c57.19.00 IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Procedures For Outdoor

IEEE Std C57.19.
00 -2004
(Revision of
IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991)
C57.19.00
TM
IEEE Standard General Requirements

and Test Procedure for Power
Apparatus Bushings
IEEE Power Engineering Society

Sponsored by the
Transformers Committee
8 June 2005
3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA
Print: SH95315
PDF: SS95315
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDAD DE GUANAJUATO. Downloaded on March 16,2016 at 21:49:06 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

(Revision of
IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991)
IEEE Standard General Requirements

and Test Procedure for Power
Apparatus Bushings
Sponsor
Transformers Committee
of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society
Approved 8 December 2004
IEEE-SA Standards Board

Approved 13 April 2005
Reaffirmed 18 August 2011
American National Standards Institute
Abstract: This standard applies to power apparatus bushings that have basic impulse insulation
levels of 110 kV and above for use as components of oil-filled transformers and oil-filled reactors.
Keywords: apparatus bushings, bushings, oil-filled reactors, oil-filled transformers
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA
Copyright 2005 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
All rights reserved. Published 8 June 2005. Printed in the United States of America.
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Print: ISBN 0-7381-4655-2 SS95315
PDF: ISBN 0-7381-4656-0 SS95315
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Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004, IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Procedure
for Power Apparatus Bushings.
This document is based on the standard practices in the United States for power apparatus bushings. It is the
result of joint efforts of professional engineers, manufacturers, and users working together in the Bushing
Subcommittee of the IEEE Transformers Committee.
The related IEC standard is IEC-60137 (1995), Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 100 V.
This revision of the standard, which supersedes IEEE Std C57.19.00-1991 (R1995), includes the following
significant changes:
Reorganization and rearrangement to meet the requirements of the IEEE Standards Board Style
Manual
Expansion of the scope to include indoor bushings
Addition of new definitions
Redefinition and clarification of the thermal basis of rating
Addition of short-time current and thermal ratings and associated test requirements
Revision of existing test requirements and test procedures
Addition of a special front-of-wave lightning impulse test
Elimination of bushings for oil filled circuit breakers, which are listed in Annex A of IEEE Std
C57.19.01-2000.
The original standard, approved in 1942 as AIEE Standard 21 (which became American National Standard
for Apparatus Bushings, ANSI C76.1-1943) was prepared by the Joint Committee on Bushing
Standardization of the Electric Machinery, Power Transmission and Distribution, and Protection Devices
Committees of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) [now the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE)] and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). The
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Accredited Standards Committee, C76, was the sponsor of
the standard.
A supplement and partial revision, ANSI C76.1a-1958, Electrical and Dimensional Characteristics of
Outdoor Apparatus Bushings (used with Power Circuit Breakers and Outdoor Transformers), was prepared
by the NEMA Joint Sections Committee on Outdoor Apparatus Bushings (composed of representatives of
the High Voltage Insulation Section, Power Circuit Breakers Group, Switchgear Section, and the
Transformers Section). It resulted from work by the regional associations of electrical utilities and filled the
needs of the user for dimensional interchangeability.
At the time of this supplement, Committee C76 foresaw the need for a general revision and updating of the
standard and asked AIEE and NEMA to submit recommendations. In NEMA, implementation of this
request was undertaken by a Subcommittee of the Joint Sections Committee on Outdoor Apparatus
Bushings and resulted in a proposal, which was approved in February 1960 by the Codes and Standards
Committee for submission to Committee C76 as the NEMA recommendation. In the AIEE, a Joint Working
Group consisting of members of the Transformer and Dielectric Test Committee, of the Transformers
Committee and of the Power Circuit Breaker Committee, was established and developed a recommendation
that was submitted to Committee C76 in July 1960. The West Coast Subcommittee of the AIEE
Transformers Committee, which developed additional recommendations and submitted them to Committee
C76 in November 1960, subsequently reviewed the AIEE proposal. Committee C76 appointed a special
Working Group for Revision of ANSI C76.1-1943 to consolidate the several proposals and
recommendations. This became IEEE Std 21-1964 and was approved June 9, 1964, as ANSI C76.1-1964.
It was reaffirmed in 1970.
iii
Copyright 2005 IEEE. All rights reserved.
Work on a revision was initiated in Committee C76 in August 1968. A decision was made to separate the
standard into three parts: the first (C76.1) to cover the general requirements and test procedures, the second
(C76.2) to cover explicit ratings and dimensions, and the third to be an application guide (IEEE Std
C57.19.100), published in 1995. Other changes in this revision included test procedure updating, adding
362 kV through 800 kV maximum system voltage bushing electrical ratings with wet switching impulse test
values and coordination with switching surge sparkover values of arresters and establishing dual current
ratings for 115 kV through 196 kV insulation class bushings, since circuit breakers have a lower temperature
rise than transformers, permitting a larger current rating for a given maximum ambient temperature when
applied to circuit breakers.
The revised standard was approved as IEEE Std 21-1976 on June 3, 1976, and as ANSI C76.1-1976 on July
23, 1976.
Work on the revision approved in 1991 (reaffirmed in 1996) was initiated in the then newly formed Bushing
Subcommittee of the Transformers Committee in October 1979. Extensive changes to the standard included
a new standard number, IEEE Std C57.19.00, which is indicative of its new IEEE Sponsor Committee.
Other major changes were made to improve the test sequence, to allow apparent charge measurements to be
made in addition to radio influence voltage measurements during the low-frequency dry withstand tests, and
to provide for special tests, such as thermal stability tests.This standard applies to systems used to
communicate between intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) for substation integrated protection, control and
data acquisition. The requirements of this standard are in addition to those contained in standards for
individual devices (e.g., relays, switchgear).
This standard applies to a rapidly changing technology. It is anticipated that frequent revision may be
desirable.
Notice to users
Patents
Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter
covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or
validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying
patents or patent applications for which a license may be required by to implement an IEEE standard or for
conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.
Errata
Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http://
standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for
errata periodically.
Interpretations
Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/
index.html.
iv
Participants
At the time this standard was completed, the General Requirements and Test Procedures for Power
Apparatus Bushings Working Group had the following membership:
Keith P. Ellis, Chair
Russ C. Nordman, Co-Chair and Secretary
Oscar Bello
Pierino Bertolotto
Gene Blackburn
Charles P. Caruso
Dan de la Cruz
Fred E. Elliott
John Graham
Robert H. Hartgrove
Roger Hayes
Tim Huff
Chung-Duck Ko
Reiner Krump
Van Nhi Nguyen
Jesse Patton
Don Platts
Mark Rivers
Henk Ruevekamp
Pripal Singh
Tommy Spitzer
Craig Stiegemeier
Rama Subranzbian
Loren B. Wagenaar
Frank Wolf
Peter D. Zhao
The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
Samuel Aguirre
Paul Ahrens
Oscar Bello
W. J. Bergman
Thomas E. Blackburn, III
William Boettger
Carl Bush
Donald Cash
Tommy Cooper
Alan Darwin
Ronald Daubert
Dr. Guru Dutt Dhingra
Dr. Dieter Dohnal
Fred Elliott
Keith Ellis
Gary Engmann
Jorge Fernandez-Daher
Reto Fausch
Dudley Galloway
Eduardo Garcia
Trilok Garg
Harry Gianakouros
Randall Groves
Robert Grunert
Bal Gupta
Wayne Hansen
Robert Hartgrove
Edward Horgan, Jr.
James D. Huddleston, III
Lars-Erik Juhlin
Gael Kennedy
Chungduck Ko
John Lackey
Stephen R. Lambert
William Larzelere
Boyd Leuenberger
Maurice Linker
Donald Lowe
Gregory Luri
Al Maguire
Keith Malmedal
J. Dennis Marlow
Tito Massouda
John Matthews
Kenneth McClenahan
Nigel McQuin
Samuel Michael
Gary Michel
Kent Miller
Jeffrey Nelson
T. W. Olsen
Carlos Peixoto
Paulette Payne
Paul Pillitteri
Jeff Ray
Charles Raymond
Johannes Rickmann
John Rossetti
James Ruggieri
Pritpal Singh
Tarkeshwar Singh
Ewald Schweiger
Jordan Shikoski
H. Jin Sim
James Smith
Craig Stiegemeier
Ronald Stoner
Alan Traut
Subhash Tuli
John Tuohy
Joseph Vaschak
Loren Wagenaar
James Wilson
Shibao Zhang
Peter DeYong Zhao
v
When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 8 December 2004, it had the following
membership:
Don Wright, Chair
Steve M. Mills, Vice Chair
Judith Gorman, Secretary
Chuck Adams
H. Stephen Berger
Mark D. Bowman
Joseph A. Bruder
Bob Davis
Roberto de Marca Boisson
Julian Forster*
Arnold M. Greenspan
Mark S. Halpin
Raymond Hapeman
Richard J. Holleman
Richard H. Hulett
Lowell G. Johnson
Joseph L. Koepfinger*
Hermann Koch
Thomas J. McGean
Daleep C. Mohla
Paul Nikolich
T. W. Olsen
Ronald C. Petersen
Gary S. Robinson
Frank Stone
Malcolm V. Thaden
Doug Topping
Joe D. Watson
*Member Emeritus
Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:
Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative
Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative
Alan Cookson, NIST Representative
Don Messina
IEEE Standards Project Editor
vi
CONTENTS
1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 1
2. References .................................................................................................................................................. 2
3. Definitions .................................................................................................................................................. 3
4. Service conditions ...................................................................................................................................... 5
4.1 Usual service conditions ...................................................................................................................... 5
4.2 Unusual service conditions .................................................................................................................. 6
5. Rating ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.1 Rated maximum line-to-ground voltage .............................................................................................. 7
5.2 Rated frequency................................................................................................................................... 7
5.3 Rated dielectric strength ...................................................................................................................... 7
5.4 Rated continuous current ..................................................................................................................... 8
6. General requirements.................................................................................................................................. 8
6.1 Electrical requirements ........................................................................................................................ 8
6.2 Physical requirements.......................................................................................................................... 8
6.3 Thermal requirements.......................................................................................................................... 9
6.4 Nameplate markings ............................................................................................................................ 9
7. Test procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 9
7.1 Test conditions................................................................................................................................... 10
7.2 Design tests........................................................................................................................................ 12
7.3 Special tests ....................................................................................................................................... 14
7.4 Routine tests ...................................................................................................................................... 16
vii
IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test

