Nanotechnology &nanomaterials - STTPNNT15RJP
Nanotechnology &nanomaterials - STTPNNT15RJP
Nanotechnology &nanomaterials - STTPNNT15RJP
Content
Introduction
Nanotechnology
History
Tools and techniques
Lithography
Approaches in Nanotechnology
Top-down/Bottom-up Approach
Nanomaterials
Types of Nan0-materials
Conclusions
References
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INTRODUCTION
Nano
The word nano is derived from greek word nanos
which means extremely small or dwarf.
Nanometer is a unit of length in the matric system,
Introduction (Contd.)
Todays manufacturing methods are very crude
at the molecular level. Casting, grinding,
milling and even lithography move atoms at
macroscopic scale.
What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the engineering of tiny
machinesthe projected ability to make things
from the bottom up, using techniques and tools
being developed today to place every atom and
molecule in a desired place.
Shortly after this envisioned molecular machinery
is created, it will result in a manufacturing
revolution, probably causing severe disruption. It
also has serious economic, social, environmental,
and military implications.
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology comprises technological developments on
The
SCOPE OF NANOTECHNOLOFY
Nanotechnology finds wide spread applications
in almost all areas of technology and society i.e.
Robotics
Fiber optic systems
Aerospace industry
Advanced materials technology
Biology and medicine
Microelectronics
Computer industry
Precision manufacturing
Massive parallelism
One robotic arm assembling molecular parts is going to take a
Potential of Nanotechnology
Nearly free consumer products
PC's billions of times faster then today
Safe and affordable space travel
Virtual end to illness, aging, death
No more pollution and automatic cleanup of
existing pollution
End of famine and starvation
Superior education for every child on Earth
Reintroduction of many extinct plants and
animals
History
The first concept was presented in 1959 by the famous
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History (Contd.)
The Japanese scientist called Norio Taniguchi of the
Tokyo University was the first to use the term Nanotechnology" in a conference in 1974, to describe the
semiconductor processes such as thin film deposition and
Ion beam milling, exhibiting characteristic control at the
order of a nanometer.
However, the term was not used again till 1981 when Eric
History (Contd.)
Invention of scanning tunneling microscope took place in
Characterization Techniques
There are several characterization techniques used in Nanotechnology:
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Atomic force microscope (AFM)
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
Lithography
Lithography in MEMS context is typically the transform of
pattern.
Technique of nanolithography such as:
Optical
lithography,
X-ray
lithography,
dip-pen
Approaches in nanotechnology
There are two approaches used in nanotechnology to
design nanoscale pattern:
Nano technology
Approaches
Top-down Approach
Bottom up Approach
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Nanoparticle
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based.
Nano machining
Fragmentation - mechanical milling, spark erosion
etc.
Sintering of nano-precursors
Thermal treatment of metals, ceramics, composites
Fluidics
Nano scale robotics
Bio-evolutionary approaches
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Bottom-up Approach
Self assembly from
Atom/Molecules
v
v
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Applications
of Nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology in Fabrics
The properties of familiar materials are being changed by
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Nanotechnology in Mobile
Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by
Nanotechnology in Electronics
The transistors are made of nanowires
Scientists
Nanotechnology in Computers
The silicon transistors in your computer may be
replaced by transistors based on carbon
nanotubes.
Nanorods is upcoming technology in the display
techniques due to less consumption of electricity
and less heat emission.
Size of microprocessors are reduced to grater
extent.
Hewett packard is developing a memory devices
that uses nanowires coated with titanium dioxide.
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computer chips.
Magnetic nanowires made of an alloy of iron and nickel are
between 65 nm 45 nm.
Later with the help of nanotechnology 22 nm chips were
Drug Delivery
Today, most harmful side effects of treatments such as chemotherapy
are a result of drug delivery methods that don't pinpoint their intended
target cells accurately.
Researchers at Harvard and MIT have been able to attach special RNA
cancer patients while producing less side harmful affects than those
Other uses
Cutting tools made of nanocrystalline materials such as
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Nano-materials
Nanomaterials : Having at least one dimensions
less than 100 nm.
Therefore, a variety of films that actually can have a
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Nanostructured Materials
Generally, the nanostructured materials can be
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treatment etc.
In automobile light weight auto parts.
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Nanoparticles
It refers to materials whose all three dimensions are in
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Nano-Particles (Contd.)
Sunscreens are utilizing nanoparticles that are extremely
Nano-Particles (Contd.)
Nano particles also find application in packaging to reduce
Properties
There are two factors that differentiate the properties
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cylindrical nanostructure.
Properties of CNT
Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in creating light
weight spacecraft.
Electrical resistance changes significantly when other
molecules attach themselves to the carbon atoms,
helps in developing sensors that can detect chemical
vapors.
Easily penetrate membrane such as cell walls, helps in
cancer treatment.
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CNT applications
Easton bell sports, using CNT in making bicycle
component.
Zyvex technologies, using CNT for manufacturing of
light weight boats.
Replacing transistors from the silicon chips as they are
small and emits less heat.
In electric cables and wires
In solar cells
In fabrics
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Uses of nanorods
In display technologies because, the reflectivity of the
In cancer therapeutics.
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Nanocrystals
Nanocrystals absorb then re-emit the light in a different color
Nanocrystals
Nanocrystals are an ideal light harvester in photovoltaic
Nanocrystals
Nano-clays
Nano clay are used in packaging, like beer bottles, as a
Nanocomposite Coatings
Wilson Double Core tennis balls have a Nanocomposite
Nanotubes
Nanoledge makes carbon nanotubes for commercial uses, i.e. in
tennis racket, made by Babolat. The yoke of the racket bends less
during ball impact, improving the player's performance. Once
companies like Nanoledge can scale-up their production from
grams, to pounds, to tons, and can do so while controlling the type
of nanotube they produce, the world becomes their oyster.
Everywhere strength and weight are a factor - such as in the
Nanocatalysts
China's largest coal company (Shenhua Group) has licensed
Nanocatalysts (Contd.)
One of the characteristic properties of all nanoparticles has
Nanofilters
Argonide Nanomaterials, an Orlando based manufacturer of
Dendrimers
Dendrimers
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Applications of dendrimers
Dendrimers can act as nanoscale carrier molecules and
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Phase-1 (Matrix)
Nano
Composites
MMNCs
CMNCs
PMNCs
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Increase stiffness
Increase strength
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Nanocomposites
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed
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products inexpensively.
Drawbacks of Nanotechnology
Nanoparticle can get into the body through the skin, lungs,
CONCLUSIONS
Nanotechnology is a vastly growing area and has high
REFERENCES
A. G. Mamalis, Recent advances in nanotechnology, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, Vol. 181, 2007.
V. Viswanathan, T. Laha, K. Balani, A. Agarwal and S. Seal, Challenges
and advances in nanocomposite processing techniques, Materials Science
and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 54, Issues 5-6, 2006.
Steffi Friedrichs and Jurgen Schulte, Environmental, health and safety
aspects of nanotechnologyimplications for the R&D in (small)
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