ijil|;
1

rjdl|[
>l<ujH
rjdl|[ t'fjr[ ijil|dGa;, c;Sulz; t'J
g!GÒaln[ >l<ujhk=f[. L~oLhj$kH DlhJ
eyuk'k Ly~jdX ijil|dG+; c;Sulz; t'J
LGÒ*sx YeSulz; sdl![ SiGfjgj&k. ÞT'isx,
Ls#(jH T'ulxksm adsx rjdl|[ svu[fkß t'[
eyukSÙlX LiG KS`Cj)k'f[ ijil|dG+aln[.
fsRy >lgUsu, Ls#jH fsRy c[YfJsu rjdl|[
svu[fk t'[ eyukSÙlX LiG c;Sulza#lsf
KS`Cj)k'j#.

af\jH
Qgk ekgk<rk; c[YfJuk; egc[eg; ckDark>ij)lrk;
rs#lgk dkmk;~ik; ckgÊjfalu cao|ik; c{<[mj
)lrk; KS`Cj&ksdl![ LiG)jmujH rm\k'
dglyln[ Tc[hlajsh ijil|;.
ckDark>ij)H alYfa# ijil|dG+\jsRy KS`CU
sa'[ Tijsm iUd[falnS#l. YefUkf rs#lgk dkmk;
~ik; dkËaË cao|ik; K!l)hk; LfjsRy
KS`CUaln[.
 ijil|;
2

t(jhk; iUd[fjdxksm Lic[FdX)rkcgj&[ egjz
nrdX iUfUc[Falujgj)kas#l. LfjrlH TO g![
KS`CU*xjH vjhfjr[ YelakDU; h>j)lrjmuk![.

ijil|\jsRy ijPj.
ijil|; Lfjr[ dqjik; ssh;zjd ijdlgikak=
t#liG)k; Cd[falu ~lPUfuln[. Lf[ Yeilvd
Ølgksm vgUujH seMfln[. L#l|k eyuk'k.
Þrjr)kakÙk; rl; pofØlsg rjSulzj&jMk![. LiG)[
rl; >lgUalSguk; cÔlr*sxuk; rHdjujMk![.
ðyLp[ - 38ò
r~j écê ijil|; svu[fk. Lijmk'[ TYedlg;
eyukduk; svu[fk
ÞEE
 
‫אא‬FF rjC[vu;
BlR c[YfJdsx ijil|; sv$k'k. tsRy TO vgU
:sg(jhk; siyk)k'ksi(jH LiR t'jH
seMir#.
en[}jfØlG eyÉkî ijdlgak!lujgjs) ijil|\j
ShGs/mk'f[ L>jh<nJualu :glPrdsx)lX
SYC<[mdgaln[. dlgn; QSMsy rØdxk; c[fkfUG
|alu Eh*xk; ijil|\lH h>Ualdk'fln[.
ijil|; sv$H rjG~RPaldk' ZM*xk![.
Cd[falu ssh;zjd ijdlgak=irk; ijil|; svu[
fjs#(jH sfË[ c;>ijS&)ksa'[ >uak=irkalu
Qgk iUd[fj)[ Lf[ rjG~RPaln[. fs' rj<jÓ
 ijil|;
3

alu ssh;zjdfujH rj'[ fmuhk; elfjYifU;
c;gÊj)hk; Lir[ LrjilgUalnS#l.
r~j écê eyuk'kî ukicao|Sa, rj*xjH ijil|;
dqj)lR Yele[fjuk=iG ijil|; sv$sM. rjC[vu;
Lf[ dÑjsr rjuYÔj)kduk; ssh;zjd ijCkÓj
rjhrjG\kduk; sv$k;. ijil|; sv$lR dqjij#l
\iG Yifark<[mj)sM. Lf[ Ligksm ssh;zjdl
cd[fjsu rjuYÔj)k'fln[. ð~kDlgj, akc[hj;ò

3-rj~r[PrdX
Tc[hl; LfjsRy rjua*X dnjCik; ajd&fkalu
gJfjujH iUic[Fs/mk\j. LfjrlH QlSgl dG+*
X)k; Liuksm YelSulzjdf)k; rjhrjH/jrk;
afjulu rj~r[PrdX Lf[ rjC[vuj&k. L\g;
rj~r[PrdX elhj)s/mlsf Qgk Tmelmkdxk;
eoGnaldkduj#. Tc[hlajd rjua*xksm coÊ[a
fuk; d{fUfukaln[ Tf[ iUd[fal)k'f[. alYfa#,
wr*xksm dlgU*X LgÊjfaldlfjgj)lR Si!j
Ligksm rØdsxdkyj&[ Lyjuk' Ligksm >Ofjd
ik; :f[aJuikalu fh*X r'l)k'fjr[ Si!j
rjua*X :ij<[dgj& Yc<[mlijSRyfln[ Lsfl
s)su'k; iUd[falnS#l. LfjrlH ijil|dG+
\jrk; vjh rj~r[PrdX rjC[vuj)s/Mk.
 ijil|;
4

LiujH YePlrs/Miî
1- Tndxksm f{e[fjî
ijil|; pÙfjdX f+jH f{e[fjs/Mksdl!l
ujgj)n;. flrkS`Cj)l\isg ijil|; sv$lR
TndxjH :sguk; rjG^r[Pj)lif#. L#l|k
eyuk'k. cfUijCIlcjdsx, c[Yfjdsx ~hlH
)lgalujM[ LrÔglidlC cI\luj tmk)lR
rj*X)[ LidlCaj#. ðrjclL[î19ò
r~j écê eyuk'kî ijPi édrUdu#l\iXê su
Lixksm fJgkalr; :gluk'fkisg ijil|;
svu[fk sdlmk)lif#. drUdsu c+f;
Svlpj)k'f[ isguk; ijil|; sv$s/mgkf[.
LiG Svlpj&k sspipofsg, drUduksm c+f;
t*sruln[? r~j écê eyÉkî LiX aOr;
elhj)hln[.
Tijsm r~j écê c[YfJsu Lixksm f{e[fjuj
#lsf ijil|; sv$k'f[ ijSglPj&k. LiX
:pUaluj ijil|; sv$s/mk' drUdulsn(jhk;
akÙ[ ijil|jfulu ijPiulsn(jhk; Cgj.
t'lH ijPi frj)[ f{e[fjuks!'f[ fky'k
eyukd fs' Sin;. YefUkf drUduksm
dlgU\jH Lixksm aOr; afjuldk'fln[.
dlgn; LiX f{e[fjs/Mk si(jhk; fky'[
eyulR hw[wjS&)k;.
c[YfJ ijil|\jr[ ijc+fj&lH Lisx Lfjr[
rjG^r[Pj)lR Lixksm ejflijr[ Selhk; Lrk
 ijil|;
5

