Dejenie Fikir CBTP

Overload monitoring system in public
transportation
1. ABAS
MUSA..00302/03
2. BILISUMA GELANA..01673/03
3. DEJENIE
FIKIR...00742/03
4. FEYISA
KENENISA.00866/03
5. FISIHA
TIGABU..03841/03
6. GIRMA
TOLI00983/03
ADVISOR: ALEXANDER YIFTER

SUBMISSION DATE:
17/02/2015
SUBMITTED TO:
SCHOOL
OF
ECE
Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

Acknowledgment
We have immense pleasure in expressing our thanks and deep sense of gratitude to our advisor
Mr. Alexander Yifter for his guidance throughout this project. We also express our sincere
thanks to instructor Mr. Solomon W/Sadik (MSC in ECE) for extending his help. Finally we
express our great thank to all members of the faculty and school staff for their valuable advice
and help to complete the project successfully.
JIT, 5th year project
Page I

Abstract
There has been an issue of excess passenger monitoring despite having stationed police at
different locations for manual checkup. This has led to many injuries and death due to passengers
being overloaded hence not wearing their safety belts.
This project aims at developing a system for monitoring and reporting excess passengers in
public transport. It is based on global system for mobile communication (GSM) modem.
The paper includes GSM modem, 20x4 LCD, bugler alarm and indicating lamp as output from
microcontroller and PIR sensor as input. From those 2 PIR sensors are put sequentially in the
door of the vehicle. As the passenger enters to the bus he blocks sensor1 (PIR1) and sensor2
(PIR2) respectively. At this time the number of passenger increment by one. Unlike if the
passenger out from the vehicle he blocks sensor2 (PIR2) and sensor1 (PIR1) respectively. This
results the number of passengers decrement by one. Finally if the number of passengers become
above the required, the microcontroller send all datas to the GSM modem. GSM modem
transmit the information to a database and then to the respective authority such as traffic police.
The central database which sends the message stores all information for the system such as
different traffic police stations with respective contact numbers, user name and message sent by
the system. The system monitors the number of passengers boarding the vehicle and reports to
the respective authorities when a certain preset number is exceeded. This helps to control
excessive passenger, hence reduces the number of deaths and severe injuries when accidents
occur.
Page II
Contents
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................. I
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... II
List of figure .................................................................................................................................. V
List of table ................................................................................................................................... VI
Abbreviation ................................................................................................................................ VII
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.
Background .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.
Problem statement ................................................................................................................ 2
1.3.
Project outline ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.
General Objective ................................................................................................................ 4
1.5.
Specific objective ................................................................................................................. 4
1.6.
Project scope ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.7.
Significance of the study...................................................................................................... 6
1.8.
Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 8

2.
LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 8

2.1.
Materials required for design ........................................................................................... 8
2.1.1.
GSM modem ............................................................................................................. 8
2.1.2.
PIR SENSOR .......................................................................................................... 11
2.1.3.
AT 89c51 Microcontroller: ..................................................................................... 14
2.1.4.
RS 232 Circuit......................................................................................................... 15
2.1.5.
20x4 LCD................................................................................................................ 16
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 17

3.
PROJECT DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 17

3.1.
Design methodology ...................................................................................................... 17
3.1.1.
Bus station module .................................................................................................. 17
Page III

3.1.2.
In bus module .......................................................................................................... 18
3.1.3.
Bus stop module ...................................................................................................... 19
3.1.4.
GSM Modem Interface Unit: .................................................................................. 19
3.1.5.
GSM network interface with the three modules ..................................................... 20
3.1.6.
Power supply........................................................................................................... 20
3.1.7.
Overall circuit diagram ........................................................................................... 22
3.1.8.
Software design ....................................................................................................... 23
3.1.9.
Flow chart ............................................................................................................... 24
3.1.10. Cost estimation........................................................................................................ 26

CHAPTER -FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 27
4.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................... 27

4.1.
Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 27
4.2.
Recommendation ............................................................................................................ 28
Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 29
Appendix .................................................................................................................................... VIII
Page IV