Procedure for Power Apparatus Bushings
1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This standard applies to power apparatus bushings that have basic impulse insulation levels of 110 kV and
above for use as components of oil-filled transformers and oil-filled reactors.
This standard does not apply to the following:
High-voltage cable terminations (potheads)
Bushings for oil circuit breakers
Bushings for instrument transformers
Bushings for test transformers
Bushings in which the internal insulation is provided by a gas
Bushings applied with gaseous insulation (other than air at atmospheric pressure) external to the
bushing
Bushings for distribution-class circuit breakers and transformers
Bushings for automatic circuit reclosers and line sectionalizers
Bushings for oil-less and oil-poor apparatus
Bushings for dc applications
1.2 Purpose
This standard defines the special terms used, service conditions, rating, general requirements, and test
procedure for apparatus bushings. See IEEE Std C57.19.01 for specific listings of values of electrical and
mechanical characteristics, dimensions, and other related requirements that are defined or described in this
standard.
1
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Procedures for Power Apparatus Bushings
2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
ANSI C63.2, American National Standard for Electromagnetic Noise and Field Strength, 10 kHz to
40 GHz Specifications.1
ASTM D3487-00, Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electric Apparatus.2
IEC 60137, Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1000 V.3
IEC 60270, High voltage test techniquespartial discharge measurements.
IEEE Std C57.19.01, IEEE Standard Performance Characteristics and Dimensions for Outdoor
Apparatus Bushings.4, 5
IEEE Std C57.19.100, IEEE Guide for Application of Power Apparatus Bushings.
IEEE Std C57.113, IEEE Guide for Partial Discharge Measurement in Liquid-Filled Power Transformers
and Shunt Reactors.
IEEE Std 4, IEEE Standard Techniques for High Voltage Testing.
IEEE Std 454, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Detection and Measurement of Partial Discharges
(Corona) During Dielectric Tests.6
IEEE Std 693, IEEE Recommended Practices for Seismic Design of Substations
NEMA Publication 107, Methods for Measurement for Radio Influence Voltage (RIV) of High-Voltage
Apparatus.7
1ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor,
New York, NY 10036, USA (http://www.ansi.org/).
2ASTM publications are available from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken,
PA 19428-2959, USA (http://www.astm.org/)..
3IEC publications are available from the Sales Department of the International Electrotechnical Commission, Case Postale 131, 3, rue
de Varemb, CH-1211, Genve 20, Switzerland/Suisse (http://www.iec.ch/).
4IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box
1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http://standards.ieee.org/).
5The IEEE standards or products referred to in this clause are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
6IEEE Std 454-1973 has been withdrawn; however, copies can be obtained from the IEEE Standards Department, IEEE Service
Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http://standards.ieee.org/).
7NEMA publications are available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112, USA (http://
global.ihs.com/).
2
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

3. Definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply. The Authoritative Dictionary
of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition, should be referenced for terms not defined in this clause.
3.1 ambient temperature: The temperature of the surrounding air that comes in contact with the bushing
and device or equipment in which the bushing is mounted.
3.2 apparent charge: The charge which, if injected instantaneously between the terminals of the test
object, would momentarily change the voltage between the terminals by the same amount as the partial
discharge inside the test object. Apparent charge is usually expressed in picocoulombs.
3.3 arcing distance: The shortest external tight-string distance measured over the insulating envelope
between the metal parts at line voltage and ground. Previously referred to as striking distance or flashover
distance.
3.4 bottom connected bushing: A bushing that will allow the connection of the transformer or reactor
winding lead to a suitable connector at the bottom of the inboard end of the bushing.
3.5 bushing: An insulating structure, including a through conductor or providing a central passage for such
a conductor, with provision for mounting on a barrier, conducting or otherwise, for the purpose of
insulating the conductor from the barrier and conducting current from one side of the barrier to the other.
3.6 bushing voltage tap: A connection to one of the conducting layers of a capacitance-graded bushing,
providing a capacitance voltage divider.
NOTEAdditional equipment can be designed, connected to this tap, and calibrated to indicate the voltage applied to
the bushing. This tap can also be used for measurement of partial discharge, power factor, and capacitance values.8
3.7 bushing test tap: A connection to one of the conducting layers of a capacitance-graded bushing for
measurement of partial discharge, power factor, and capacitance values.
3.8 capacitance (of bushing): The capacitance, C, of a bushing without a voltage or test tap is the
capacitance between the high-voltage conductor and the mounting flange (ground).
3.9 capacitance graded bushing: A bushing in which metallic or nonmetallic conducting layers are
arranged within the insulating material for the purpose of controlling the distribution of the electric field of
the bushing, both axially and radially.
3.10 cast insulation bushing: A bushing in which the internal insulation consists of a solid cast material
with or without an inorganic filler.
3.11 composite bushing: A bushing with an insulating envelope consisting of a resin impregnated fiber
tube with or without a rubber compound covering.
3.12 compound-filled bushing: A bushing in which the radial space between the internal insulation (or
conductor where no internal insulation is used) and the inside surface of the insulating envelope is filled
with an insulating compound.
3.13 creep distance: The distance measured along the external contour of the insulating envelope that
separates the metal part operating at the high voltage and the grounded metal flange.
Notes in text, tables, and figures are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement this standard.
3
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

3.14 current transformer pocket length: The maximum length, as specified by the manufacturers
drawing, suitable for the mounting of current transformers on the inboard-end, as measured from the
mounting flange gasket surface. This area may have a visible metal or conductive surface, or may be
protected by an internal shield.
3.15 draw-lead bushing: A bushing that will allow the use of a draw-lead conductor.
3.16 draw-lead conductor: A cable or solid conductor that has one end connected to the transformer or
reactor winding and the other end drawn through the bushing and connected to the top terminal of the
bushing.
3.17 draw-rod bushing: A bushing that allows the use of a noncurrent carrying rod drawn though the
hollow tube of the bushing, enabling a connection between the bushings inboard end terminal and the
transformer or reactor winding.
3.18 inboard-end (oil-side end): End of bushing which is inserted into apparatus.
3.19 inboard-end ground layer length: The inboard-end portion of the ground layer measured axially
along the bushing from the gasket surface of the mounting flange to the inboard-end of the ground layer.
3.20 inboard-end metal sleeve length: The inboard-end portion of the mounting flange measured axially
along the flange from the gasket surface to the end of the flange.
3.21 indoor bushing: A bushing which is intended for use where the air side is physically protected from
exposure to weather and sunlight.
3.22 insulating envelope: An envelope of inorganic or organic material, such as a ceramic, cast resin, or
silicone rubber placed around the energized conductor and internal insulation material.
3.23 internal insulation: Insulating material provided in a radial direction around the energized conductor
in order to insulate it from the ground potential.
3.24 main capacitance (of a capacitance graded bushing): Capacitance between the high-voltage
conductor and the voltage tap or the test tap (if no voltage tap is present).
3.25 major insulation: The insulating material providing the dielectric, which is necessary to maintain
proper isolation between the energized conductor and the ground potential. It consists of the internal
insulation and the insulating envelope(s).
3.26 oil: A specially refined petroleum product for use as a insulating liquid and coolant in transformers.
Generally conforms to ASTM D3487 when new.
3.27 oil-filled bushing: A bushing in which the radial space between the inside surface of the insulating
envelope and the internal insulation (or the conductor where no internal insulation is used) is filled with oil.
3.28 oil-impregnated paper-insulated bushing: A bushing in which the internal insulation consists of a
core wound from paper and subsequently impregnated with oil. The core is contained in an insulating
envelope, the space between the core and the insulating envelope being filled with oil.
3.29 open bushing: A bushing the internal parts of which are exposed to the interior of the apparatus in
which it is mounted. For example: an oil-filled bushing in which oil is free to circulate between the inside
of the bushing and the apparatus.
3.30 outdoor bushing: A bushing which is intended for use where the air side is exposed to weather and
sunlight without physical protection.
4
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