iprJua#. r~j écê eyÉkî drUdSulm[ Li
xksm ejfli[ c+f; Sfmn; ðakc[hj;ò
TO Lic[FujH Lisx ijil|; svu[fksdlmk
)l\fjr[ ejfli[ dkË)lgr#. dlgn; ijc+
fj&f[ Lixlns#l. esÊ Lisx c;gÊjS)
!f[ ejflijsRy ~lPUfuln[.
Qgk c[YfJ)[ g!lxjH rj'[ ijil|lShlvr i'k.
LiX Qglsxuk; gÊjfli[ asËlglSxuk; f{e[fj
s/Mk. t'lH LiX KS`Cj&iR LiX)[
Sulwj)k'irlsn(jH : ijil|; rmS\!
fln[. LulX LiX)[ Sulwj)l\irlsn
(jH : ijil|; gÊjflijr[ fmulik'fln[.
LfjsRy SegjH LulX)[ dkËaj#.
2- gÊlPjdlgjî
gÊlPjdlgjuj#lsf ijil|; clPkildkduj#.
r~j écê eyÉkî !"#$%# ÞgÊlPjdlgjuj#l
sf ijil|aj#ß. Qgk c[YfJ cIu; ijil|~r[P
\jShGs/MlH : ijil|; LclPkiln[. :
ijil|; LiX svu[flhk; asËlglsx ]H/j&l
hk; Cgj.
YelueoG\juluirk; ~kÓjuk; ijSidak=irk
alu iPkijsRy Lmk\ ~r[Pkiln[ gÊlPjdlgj.
ejfli[, ejflijsRy ejfli[, adR, adsRy adR,
cIcS|lpgR, ejflijhosmuk= cS|lpgR, ejf{
iUR, ejflijhosmuk= ejf{iUR, Ligksm cÔl
ijil|;
6

r*X, ej'Jm[ ]Ëik; Lmk\ ~r[Pk)X t'j
*sruln[ gÊlPjdlgjdxksm Yda;.
iPkijsRy alfli[ iqjuk= cS|lpgØlG,
Ligksm :N cÔfjdX, alflijsRy ejfli[,
alf{cS|lpgØlG, t'jiG)[ gÊlPjdlgaj#.
dlgn; LcI~)lgjH éejfli[ iqjuk= ~r[Pk
)Xê LiG semkduj#.
ijil|\jr[ gÊlPjdlgj LrjilgUalsn'[
eyÉs#l. LfjrlH LSrI<n; domkfhlxkd
xjH rj'k!lulH LulX LigjH ]Ëik; Lrk
SulwUsg sfgsÉmk)H rjG~r[Paln[. Trj
LrkSulwUrlu QglxjH rj'[ alYf; LSrI<nak
!ldkduk; LiX Lisr f{e[fjs/mkduk;
svu[flH : ijil|; rm\H gÊlPjdlgj)[
rjG~r[Paln[. L#l|k iPkijsRy SaH gÊlPj
dlgj)[ rHdju K\gilpjfI\jsRy YelPlrU;
Tijsm arÍjhl)s/Sm!fk![. Lf[ ijCIc[F
fSulsm Cgjulu gJfjujH egjgÊjS)!f[
LulX)[ rjG~r[Paln[. fsRy iUd[fj flHe
gU*X)[ Si!j : LPjdlg; ejmj&ksi)kdSul
frj)[ h>j)k' :rkdohU*X Sal|j&[ Sulwj
)l\ir[ ijil|; svu[fk sdlmk)kdSul
sv$k'f[ gÊlPjdlgj)[ LrkiprJua#. dlg
n; Lf[ iÖruln[.
L#l|k eyuk'kî cfU ijCIlcjdsx, rj*X
L#l|kSilmk; ycohjSrlmk; iÖr dlnj)gkf[.
rj*X ijCIcjS&H/j)s/M dlgU*xjH LyjÉk
 ijil|;
7

sdl![ iÖr dlnj)kduk; Lgkf[.
ðLRElHî27ò
rjC[vu; rÕjsdM iÖdsgsul'k; L#l|k
T<[ms/mkduj#. ð|w[w[î38ò
r~j écê eyuk'kî &'()*% +,‫*א‬% +
rj*sx#l; >gndG\l)xln[. rj*sx#l;
f*xksm >gnJusg dkyj&[ Svlpj)s/mk'fln[.
ð~kDlgjò
Sulwj& igrjH rj'k; LSrI<n; i'jMk;
a)sx ijil|; svu[fk sdlmk)l\ vjh gÊjfl
)xk![. alYfa# ej'Jm[ igk' LSrI<dsguk;
LulX fjgc[dgj)k'k. TYedlg; sv$k'
iUd[fjuksm gÊlPjdlg; r<[ms/mk'fln[.
]Ëik; Lmk\ aËk gÊlPjdlgj Lisx ijil|;
svu[fk sdlmkS)!fkaln[.

4- iPkijsRy zkn*X
plÙfUckDark>ij)hk; K\adkmk;~ c[Fler
ik;, alf{dl cao| c{<[mjukaln[ ijil|\j
sRy KS`CU*sx'[ akÙ[ ijigj&s#l. Tf[
clPj)lR iPkijr[ g![ zkn*X K!lujgj
)n;.
1- ~l|U cOÕgU;î c{<[mjujsh eoGnfulnf[.
iPk ckÕgjuk; cOaU c;clgak=ixkalsn(jH
Lisx pGCj)k'f[ rurlrÕdgalujgj)k;.
 ijil|;
8

Lixksm c;clg; dlfkdX YCij)k;. L*sr
|{pu; fky)kduk; ijClhaldkduk; LixjSh)[
arÍ[ ClÔjumukduk; sv$k;. L#l|k eyuk'kî
rj*X)[ calPlreoG%; Q\kSvSg!fjrluj
rj*xjH rj'kfs' rj*X)[ Tndsx c{<[mj
)kduk; rj*X)jmujH c[Sr|ik; dlgknUik;
K!l)kduk; svu[ffk; LisRy p{<[mlÔ
*xjH seMfsYf. fJG&uluk; LfjH vjÔj)k'
wr*X)[ p{<[mlÔak![. ðLHyo;î21ò