List of figure
Figure 2-1 GSM Modem ................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 2-2 PIR sensor ................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2-3 PIR sensor connection pin ........................................................................................... 13
Figure 2-4 system working of GSM ............................................................................................. 15
Figure 2-5 diagram of RS232 with MAX232 ............................................................................... 16
Figure 3-1 bus station module....................................................................................................... 17
Figure 3-2 in bus module .............................................................................................................. 18
Figure 3-3 bus stop module........................................................................................................... 19
Figure 3-4 GSM network with three modules .............................................................................. 20
Figure 3-5 power supply ............................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3-6 Block diagram of power supply .................................................................................. 21
Figure 3-7 overall circuit diagram in bus module......................................................................... 22
Page V

List of table
Table 3-1 cost estimation ............................................................................................................................ 26
Page VI
Abbreviation
ADC analog digital converter
GPS- Global Positioning System
GMSK - Gaussian minimum shift keying
LCD-light control diode

RF receiver and transmitter
OMC- operations and maintenance center
SMS-signal message sending
SS-switching system
OSS-operation and support system
PIR-passive infrared ray
GSM- global message sending
PC- personal computer
PIR- passive infrared ray
LED- light emitting diode
DCS- distributive control system
AT- attention
RAM- random accesses memory
PEROM- programmable and erasable read only memory
Page VII

CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
This project introduces a GSM based transportation management system with the help of smart
passenger counter. Now a day, with the increasing number of people in cities of Ethiopia, already
exists problem of poor transportation services has grown to an alarming extents. Due to nonavailability of bus information, the buses are overloaded for most of the times, which often
results in some kinds of fault occurrence in buses and peoples get late further. So we use GSM
modem to reduce this current problem. GSM is used as communication link between different
modules. These modules include bus station module, in bus module and bus stop module. Bus
station module contains GSM modem interfaced to the microcontroller and receives bus
information from in bus module. The bus starts to transmit the number of peoples to the bus
station and bus stop terminal while crossing the road. Bus stop module after receiving buses data
through GSM engine displays it on LCD installed at each bus stop.
GSM based vehicle tracking system will provide effective real time vehicle monitoring. mapping
and reporting this information value and adds by improving the level of service provided.
The system has an "On-Board Module" which resides in the vehicle to be tracked and a
"Base Station" that monitors data from the various vehicles. This system uses arduino Uno
microcontroller. The inbuilt ADC receives analog data from sensors and converts it to digital
data and passes it to the microcontroller .The sensors continuously sends data from the distant
site. This system is interfaced with a GSM modem.
This system senses the conditions
continuously and a message is sent to bus station. Using SMS on LCD every 10 minutes, using
this system, the operator can monitor the signals from anywhere. The GSM modem is
connected to microcontroller using RS232 interface. Whenever an SMS is sent to the GSM
modem, the GSM modem receives the data and sends to microcontroller. After receiving the
signal from the microcontroller it processes the data and sends the read data to GSM modem.
The GSM sends data to bus station.
Page 1

1.2. Problem statement
There has been an issue of excess passenger monitoring despite having stationed police at
different locations for manual checkup. The manual checkup system is difficult to control excess
passengers, due to the traffic police is not that much honest. Some traffic police make corruption
by receiving money from the vehicle driver. This makes the traffic police to give permission for
the driver to hold excess passengers. This leads too many injuries and death due to passengers
being overloaded hence not wearing their safety belts. The manual system generally has the
following draw backs:
Extra labor spent for the traffic police
Tedious monitoring system
Makes the vehicle to stop at each traffic station for check up
It is too cumbersome monitoring for traffic police
It is easy for cheating
Always the traffic police enter to the bus and count the number of passengers (people)
within the bus. But extra passengers tries to hidden himself from the traffic police by
sleeping inside the chair or placed in the back side.
Page 2

