CLEP Psychology Practice Test

CLEP Psychology
Practice Test
Time90 Minutes
100 Questions
1.
Psychologists who are interested in behavioral

similarities and differences between
species are
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
2.
4.
biological psychologists
experimental psychologists
comparative psychologists
animal psychologists
physiological psychologists
clinical psychologist
forensic psychologist
social psychologist
industrial and organizational psychologist
business psychologist
5.
To determine if people are coming to a full stop

at an intersection with a new stop sign, the best
research method would be a(n)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
If a researcher wished to determine whether heat

causes an increase in aggression, the best approach would be to
(A) observe people in a public park on hot and
cold days
(B) compare and cross-reference weather
reports with crime statistics
(C) recruit participants, put half in a cold room
and half in a hot room, and observe their
behavior
(D) compare crime rates in countries that are
warm and cool
(E) ask people if they feel irritable and prone to
aggression in the hot weather
Employee morale and staff cooperation would be

the concern of a(n)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
3.
For each question below, choose the best answer from the
choices given.
In an experiment, subjects given various amounts

of alcohol drive a course marked by orange
pylons. The independent variable in this experiment is the
(A) various amounts of alcohol
(B) subjects driving ability before alcohol
consumption
(C) subjects driving ability after alcohol
consumption
(D) the number of orange pylons hit
(E) speed through the obstacle course
naturalistic observation
experiment
case study
correlation
survey
6.
Scientists use replication in order to

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
increase validity
increase research grants
show cause and effect
become more confident about their conclusions across a variety of situations
(E) satisfy ethics requirements
1
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4/4/2005, 11:34 AM
CLEP PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE TEST
7.
The psychological perspective that includes the

assumption that people are often unaware of the
real motives behind their behavior is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
8.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
psychoanalysis
trait theory
behaviorism
cognitive psychology
humanistic psychology
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Wilhelm Wundt
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers
B. F. Skinner
John Watson
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
transmitting messages
picking up sensations from the environment
thinking and reasoning
providing the brain with nutrients
maintaining homeostasis
myelin sheaths
dendrites
axon terminal buttons
pons
receptor sites
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
11. Activity within a cell is _____; activity between

cells is _______.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
limbic system
reticular activating system
thalamus
corpus callosum
hippocampus
15. The sympathetic division of the autonomic

nervous system is MOST likely to
be activated when you are
10. The neurons senders are the

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
limbic system
thalamus
basal ganglia
14. The part of the brain chiefly responsible for

emotion is the
The primary job of most brain cells is

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
peripheral nervous system

cerebellum
central nervous system
reticular activating system
parasympathetic system
13. The brains relay station, which receives incoming sensory messages and passes
them on to the cerebral cortex, is the
The theorist who claimed that he could make any

dozen healthy babies into anything he wished
through conditioning was
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
9.
12. The spinal cord is part of the
sleeping
frightened
studying
talking to a good friend
dreaming
16. The association area of the cortex, which seems

to play a role in planning and
problem solving, is located in the
(A) amygdala
(B) frontal lobes
(C) temporal lobes
(D) occipital lobes
(E) parietal lobes
positive, negative
electrical, chemical
chemical, electrical
electrical, electrical
chemical, chemical
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21. The LEAST efficient of the human senses is
17. Sarah and James both have brown eyes, but their
daughter has blue eyes. What is
the MOST likely explanation for this?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) The child is adopted.

(B) James is not the childs father.
(C) Eye color is not determined by the dominant-recessive principle.
(D) The childs eye color will change when she
is older.
(E) Both James and Sarah carry a recessive
gene for blue eyes.
22. Movements of the head are detected by

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
18. The minimum amount of stimulus energy

required to stimulate a receptor is the
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
just noticeable difference (j.n.d.)

wavelength
absolute threshold
pattern theory
stimulus-receptor prompt
rods and cones

the semicircular canals
free nerve endings
Krause end bulbs
the ear bones in the middle ear
23. Todd is shown a card with the stimuli

AAABBBCCC and is asked to report what he
sees. Todd states that there are three groups of
different letters. This illustrates the rule of
perceptual organization known as
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
19. Which of the following is TRUE about perceiving objects?