2- :Ôgjd cOÕgU;î afrj<[mujhk;

cI>li\jhkak = cÙoGnfulnf[.
afrj<[m domkfH ekhG \kduk;
cI>li\jH eoGnf ssdigj)kduk;
sv$k'fjrrkcgj&[ LiX arÍjr[
T<[ms/M ixk; ]Ëik; r#
egUiclrak=ixkaluj\Jgk' fln[.
afS~lPak= iPk L#l|kijsRy dHerdX
rjG%|j)k'k. >G\lijSrlmk; cÔlr*Sxlmkak
= dmadX elhj)k'k. >Gf{cÙ\k; ijgj/k;
c;gÊj)k'k. L#l|kijsr Lrkcgj)k'fjH
>G\lijsr c|luj)k'k. ayij c;>ij&lR
Lisr QlG+j/j)k'k. LiR Lhcfuk=irl
dkSÙlX Lisr KÎl|jul)k'k. LiR
Sdlej)kSÙlX Lisr LiX f{e[fjs/mk\k'k.
c;c[dlgak= iPk >G\lijsr c[Sr|j)k;.
:pgj)k;. >G\li[ LiX e(lxjuldnsa'[
 ijil|;
9

:Yz|j)k' Qgk dlgU\jhk; LiX ejØlykduj#.
]sf(jhk; dlgU\jH rj'[ LiX ejØlyk'fln[
>G\lijr[ T<[msa(jH LfjH LiX YeSiCj
)kduj#.
r~j écê Sulm[ Svlpj&kî c[YfJdxjH ]Ëik;
K\a :gln[? r~j écê eyÉkî LiR Lisx
Srl)julH Lisr LiX cSÔl<j/j)k;.
LiR dHej&lH LiX Lrkcgj)k;. Lixksm
Cgjg\jShl LisRy cÙ\jShl LiR
siyk)k'f[ sdl![ LiX tfjG YeiG\j)k
duj#.
r~j écê eyuk'kî rj*X dkmkfH c[Sr|j)kd
uk; LPjd; Yecij)kduk; sv$k'isg ijil|;
sv$kd. BlR rj*sxs)l![ r~jalSglm[
Ls#(jH cakplu*Sxlm[ segka dlnj)k'
fln[.
~l|Uik; :Ôgjdikalu cOÕgUak= Qgk
iPkijsr SrmlR clPj&lH Lf[ L#l|kijsRy
c|lu\lH cÙoGÑik; cO>lzUikaluj\Jgk'
fln[.

5- ijil|~r[P; rj<jÓal)s/MiG
r~j écê eyuk'kî L#l|k vjhf[ rjG~r[Pal)juj
Mk![. Lf[ rj*X elql)gkf[. L#l|k vjh
egjPjdX rjC[vuj&jMk![. Lf[ rj*X h;Zj)gkf[.
 ijil|;
10

ijil|S\lm[ ~r[Ps/M[ igk' rj<jÓfuk;
LrkiprJufuk; Yec[fkf rjua egjPjdxjH
seMfln[. LfjrlH dkmk;~;, akhdkmj, ijil|;
fkm*ju ~r[P*xlH rjC[vjf c[YfJdsx ijil|;
sv$k'f[ Tc[hl; rj<jÓal)j. : rj<jÓal)s/
MiG g!k ij>lzak![.
1- c[Fjgaluj rj<jÓaluiG
LiG ao'[ ij>lzak![. 1-fyilm[ égd[fê~r[P;
sdl![ rj<jÓal)s/MiG. LiG ]q[ ij>lzal
n[. L#l|k eyuk'k. rj*xksm alfl)X,
ekYfjalG, cS|lpgjalG, ejf{cS|lpgjalG, alf{c
S|lpgjalG, cS|lpg ekYfjalG, cS|lpgj
ekYfjalG, ét'jisg ijil|; sv$H rj*X)[
rj<jÓal)s/Mjgj)k'k.ê ð rjclL[î23 ò
alfli[ t'fjH alflik; alfla|jdxk; KXs/mk
'fln[. LiG ejfli[ iqj)lulhk; alfli[
iqj)lulhk; iUfUlcaj#.
ekYfjalG t'fjH cIekYfjalgk; Ligksmuk;
:Na)xksmuk; ekYfjalgk; KXs/mk'fln[.
éLiG tYf flSqlM[ Selulhk; Cgjê
cS|lpgjalgjH cIcS|lpgjalgk; alflSil ejfl
Sil iqj)k= cS|lpgjalgk; KXs/mk'fln[.
ejf{cS|lpgjalgjH ejflijsRyuk; ejfla|Ølgk
smuk; alflijsRyuk; alfla|jdxksmuk; ejf{c
S|lpgjalgk; domj KXs/mk'fln[. alf{cS|lp
gjalgjH ejflijSRyuk; ejfla|Ølgksmuk; alfl
ijSRyuk; alfla|jalgkSmuk; alf{cS|lpgjalgk;
 ijil|;
11

KXs/mk'fln[. éLiG tYf flSqlMk=igl
ulhk;ê .
cS|lpg ekYfjalgjH cIcS|lpgsRyuk; ejfli[
iqjuk=Sfl alfli[ iqjuk=Sfl :u cS|lpg
gksm ekYfjalgk; Ligksm ekYfØlgksmuk; ekYfjal
gksmuk; ekYfjalgk; KXs/mk'fln[.éLiG tYf
flSqlMk=iglsn(jhk;ê
cS|lpgj ekYfjalgjH cIcS|lpgjuksmuk; ejfli[
iqjSul alfli[ iqjSul K= cS|lpgjuksmuk;
ekYfjalgk; Ligksm :N seN cÔfjdxksm
ekYfjalgk; KXs/mk'fln[.
2- akhdkmj ~r[P; sdl![ rj<jÓaluiGî
LiG fyilm[ ~r[P; sdl![ rj<jÓaluisgS/l
shuln[. r~j écê eyÉkî ÞfyilmjrlH rj<jÓ
aldk'f[ akhdkmjulH rj<jÓaldk'fln[ß.
esÊ, Lf[ rj<jÓaldnsa(jH vjh rj~r[Pr
dxk![.
1- LSÖl LfjhPjdSal fin
akhdkmj)n;. Qgk CjCk Qgk c[YfJujH rj'[
rlh[ fin akhdkmj&lH LiX :
CjCkijsRy alfliluj\Jgkduj#. :uj< éyê
eyÉkî rj<j Óaldk'fjr[ e\[fin
akhuoMnsa'l ujgk'k Lifgj&
Sip\jhk!lujgk'f[. ej'Jm[ Lf[
pkG^hs/mk\j LÖ[finul)j. Sip\jsh
TO rjuaalujgk'k r~j écê vga;
Yelej&S/lqk!lujgk'f[. ðakc[hj;ò
 ijil|;
12