1.3. Project outline
Chapter one explains about the background, introduction, project objective, scope, methodology
and significance of the study.
Chapter 2 explains about the system involved for the development of the overload monitoring.
The components needed to develop the project are PIR sensor, GSM modem, buzzer alarm, and
LCD display and indicator lamp.
Chapter 3 focuses on the design methodology for the development of the electrical structure and
the implementation of microcontroller programming. It gives brief review on the concept of
passive infrared motion detector, the electrical structure for hardware development and the
programming for the operation of the counting passenger system and wireless SMS through the
GSM modem.
Chapter 4 discusses the conclusion, reference and appendix on the development of the passenger
counting system. The recommendation and modification on this project is stated in this chapter
for further development.
Page 3

1.4. General Objective
Controlling over loading in public transport
1.5. Specific objective

Decrease labor spent
Remove accidents occur by overloading
Make the transportation system easily monitored
To make statistics for number of peoples sharing an event
Managing time properly
Saving data bases
Page 4

1.6. Project scope
This project concentrates on a development of smart passenger counter for transportation system.
To develop the whole project, it consist of three methods which are the concept of passenger
counting system by PIR sensor, the electrical structure and software programming.
The concept of passenger counting system is on the detection of movement using passive
infrared sensor to trigger alarm controlled by the microcontroller 89c51. The electrical structure
consists of four systems which are passive infrared sensor that used to detect or sense motion,
microcontroller 89c51 circuit that used to control the whole operation of the counting system,
GSM for message transmission and LCD display for displaying the number of passengers. While
the software programming is based on the microcontroller 89c51 instruction sets, it contains a
program designed for accounting system as an interaction to operate the electrical structure.
The project is limited to these listed items; it doesnt contain GPS for detecting vehicle location,
fuel level sensor and stage display in each bus station area.
Page 5

1.7. Significance of the study
The Passenger counting system and overloading monitoring in bus can provide different
advantages. Some of these are:
We can easily know the number of people within the bus
We can reject extra peoples that go inside the bus
We can apply this counting system in different applications like; conference, visitors,
college and universities students, libraries and recreational parks, museum and art
galleries and historical sites
It can also reduce over payment for a specific distance
Individual materials and instruments are safely controlled (protected from damage and
thieves (robbery))
To take research for an individual who participate an event
Can reduce vehicle accident
We can improve the ratio of peoples to bus ability to hold those peoples
We can also reduce conflicts between assistance of the driver and passengers
Page 6

1.8. Methodology
There are several steps in designing overload monitoring system in public transportation. In the
beginning, the relevant information is gathered by the way of interviewing administers in public
transportation, asking instructors and reading related topic in different books. Data on PIR
sensor, AT89c51 microcontroller, GSM modem and buzzer alarm has been collected. Where the
theoretical design is studied based on the PIR sensor for detecting passengers and
microcontroller for counting peoples by logging data from PIR sensors. Then we understand the
electrical structure for the hardware development that need for the design circuit process of the
passenger detector and counters circuit. The next is hardware development according to the
circuit design. This process is just only being preceded, if each part of the circuit being improved
is valid, else, it will be repeated until it is valid as the theoretical. Once the hardware
development circuits have the output as the expected, the comparison for both hardware and
theoretical analysis will be done. The Next step where developing program for counting
passengers. If the number of passengers are above the required, this code tray to command the
buzzer alarm and GSM modem to start sounding and transmitting message to the bus station
respectively. This to be interface with the hardware developed. While the final step of this
project is applying the whole project to the real bus entrance (door).
Page 7

CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Materials required for design
1. GSM
2. Arduino microcontroller
3. IR sensor
4. LCD
2.1.1. GSM modem

A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a
subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator
perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone. When a GSM modem is connected to
a computer, this allows the computer to use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile
network.
While these GSM modems are most frequently used to provide mobile internet
connectivity, many of them can also be used for sending and receiving SMS and MMS
messages. The working of GSM modem is based on commands, the commands always start with
AT and finish with a <CR> character. For example, the dialing command is ATD<number>;
ATD3314629080; here the dialing command ends with semicolon. The AT commands are
given to the GSM modem with the help of PC or controller. The GSM modem is serially
interfaced with the controller with the help of MAX 232. GSM modems can be a quick and
efficient way to get started with SMS, because a special subscription to an SMS service provider
is not required. In most parts of the world, GSM modems are a cost effective solution for
receiving SMS messages, because the sender is paying for the message delivery.
Page 8
Figure 2-1 GSM Modem

