Heat Transfer Booklet
Heat Transfer Booklet
Heat Transfer Booklet
Heat Flux : =
Heat Rate : =
Heat Flux: = ( )
2
Heat Rate: = ( )
k : Thermal Conductivity
Ac : Cross-Sectional Area
Heat Radiation emitted ideally by a blackbody surface has a surface emissive power: = 4
Heat Flux emitted : = 4
2
8
and = 5.67 10
is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
2 4
4
Irradiation: = but we assume small body in a large enclosure with = so that =
4 )
Net Radiation heat flux from surface:
= = ( ) = (4
4
Net radiation heat exchange rate: = (4
) where for a real surface 0 1
This can ALSO be expressed as: = ( ) depending on the application
2 )
where is the radiation heat transfer coefficient which is: = ( + )(2 +
2
4
4
TOTAL heat transfer from a surface: = + = ( ) + ( )
Conservation of Energy (Energy Balance)
+ = (Control Volume Balance) ; = 0 (Control Surface Balance)
where is the conversion of internal energy (chemical, nuclear, electrical) to thermal or mechanical energy, and
+
2
+
2
+ =
2
2
+ =
+ 2 +
where =
Plane Wall: , =
Thermal Circuits
Cylinder: , =
+ =
2 + 2 sin 2 + 2 sin
ln 2
1
sin + =
Sphere: , =
1 1
r1 r2
( )
4
, =
, =
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
General Lumped Capacitance Analysis
4 )]
, + [( ) + ( 4
(,) =
4 ,
ln ln + 2 tan1 tan1
= exp() ; where =
and =
=
= exp
() =
= 1 exp
, +
If there is an additional resistance either in series or in parallel, then replace with in all the above lumped capacitance
equations, where
=
[Reynolds Number]
where is the density, is the velocity, is the characteristic length, is the dynamic viscosity, is the kinematic viscosity, is the mass flow
rate, is the average convection coefficient, and is the fluid thermal conductivity.
Internal Flow
() = , +
For Constant Surface Temperature [ = ]:
If there is only convection between the surface temperature, , and the mean fluid temperature, , use
()
,
If there are multiple resistances between the outermost temperature, , and the mean fluid temperature, , use
1
()
=
=
= , , =
; =
; = , ; = ,
ln
=
Vertical Plates:
= 0.825 +
( )3
[Grashof Number]
( )3
[Rayleigh Number]
0.387
1+
1/6
8/27
0.492 9/16
1/4
0.670
4/9
0.492 9/16
1+
Inclined Plates: for the top and bottom surfaces of cooled and heated inclined plates, respectively, the equations of the vertical
plate can be used by replacing (g) with ( cos ) in RaL for 0 60.
Horizontal Plates: use the following correlations with =
Vertical Cylinders: the equations for the Vertical Plate can be applied to vertical cylinders of height L if the following criterion is
met:
35
1/4
= 2 +
1/4
0.589
4/9
0.469 9/16
1+
1/6
0.387
8/27
0.559 9/16
1+
; 1011 ; 0.7
Heat Exchangers
, , , ,
, , , ,
ln
, ,
, ,
ln
, ,
, ,
Note: The condensation or evaporation side of the heat exchanger is associated with =
If Pr 10 n = 0.37
If Pr 10 n = 0.36
10