2- akhuoMjuf[ akhdkmj rjyk\k'fjr[
akÙlujgj )n;. dkMjuksm akhdkmj
alËk'fjsRy akÙ[ LÖ[ finuk!lulSh
~r[P; c[Flejfalik duk=k. LÖ[finuk;
akhuoMjuf[ akhdkmj Liclrj/j& SC<Sal,
Ls#(jH dky&k fin alËk'fjsRy akÙk;
~l)j SC<ik; :ulhk; : c[YfJ LisRy
alflildkduj#.
akhdkmjuksm rj~r[PrdX eoGÑalulH CjCk
: c[YfJuksm dkMjuluj\Jgk;. Lixksm cÔlr
*X LisRy cS|lpg*xkaldk'fln[. LiG
LisRy akÙk=iSgl SC<ak=iSgl t'
iUfUlcaj#. elhjsRy Kmaé>G\li[êuksm cÔlr
*xk; LisRy cS|lpg*xldk;. LiG Lir[
elhoMju c[YfJujH rj'k=iSgl aËk c[YfJujH
rj'k=iSgl :ulhk; Cgj.
Tijsm akhdkmj&ulxksm cÔlr*x#l\ aËk
~r[Pk)xkaluj akhdkmj ~r[Pak!lik'js#'fk;
Lf[ LigjH Qgk cIlPJrik; K!l)k'kajs#
'fk; YCSÓualn[. LfjrlH dkMjuksm akhdkmj
~r[P\jhosmuk= alflijSrSul cS|lpgjSu
Sul LisRy fyilm[ iqjuk= cS|lpgr[
ijil|; sv$k'f[ LrkiprJualdk'fln[.
t'lH : dkMjuksm cÔlr*X elhoMju
c[YfJuksmuk; elhjsRy Kmauksmuk; cÔlr*xl
uj\Jgk'fln[.
3- ijil|\jhosm rj<jÓaldk'iG
 ijil|;
13

1- ejflijsRyuk; ejfla|Ølgksmuk;
>lgUalG. LiG ejfli[ iqjSul alfli[
iqjSul :dsM. L#l|k eyuk'k. rj*xksm
ejfl )X ijil|; svu[f c[YfJdsx rj*X
ijil|; sv$gkf[. ðrjclL[î 22ò
QglX Qgk c[YfJukaluj ijil| dG+;
rm\julH LiX Lulxksm cÔlr*X)k;
LigksmSul Lulxksm seNa)xksmSul
cÔlr*X)k; Lisx ijil|; sv$H
rj<jÓaldk'k. LulX Lixkaluj ssh;zjd
~r[P; rm\julhk; Ts#(jhk; Cgj.
2- :Na)xksm >lgUalG. LiX tYf
flSqlMk i'lhk; Cgj. L#l|k eyuk'k
rj*xksm akfkdkdxjH rj'[ ejy'
ekYfØlgksm >lgUalgk; rj*X)[
rj<jÓal)s/Mjgj)k'k. ðrjclL[î23ò
QglX Qgk c[YfJsu ijil|; svu[flH LiX
Lulxksm ejflijrk; ejfla|ØlG)k; rj<jÓ
aluj\Jgk'fln[. LiG ejfli[ iqjululhk;
alfli[ iqjululhk; Cgj. TO rj<jÓf)[
ssh;zjd ~r[P\jsRy :iCUaj#. YefUkf
ijil| dG+; sdl![ alYf; K!ldk'fln[.
3- >lgUl alflik; Ligksm alfl)xk;.
LiG tYf akdxjhk=iglulhk; Cgj.
L#l|k eyÉkî rj*xksm >lgUalgksm
K+algk;. ðrjclL[î 23ò
ijil|;
14

QglX Qgk c[YfJsu ijil|; sv$k'Sflsm
Lixksm alflik; alfla|jdxk; LulX)[
rj<jÓaldk'fln[. Lixkaluj LulX)[
ssh;zjd ~r[P; K!lujs#(jhk; Cgj. :
alfla|jdX ejflSil alflSil iqjuldsM.
4- >lgUuksm ekYfjalG. Lixksm
:Na)xksm uk; seNa)xksmuk;
ekYfjalG. LiG tYf flSqlM[ i'lhk;
Cgj
ixG\k ekYfjalgk; éLulX)[ ejy'f#l\
adXê Ligksm cÔfjdxkaln[ Lf[sdl![
ijiÊ. esÊ, rj<jÓaldnsa(jH LulX
>lgUukaluj ssh;zjd~r[P; ekhG\n;.
c;Sulz\jsRy akÙluj Lixkaluj ~r[P;
SiGs/mk\julH Lixksm ekYfjalG rj<jÓal
dk'f#. L#l|k eyÉkî rj*X ssh;zjd
Siq[vujH ]Gs/MjMk= rj*xksm >lgUalgksm
cÔlr*xluj rj*xksm c;gÊn\jhk=
ixG\k ekYfjalsguk; éijil|; sv$k'f[
rj*X)[ rj<jÓal)s/Mjgj)k'k.ê Trj
rj*X Ligkaluj ssh;zjd Siq[vujShGs/
MjMjs#(jH Ligksm a)sx SiX)k'fjH
rj*X)[ dkËaj#. ðrjclL[î23ò
QglX Qgk c[YfJsu ijil|; svu[f[ Lixk
aluj ssh;zjd Siq[v rm\julH Lixksm
ekYfjalgk; Lixksm :Na)xksmuk; seNa
)xksmuk; ekYfjalgk; Lir[ rj<jÓaldk'
 ijil|;
15

fln[. : ekYfjalG fsRy akSÙl SC<Sal
K= >G\lijH rj'k=iglujgk'lhk; Cgj.
Trj c;Sulz\jShGs/mk'fjr[ akÙ[ LiG
f+jH SiGejgjÉlH ixG\kekYfjalgk;
Ligksm ekYfjalgk; Lir[ rj<jÓaldk'f#.