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A
wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a
dial-up mod Frequencies: Originally it had been intended that GSM would operate on
frequencies in the 900 MHz cellular band. In September 1993, the British operator Mercury
One-to-One launched a network. Termed DCS 1800 it operated at frequencies in a new
1800 MHz band. By adopting new frequencies new operators and further competition was
introduced into the market apart from allowing additional spectrum to be used and further
increasing the overall capacity. This trend was followed in many countries, and soon the term
DCS 1800 was dropped in favor of calling it
GSM as it was purely the same cellular technology but operating on a different frequency band.
In view of the higher frequency used the distances the signals travelled was slightly
shorter but this was compensated for by additional base stations. In the USA as well a
portion of spectrum at 1900 MHz was allocated for cellular usage in 1994. To begin,
insert a GSM SIM card into the modem and connect it to an available USB port on your
computer
AT Commands
AT Commands are used to control a modem. AT means Attention. Every command line starts
with AT. These are of two types: Basic and Extended.
ATEO Echo off
ATE1- Echo on
Page 9

ATD Call a dial no.
Syntax: ATD 9479555640
ATDL- Redial last telephone no.
ATA- Answer an incoming call
ATH-Disconnect existing connection
AT+CMGS-To send SMS
Syntax: AT+CMGS=9479555640 Press enter
AT+CMGR To read SMS
Syntax: AT+ CMGR=1; reads first SMS in sim card
AT+CMGD To delete SMS
Syntax: AT+CMGD = 1; deletes first SMS in sim card
2.1.1.1.
GSM network
GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the
functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware. The
reason for this is to limit the designers as little as possible but still to make it possible for
the operators to buy equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided
into three major systems: the switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and
the operation and support system (OSS).
2.1.1.2.
Specifications and characteristics for GSM
The specifications and characteristics for GSM

frequency bandThe frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990
MHz (mobile station to base station).
Duplex distancethe duplex distance is 80 MHz Duplex distance is the distance
between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80
MHz apart.
Page 10

Channel separationthe separation between adjacent carrier frequencies, In GSM,
is 200 kHz.
modulationModulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the
characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum
shift keying (GMSK).
Transmission rateGSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270
kbps
[7]
2.1.2. PIR SENSOR

PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect whether a human has
moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and
don't wear out. For that reason they are commonly found in appliances and gadgets used in
homes or businesses. They are often referred to as PIR, "Passive Infrared", "Pyro electric", or
"IR motion" sensors. PIRs are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor (which you can see above
as the round metal can with a rectangular crystal in the center), which can detect levels of
infrared radiation. Everything emits some low level radiation, and the hotter something is, the
more radiation is emitted. The sensor in a motion detector is actually split in two halves. The
reason for that is that we are looking to detect motion (change) not average IR levels. The two
halves are wired up so that they cancel each other out. If one half sees more or less IR radiation
than the other, the output will swing high or low.
For many basic projects or products that need to detect when a person has left or entered the
area, or has approached, PIR sensors are great. Note that PIRs won't tell you how many people
are around or how close they are to the sensor, the lens is often fixed to a certain sweep and
distance (although it can be hacked somewhere) and they are also sometimes set off by house
pets. Nearly all PIRs will have slightly different specifications, although they all pretty much
work the same. If there's a datasheet, you'll want to refer to it
Size: Rectangular
Page 11

Price: $10.00 Output: Digital pulse high (3V) when triggered (motion detected) digital low when
idle (no motion detected). Pulse lengths are determined by resistors and capacitors on the PCB
and differ from sensor to sensor.
Sensitivity range: up to 20 feet (6 meters) 110 x 70 detection range
Power supply: 3V-9V input voltage, but 5V is ideal.
2.1.2.1. How PIRs Work