(A) Sensory adaptation allows us to focus on
one stimuli among many.
(B) Our eyes must continuously quiver in order
to counteract the effects of sensory
adaptation.
(C) Webers law is another term for the absolute
threshold.
(D) Perception occurs independently of expectations.
(E) Perception is the same as sensation.
similarity
gestalt
closure
continuation
proximity
24. Binocular vision provides clues regarding

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
depth and distance

brightness and hue
timber and pitch
color and size
complexity and shape
25. You have met and seen Juan Perez only in your
psychology class. You are MOST likely to
recognize Juan if you see him
20. Cones, unlike rods, will respond to

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
taste
touch
hearing
vision
smell
movement but not color

color but not movement
movement but not brightness
brightness but not movement
both movement and color
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
as a patrolman directing traffic

studying in the library
swimming at the beach
close up
eating at an expensive restaurant
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31. Which of the following is TRUE about hypnosis?
26. Each one of the sleep stages can be objectively

identified as different from the other stages by
means of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) Under hypnosis, people can be forced to do

things that violate their morals.
(B) Everyone can be hypnotized.
(C) Psychologists generally agree that hypnosis
is indeed a divided state of consciousness.
(D) Hypnosis has enabled some people to go
through surgical procedures without anesthetic.
(E) Recovered memories retrieved under
hypnosis are usually reliable.
specific body positions

the amount of eye movement
heart and breathing rates
EEG recordings
blood pressure
27. Our most vivid dreams occur during

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
stage 1 sleep
stage 2 sleep
stage 3 sleep
stage 4 sleep
None of the above
32. Learning is any relatively permanent change in

behavior is an incomplete definition of learning
because it does not include the role of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
28. Which of the following does NOT occur during

REM sleep?
(A) Sleepwalking
(B) Heightened physiological arousal
(C) Sexual arousal erections in males, lubrication in females
(D) Irregular heartbeat
(E) All of the above
33. Pavlov caused dogs to salivate to a neutral

stimulus through a process known as
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
29. Delirium tremens are associated with

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
addiction to any drug

Parkinsons disease
withdrawal from alcohol
anxiety disorders
withdrawal from stimulants
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
insight conditioning
successive approximations
cognitive learning
34. In classical conditioning, the unconditioned

response occurs when the
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
30. Which of the following drugs is a stimulant?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
growth
conditioning
cognition
experience
reinforcement
Alcohol
Heroin
Barbiturates
LSD
Cocaine
reward is available
unconditioned stimulus is presented
conditioned stimulus is presented
conditioned response is blocked
unconditioned stimulus is removed
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39. In general, learning takes place more rapidly with
35. Presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) repeatedly without an accompanying unconditioned
stimulus (UCS) generally results in
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
punishment
generalization
discrimination
the conditioned response
extinction
40. Systematically applying principles of operant

conditioning to influence and change behavior is
referred to as
36. When a child learns not to use swear words in

front of his parents, but does so in front of
friends, the child is exhibiting the principle of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
selective extinction
response generalization
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
voluntary, involuntary
aversive, appetitive
aversive, reflexive
reflexes, voluntary
appetitive, aversive
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Instinctual drift
Preparedness
Latent learning
42. A parent who deliberately ignores a childs

temper tantrum is attempting to discourage
tantrums by
38. A psychology student is training a rat to climb a

ladder. She first rewards the rat for any movement it makes toward the ladder, and then only
when the rat actually makes contact with the
ladder. Eventually, the rat must successfully
climb the ladder in order to obtain the reward.
This student has used the behavioral technique of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
observational learning
mind control
psychotherapy
behavior modification
41. Jenna is very frustrated because her cat keeps

jumping up on the counter, even though she had
spent a lot of time trying to train him not to do
so. Which concept of learning should Jenna
MOST be aware of?
37. It is often suggested that classically conditioned

responses are _____, whereas operantly conditioned responses are _____.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
continuous reinforcement
partial reinforcement
random reinforcement
no reinforcement
intermittent reinforcement
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
shaping
stimulus discrimination
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement
modeling
negative reinforcement
extinction
operant avoidance
learned helplessness
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48. The speech sounds made by infants
43. Being aware of the sound presently being made

in this room is an example of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) are specific to the language of their culture