2- rjC[vjf dlh; rj<jÓaldk'iG

LiG ijijP ij>lz*xk![î
1- >lgUuksm cS|lpgj, Lixksm alf{cS|lpgj,
Lixksm ejf{cS|lpgj, t'jigln[. >lgUukaluk
= ~r[P; agn; sdlS!l ijil| Salvr;
sdlS!l SiGs/Mk T`î dlh; dqjuk'f[ isg
Lisg ijil|; sv$H LrkiprJua#.
L#l|k eyÉkî g!k >lgUalsg Q'j&k
>lgUalgl)k'fk; rj<jÓaldk'k. ðrjclL[î23ò
r~j écê eyuk'kî Qgk c[Yfjsuuk; Lixksm
ejf{cS|lpgjSuuk; Qgkaj/j)lif#. Qgk c[YfJ
suuk; Lixksm alf{ cS|lpgjSuuk; Qgkaj&k
doMlif#. ð~kDlgj, akc[hj; ò
2- T`urk<[mj)k'iX- asËlglX)[ Si!j
pJÊldlh; Lrk<[Aj)k' c[YfJsu : dlh;
dqjuk'f[ isg ijil|; sv$H LrkiprJua#.
alYfa#, T` dqjuk'fk isg ijil|lShlvruk;
LrkiprJua#.
3- |w[wjSrl K;yS)l T|[yl; svu[fiX-
LYedlgak= c[YfJukaluj T|[ylajH rj'[
 ijil|;
16

ijgaj)k'f[ isg ijil| dG+; rm\k'f[
LrkiprJua#.
Úfkafjsu ijil|; sv$k'fjr[ ijh)j#. esÊ,
dkxj&k CkÓjuldk'f[ isg ssh;zjd Siq[v
rm\lif#.
Trjuk; rj<jÓaluj\Jgk'igks!(jhk; sspGZU;
>u'[ ijCpJdgj)k'j#.

6- ~|k >lgUfI;
QglX)[ KS`Cj)k'Yf c[Yfjdsx ijil|; sv$lR
Lrkipj)k'f[ LgÊjflic[Fuk!l)kduk; LYda
\jSh)[ ruj)kduk; sv$k;. alYfa#, >lgUalSglmk=
~lPUfdX rjG%|j)lR dqjulflikduk; sv$k;.
ayj&[ ]d >lgUujH egjajfal)k'f[ fjØujSh)k;
rj<jÓ alGSÏnuk= ssh;zjdfujSh)k; t\j)k
'fjr[ Tmul)k;. LfjrlH ~|k>lgUfI; rlhjH
egjajfs/mk\js)l![ Lrkipj&k. dlgn; rJfj
elhj)lrk; >lgUalSglmk= dmadX rjG%|j)lrk;
QglX)[ clPj)lik' tÑalnf[. alYfa#,
Q'jhPjd; >lgUalsg :iCUak=isr c;~r[Pj&j
mS\lx; LisRy :iCU eoG\Jdgn\jr[ rlsh
Ñ; sdl![ clPj)kduk; sv$k;.
L#l|k eyuk'kî c[YfJdxjH rj'[ rj*X T<[ms/
mk' gS!l aoS'l rlShl Sesg ijil|; svu[fk
sdl=kd. t'lH éLiG)jmujHê rJfj ekhG\l
 ijil|;
17

rlijs#'[ rj*X >us/mkdulsn(jH Qgkisx
alYf; ijil|; sv$kd. ðrjclL[î3ò
r~j écê uksm dlh\[ zu[hlrcD[EJ éyê Tc[hl;
cIJdgj&k. LS`|\jr[ e\[ >lgUalgk!lujgk'k.
r~j écê LigjH rj'[ rlhlsx sfgsÉmk)lrk;
LiSC<j)k'isg SiGejgj)lrk; LS`|S\lm[
dH/j&k.
ssDc[ ~[rk |lgjc éyê eyuk'kî BlR Tc[hl;
cIJdgj&S/lX trj)[ tM[ >lgUalgk!lujgk'k.
BlR r~j écê uksm Lmk\[ sv'[ TO dlgU;
eyÉk. LS/lX r~j écê eyÉkî LigjH rj'[
rlhk Sesg sfgsÉmk)kd.

~|k>lgUlfI\jsRy zkn*X
1- Lf[ LrjilgUaldk' vjh ZM*xk![. >lgU
SglzjSul i{Ósul :ik'f[ Selsh. Tijsm
QgkixjH egjajfs/mk\julH >G\lijr[ ijdlg
Car; clPj)lsf igjduk; Qgk esÊ
ekfjsulgk ijil|; sv$lfjgk'lH cIu; ]sy
Yeulcs/Sm!j igjduk; sv$k'fln[. alYfa#
vjhS/lX Lij|jf Siq[vsu)kyj&k= :C(
uk; Lirjhk!l)jSu)l;. Trj Lisx ijil|
Salvr; sv$kSÙlX frj)[ cÔlr*xks!(jH
Lisguk; alflijsruk; SiGejgj)H domjul
 ijil|;
18

dkas#l. LS/lX TO Yefjcr[Pj)k= egj|lg;
Q'jhPjd; ijil|; Lrkipj)kd alYfaln[.
2- ijil|; wr*X)jmujH ~r[Pak!l)k'k.
LfjrlH L#l|k Lfjsr gd[f~r[P\jsRy
calr>lzal)j. L#l|k eyuk'k. LiR
fs'uln[ si=\jH rj'[ ark<Usr c{<[mj
)kduk; Lisr gd[f~r[Pak=irk; ijil|~
r[Pak=irk; :)kduk; svu[fjgj)k'f[.
ðEkGDlRî53
~|k>lgUfI; domkfH dkmk;~*X)jmujH eg
c[eg ~r[Pak!l)k'k. r~j écê ~|k>lgUfI;
cIJdgj&fjsRy dlgn*xjshl'[ Lflujgk'k.ò
3- ~|k>lgUfI\jhosm LSrd; c[YfJdX)[
wJijf gÊ h>j)k'k. >Ên;, elG/jm;
fkm*ju Li gksm :iCU*X
rjG%|j)s/mk'k. cÔlrlPj dUik; K!ldk'k.
Tsfls) af; hÊUal)k' dlgU*xln[.
4- ssh;zjd ijdlg; ixsg domkfhk= vjh
ekgk<Ølgk![. Qgk >lgU LiG)[ afjuldj#.
LiR >d[frk; iU>jvlgs\ >us/mk'irkaln[.
esÊ, LrkiprJu alGÏ\jhosm fsRy :iCU;
rjG%|j)nsa'[ LiR :Yz|j)k'k. LS/l
X alrUaluj ~|k>lgUfI; Lrkipj&f[ L#l|kij
sRy c{<[mjdSxlmk= dlgknUaluj.
7-ijil|\jsRy ffI;
 ijil|;
19