3.31 partial discharge: Within the terms of this standard, an electric discharge that only partially bridges
the internal insulation.
NOTEThe term corona is preferably reserved for partial discharges in air around a conductor, but not within the
bushing assembly.
3.32 power factor (of insulation): The ratio of the power dissipated in the insulation, in watts, to the
product of the effective voltage and current, in volt-amperes, when tested under a sinusoidal rms voltage
and prescribed conditions.
NOTEThe insulation power factor is equal to the cosine of the phase angle between the voltage and the resulting
current when both the voltage and current are sinusoidal.
3.33 radio influence voltage (RIV): A high-frequency voltage generated as a result of partial discharge or
corona, which may be propagated by conduction, induction, radiation, or a combined effect of all three.
RIV is usually expressed in microvolts at a frequency of 1 MHz.
3.34 resin-bonded paper-insulated bushing: A bushing in which the internal insulation consists of a core
wound from resin-coated paper. During the winding process, each paper layer is bonded to the previous
layer by its resin coating, and the bonding is achieved by curing the resin.
NOTEA resin-bonded paper-insulated bushing may be provided with an insulating envelope, in which case the
intervening space may be filled with another insulating medium.
3.35 resin-impregnated paper-insulated bushing: A bushing in which the internal insulation consists of a
core wound from untreated paper and subsequently impregnated under vacuum with a curable resin.
NOTEA resin-impregnated paper-insulated bushing may be provided with an insulating envelope, in which case the
intervening space may be filled with another insulating medium.
3.36 sealed bushing: A bushing which is self-contained. For example, an oil-filled bushing in which the
bushing oil is completely separated from the apparatus oil and the atmosphere.
3.37 solid bushing: A non-capacitance graded bushing in which the major insulation is provided by a
ceramic or analogous material placed around the energized conductor.
3.38 tap capacitance (of a capacitance graded bushing): The capacitance between the voltage tap and
mounting flange (ground).
4. Service conditions
4.1 Usual service conditions
Apparatus bushings conforming to this standard shall be suitable for operation at their ratings, provided:
The temperature of the ambient air does not exceed 40C, and the average temperature of the
ambient air for any 24 hour period does not exceed 30C.
The temperature of the ambient air is not lower than 30C.
The altitude does not exceed 1000 m.
The temperature of the transformer insulating oil in which the inboard end of the bushing is
immersed and the temperature of the bushing mounting surface does not exceed 95C averaged
over a 24 h period.
The external terminal and bus connections do not exceed a 30 K rise over ambient.
The bushing is mounted at an angle of inclination to the vertical not exceeding 20.
5
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

4.2 Unusual service conditions

Bushings complying with this standard may be applied in unusual service conditions but their performance
may be affected.
4.2.1 Applications at altitudes greater than 1000 m
The dielectric strength of bushings that depend in whole or in part upon air for insulation decreases as the
altitude increases due to the effect of decreased air density. When specified, bushings shall be designed
with larger arcing distances using the correction factors from Table 1 to obtain adequate air dielectric
strength at altitudes above 1000 m. The minimum insulation necessary at the required altitude can be
obtained by dividing the standard insulation at 1000 m by the appropriate correction factor from Table 1.
Table 1 Dielectric-strength correction factors for altitudes greater than 1000 m
Altitude
1000
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
3000
3600
4200
4500
Altitude correction factor for dielectric strength

1.00
0.98
0.95
0.92
0.89
0.86
0.83
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.67
NOTEAn altitude of 4500 m is considered a maximum for bushings conforming to this standard.
4.2.2 Other conditions that may affect design, testing, and application
Where other unusual conditions exist, they must be brought to the attention of those responsible for the
design, testing, and application of the equipment. Examples of such conditions are:
Damaging fumes or vapors, excessive abrasive or conducting dust, explosive mixtures of dust or
gases, steam, salt spray, wet conditions, icing, etc.
Tilting in excess of 20 from vertical
Abnormal vibration or shocks
Unusual transportation or storage conditions
Unusual space limitations
Unusual temperature applications such as isolated phase bus duct applications
Proximity of installation adapters and tank walls
5. Rating
A designation of performance characteristics based upon definite conditions shall include the following
where applicable.
6
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

5.1 Rated maximum line-to-ground voltage

The rated maximum line-to-ground voltage is the highest rms rated frequency voltage between the
conductor and the mounting flange at which the bushing is designed to operate on a continuous basis.
5.2 Rated frequency

The rated frequency is the frequency at which the bushing is designed to operate.
5.3 Rated dielectric strength

