Bromine Clock

avaned Rachid CILPAC IF Grams) — There + eshdish (Publisred by Tohn EXPERIMENT 44 i Moreau.) A-bromine ‘clock! reaction Ain The purpose of this experiment is to doterivine the’ rate equation for the reaction between bromids and bromate(Y) ions in-aqueous solution, Introduction Bromide and bromate(V) dons in acid solution react according to the equation: 58r“(aq) + BrOs"(aq) + SH*(aq) > 3Brz(aq) + SH20(1)+ 2) in order to follow the reaction, two other substences ere added to the ! reaction mixture. (a) A precisely known, snall amount of phenol. This reacts immedietely with the bromine produced, removing it from solution 3er,(aq) + CgHsOHfeq) > CgHaBrs0H(aq) + 3H*Caq) + SBr~(eq)....++++{2) (b) Methyl orange solution, which is bleached colourless by free bromine: er,(aq) * methyl orange + bleached methyl orange. ..+.+ Reta (acid form: pink) (colourless) As soon as oll the phenol has reacted with bromine produced in reaction (1), free bromine will appear in solution and bleach the methy? Grange. If the time taken for the methyl orange solution to be bleached is t, then the rate of reaction (1) is proportional to 1/%. a tn the experiment youstudy the effect on the rate of reaction (1) of varying the concentration of bromide ions, bromate (V) ions, and hydrogen’ ions in turn, with the concentrations of the others held constant. To save time, you could Gooperate with other students and pooi your results. Requiremen’ safety spectacles phenol solution, 0.00010 M EgH,0H wash-bottle of distilled water 3 burettes and stands, with beakers and funnels for filling measuring cylinder, 25 om? potassium bromide solution, 0.010 " KBr potassium bromate(V} solution, 0.0050 M KBrOs acidified methyl orange solution, labelled C, 0.001% white tile thermometer 0-100 °C 2 beakers, 100 cm stopclock or watch sulphuric acid, 0,010 M H,80, potessium bronate(V} solution, 0.20 1 KBrOs ethyl orange solution, lebelled D, 0,001% in 0.40 Mt KBr > 103Procedure A. Varying the concentration of bromide ions 4, Prepare the first pair of mixtures in two beekers, as specified in Table 44a. Use burettes to measure the potassium bromids. end phenol solutions and the water; us a measuring cylinder for the others. Table 44a Beaker X Beaker ¥ Volume of | Volume of |Volume of | Volume of =| Volume of 0.01" KBr | H20 0,005 solution ¢ | 0.00070 M Jom? fon? KBrOs/on® = | /en® phenol/em® 10.0 0 10.0 15.0 5.0 8.0 2.0 10.0 18.0 5.0 8.0 4.0 40.0 15,0 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 15.9 5.0 4.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 3.0 7.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 2, Have ready a copy of Results Table 44b. Results Table 44b Volume of Br-(aqi/on® [10.0 [8.0 js.o {5.0 [4.0 |3.0 Time, t/s : dw o* ‘Temperature/°C ins Average temperature of solutions = °c 3. Pour the contents of beaker X into beaker Y and start the clock. Mix the solutions by pouring from one beaker to the other, twice, and place the beaker containing the mixture on the white tile. 4. hen the pink colour disappears, stop the clock end record the time ine copy of Results Table 4b. (As you are looking for a disappesrance of colour, this may need a little practice. If in doubt, repeat the reaction once or twice until you get consistent times.) Record the temperature of the solution. 5. Work through the rest of the mixtures in Table 44a in the same way, recording each result as you go. 4 8. Varying the conesntration of bromate(V) ions 6. Follow e similer procedure to that for part A, but keep the volume of bromide solution constant at 10.0 cn® and vary the volume of bromate(V) solution es shown in Table 440. 104Table 44¢ Beaker X Beaker Y Volume of | Volune of | Volume of | Volume of | Volume of 0.005 M HAO 0.01 M KBr | solution C | 6.00010 M KGrG3/on? | /on? Jon? Jon® phenol /em? 10.0 o 10.0 15.0 5.0 8.0 2.0, 10.0 15.0 5.0 8.0 4.