PIR sensors are more complicated than many of the other sensors explained in these tutorials
(like photocells, FSRs and tilt switches) because there are multiple variables that affect the
sensors input and output. The PIR sensor itself has two slots in it; each slot is made of a special
material that is sensitive to IR. The lens used here is not really doing much and so we see that the
two slots can 'see' out past some distance (basically the sensitivity of the sensor). When the
sensor is idle, both slots detect the same amount of IR, the ambient amount radiated from the
room or walls or outdoors.
When a warm body like a human or animal passes by, it first intercepts one half of the PIR
sensor, which causes a positive differential change between the two halves, When the warm body
leaves the sensing area, the reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates a negative differential
change.
Figure 2-2 PIR sensor
Page 12

The IR sensor itself is housed in a hermetically sealed metal can to improve
noise/temperature/humidity immunity. There is a window made of IR-trans missive material
(Typically coated silicon since that is very easy to come by) that protects the sensing element.
Behind the window are the two balanced sensors. Most PIR modules have a 3-pin connection at
the side or bottom. One pin will be ground, another will be signal and the final one will be
power. Power is usually 3-5VDC input but may be as high as 12V. Sometimes larger modules
don't have direct output and instead just operate a relay in which case there is ground, power and
the two switch connections. The output of some relays may be 'open collector' - that means it
requires a pull up resistor. If youre not getting a variable output be sure to try attaching a 10K
pull up between the signal and power pins.
2.1.2.2.
Reading PIR Sensors
Connecting PIR sensors to a microcontroller is really simple. The PIR acts as a digital output so
all you need to do is listen for the pin to flip high (detected) or low (not detected). Its likely that
you'll want retriggering, so be sure to put the jumper in the H position! Power the PIR with 5V
and connect ground to ground. Then connect the output to a digital pin
[3]
Figure 2-3 PIR sensor connection pin
Page 13
2.1.3.AT 89c51 Microcontroller:

Features;
4 kilobytes of in system reprogrammable flash memory
Fully static operation
3 level program memory lock
128x8 bit internal RAM
32 programmable I/O lines
Two 16 bit timer/counter
6 interrupt sources
Programmable serial channels
Low power idle and power down modes
Endurance ; 1000 write/erase cycles
Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4Kbytes of
Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The devices manufactured using
Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and incompatible with the industrystandard MCS-51 instruction set and pinot. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful
microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
[6]
control applications
Page 14
2.1.3.1. System working of GSM with microcontroller
CC
MICROCONTR
OLLER
GSM
HELLO BUS
STATION
Figure 2-4 system working of GSM
2.1.4.RS 232 Circuit

Since RS232 is not compatible with microcontrollers we need a voltage converter to convert the
RS232s signals to TTL voltage levels. These are acceptable to the microcontrollers TxD and
RxD pins. The MAX 232 converts the RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels and vice
versa. The chip uses +5v power source which is the same as the power source for the
microcontroller. It provides 2-channel RS232C port and requires external 10uF capacitors
[4]
Page 15
Figure 2-5 diagram of RS232 with MAX232
2.1.5. 20x4 LCD

A 20x4 LCD is used for displaying number of people values. A 5v battery is used to power up
the circuit
Page 16

CHAPTER THREE
3.1.
3. PROJECT DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Design methodology
This system consists of three modules. The three modules are:
Bus station module
In bus module
Bus stop module
3.1.1. Bus station module

Bus station module is installed at bus terminals where the bus will depart. It is equipped with
microcontroller, GSM module, administrator computer (supercomputer) and database server.
This module is used to receive public vehicles information at the time of overloading.
RS 232
GSM modem
Databas
e server
MAX232
Garage
computer
MICROCON
TROLLER
CONPIM
(Serial port
communicating device)
Figure 3-1 bus station module
Page 17