Tc[hlajd ijPjdX hÊU*xk=fk; d{fUalu
c[Flr rjGÑuak=fkaln[. Lfjshl'k; iUGÒ
aluSfl sel=uluSfl T#. dlgn; Lf[ akqkirk;
coÊ[a w[Blrjuk; ffI*xyjuk'irkalu em&
irjH rj'k=fln[.
t'lH t#l rjua*xksmuk; KS`CU hÊU*X
c{<[mjdX)[ LyjukilR dqjukSal? Lyjijhk;
vjÔujhk; ~kÓjujhksals) egjajfjuk= ark<Ur[
t#l; LyjulR clPUa#. t#lËjSruk; dkyj&k=
Lyji[ Lir[ rHds/mkdukaj#. L#l|k eyuk'kî
LyjijH rj'[ LHea#lsf rj*X)[ rHds/MjMj#.
ðTc[ylL[ - 85ò
LfjrlH L#l|k fsRy plcØlG)[ Si!j rjuaal
)ju t#l ijPjdxk; f{e[fjs/mkduln[ r+ksm
dma. Lfjhk= ffI*X rak)[ arÍjhlulhk;
Ts#(jhk; Cgj. dlgn; rak)yjujs#'f[ sdl![
Lfjhk= ffI*X uFlGÒ\jH T#lfldk'j#.
YefUkf Li ds!\k'fjhk= r+ksm ~kÓjuksm
uk; LyjijSRyuk; dkyijsruln[ Lf[ dkyj)k'f[.

vjh ffI*X
1- pÙfjdxksm alrUf c;gÊj)kduln[. r~j
écê eyuk'kî ukicao|Sa, rj*xjH ijil|\jr[
dqjik=iG ijil|; sv$sM. rjC[vu; Lf[
dÑjsr rjuYÔj)kduk; ssh;zjdCkÓj c;gÊj
 ijil|;
20

)kduk; sv$k;. ijil|\jr[ dqjij#l\iG
Yifark<[mj)sM. Lf[ LisRy ijdlgs\
rjuYÔj)k'fln[.
2- PlG+jdalu LPîefr\jH rj'k; fjØujH
rj'k; cao|s\ gÊj)hln[. dlgn;
ijil|ajs#(jH c[YfJekgk<ØlG)jmujH a[SxVf
dX iUlej)k'fln[.
3- TndX egc[eg; dmadX rjG%|j&k; r#
segkalËik; sdl![ wJijf; ckDdgal)k'k.
LiX)k= >ÊnelrJu*X, ic[Yf; elG/jm;
fkm*jui alrUaluj svhiqj)kduk; sv$k'k.
r~j écê eyÉkî >lgUalG)[ agUlpurkcgj&[
>Ênik; ic[Yfik; rHSd!f[ rj*xksm ~lPU
fuln[. >lgU >G\lijsRy iJMjsh dlgU*X
YCÓj&k; egjelhj&k; fsRy ~lPUfdsx#l;
rjHi|j)k'fjhosm >G\lijsr c|luj)k'k.
r~j écê eyÉkî c[YfJ >Gf{ >ir\jsh >gnl
Pjeuln[. fsRy >gnJusgdkyj&[ LiX Svlpj
)s/mk'fln[.
4- dkmk;~*xk; SzlYf*xk; f+jH Cd[falu
~r[P; c[Flejfaldk'k. Legjvjfglujgk' tYf
Sul Ld' dkmk;~*X ijil|\jhosm Lmk)k
duk; ~r[Pak!ldkduk; sv$k'k![. Lf[
sdl!ln[ L#l|k TO ~r[Ps\ gd[f
~r[P\jr[fkhUal)juf[.
5- ark<U i;C; ckgÊjfalu goe\jH rjhrjH
)k'k. dlgn; ark<U i;C; rjhrjH)k'f[
 ijil|;
21

cÔlr*xjhosmuln[. Lf[ clPj)k'f[
ijil|\jhosmuk;. L#l|k eyuk'kî Þark<Usg,
rj*sx QSg :f[alijH rj'[ c{<[mj)kduk;
LfjH rj'[ fs' LfjsRy Tnsuuk;
c{<[mj)kduk; LiG TgkigjH rj'kaluj
Plglx; ekgk<ØlSguk; c[YfJdsxuk; iUlej/j)k
duk; svu[firlu rj*xksm gÊjflijsr
rj*X coÊj)kd. ðrjclL[î1ò ijil|ajs#(jH
Qgk esÊ ark<U i;C\jsRy rlCak!ldn;.
Ls#(jH iU>jvlg\jhosm fhakyuk!ldn;
LS/lX : fhaky fyilmj#l\igk; c;c[dlg
aj#l\igkalujgj)k;.

cÔlr rjuYÔn;.
tÑ; rjC[vuj&ksdl!k= cÔlr rjuYÔn;
afijgkÓaln[. r~j écê domkfH Yecij)k'
c[YfJdsx ijil|; sv$lrk; fØoh; Tfg
r~jalSglmk; cao|*Sxlmk; segka dlnj)k'fjr[
Lf[ rjaj\aldksa'k; eyÉjMk!S#l.
en[PjfØlG eyuk'k. domkfH Yecij)k'ixl
sn'[ akR ijil|\jhosmSul Ls#(jH alfli[
cS|lpgj fkm*ju ~r[Pk)xksm Lrk>i\jhosm
Sul Lyjus/Misx ijil|; sv$k'f[ YePlraln[.
cÔlr rjuYÔn\jrk= SYegd; >Ên\jrk=
sBgk)Sal ixG\k'fjhk= ~kÓjakSMl :ujgj)k;.
 ijil|;
22

:pUS\fl sn(jH Lf[ L#l|kijsr dkyj&k=
sfËjÓlgn uln[. LiR QlSgl c{<[mj)kak=
>Ên; rjC[v uj&jMk![. L#l|k eyuk'kî >oajujH
ulsflgk wJijuk; LfjsRy KewJir; L#l|k
~lPUf ]ËfluM#lsfuj#. ð|op[î6ò ÞcIÔ;
KewJir\jsRy vkafh i|j)l\ tYfsuYf
wJijdxk![. L#l|kil n[ Liu[)k; rj*X)k;
KewJir; rHdk'f[. LiR t#l; SdX)kduk;
Lyjukduk; sv$k'i rln[. ðLRd~of[î6ò plgjYpU;
>u'ksdl![ cÔlr*sx sdl#k'isg dkyj&[
L#l|k eyuk'k. Þrlaln[ rj*X)k; LiG)k;
>Ên; rHdk'f[. ðTc[ylL[ î 31ò
cÔlr*sx egjelhj&k ixG\k'fjhk= Yeulc
aln[ SYegdsa(jH Lsflgk L~Ó Plgnuln[.
cÔlr*X dkyÉiglujMk; Lisg ixG\lR
Si!j ihju d[SxC; Si!j igk' tYfSul
dkmk;~*xk![. ayj&[ cÔlr*X Plglxak!lujMk;
Ligksm c;gÊn; txk/aluj\JG'igksaYfSul
K![. LfjrlH cÔlr egjelhr\jsh txk/ik;
Yeulciksa'f[ L#l|kijsRy fJgkalrarkcgj
&ln[. QglX L#l|kijsr coÊj)kduk; afegal
u alGz\jhosm dqjukduk; sv$kSÙlX L#l|k
LisRy dlgU*X ckzaal)j\JG)k'fln[.
L#l|k eyuk'k. i#irk; L#l|ksi coÊj)k'
eÊ; Lir[ LisRy dlgU\jH L#l|k
txk/ak!l)js)lmk)k'fln[. ð fIhlD[ î 4 ò
 ijil|;
23

