tongue

BONES OF THE CRANIUM

Protect the
Brain

BONES OF THE CRANIUM

z Frontal

Frank

z Parietal

Picks

z Occipital

Out

z Temporal

The

z Sphenoid

Smallest

z Ethmoid

Earthworm

BONES OF THE CRANIUM

Frontal
Forms part of the:
1.floor of the cranium
2.Forehead
3.Most of the roof of the orbits

FRONTAL
BONE

BONES OF THE CRANIUM

PARIETAL
Forms most of the roof and upper sides of the
cranium
Two parietal bones

PARIETAL
BONES

BONES OF THE CRANIUM

OCCIPITAL:
Forms the back and base
of the cranium

BONES OF THE CRANIUM

OCCIPITAL
BONE

BONES OF THE CRANIUM

z TEMPORAL

BONES

Forms the sides and base of the cranium

Contains the external auditory meatus & mastoid
process
Bears the Glenoid fossa (part of the TMJ)

Glenoid
fossa

TEMPORAL
External
Mastoid
Auditory Meatus

BONES OF THE CRANIUM

z

SPHENOID

Forms the anterior portion of the base of the skull

The superior surface protects the pituitary gland

SPHENOID

Sphenoid

ETHMOID- Forms part of the orbit

and nasal Cavity

Ethmoid

BONES OF THE FACE

The Bones
of the face
give the face
shape!

BONES OF THE FACE

z Zygomatic

z Maxillary

z Nasal

z Conchae

z Palatine

z Vomer

z Lacrimal

z Mandible

z Zygomatic

Zack

z Nasal

Nack

z Palatine

Passionately

z Lacrimal

Loves

BONES

z Maxillary

Mandy

z Conchae

Candy

z Vomer

Very

THE

z Mandible

Much

FACE

OF

BONES OF THE FACE

z

ZYGOMATIC BONES

Form the prominence of the cheek and the lateral

wall and floor of the orbit

Zygomatic

BONES OF THE FACE

MAXILLARY BONES
z Known as the maxilla
z Holds the upper teeth in the aveolar process

BONES OF THE FACE

Maxilla

BONES OF THE FACE

NASAL BONES
z
z

Two nasal bones join to form the bridge of

the nose
Constitute a small portion of the septum

Nasal Bones

BONES OF THE FACE

LACRIMAL
z
z

They make up part of the orbit in the center

of the eye
Lie behind the frontal processes of the
maxillary
Note: Lacrimal Gland supplies the tear ducts!

Lacrimal

BONES OF THE FACE

VOMER
z

Is the single flat bone that forms the base of

the nasal septum

Vomer

BONES OF THE FACE

CONCHAE
z

Has three projecting structures which

extends inward from the maxila into the nasal
cavity
Made up of the superior, middle, and inferior
conchae

Inferior
Conchae

BONES OF THE FACE

MANDIBLE
z
z
z

Forms the lower jaw

Is the only movable bone of the skull
Contains the alveolar process which
supports the teeth of the lower arch

Mandible

Go to the sites listed on the next

slide. You must be in the Slide
Show mode, Click on each button
and check out the web sites.

NOTE: *On the second site listed

experience the living skull (click
on the pictures to enlarge them)

CLICK ON PINK FOR 1ST WEB PAGE

CLICK ON BLUE FOR THE 2ND ONE
z
z

http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/lesson1.htm
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/xrays/1sku
ll.html

Note: You must be in slide show mode for them to work!

PALATINE

Median
Suture

SALIVARY GLANDS & DUCTS

Parotid
Sublingual

Submandibular

SALIVARY GLANDS & DUCTS

Stensons
Duct

Whortons Duct

Whortons Duct

Regions of the tongue

sensitive to various tastes!

Bitter

Sour
Salty

Papillae of the Tongue

Vallate Papillae

Fungiform Papillae of the tongue

Filiform Papillae

Fungiform Papillae

Filiform

Valate

Palatine Tonsil

Lingual
Tonsil

End of Part II

PART III
Paranasal Sinuses
z Muscles of Facial Expression
z Muscles of Mastication
z Landmarks of the mandible
z Temporalmandibular Joint
z

PARANASAL SINUSES
z
z

Air containing spaces within the skull

THEY FUNCTION TO:
produce mucus
Make the bones of the skull lighter
Provided resonance (produce sound)

MAXILLARY SINUSES
z

The Largest of the paranasal sinuses

A maxillary sinus infection is one of the most

common causes for patient to have a tooth ache
and the tooth be ok ( this is due to the fact that
the maxillary root often goes into the sinus
cavity)

PARANASAL SINUSES

Maxillary

FRONTAL SINUSES

zLocated

within the
forehead above the
left and right eye

PARANASAL SINUSES
Frontal

ETHMOID SINUSES
z Irregularly

shaped air cells

separated from the orbital
cavity by a very thin layer of
bone

PARANASAL SINUSES

Ethmoid
Group

SPHENOID SINUSES
zLocated

close to the optic

nerves, where an infection
may damage vision

PARANASAL SINUSES

Sphenoid

PARANASAL SINUSES
Frontal
Ethmoid
(Anterior& Posterior)

Sphenoid
Maxillary

MUSCLES OF FACIAL
EXPRESSION
z Zygomatic

NOTE:

z Obicularis Oris

Without these

z Mentalis

muscles you

z Buccinator

would be like a
Z-O-M-Beeeee

MUSCLES OF FACIAL
EXPRESSION
z Zygomatic
Draws the angle
Of the mouth
upward and
backward

MUSCLES OF FACIAL
EXPRESSION

Zygomatic
Smile muscle

MUSCLES OF FACIAL
EXPRESSION

Obicularis
Oris

MUSCLES OF FACIAL
EXPRESSION

Obicularis Oris the kissing muscle!