3.1.2. In bus module
In bus module will be the base module for the entire process which consists of microcontroller
interfaced with PIR sensor counter pair, 20x4 LCD display, GSM modem and buzzer alarm with
indicating lamp. LCD is used to display the number of passengers and number of extra
passengers. GSM modem sends the bus information to bus terminals like bus stop and bus
station. Two pairs of PIR sensors are connected to the controller to count the number of
passengers in and out.
POWER
SUPPLY
LCD
PIR
SENSOR 1
PIR
SENSOR 2
MICROCONTROLLE
R
89c51
GSM
MODEM
BUZZER
ALARM
Figure 3-2 in bus module
The system basically has three things: Data collecting, transmitting and analyzing. The objective
of this project is sending bus information to office computer (bus station). This informations
are:
Number of passengers
Holding capacity of bus
Page 18
Number of extra passengers
Bus serial number
We can get the number of passengers from the directional counting sensor. The sensor count
passengers based on infrared technology i.e. detecting the radiated waves (emitted heat level)
from the person. Bear in mind that human beings emit infrared waves (signal) from 8 to 12
microwaves. These listed informations are given to the on board computer (microcontroller),
which is implemented inside the bus. The on board computer tries to understand what these
inputs says.
3.1.3. Bus stop module

Bus stop module is installed at every bus stop edge which consists of GSM modem,
microcontroller and LCD display. This module is used to know the status of bus before it passes
to the bus station. The information in this module is received from in bus module. If there is
overloading in the bus the message is transmitted to the bus stop module then the traffic police
give penalty for the bus driver. The block diagram is as follows:
GSM modem
Rs 232
MAX232
LCD display
MICROCONT
ROLLER
Figure 3-3 bus stop module
3.1.4.GSM Modem Interface Unit:

This unit is used to convert RS 232 logic into TTL logic. The Output from GSM Unit is 3.5V(for
1) and 0v(for 0).This can be interfaced with RS232 ,Which Produces +10v for 1 and -10v for
0.This can be converted in to +5v(for 1) and 0v(for 0) by MAX 232 and interfaced with Micro
Controller. The MAX232 is used as GSM Interface.
Page 19

3.1.5.GSM network interface with the three modules
The execution of the system is starts from the bus station module. Initially the bus station module
has bus detail information like bus number, bus starting and destination place. When this module
receive information i.e. bus number, number of extra passengers and driver user name from the
in bus module it understand the information due to all bus information details are present in the
station database. Whenever the bus crosses bus stop module, data is transmitted and received
between in bus module and bus stop module through GSM unit. Then this information is
displayed on LCD, in the traffic police office. As a result the traffic police take measurement for
this situation. The simulation of this system is executed based on keil micro vision software.
BUS STATION
MODULE
GSM
NETWOR
K
BUS STOP
MODULE
IN BUS MODULE
Figure 3-4 GSM network with three modules
3.1.6.Power supply
The power supply section is very important for all electronic circuits. The 230V, 50Hz AC mains
is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver a secondary output of 12V, 500 mA. The
transformer output is rectified by a full-wave rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4, filtered
by capacitor C1 and regulated by ICs 7812 (IC2) and 7805 (IC3). Capacitor C2 bypasses the
ripples present in the regulated supply. LED1 acts as the power indicator and R1 limits the
current through LED1.The power supply section is shown in the
Page 20
Figure 3-5 power supply

AC SUPPLY
STEP DOWN
TRANSFOR
MER
RECTIFIER
FILTER
REGULATOR
Figure 3-6 Block diagram of power supply
Page 21

3.1.7. Overall circuit diagram
Figure 3-7 overall circuit diagram in bus module

As shown in the figure the circuit has two logic inputs in terms of PIR sensor, because of the PIR
sensor is not present in proteus software. These sensors are PIR1 and PIR2 in which given the
microcontroller in two ways:
The first case is when PIR1 senses before PIR2. This results the counter to increase by 1
and the green color led start lighting.
In the second case, when the PIR2 senses before PIR1. This is the time of exiting.
Consequently outputs results from this case are decreasing number of people within the
Page 22

bus by 1 and out of the 3 LEDS, the red on start to emit light. When the number people in
the bus is zero, the yellow LED start to glow.
In the other way, when the number of people in the bus is above the required the buzzer alarm
start to buzzing and the GSM transmitting the number of passengers to bus station and bus stop
terminal.
3.1.8.Software design
Software Developed and Its Operation (Will Be Uploaded Here)
The software used in the project developed in Kiel C. As a programme flow as specified above
are into following steps:
PIR sensor sends the data to the microcontrollers