ir[PJdgn; af ijgkÓalsn'[ iUd[faluS#l.
t'lH alflijsRy Lic[F)rkSulwUaluj YdaJd
gn; cIJdgj)lSal?
Lfjr[ ijSglPaj#. Lf[ ir[PJdgn\jH semk'j#.
pÙfjdxjshlglSxl g!lxkSal YeSfUd dlh\[
zG>Plgns\ fmuk' alGz; KeSulzs/mk\k'f[
pÙfjdX g!lxk; f{e[fjs/Mksdl!lsn(jH Lrki
prJualn[. >lgU pkG^huln[, zG>jnj domjululH
pkG^hfSul SglzSal iGÓj)lrjmuldk'f[ Selsh
uk= ZM*xjH >G\lijsRy f{e[fjSulsm Qgk
rjC[vjf dlh\[ zG>s\ fmuk' zkxjddX
LiG)[ KeSulzj)lik'fln[. r~j écê
LrkvgØlG Lc[H éc[Dhr\jr[ akÙ[ hj;z;
ekys\mk)kdê svu[fjgk'k. t'lH Lf[ LiSglm[
ijSglPj)s/Mj#. Lf[ zG>ak!ldk'f[ fmuk'
alGÏ*xjshl'ln[.

Lrk~r[P ~lPUfdX
ijil|S\lmrk~r[Paluj QSMsy ~lPUfdxk!ldk
'k![. LiujH vjhf[ Tijsm ijigj)k'k.
1- ijil|aohU; éa|[Gêî Lf[ ijil| dG+;
aoh; >G\li[ >lgU)[ rHSd! Praln[.
ijil|; sdl![ Lf[ c[Fjgs/mk'fln[. Lf[
rj~ r[Pruluj eyÉlhk; aOr; elhj&lhk; Cgj.
rjC[vuj&flsn(jH Lf[ domkfhlulhk; dky&l
 ijil|;
24

ulhk; rjC[vuj&f[ Yedlg; rHSd!fln[.
a|[G rHdkdSul rjC[vuj)kdSul sv$lsf
ijil| dG+; rm'lH iPkijr[ fkhU a|[G
rHdH igr[ ~lPUfuln[. Lf[ clPlgn
uluj LisxS/lshuk= Qgk c[YfJ)[ h>j)k'fj
rrkcgj&[ dn)lS)!fln[.
a|[G Prik; ic[fkiksa' Selsh Kedlgik
aldlik'fln[. r~j écê Qgj)H DkG:rjH rj'[
Qgk >lz; iPkijr[ igR eAj/j)kdsu'f[ a|[yluj
rjC[vuj&ksdl![ ijil|; rm\kduk!luj.
a|[G dkyÉflujgj)n;. Lf[ dkyÉfk; hxjfikal
dk'fjrrkcgj&[ SYC<[maldk'fln[. LfjH r~j
écê ejReËhk; LrkYz|; Srmhkak![. dlgn;
ijil|\jH ihju LrkYz|ak=f[ ]Ëik; svhi[
dkyÉfln[. Qgj)H r~j écê QglX flR ijil|;
svu[fk t'[ eyÉk. r~j écê Svlpj&k. rJ
LiX)[ rjC[vuj& a|[G tYfuln[? LS`|;
eyÉk. rlh[ KODj$î éroËj Lykef[ pjG|;ê r~j écê
eyÉkî rlh[ KODj$îuksm Lmjc[Flr\jShl?. TO
ahuksm elGCI*xjH rj'[ si=j rj*X siMjsukmk
)k'f[ Selshuk!S#là rjr)[ fglrk=f[ r+ksm
Lmk)hj#. t(jhk; rjs' Qgk c;ZS\lsml/; rl;
Lu)k'k. LfjrlH rjr)[ Si!f[ h>jS&)k;.
ðakc[hj;ò LulX pgjYprluf[ sdl!ln[ r~j écê
Tf[ LulSxlm[ eyÉf[.
KaG éyê eyÉkî c[YfJdxksm a|[G rj*X
Lajfal)gkf[. Lf[ T|Shld\[ :pgik;
 ijil|;
25

egShld\[ >d[fjukalsn(jH LfjSrËik; LG|f
uk=f[ r~j écê )lujgk'k. Lijmk'[ eYÔ![
KODj$îsu)lSxsy fsRy >lgUalG)[ a|[G rHdk
dSul fsRy seNa)X)[ il*kdSul svu[fjMj#.
Qgk KODj$î rlHef[ pjG|aln[.
T)lh\[ a|[G ixsg iGÓj&fjrlH Lf[ LSr
dalxkdX)[ ijil|\jrk= fmÍaluj\Jgk'k![.
Trj QglX a|[G K!l)kSÙlSq)k; LSrd
iG<*X dqjÉkSeldk'k. LfjrlH cao|\jH
ijijP rlC*X)jmuldk'k.
1- LSrd; c[YfJ ekgk<ØlG ijil|\jH rj'[
fmus/mk'k.
2- LPjd iPkijsRy dkmk;~ik; LiX)[
Si!j igrjH rj'k; a|[G f*X
Srmjs)lmkS) !flsn'[ iJÊj)k'k. a|[G
domkfhks!(jH LiG ijil|;
svu[fksdlmk)k'k. LrÔgEh *sxdkyj&[
vjÔj)kd Selhk; sv$k'j#. YefUkf a|[G
dkyilsn(jH igR cI>li\jhk; afrj<[Aujhk;
f{e[fjs/Mirlsn(jhk; Lisr fjgc[dgj)k'k.
3- PÙfjdX)jmujsh ~r[P;
SalCaluj\JG'lH ihju c;DU a|[G
rHdjufjrlH r# goe\jH LiX)[ Salvr;
rHdj eyÉu)lR LiR aj)ilyk;
f$lylikduj#. YefUkf : a|[yjH rj'[
i#fk; fjgj&[ djMlR Si!j Lisx ~kÓj
akMj)kduk; eJ}j/j)kduk; sv$k'k. t'lH
 ijil|;
26