(B) represent sounds from two or three different
languages
(C) include speech sounds used in virtually all
languages
(D) are unrelated to eventual language development
(E) are different from those used in any language
recall
sensory memory
retroactive interference
flashbulb memory
short-term memory
44. Ishmael wishes to remember the phone number

of an attractive woman he just met. The MOST
likely strategy he will use is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
49. In the Stanford-Binet test, IQ is defined as
mnemonics
semantics
relearning
rehearsal
recall
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
45. A fill in the blank type of examination would

usually measure
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
50. Studies of identical twins do not provide conclusive evidence of the effect of genetics on intelligence, because
explicit memory
recognition
relearning
recall
chunking
(A) identical twins reared apart are usually

selectively placed in environments that are
as similar as possible
(B) the studies are too few in number to be
conclusive
(C) identical twins reared together do not share
exactly the same environment
(D) the twins who are subjects in such studies
typically have not been separated soon
enough to rule out environmental effects
(E) identical twins share only about 75 percent
of the same genes
46. If you memorize the letters FBIKEGUCLA as

FBI-KEG-UCLA, you have used a
technique known as
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
chunking
recognition
relearning
encoding visual characteristic
RNA
51. If a test measures what it is intended to measure,

it has
47. The basic sounds of a language are called

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
ability to learn and adapt

MA/CA x 100
CA/MA x 100
the sum of the verbal and non-verbal scales
the persons mental age
morphemes
semantics
syntax
vocabulary
phonemes
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
objectivity
reliability
replicability
validity
standardization
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56. The correct order of Mastersand Johnsons

stages of sexual response is
(A) arousal, plateau, resolution, orgasm
(B) excitement, plateau, resolution, orgasm
(C) excitement, resolution, orgasm, plateau
(D) arousal, resolution, plateau, orgasm
(E) excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
52. An emotion is comprised of all of the following

EXCEPT
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
changes in physiology
cognitive awareness
possible changes in feeling
goal-directed behavior
All of the choices are part of an emotion
57. Good advice to parents who want to encourage

high achievement in their children is to
53. When people of varying cultures were asked to

match facial expressions with specific emotions
(A) reward good performance, admonish bad

performance
(B) let children learn on their own the value of
achievement
(C) let children learn their lessons the hard
way
(D) dont let children know about your personal
hardships or dissatisfactions with life
(E) dont hold high achieving people up as
models
(A) there was little agreement, even among

people from the same culture
(B) there was agreement within a specific
culture, but not across cultures
(C) people from underdeveloped societies had
responses not seen in industrial societies
(D) there was remarkable agreement among
members of all cultures
(E) all cultures had exactly the same expressions
58. The correct order of Maslows needs hierarchy is
54. The regulation of temperature in humans and

other mammals provides a good example of the
general physiological process of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) physiological needs, safety, love and

belonging, esteem, self-actualization
(B) safety, physiological needs, love and
(C) physiological needs, safety, esteem, love
and belonging, self-actualization
(D) physiological needs, safety, love and
(E) physiological needs, love and belonging,
safety, esteem, self-actualization
arousal
habituation
homeostasis
object incentive
metabolism
55. The sex hormone in females is _____ and the sex

hormone in males is _____.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
estrogen, androgen
endorphins, androgens
estrogen, endorphins
androgen, estrogen
androgen, glycogen
59. At conception, the original fertilized cell consists

of forty-six
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
chromosomes
genes
molecules of DNA
gametes
nuclei
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64. It is likely that the cause of anorexia is
60. A harmful substance that can cross the placenta

and harm the fetus is called a(an)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
contaminant
teratogen
carcinogen
enzyme
pathogen
65. According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are

primarily dealing with concerns related to
61. Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who was

interested PRIMARILY in childrens
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
physical development
sexual development
cognitive development
emotional development
moral development
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Alzheimers disease
diabetes
Parkinsons disease
atherosclerosis
Huntingtons disease
67. Psychodynamic theory was originally

developed by
egocentrism
object permanence
conservation
correspondence
concreteness
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
63. Secondary sex characteristics are those that