The given program loaded to the microcontroller counts the number of passengers inside
the bus
Then Microcontroller studies the given data and stores it to serial EEPROM.
After processing and filtering data is sent to the GSM Modem.
GSM modem sends the data in the form of SMS to selected device.
There the data is processed and number of passengers are tracked and displayed on the
screen.
Page 23

3.1.9.Flow chart
Start
Initialization
Count=0
NO
NO
YES
No
Pir2=1
Pir1=1
Pir2=1
YES
YES
Count =count+1
Pir1
=1
Count =cont-1
Count>
NO
Require
d
LCD display
Buzzer
alarm on
YES
Page 24
Flow chart two

Start
GSM ON
GSM waits for the

request
NO
Valid (count>
holding capacity)
YES
GSM gets data

And send
User receives the

Data
END
Page 25

3.1.10.
Cost estimation
Table 3-1 cost estimation

no
Material name
Datasheet
quantity
Cost(birr)
Code
1
microcontroller
AT89c51
76
Pir sensor
PIR231
40
Max232
MAX232
20
LCD
20x4
35
Alarm
Buzzer
30
GSM modem
SIM900
40
Total
557
Page 26

CHAPTER -FOUR
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1. Conclusion
Tracking system is becoming increasingly important in large cities and it is more secured
than other systems. It is completely integrated so that once it is implemented in all
vehicles, then it is possible to track anytime from anywhere. It has real-time capability,
emerges in order to strengthen the relations among people, vehicle and road by putting
modern information technologies together and able to forms a real-time accurate, effective
comprehensive transportation system. In this project we can conclude that by using simple
counter and GSM modem we can control the transportation system. Controlling method in this
project can reduce crowdedness and car accident in public transportation. Now a days people
counting system have huge application in different business areas like in historical place in
market, in large building and in college and university. In the result shown in chapter four if the
number of people inside the bus is above the required, the buzzer alarm start sounding. This
alarm weak up the driver to reduce the number of passengers before the message sent to the bus
station module and bus stop module. This system has many advantages such as large
capability, wide areas range, low operation costs, effective, Strong.
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4.2. Recommendation
The current transportation system is very tedious and manual. This increases labor cost for traffic
police, due to the system is poor for security and safety for passengers.
So we would like to advice transportation agency to choice this new technology in order to avoid
accident, extra labor spent and over loading. This design can be extended to further controlling
system such as vehicle location (longitude and latitude) transmitter by using GPS, fuel level
indicator and stage display for the next bus station. It is better to add these features, when
someone do research regarding with vehicle tracking system.
Page 28

Reference
[1]. P.G. Student, Department of Electronics and Communication, Hindustan University, Padur,
Chennai, India
[2]. (http://adafru.it/clU) accessed on date 11/02/2015
[3]. http://adafru.it/clR accessed on date 11/02/2015
[4]. (http://www.ftdichip.com/Products/FT232R.htm) accessed on date 2/02/2015
[5]. http://www.nkcelectronics.com/rs232-to-ttl-converter-board-33v232335.html
accessed on date
2/02/2015
[6]. D.t.sp. sadiku, microprocessor, ff.th. Printed, Norway, 1999
[7]. Hra.ftr., GSM basics, gofer.printed.access, indian, 2014
Page 29