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 Va.0 6.0 10.0 45.0 5.0 3.0 7.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 ( Record your results in a copy of Results Table 44d, Results Table 44d Volume of BrO,~(aq)/om? | 10.0 |8,0 |6.0 |5.0 [4.0 | 3.0 Time, t/s rot 5 Temperature/°C Average temperature of solutions = °C C. Verying the concentration of hydrogen ion 7. For this part of the experiment you need different solutions, as stated in Table 448. Follow a similar procedure to that for part A. Table 446 Beaker ¥ Bosker ¥ Volume of | Volume of | Volume of | Volume of | Volume of 0.01 m HO 0.20 m solution D | 0.00010 n HeSOu/em? | fen? KerOs/em? | /om? phenol/cm* 10.0 o 10.0 15.0 5.0 8.0 2.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 6.0 4.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 : 5.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 wo. . | 45.0 5.0 3.0 7.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 105Record your results in a copy af Results Table 44f. Results Table 4a Volume of acid/on? [10.0 [ao |6.0 [5.0 [4.0 |3.0 Time, t/s Yo s Temperature/°C Averege temperature of solutions = °C Treatment of results 1 . For'edch part of the experiment, plot a graph of 1/é against volume of the reactant under consideration, 1/é is proportional to the rate of reaction and the volume of reactant is proportional to the concentration, since the total volume is constant. 2.° Deduce from each graph whether or not the reaction is first order with respect to the reactant~under consideration. 3. If you think the reaction is not first order, plet ‘another graph, as Questions 1 2. 3. explained below. Suppose thet, for a reactant A, rate = ki[A]” Under the conditions of this experiment, it follows thet 1/t = kav" CV is the initiel volume of reactant) wy logtt/é) = mlog ¥ + logke Plotting log(1/t) against logY should therefore give a straight line with slope n. Write the rate equation for the reaction. Qualitatively compare the rates of the three reactions stated in the introduction. - Why does the phenol solution need to be very dilute? 106vonwcd Pradrcah Onanasl ola Raesawree Pack - A bromine ‘clock’ reaction Experiment 44, Requirements per student (or pair) 2 beakers, 100 on? 3 beakers, 190 en 3 burettes, 50 cm, end stands 3 funnels, smell measuring cylinder, 25 cn? thermometer, 0-100 °C safety spectacles stopelock or stopwatch wash-bottle of distilled water white tile metiy] orange solution, 0.001%, acidified, labelled SOLUTION C methyl orange solution, 0.001%, in 0.40 M KBr, labelled SOLUTION D phenol. solution, 0.0001 M CgHsOH potassium bromate(V) solution, 0.20 M KBrOy potassium bromste(V) solution, 0.0050 M1 KBrO potassium Bromide solution, 0.010 M KBr sulphuric acid, 0.010 M H,S0, Note that, while thi complete each pert of the experiment. | - ~ 120 ond, solutions need not be made up with great accuracy, it is essential thet an individuel student has sufficient from the same stack to CILPAC 1485) @& Thongs + AWeshiis & Pulclishod ley e Ton oe Notes - may be shared by several students = 200 om, Add 20 om® of methy2 orange solution (containing 0.5 g dm*) to 400 om? of 1M Hg80, and make up to 1000 em? . = = 100 cn®. Dissolve 48 g of KGr in water, add 20 on? oF methyl orange solution (eon toining 0.5 g dn) and make up to 1000 on? - = 100 cn. Make @ 0,070 solution by dissolving 1.0 g of phenol in 1000 cn® of » Dilute 40 cn? of this to 1000 om? imvediately before use. - = 100 cn®. Dissolve 39.4-¢ of KBrOs in water.and make up to 4000 em, Take 25.0 cn® of 0.20 M KBrOs and inake up to 1000 om? with distilled water. > = 120 cn®.- Dissolve 1.2 gp Ker in water and make up 7000 cn. - = 50 cn®, Dilute 10 cn? of 1.0% Hy80, to 1000 cm. Te make 1.0 M H,80,, atid 55 cn? of concentrated acid, slowly and with constant stirring, to 00 cm? of water and make up to 1000 en? .

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