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
generativity versus self-absorption

identity versus confusion
trust versus mistrust
ego integrity vs despair
intimacy versus isolation
66. Severe intellectual and emotional impairment in

older people is MOST likely to be caused by
62. Joe is four years old. He watches as you pour out

the same amount of juice into two identical
glasses, one for him and one for his friend. He
correctly tells you that there is the same amount
of juice in each glass. However, if you pour the
contents of one of the glasses into a taller,
thinner glass, he says he wants that one because
theres more juice in it. Joe has not yet mastered
the principle of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
social messages toward thinness

hormone or other biological imbalances
a desire to control ones body
low self-esteem
All of the choices are correct
Carl Rogers
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Erich Fromm
Sigmund Freud
68. Freud compared the unconscious mind to an

iceberg because it is
appear near the end of puberty

make pregnancy possible in pubescent girls
tend to occur only in females
are generally not noticeable
are not directly related to reproductive
organs
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
cold and calculating

unpredictable
very old
mostly hidden from view
very large
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73. Social learning theory emphasizes the phenomenon of
69. Which of the following statements BEST

describes the structure of personality as
Sigmund Freud saw it?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) The ego originates from the superego.

(B) The id mediates between the superego and
the ego.
(C) The superego is the most powerful unit in
the personality.
(D) The ego mediates between the id and the
superego.
(E) The id originates from the superego.
74. If you would enjoy roaming around the world

but would also enjoy the rewards of settling
down, you are experiencing a(n)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
70. According to Freudian theory, the Oedipus

complex is resolved through the process of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
regression
identification
modeling
repression
sublimation
bi-dimensional conflict
approach-approach conflict
avoidance-avoidance conflict
approach-avoidance conflict
double approach-avoidance conflict
75. A characteristic typically possessed by stressresistant individuals is a(n)

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Type A personality
pessimistic explanatory style
sense of personal control
tendency to attribute successes to good
fortune
(E) active pituitary gland
71. In breaking away from Freud, Alfred Adler

proposed that people
(A) inherit the learned behaviors of their ancestors.
(B) suffer from fixations in the early psychosexual stages
(C) attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority.
(D) suffer from strong biological urges
(E) have an ancestral memory called the collective unconscious
76. What is the role of genes in the development of

most mental disorders?
(A) Genetic factors can predispose us to develop
mental disorders.
(B) Genetic factors cause mental disorders.
(C) There is no way to determine whether
various mental disorders have any genetic
bases.
(D) Genetic factors typically only cause disorders if they are found on both sides of
the family.
(E) The environment is a more important factor
than genes in predicting whether or not a
mental disorder will develop.
72. Jim is able to accept his friend despite the fact that
he doesnt approve of some of the things his friend
does. Carl Rogers would say that, in accepting
his friend regardless of his flaws, without closedminded judgment, Jim is displaying
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
observational learning
self-actualization
introversion-extroversion
personality types
conditions of worth
self-actualization
an incongruence
social approval
unconditional positive regard
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82. The psychodynamic approach to the treatment of

psychological disorders is based on the assumption that maladaptive behavior
77. Schizophrenics have been found to have an

excess of the neurotransmitter
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
dopamine
thorazine
noradrenaline
endorphins
serotonin
(A) is learned, and therapy should teach the

client more adaptive behavior
(B) is caused by imbalances in biochemical
functioning of the brain
(C) occurs when the client no longer feels that
life is meaningful
(D) is the result of problems in living
(E) is related to unresolved childhood conflicts
78. A person who is overly energetic and hyperactive, makes grandiose plans, and
experiences feelings of omnipotence is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
schizoid
hysterical
manic
obsessive
anal-retentive
83. Compared with traditional Freudians, modern

psychodynamic therapists tend to give greater
emphasis to the
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
79. People diagnosed as having a(n) _______

disorder outnumber all other groups of mentally
ill individuals.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
conversion
psychotic
affective
anxiety
personality
84. The ability to understand accurately the feelings

of a client is called
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
80. A seemingly charming, candid, generous person

who lies freely, forms no close ties, and is selfish
and remorseless, is probably a(n)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
sympathy
reflection
unconditional positive regard
empathy
congruence
85. Aversive conditioning is a form of
antisocial personality
histrionic personality disorder
narcissistic personality
schizoid personality
autistic personality
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
behavior therapy
cognitive therapy
desensitization
dissonance
learning by observation
86. Imagining fearful situations while remaining

relaxed involves a technique called
81. Dissociative identity disorder is synonymous