MUSCLES OF FACIAL
EXPRESSION
z Mentalis

MUSCLES OF FACIAL
EXPRESSION

Mentalis
Pouting Muscle

MUSCLES OF FACIAL
EXPRESSION

Buccinator
Compresses
cheeks against
teeth

MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
zTemporal Muscle
zMasseter Muscle
zInternal (Medial) Pterygoid Muscle
zExternal (Lateral) Pterygoid Muscle

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
z

Temporal Muscle

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
z

Masseter Muscle

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
Internal Pterygoid
Muscle

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
External Pterygoid
Muscle

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

zhttp://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/lesson4.htm

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

zhttp://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/lesson4.htm

External Pterygoid- Lateral

Internal Pterygoid - Medial

http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/lesson
4.htm

LANDMARKS OF THE
MANDIBLE

Forms the lower jaw and is

the only movable bone of
the skull

LANDMARKS OF THE MANDIBLE

Coronoid
Process

Sigmoid Notch
Condyloid
Process

Alveolar
Process

Ramus
Mental
Foramen

Mental Protuberance

Border of
the mandible

Angle of
the
Mandible

Temporomandibular Joint
z Synovial

joints constructed to
permit specialized hinge and
gliding movements that permit
varying degrees of mouth
opening

TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT

Recieves name from the two bones that

enter into its formation:

Temporal Bone
Mandible

Click this button in slide show

mode to learn more about the
TMJ

Temporalmandibular Joint
Articular eminence
Glenoid fossa

Condyloid Process

TMJ - Made up of three bony parts.

z
z

Articular Eminance - raised portion of the

temporal bone, anterior to the glenoid fossa
Glenoid Fossa - lined with fibrous connected
tissue, an oval depression in the temporal
bone anterior to the external auditory meatus
Condyloid Process - of the mandible lies in
the glenoid fossa

Temporal Mandibular Joint

Meniscus
Capsular ligaments

TMJ

TMJ
z
z

Capsular Ligament - dense fibrous capsule

that completely surrounds the TMJ
Meniscus/Articular Disc - cushion of dense
specialized tissue that divides the articular
space into upper and lower compartments,
which are filled with synovial fluid

PART IV
Muscles of the floor of the mouth
z Lymph System
z General Neck Muscles
z Major Arteries and Veins of the face
and oral cavity
z Primary Innervation of the oral cavity
z

MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF THE

MOUTH

zMylohyoid

Muscle
zDiagastric Muscle
zStylohyoid Muscle
zGeniohyoid Muscle

MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF

THE MOUTH
Mylohyoid Muscle
(MOM)
z

MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF

THE MOUTH
Digastric Muscle
(DAD)
z

MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF

THE MOUTH
Stylohyoid Muscle
(SIS)
z

MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF

THE MOUTH
z

Geniohyoid
Muscle

(GRANDPA)

Muscles of the floor of the Mouth

Muscles of the floor of the Mouth

Lymph System
Lymph nodes for the oral
cavity drain intraoral
structuress such and the
teeth, eyes, ears, nasal
cavity, and deeper areas of
the throat.

Part of the Immune Reaction

Lymph Nodes are

small, round or oval
structures located In
lymph vessels. They
fight disease by
producing antibodies.

Can indicate infection

or cancer!

Lymph System

Post
Auricular

Lymph System

Sternomastoid

Lymph System

Pre-auricular

Parotid

Lymph System

Facial

Lymph System

Submental

Lymph System

Submandibular

Lymph System
Posterior
deep &
superficial

Cervical
Anterior deep &
superficial

Cervical

Lymph System
z Supraclavicular

Lymph System
z Occipital

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/lesson5.htm

Major Veins of the Face & Oral Cavity

Major Arteries of the Face & Oral Cavity

Innervation of the Oral Cavity

z

Trigeminal nerve: The trigeminal nerve is

the chief sensory nerve of the face and the
motor nerve of the muscles involved in the
process of chewing food in preparation for
swallowing and digestion (mastication). As
the name indicates, the trigeminal nerve is
composed of three large branches.

Innervation of the Oral Cavity

The trigeminal nerve is composed of three
large branches. They are the:
1. Ophthalmic (V1, sensory),
2. Maxillary (V2, sensory) and
3. Mandibular (V3, motor and sensory)
branches.

Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve

The End of PART IV

References
Modern Dental Assisting, Torres & Ehrlich
http://www.intech.mnsu.edu/angelamonson/DH319/Short%2
0Papers/trigeminal_nerve_1.htm
http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/nervous_system/infratemp.h
tml
http://www.netterimages.com/image/list.htm
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/
http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/head/submand_ans.html
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yaho
o.com%2Fsearch%3Fp%3DPictures%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTrigeminal%2Bnerve%26prssweb%
3DSearch%26ei%3DUTF8%26fl%3D0&h=469&w=399&imgcurl=www.utdallas.edu%2F%7Etres%2Finteg%2Fsen6%2
F10_03.jpg&imgurl=www.utdallas.edu%2F%7Etres%2Finteg%2Fsen6%2F10_03.jpg&size=
25.3kB&name=10_03.jpg&rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utdallas.edu%2F%7Etres%2Finteg
%2Fsen6%2Fdisplay10_03.html&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utdallas.edu%2F%7Etres%2F
integ%2Fsen6%2Fdisplay10_03.html&p=trigeminal+nerve&type=jpeg&no=2&tt=256&fr=FP
-tab-web-t