See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226052668

Study on thermal treatment of hybrid technical

yarns
ARTICLE in FIBERS AND POLYMERS FEBRUARY 2004
Impact Factor: 0.88 DOI: 10.1007/BF02875491

CITATIONS

READS

10

2 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
S. M. Ishtiaque
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
172 PUBLICATIONS 669 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate,

letting you access and read them immediately.

Available from: S. M. Ishtiaque

Retrieved on: 21 March 2016

Fibers and Polymers 2003, Vol.5, No.1, 25-30

Study on Thermal Treatment of Hybrid Technical Yarns

S. M. Ishtiaque and A. Das*
Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
(Received August 7, 2003; Revised November 19, 2003; Accepted November 26, 2003)
Abstract: The present paper reports the impact of thermal treatment on the characteristics of core-sheath type hybrid technical yarns. The core-sheath type hybrid yarns are prepared using DREF-III technology. Polyester and glass multifilaments are
used as core components whereas the cotton and polyester staple fibers are the sheath components wrapped around the core
filament with different proportions to form a hybrid structure. The thermal treatment is carried out both in dry and in wet state
under relaxed condition and the thermal shrinkage, sheath-slipping resistance and tensile and bending properties of hybrid
yarns have been studied. Thermal treatment markedly increases the thermal shrinkage and sheath-slipping resistance of
hybrid yarns with polyester multifilament in core, but insignificant effect for yarns with glass multifilament in core. Breaking
elongation of hybrid yarns with polyester multifilament in core increases with treatment temperature. The hybrid yarns with
glass multifilament in core are least affected by thermal treatment.
Keywords: Core-sheath ratio, DREF-III, Hybrid yarn, Multifilament, Sheath-slipping resistance, Thermal shrinkage

Introduction

ratio and several other process parameters on friction-spun

yarn characteristics have also been investigated [7-11]. In
some technical uses, like protective clothing for fire fighter,
the textile materials, made of core-sheath type hybrid yarns,
are exposed to high temperature. A number of studies have
been reported on the impact of thermal treatment on
different types of yarns and textile materials [12-17], but
studies concerning the influence of thermal treatment on
properties of friction-spun core-sheath type hybrid technical
yarns are not available.
The objectives of the present study is to study the impact
of thermal treatment on the characteristics of core-sheath
type hybrid technical yarns made of glass and polyester
multifilament as core and cotton and polyester staple fiber as
sheath and also to investigate the effect of the proportion of
sheath content and duration and temperature of the thermal
treatment under relaxed conditions, on the properties of
these yarns.

DREF-III technology works with friction spinning principle

[1]. Among the modern high-production technologies,
DREF technology has some advantages over others, especially
for the production of technical hybrid yarns suitable for
high performance uses like safety and protective textiles,
automobiles, filter fabrics, geotextiles, etc. DREF-III friction
spun core yarns have the advantage of complete covering the
continuous filament core component by staple sheath fibers.
The use of continuous filament in the core provides the
required strength of the hybrid yarn and the staple fibers in
the outer surface confers them a spun yarn look with
desirable surface characteristics such as easy-care, soft
handle and comfort. The main shortcoming of filament core
and staple sheath type hybrid yarn is the undesirably low
sheath-slipping resistance which causes outer sheath of
staple fibres to slip, resulting disintegration of yarn structure.
The sheath-slipping resistance is low due to improper gripping
between staple sheath and smooth filament. During any
technical applications the fabrics are subjected to rubbing
action and hence the yarns also get similar rubbing treatment.
During this rubbing action if the cohesion between the core
filament and the staple fiber sheath is not good enough the
outer sheath of staple fibers can slip and thus the yarn
structure gets disintegrated. And thus the fabric structure is
instable due to abrasion during their subsequent mechanical
processing and end-use applications. In DREF-III friction
spinning system, besides the continuous filament, staple
fibers can also be introduced in the core by feeding sliver to
the apron drafting system provided on the machine [1-6].
But in most of the technical applications the hybrid yarns are
produced with filament as core. The effect of core-sheath

Experimental
Preparation of Hybrid Yarns
In the hybrid yarn glass and polyester multifilaments were
chosen as core and the cotton and polyester staple fibers
were used in sheath. The specifications of these multifilaments and staple fibers are given in Table 1. Four series
of hybrid yarns with different combinations of multifilament
core and staple sheath fibers were spun on DREF-III system.
These are PC (polyester multifilament in core and cotton in
sheath), PP (polyester multifilament in core and staple
polyester fiber in sheath), GC (glass multifilament in core
and cotton in sheath), and GP (glass multifilament in core and
staple polyester in sheath). Keeping the same multifilament
in the core the proportion of staple fibers in the sheath was
adjusted to have the desired core-sheath ratio and thus the

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

25

26

Fibers and Polymers 2004, Vol.5, No.1

S. M. Ishtiaque and A. Das

Table 1. Specifications of multifilaments and staple fibers

Material
Polyester multifilament
Glass multifilament
Cotton
Polyester staple fiber
*For cotton.