The rated dielectric strength of a bushing is expressed in terms of specified values of voltage withstand
tests (shown in Table 1 of IEEE Std C57.19.01).9
5.3.1 Rated frequency test voltage
5.3.1.1 Dry test
The dry test for a bushing is the test voltage that a new bushing shall be capable of withstanding for
1 minute when tested under the conditions specified in 7.4.3.
5.3.1.2 Wet test
The wet test for a bushing is the test voltage that a new bushing shall be capable of withstanding for
10 seconds when tested under the conditions specified in 7.2.1.1. Wet tests are not required for indoor
bushings or the indoor end of an air to air bushing.
5.3.2 Rated full-wave lightning-impulse voltage
The rated full-wave lightning-impulse voltage is the crest value of a standard 1.2 x 50 s impulse voltage
wave that a new bushing shall be capable of withstanding when tested under the conditions specified in
7.2.1.2.
5.3.3 Rated chopped-wave lightning-impulse voltage
The rated chopped-wave lightning-impulse voltage is the crest value of a standard 1.2 x 50 s impulse
voltage that a new bushing shall be capable of withstanding for a specified time from the start of the wave
at virtual time zero until flashover of a rod gap or coordinating gap occurs when tested under the conditions
specified in 7.2.1.3.
5.3.4 Rated wet switching-impulse voltage
The rated wet switching-impulse voltage is the crest value of a 250 x 2500 s switching-impulse voltage
wave that a new bushing shall be capable of withstanding when tested under the conditions specified in
7.2.1.4.
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.
7
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

5.4 Rated continuous current

The rated continuous current is the rms current at rated frequency that a bushing shall be required to carry
continuously under specified conditions without exceeding the permissible temperature limitations when
tested under the conditions specified in 7.2.3.
5.4.1 Thermal basis of rating
The hottest-spot temperature rise above ambient air of any part of the bushing in contact with temperature
index 105 insulation shall not exceed 75 K, when the inboard end is immersed in oil within 50 mm of the
mounting flange with the oil having a rise of 65 K above the ambient air and the bushing is carrying rated
current at rated frequency.
Bushings that pass the above thermal basis of rating test are suitable for use in 65 K rise oil filled
transformers. On the adoption of this standard, the re-testing of existing acceptable bushing designs shall be
optional rather than required.
For insulating materials with temperature index greater than 105, the hottest spot temperature rise should be
chosen accordingly and agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
5.4.2 Draw-lead applications
When a draw-lead is used, the central tube of the bushing does not carry current. The continuous current
rating is limited by the draw-lead terminal rating stated on the bushing nameplate and by the size of the
draw-lead conductor applied to the bushing.
6. General requirements
This standard includes a number of general requirements that are applicable to certain ratings of power
apparatus bushings. Specific values for these requirements are listed elsewhere in this standard or in IEEE
Std C57.19.01 under corresponding headings.
6.1 Electrical requirements

Dielectric withstand voltages
Partial discharge
Power factor
Capacitance
6.2 Physical requirements

Dimensions.
Cantilever strength.
Internal pressure and vacuum.
Sealed bushings shall be designed to withstand full vacuum when mounted in the apparatus to which
they are applied. Open bushings shall be designed to withstand both full vacuum and the same positive
pressure as the apparatus to which they are applied.
Draw lead bushing cap pressure.
8
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

Bushing voltage tap. All bushings above 350 kV lightning-impulse insulation level (BIL) shall be
provided with a bushing voltage tap. This tap shall be the normally grounded type as shown in Figure 1
of IEEE Std C57.19.01.
Bushing test tap. All capacitance-graded bushings with BIL up to and including 350 kV shall be
provided with a bushing test tap. This tap is normally grounded and is intended for measurement of
power factor, capacitance from conductor to tap, and partial discharge. Since the capacitance from tap
to ground is not controlled, the tap is not intended for use as a voltage divider during normal operation.
6.3 Thermal requirements

Temperature rise tests shall be considered done at 60 Hz unless otherwise agreed between the purchaser
and the manufacturer.
6.4 Nameplate markings

The following information shall appear on all bushing nameplates on bushings rated above 110 kV
lightning-impulse level (BIL).
Name of the manufacturer, identification number, type, year of manufacture, weight in pounds,
and serial number.
Rated maximum line-to-ground voltage.
Rated continuous current.
NOTEWhere bushings have a dual continuous current rating, the nameplate shall indicate the rating for
draw-lead application and bottom connected application
Rated full-wave lightning-impulse withstand voltage (BIL)

Capacitance C1 and C2, on all bushings equipped with voltage taps, and C1 on all bushings
equipped with test taps.
Power factor measured from conductor to tap, where applicable, at 10 kV and referred to 20C, by
the Ungrounded Specimen Test (UST) method.
Length of inboard (oil side) end (L).
Rated frequency.
7. Test procedure
This test procedure summarizes the various tests that are made on power apparatus bushings, describes
accepted methods used in making the tests, specifies the tests that will demonstrate ratings in this standard
and lists the tests in the recommended sequence for routine and design tests. It does not preclude the use of
other equivalent or more effective methods of demonstrating ratings. These tests are divided into the
following classifications as listed in Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4.
9
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

Table 2 Design tests for bushings

Test
Internal pressure and vacuum
Draw-lead bushing cap pressure
Cantilever strength
Capacitance measurement
Power factor
Tap withstand voltage
Full-wave lightning-impulse withstand voltage
Chopped-wave lightning-impulse withstand voltage
Rated frequency wet withstand voltage (230 kV and below)
Wet switching-impulse withstand voltage (345 kV and above)
Rated frequency dry withstand test
Power factor
Temperature Rise
Verification of Nameplate Markings
Clause Number
7.4.5
7.2.2.1
7.2.2.2
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.4
7.2.1.2
7.2.1.3
7.2.1.1
7.2.1.4
7.2.1.5
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.2.3
6.4
Table 3 Routine tests for bushings

Test
Internal pressure and vacuum
Power factor
Tap withstand voltage
Rated frequency dry withstand with partial discharge measurement
Power factor
Verification of Nameplate markings
Clause Number
7.4.5
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.4
7.4.3
7.4.1
7.4.2
6.4
Table 4 Special tests for bushings