with
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
patients social and cultural environment

patients early childhood experiences
patients unconscious conflicts
use of applied behavior analysis
role of self-actualization
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
multiple personality disorder

schizophrenia
hysteria
pathological impulse control
sexual dysfunction
systematic desensitization
extinction
catastrophizing
flooding
aversive conditioning.
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87. Self-help groups are effective for all of the

following reasons EXCEPT
(A) the bonds with others
(B) the insight offered by a trained therapist
(C) the availability of models with whom to
identify
(D) the feeling that one is not alone in his or her
problem
(E) the reassurance that most stress reactions
are normal
88. Since the introduction of drug treatment approximately twenty-five years ago, the percentage of
the population in the United States that is
hospitalized for mental disorders has
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
increased substantially
increased slightly
remained constant
decreased
fluctuated vastly
91. If the source of information is judged to be of

low credibility, most people will
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
be persuaded anyway
experience cognitive dissonance
disregard the information
ask for proof to support the sources position
feel altruistic toward the speaker
92. When a persons behavior is assigned to an external

cause, the type of attribution made is _____; when
a persons behavior is assigned to an internal cause,
the type of attribution made is _____.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
stable, unstable
dispositional, situational
global, specific
situational, dispositional
specific, external
93. A mother who is certain her children cannot

make decisions encourages dependent behavior
that confirms her opinion of them, exemplifying
89. Electroconvulsive shock

(A) is most often used to treat severely depressed
patients
(B) is largely ineffective
(C) has no known undesirable side effects
(D) is most often used to treat schizophrenic
patients
(E) has no therapeutic value for treating mental
illness
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
self-perception theory
the theory of social comparison.
expedient conformity.
a self-fulfilling prophecy.
cognitive dissonance
94. Research suggests that a tendency to conform is

greater for _____ than for Americans.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
90. Cognitive dissonance is BEST described as

(A) feelings of discomfort generated by inconsistency between a persons beliefs and
actions
(B) negative feelings generated when someone
unduly threatens ones freedoms
(C) a denial of a discrepancy between beliefs
and actions
(D) negative feelings generated when exposed
to arguments against ones attitudes
(E) a state of heightened self-awareness that
motivates one to perform an objective
self appraisal
Austrians
French
Canadians
Japanese
Mexicans
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98. The results of IQ testing suggest that
95. Among Stanley Milgrams subjects who were

pressured to give electrical shocks to a
learner (actually an actor)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
the average IQ is well above 100

IQ cannot be tested reliably
IQ scores approximate a normal distribution
IQ is an excellent predictor of emotional
adjustment
(E) IQ tests are a direct measure of intelligence
(A) almost none would shock the subject at all

(B) about 30 percent delivered some level of
electrical shock
(C) about 30 percent delivered an apparently
painful shock
(D) nearly two thirds delivered an apparently
painful shock
(E) nearly 90 percent delivered an apparently
painful shock
99. A normal curve of distribution is a set of scores

with
(A) a high standard deviation
(B) most scores near one end of the range
(C) approximately equal numbers of scores
from one end of the range to the other
(D) most scores in the middle of the range
(E) most scores at the high and low ends of the
range
96. In which case would social loafing MOST likely

occur?
(A) Two friends decide to share the driving on a
road trip.
(B) Five students are assigned to do a group
project.
(C) Students decide to study together for the law
school entrance exam.
(D) Several skydiving instructors share joint
responsibility for safety checks.
(E) All of the choices are equally likely to
create social loafing.
100. For a representative sample of identical twins,

the correlation coefficient between their IQs
was found to be .80. Hence, we can say that
(A) 80 percent of IQ is inherited
(B) 80 percent of IQ is due to environmental
effects
(C) IQ and inherited genes are strongly related
(D) identical twins usually have identical IQs
(E) IQ is barely related to heredity
97. Which of the following is TRUE about the

relationship between frustration and aggression?
(A) Frustration always causes aggression.
(B) Biological factors are more important than
social factors in aggressive behavior.
(C) Whether or not frustration will result in
aggression depends on cognitive appraisal.
(D) Frustration is likely to cause aggression in
children but depression in adults.
(E) Aggression is always a sign that frustration
and depression are present in an individual.
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CLEP Psychology

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