Appendix
Source code for counting:
#include <REGX51.H>
unsigned int i,j;

for(i=0;i<value;i++)
#define LCD P2 //.............LCD data

port.............
sbit rs = P3^4; //..............pin to select

register........
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
}
void lcd_command(unsigned char
item)
{
sbit rw = P3^3; //.............pin to read

and write on lcd..........
LCD=item;
rs=0;
sbit e = P3^2; //.............pin to enable

the LCD..........
rw=0;
sbit alarm = P3^0;
e=1;
sbit pir1 = P1^0;
delay(100);
sbit pir2 = P1^4;
e=0;
sbit rled = P3^5;
sbit yled = P3^6;

sbit gled = P3^7;
unsigned int cnt;
void delay(unsigned int value) //
.............delay...........//
{
void lcd_data(unsigned char item)

//.............send data to LCD..............//
{
LCD = item;
rs= 1;
rw=0;
Page VIII

e=1;
gled=0;
delay(1);
lcd_command(0x38); // for using 8bit 2 row mode of LCD
e=0;
delay(1);
}
void display_data(unsigned char
*item)//..................... display data on
LCD............//
lcd_command(0x0E); // turn display

ON for cursor blinking
delay(1);
lcd_command(0x01); //clear screen
int x;
delay(1);
for(x=0;item[x]!=0;x++)
lcd_command(0x06); //display ON
delay(1);
lcd_data(item[x]);
lcd_command(0x81); // bring cursor

to position 6 of line 1
}
}
delay(1);
top:
//..............main function..............
void main(void)
{
P1=0xff;
cnt=0;
alarm=0;
rled=0;
yled=0;
if (pir1==1)
goto in;
else if(pir2==1)
goto out;
else
{
goto top;
}
Page X

in:
else
if(pir2==1)
gled=1;
{gled=1;
delay(100);
delay(100);
cnt=cnt+1;
else
display_data("person entered");
goto top;
delay(100);
out:
lcd_command(0x01);
if(pir1==1)
display_data("2persons entered");
{rled=1;
delay(100);
delay(100);
lcd_command(0x01);
cnt=cnt-1;
display_data("3persons entered");
display_data("person out");
delay(100);
delay(100);
lcd_command(0x01);
lcd_command(0x01);
if(cnt==3)
if(cnt<1)
{gled=0;
{rled=0;
delay(100);
delay(100);
rled=1;
yled=1;
delay(100);
delay(100);}
alarm=1;
else
delay(1000);
gled=1;
display_data("empity bus");
Page XI

delay(100);
lcd_command(0x01);
}
else
goto top;
}
Page XII

Dejenie Fikir CBTP

Uploaded by

Dejenie Fikir CBTP

Uploaded by

Overload monitoring system in public

ADVISOR: ALEXANDER YIFTER

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

Problem statement ................................................................................................................ 2

Project outline ...................................................................................................................... 3

General Objective ................................................................................................................ 4

Specific objective ................................................................................................................. 4

Project scope ........................................................................................................................ 5

Significance of the study...................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 8

LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 8

Materials required for design ........................................................................................... 8

GSM modem ............................................................................................................. 8

PIR SENSOR .......................................................................................................... 11

AT 89c51 Microcontroller: ..................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 17

PROJECT DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 17

Design methodology ...................................................................................................... 17

Bus station module .................................................................................................. 17

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

In bus module .......................................................................................................... 18

Bus stop module ...................................................................................................... 19

GSM Modem Interface Unit: .................................................................................. 19

GSM network interface with the three modules ..................................................... 20

Overall circuit diagram ........................................................................................... 22

Software design ....................................................................................................... 23

Flow chart ............................................................................................................... 24

3.1.10. Cost estimation........................................................................................................ 26

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................... 27

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

LCD-light control diode

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

This system senses the conditions

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

Extra labor spent for the traffic police

Tedious monitoring system

Makes the vehicle to stop at each traffic station for check up

It is too cumbersome monitoring for traffic police

It is easy for cheating

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

1.5. Specific objective

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Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

JIT, 5th year project

Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

2.1.1. GSM modem

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Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

Figure 2-1 GSM Modem

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Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

Specifications and characteristics for GSM

The specifications and characteristics for GSM

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Overload monitoring system in public transport 2015

2.1.2. PIR SENSOR

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