Test
Thermal Stability
Front of wave lightning impulse
Seismic
Clause Number
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
Sequence for special tests to be agreed upon between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
7.1 Test conditions

7.1.1 General requirements
Bushings shall be prepared for dielectric tests and measurements, and corrections for conditions shall be
made in accordance with appropriate clauses of this standard. The following shall be in accordance with
applicable clauses in IEEE Std 4:
Definitions of tests
General test procedures
10
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

Characteristics and tolerance of wave shapes

Method of measurement
Standard atmospheric and precipitation conditions
7.1.2 Test specimen requirements
The test specimen shall comply with the following requirements:
Except for mechanical tests, bushings shall be mounted on a supporting structure and in the
position approximating that for which they were designed and with their ends in the media of the
type in which they are intended to operate.
Bushings shall be completely assembled with all elements normally considered essential parts of
the bushings.
The bushing shall be dry (except for wet tests) and clean.
Voltage withstand tests shall be made with the following provisions: It is recommended to mount
the bushing on a relatively flat metallic grounded mounting plate that extends outward from the
bushing flange to a distance that would prevent an arc from striking any grounded object other
than the grounded parts of the bushing or the mounting plate. The test connection to the bushing
shall be made such that it does not affect the test results.
For partial discharge tests, suitable external shielding may be applied to eliminate external
discharges.
7.1.3 Test conditions
7.1.3.1 Air temperature
The ambient temperature at the time of test shall be between 10C and 40C.
7.1.3.2 Humidity
The absolute humidity at the time of test should preferably be between 7.0 g/m3 and 15.0 g/m3. Refer to
Figure 35 of IEEE Std 4 for determination of absolute humidity.
7.1.4 Correction factors
When actual test conditions vary from standard test conditions as specified in IEEE Std 4, correction
factors k1 for variation in relative air density and k2 for variation in humidity may be applied to correct
applied withstand voltages to withstand voltages at standard conditions. Correction factors shall be
determined in accordance with 16.2 of IEEE Std 4 and shall be applied as follows:
Dry 1-min rated frequency withstands tests: No corrections.
Wet 10-second rated frequency withstand tests: Correction factor k1 may be applied.
Full-wave lightning-impulse withstand tests: Correction factors k1 and k2 may be applied at either
positive or negative polarity, but not at both.
Chopped-wave lightning impulse test: No correction.
Wet switching-impulse withstand tests: Correction factor k1 may be applied.
11
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

7.1.5 Atmospheric conditions and correction factors used in previous tests

Retest of existing equipment designs that were previously tested in accordance with ANSI C68.1-1968 or
previous editions of IEEE Std C57.19.00 shall not be required as a result of minor changes in standard
atmospheric conditions or correction factors now used in IEEE Std 4.
7.2 Design tests

Design tests are those made to determine the adequacy of the design of a particular type, style, or model of
power apparatus bushing to meet its assigned ratings; to operate satisfactorily under usual service
conditions, or under special conditions, if specified; and to demonstrate compliance with appropriate
standards of the industry.
Design tests are made only on representative bushings to substantiate the ratings assigned to all other
bushings of the same design. These tests are not intended to be made as a part of normal production. The
applicable portions of these design tests may also be used to evaluate modifications of a previous design
and to assure that performance has not been adversely affected. Test data from previous designs may be
used for current designs where appropriate. Once made, the tests need not be repeated unless the design is
changed so as to modify performance.
During these tests, the bushing will be subjected to stresses higher than usually encountered in service and
the bushings must withstand these tests without evidence of partial or complete failure. Hidden damage that
may occur during the dielectric withstand voltage tests can usually be detected by comparing values of
certain electrical characteristics before and after the withstand voltage tests. The characteristics usually
measured are capacitance, power factor, and RIV and/or apparent charge. These diagnostic tests may be
associated with individual withstand tests or a group of withstand tests. The criteria for acceptance are
given in Table 5 and Table 6 of IEEE Std C57.19.01.
Design tests shall include the following, plus all routine tests specified in 7.4, except that the rated
frequency dry withstand test with partial discharge measurements (7.4.3) shall be made as modified
according to 7.2.1.5.
7.2.1 Dielectric withstand voltage tests
7.2.1.1 Rated frequency wet withstand voltage
Wet withstand tests shall apply only to outdoor bushings rated 900 kV BIL and below and shall be applied
under wet conditions described in 14.2 (conventional procedure-practice in USA in Table 3) of IEEE Std 4.
If the bushing withstands the specified test voltage for 10 seconds, it shall be considered as having passed
the test. If a flashover occurs on the outside of the insulating envelope, the test may be repeated. If the
repeat test also results in flashover, the bushing shall be considered to have failed.
7.2.1.2 Full-wave lightning-impulse withstand voltage
Both positive and negative standard 1.2 x 50 s waves as described in IEEE Std 4 shall be used. Procedure
shown under 7.8.2 (Withstand voltage test-procedure B) of IEEE Std 4 shall be used.
12
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