a|[G dkyilujgk'ksi(jH ijil| Salvr;
:CIlcdgaldkalujgk'k.
wr*X a|[yjH ajffI; elhj)kduk; egc[eg;
c|dgj)kduk; cao|\jsh K'fG Lf[
rm/jhl)j fkm*kduk; svu[flH cao|\jr[
LSrd; rØdxk; ihju :CIlcik; h>j)k;.
LSrd c[YfJ ekgk<ØlG gÊs/mkduk; sv$k;.
t'lH QlSgl iG<ik; a|[G c;DU iGÓj/j)k
duk; ekfju ic[fk)X doMjS&G)kduk; sv$k
' pkgic[Fuln[ wr*X cIJdgj)k'f[. Tf[
tijsm sv'iclrj)k;à
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seN Y>on|fUdX iGÓj)kduk; sv$k'k.
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afjuldk'Yf tmk)kdSul LisRy SegjH
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dm; iJMH Lir[ rjG~r[Pikaln[.
: svhijH seMfln[ ihJa\[ éijil| cpUê.
ijil| pjr\jH >G\li[ >Ênsalgk)j
LfjSh)[ wr*sx Ênj)k'f[ r~j écê uksm
vgUuk; dH/j)s/M dlgUikaln[. r~j écê
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Sul >lgUsu SiG ejgj)hln[ fIhlD[ éijil|
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Salvr;ê. Lf[ Lmjc[Flr egaluj siyk)s/M
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*X r<[ms/mkduk; dkmk;~; CjFjhalikduk;
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sRy LrkYz|\lH Lrkipj&k.
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ulH KS`Cj)k'ksi(jH Lisx rjhrjG\k dSul
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ðfIhlD[ - 1ò
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3- Qgk fIhlDjSr)lX domkfH
sv$lfj gj)kd.
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fIhlD[ svu[fk t'[ eyulif#. Ls#(jH rJ
fIhlD[ svl#s/Mixln[ t' il)[ ao'[ YeliCU;
eyukduk; Lgkf[. dlgn; ao'[ fIhlD[
rj<jÓaln[. QglX fsRy >lgUsu ao'[ fIhlD[
Qgkaj&[ svu[fS/lX r~j écê eyÉkî BlR
rj*X)jmujhk!lujgjs) LiR L#l|k ijsRy
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tqkS'Ëk Svlpj&k. L#l|kijsRy pofsg, Lisr
BlR iPj)sMSul?.
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Sfl'julhk; cauSal tÑSal Srl)lsf LiG
fIhlD[ svl#k'k.
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aluk; elhj)n;. LfjsRy egjPjdX h;Zj)l
if#. L#l|k eyuk'k. L#l|kijsRy rjua
egjPjdsx i#irk; Lfjh;Zj)k' eÊ; LiR
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ÞL#l|kijsRy egjPjdX :G h;Zj)k'kSil LiG
fs'uldk'k LYdajdX. ð LH~Dyî 229 ò

fIhlDjsRy Lrk~r[P*X
 ijil|;
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ijil| Salvr; rm'lH fH c;~r[Paluj
LSrd; ijPjdX fkmG'k igk'k![.
1- T`î >G\lijr[ >lgUukaluj ssh;zjd
~r[Pak !ldkdSul LiR Lixkaluj
frj&likdSul svu[fjMks!(jH T`
éijil|akd[f ekrG ijil |\jShGs/mlsf
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'fjSRyuk; akÙln[ fIhlD[ t(jH LiX T`
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cjdsx, rj*X cfUijCIlcjrjdsx ijil|;
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)k'fjsRy akÙluj Lisg ijil| Salvr;
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:vgjS)!f[. t'lH zG>jnjulsn(jH
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 ijil|;
34

fin ijil| Salvr; sv$kduk; T` dlh\[
am)jsumk)kdSul Ls#(jH T`)[ SC<; Lisx
ijil|; rm\kdSul svu[fk. ej'Jm[ ak'l;
finuk; fIhlD[ svl#jsu(jH LiX Lir[
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gJfjujH ijil|; sv$kduk; ssh;zjd ~r[P\j
ShGs/mkduk; ej'Jm[ LiR Lisx siyk)kduk;
L*sr ijil| Salvr; rm)kduk; svu[flSh
:pU >G\lijr[ Lisx ijil|; sv$H
LrkiprJualikduk=k. L#l|k eyuk'kî
éam)jsumk)lR Lrkafjuk=ê ijil| Salvr; g!k
fin alYfaldk'k. ejs' Q'kdjH agUlpurkcgj&[
dosm rjyk\kdSul Ls#(jH r# rjhujH
ejgj&u)kdSul :n[ Si!f[ .. ð LH-~Dyî 229 ò
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éequ plÙfU\jSh)[ê fjgj&k Seldk'fjH
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egjPjdX elhj)lsa'[ Ligjgkigk; ijvlgj)k'k
si(jH. L#l|kijsRy rjua egjPjdxsYf Li.
arÍjhl)k' :xkdX)[ Si!j L#l|k Lf[
ijigj&k fgk'k. ð LH-~Dy î 230 ò
Qgk c[YfJsu ao'l; fin fIhlD[ svl#juir[
asËlglX Lisx ijil|; svu[f[ fIhlDk!ldk'fk
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35

isg Lisx ijil|; sv$H L#l|k Tijsm
rj<jÓal)j. dlgn; Tc[hlajsRy :pU dlh\[
wr*X uSF<[m; fIhlD[ svl#kduk;
am)jsumk)kduk; sv$kalujgk'k. Qgj)H
>lgUSulm[ Sdlej&ulX eyÉk. L#l|kilsn rjr)[
BlR L>u; rHdj#. t'lH rjs'
ejgj&u)kdukaj#. LiX Svlpj&k. Lsf*sr?
LulX eyÉk rjs' BlR fIhlD[ svl#k; T`
dlh; dqjulyldkSÙlX rjs' am)jsumk)k;.
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am)jsumk)kduk; svu[fk sdl!jgj)k;. LS/lX
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:u\[ fHc;~r[Paluj L#l|k Lifgj/j&k.
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Liclrj/j&k. fØoh; >G\l)xksm TO
LYda\jH rj'[ c[YfJdsx dlgknUilrlu L#l|k
gÊj&k.

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vjh dlgU*xln[ Tijsm Yefjelpj&f[. amk/j)k'
pJGZj/j)Shl :Cu; LiUd[falu gJfjujH
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fhakysu TO cakplu\jH rj'k; LiR
K!l)kalyldsM.

‫اواج‬
 

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