7.2.1.3 Chopped-wave lightning-impulse withstand voltage

A minimum of three chopped-wave impulses of each polarity shall be applied to the bushing in accordance
with IEEE Std 4 with a 3 microsecond minimum time to flashover per Table 1 in IEEE Std C57.19.01.
7.2.1.4 Wet switching-impulse withstand voltage
This test shall apply only to outdoor bushings rated above 900 kV BIL. A positive polarity standard 250 x
2500 s impulse, as described in IEEE Std 4, shall be applied under wet conditions described in 14.2
(conventional procedure-practice in USA in Table 3). Procedures shown under 7.8.2.2 (withstand voltage
test-procedure B) shall be used.
7.2.1.5 Rated frequency dry withstand test with partial discharge measurements, either
apparent charge or RIV
This test shall be performed as specified in item c) of 7.4.3, except that the voltage at 1.5 times rated
maximum line-to-ground voltage in item c) shall be applied for 1 hour. Partial discharge measurements,
either apparent charge or RIV, shall be made at 5-minute intervals with limits specified in Table 5 of IEEE
Std C57.19.01.
7.2.2 Physical tests
7.2.2.1 Draw-lead bushing cap pressure test
The bushing cap assembly and draw-lead central tube shall withstand an internal pressure test of 140 kPa
(gage) for 1 hour without leakage.
7.2.2.2 Cantilever strength test
The bushing shall be rigidly mounted with load applied normal to the longitudinal axis of the bushing and
at the midpoint of the thread or threaded terminals and at the lower terminal plate on bushings so equipped.
Tests shall be applied to the top and bottom (where applicable) terminals of the bushing but not
simultaneously.
During the cantilever test, the bushing internal pressure (gage) shall be 70 kPa. The temperature shall be
approximately 20C. The specified load shall (see Table 4 of IEEE Std C57.19.01) be applied for a period
of 1 minute. Permanent deformation, measured at the bottom end 1 minute after removal of the load, shall
not exceed the values stated in IEEE Std C57.19.01.There shall be no leakage at either end at any time
during the test or within 10 minutes after removal of the load.
7.2.3 Temperature rise test
The temperature rise test shall apply to bottom end-connected bushings where the current is carried by the
conductor tube/rod. The test shall be carried out as per the following:
a)
The bushing shall be prepared by suitably attaching thermocouples on the current carrying conductor
in sufficient number and at regular intervals so that the temperature of the hottest part of the conductor
in contact with the insulating materials can be detected.
b) The temporary external connections to the bushing shall be such that they do not unduly affect the
bushing temperature rise. The cross section of the air end bus should be such that at rated current, the
temperature rise at a location 1 m away from the bushing should be at least 30 K above the ambient air.
c)
The bushing shall be mounted so that the bushing ends are immersed in the medium in which they are
intended to operate.
13
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

d) For an oil-immersed bushing, the temperature of the oil bath shall be measured by a thermocouple
immersed approximately 30 mm below the oil surface and located 300 mm away from the bushing.
The oil level shall be maintained within 50 mm of the flange mounting surface. The temperature rise of
the oil bath shall be maintained as per the requirement outlined in 5.4.1.
e)
The surrounding air temperature shall be determined by taking the average reading of three lagged
thermocouples placed at heights corresponding to mounting flange, mid-height and top end of the
bushing. The thermocouples shall be located 1 to 2 m away from the bushing. The test shall be made in
a draft-free area with an ambient air temperature between 10oC and 40oC.
f)
The test shall be carried out with alternating current at the rated current and frequency and continued
until thermal conditions become constant. This can considered to be the case when the measured
temperatures do not increase by more than 1oC in 2 hours for bushings up through 900 kV BIL and not
more than 1oC in 4 hours for bushings above 900 kV BIL. The thermocouple readings should be taken
at appropriate intervals.
g) The bushing shall be considered to have passed the test if the requirements outlined in 5.4.1 are
fulfilled.
For draw lead bushings, a temperature rise test shall be done when the bushing manufacturer supplies the
draw lead conductor. A test similar to the bottom end connected bushing shall be carried out.
7.2.4 Tap withstand voltage
A rated frequency withstand test shall be applied to or induced at the tap for 1 minute with the bushing
mounting flange grounded. Voltage tap shall be tested at 20 kV. Test tap shall be tested at 2 kV.
7.3 Special tests

Special tests are not a part of routine or design tests. These tests shall be done only when agreed upon
between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
7.3.1 Thermal stability tests
Availability of comparative test data and/or successful field service experience on similar designs should be
considered when determining the need for a thermal stability test.
The test shall be made using the following procedure:
The ends and parts of bushings that are intended for immersion in oil shall be immersed in oil. The
temperature of the oil shall be maintained at 95C 2C and shall be measured by means of a
thermocouple immersed in oil approximately 30 mm below the surface and about 300 mm away
from the bushing.
Rated continuous current at rated frequency shall be applied throughout the test. Conductor losses
corresponding to rated continuous current at rated frequency can be generated by applying rated
continuous current at rated frequency to the final conductor or simulated by appropriate means.
The test voltage shall be equal to 1.2 times the rated maximum line-to-ground voltage as specified
by Table 1 of IEEE Std C57.19.01.
Voltage shall not be applied until thermal equilibrium between the oil and the bushing has been
reached.
During the test, the power factor shall be measured periodically and the ambient air temperature
shall be recorded at each measurement.
14
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

The bushing has reached thermal stability when its power factor rises no more than 0.02 when
measured in percent over a period of 5 hours.
The bushing shall be considered to have successfully passed the test if it has reached thermal stability and
if it has withstood a repetition of all dielectric routine tests without significant change from the previous
results.
7.3.2 Front of wave lightning impulse test
This special test is to be performed on one bushing of a particular design when agreed upon.
The wave shapes shall meet the requirements of IEEE Std 4 and 7.2.1 of this standard. The test shall be
done with negative polarity using the following or any agreed upon sequence.
One reduced full wave
Two front of waves
Two 3 s chopped waves
One full wave
The test level for chopped wave and full wave shall be as specified in IEEE Std C57.19.01. The test level
and the sparkover time for the front of wave shall be as per Table 5.
Table 5 Front of wave lightning impulse test levels
BIL
(kV)
110
150
200
250
350
Minimum Crest Voltage, MCV

(kV)
195
260
345
435
580
Specific Time to Sparkover, T

(s)
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.58
In order to provide some tolerance in practical testing, a tolerance of 0.1 s to the tabulated sparkover
time in Table 5 shall be permitted. Since the test is more severe with duration, the maximum permissible
positive tolerance shall be 0.3 s. If, in making any front of wave test, the tolerance of 0.1 s is exceeded,
the test requirement may be considered as having met provided the crest voltage attained during the test is
equal to or more than the voltage determined by Equation (1) as follows:
Voltage = MCV [1 + {(T 0.1) T1} / (A T1)]
where
MCV
T
T1
A
(1)
= minimum crest voltage in kV from Table 5.

= specific time to sparkover in sec from Table 5.
= actual sparkover time measured in s.
= 3 for BIL up to 250 kV and 4 for 350 kV BIL.
7.3.3 Seismic tests

For information on the seismic testing, see IEEE Std 693, IEEE Recommended Practices for Seismic
Design of Substations.
15
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

7.4 Routine tests

Routine tests are those tests made to check the quality and uniformity of the workmanship and the materials
used in the manufacture of power apparatus bushings. Insofar as the bushing construction allows, the tests
in the following clauses shall be made on each bushing.
7.4.1 Capacitance (C1 and C2) measurement
Capacitance C1 between the bushing high-voltage conductor and the voltage or test tap shall be measured at
10 kV before and after the rated-frequency withstand tests. Tolerance for acceptable change is specified in
Table 6 of IEEE Std C57.19.01.
Capacitance C2 between the voltage tap and grounded flange shall be measured at 10 kV after the rated
frequency voltage withstand test.
7.4.2 Power factor
The power factor between the bushing conductor and the bushing tap shall be measured at 10 kV by the
Ungrounded Specimen Test (UST) method before and after the rated frequency withstand voltage test.
If specified, solid bushings not equipped with taps shall be tested by the Grounded Specimen Test (GST)
method after the rated frequency withstand voltage test.
Limits and tolerance of acceptable change are specified in Table 6 of IEEE Std C57.19.01.
7.4.3 Rated frequency dry withstand test with partial discharge measurements
The test shall be made with the bushing clean and dry. If the bushing withstands the specified test voltage
and meets the partial discharge limits, as specified below, it shall be considered to have passed the test.
Partial discharges generated within the bushing during test shall be determined by either RIV or apparent
charge measurement.
General principles and circuits for RIV measurement are described in NEMA 107. A radio noise and fieldstrength meter conforming to ANSI C63.2 shall be used to measure the RIV generated by any internal
partial discharges. The measurement shall be made on a quasi-peak basis at a nominal frequency of 1 MHz,
although any frequency from 0.85 MHz to 1.15 MHz may be used to discriminate against local radio
station signal interference. Refer to IEEE Std 454 for general recommendations on both methods of
partial discharge measurement.
General principles and circuit for apparent charge measurement are described in IEC Pub 60270 (2000-12),
and a particular type of wide-band measurement is described in IEEE Std C57.113.
Measurements may be made by using either the bushing voltage tap or the coupling capacitor method.
The following test procedures shall be used:
Measure RIV or apparent charge at 1.5 times the rated maximum line-to-ground voltage specified
by Table 1 in IEEE Std C57.19.01. Partial discharge limits are specified in Table 5 of IEEE Std
C57.19.01.
Perform a 1 minute dry withstand test at the voltage specified in Table 1 of IEEE Std C57.19.01. If
a flashover occurs outside the insulating envelope, the test may be repeated by restarting the test.
If the repeat test also results in a flashover, the bushing shall be considered to have failed. No
partial discharge measurements are required at this test level.
16
IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

Repeat measurements of RIV or apparent charge at 1.5 times rated maximum line-to-ground
voltage. Table 5 of IEEE Std C57.19.01 specifies partial discharge limits.
At the time this document was revised there were efforts underway in IEEE Std C57.12.90, Test Codes
for Transformers, to standardize in the use of apparent charge measurements (in picocoulombs) for
transformers. If this requirement becomes a standard, users may require that apparent charge measurements
(pC) be done on bushings in stead of RIV measurements.
7.4.4 Tap withstand voltage
A rated frequency withstand test shall be applied to or induced at the tap for 1 min with the bushing
mounting flange grounded. Voltage tap shall be tested at 20 kV. Test tap shall be tested at 2 kV.
7.4.5 Internal pressure and vacuum tests
An internal pressure test shall be applied at 140 kPa (gage) for a minimum of 1 hour and a full vacuum
shall be applied for 1 hour without resultant leakage.
If agreed between the purchaser and manufacturer an alternative internal pressure test may be carried out
where the bushing, without oil and under the required pressure is submerged in water for a minimum of
15 minutes. During this alternative procedure no evidence of leakage shall be visible.
17

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IEEE Std C57.19.

IEEE Standard General Requirements

IEEE Power Engineering Society

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

IEEE Standard General Requirements

IEEE-SA Standards Board

American National Standards Institute

Expansion of the scope to include indoor bushings

Addition of new definitions

Redefinition and clarification of the thermal basis of rating

Revision of existing test requirements and test procedures

Addition of a special front-of-wave lightning impulse test

IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

4.2 Unusual service conditions

Altitude correction factor for dielectric strength

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

5.1 Rated maximum line-to-ground voltage

5.2 Rated frequency

5.3 Rated dielectric strength

Information on references can be found in Clause 2.

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

5.4 Rated continuous current

6.1 Electrical requirements

6.2 Physical requirements

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

6.3 Thermal requirements

6.4 Nameplate markings

Rated full-wave lightning-impulse withstand voltage (BIL)

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

Table 2 Design tests for bushings

Table 3 Routine tests for bushings

Table 4 Special tests for bushings

7.1 Test conditions

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

Characteristics and tolerance of wave shapes

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

7.1.5 Atmospheric conditions and correction factors used in previous tests

7.2 Design tests

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

7.2.1.3 Chopped-wave lightning-impulse withstand voltage

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

7.3 Special tests

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

Minimum Crest Voltage, MCV

Specific Time to Sparkover, T

= minimum crest voltage in kV from Table 5.

7.3.3 Seismic tests

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

7.4 Routine tests

IEEE Std C57.19.00-2004

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