Length
(mm)
24.6
44

Fineness
(dtex)/(g/in)*
67.30
620
4.20
1.66

Table 2. Spinning parameters of yarn samples

Sample
code
PC1
PC2
PC3
PP1
PP2
PP3
GC1
GC2
GC3
GP1
GP2
GP3

Yarn linear
Spinning
Core-sheath
Delivery rate
density
drum speed
ratio
(m/min)
(tex)
(rpm)
67.30
44.87
33.65

10:90
15:85
20:80

3500
3500
3500

160
160
160

67.30
33.65
22.43

10:90
20:80
30:70

3500
3500
3500

160
160
160

206.67
155.00
124.00

30:70
40:60
50:50

3500
3500
3500

160
160
160

206.67
155.00
124.00

30:70
40:60
50:50

3500
3500
3500

160
160
160

resultant count of the yarn changes. Three different levels of

core-sheath ratio were selected for each type of hybrid yarn.
The details of these hybrid yarns along with process parameters
used in DREF-III machine to produce these yarns are given
in Table 2. The physical properties of core-sheath type of
hybrid yarn are mainly dependent on the properties of
multifilament in the core, so keeping the same core filament
the proportion of sheath coverage was changed to study the
effect of thermal treatment.
Thermal Treatment of Hybrid Yarns
The hybrid core-sheath yarns, both dry and wet state, were
subjected to thermal treatment in a laboratory curing-setting
chamber under relaxed condition. Skeins of yarns of 200250 m were prepared on wrap reel and laced loosely at
several points. The lacings were kept completely loose so as
not to hinder the relaxation process in yarn during shrinkage.
The skeins were then hung loosely in curing-setting chamber
for thermal treatment. For wet treatment, the skeins were
immersed loosely inside the distilled water for 24 hours and
then squeezed the excess water in laboratory hydro extractor
and immediately placed inside the curing-settling chamber
for thermal treatment. The thermal treatment was done at
three different time duration i.e. 5 min, 30 min and 60 min
with a constant temperature at 150 oC. Again the treatment
temperature was also varied i.e. 100 oC, 150 oC, and 200 oC

Breaking strength/bundle strength*

(cN)/(cN/tex)*
420.4
2305
20.20
8.64

Breaking extension
(%)
10.95
1.30
5.0
22.70

keeping the duration of thermal treatment as constant for 30

min for all the yarn samples.
Measurement of Yarn Properties
All the hybrid yarns (before and after thermal treatment)
were tested for thermal shrinkage, sheath-slipping resistance,
bending rigidity and tensile properties.
Thermal Shrinkage
Thermal shrinkage was measured according to BSI
method. The similar method was also adopted by earlier
researchers [17]. The skeins were conditioned and hung
from a hook at the top of a measuring scale so that the inside
of the skein coincided with the zero of the measuring scale.
Lengths of the skeins before (li) and after (lf) thermal
treatment were measured and yarn thermal shrinkage was
calculated using the following expression:
Thermal shrinkage (%) = [(li lf)/li] 100

(1)

Sheath-slipping Resistance
The sheath-slipping resistance is the peak resistance force
generated during pulling out of multifilament core from 50
mm of hybrid yarn. Universal tensile testing machine
manufactured by SDL was employed for measuring the
sheath-slipping resistance. The sheath portion was removed
carefully from about 40 to 50 mm from one end of the
hybrid yarn keeping the opened out core filament intact. The
core filament was then passed through the hole of a normal
sewing needle. The other side of the needle (without hole)
was then gripped vertically in the bottom jaw of the
Universal tensile testing machine. The core filament, which
was passed through the needle, was then gripped in the
movable top jaw in such a way that only the entire openedout core filament portion passed through the needle hole.
The initial distance between the jaws was kept at 50 mm and
the crosshead speed was 50 mm/min. The length of the intact
hybrid yarn, on the other side of the needle hole, was kept
exactly 50 mm. The hole of the needle was selected
sufficiently large to allow smooth and uninterrupted passage
of core-filament but did not allow the sheath portion to pass
through. As the top jaw started moving, the load cell
attached with the top jaw measured the pulling out force of
core filament and the peak of the pulling out force was

Study on Thermal Treatment of Hybrid Technical Yarns

considered as sheath-slipping resistance. A minimum of

twenty observations was made for each sample.
Tensile Properties
Universal tensile testing machine from SDL was also used
for measuring single yarn strength and breaking elongation
keeping a gauge length of 500 mm and cross-head speed of
100 mm/min. Mean single yarn strength and breaking
elongation were averaged from twenty observations for each
yarn sample.
Bending Rigidity
The bending rigidity of yarns was measured by the ring
loop method. A ring of known circumference (L) was
deflected under a constant load (M) and the position of each
loop was observed before and after loading. The observations
were termed as R1 and R2. The yarn deflection D1, i.e. (R1
R2) was tabulated and respective values of Z i.e. (D1/L) were
read from the supplied table. These values were then used
to calculate the corresponding values of bending rigidity
(ML2/Z).

Results and Discussion

Thermal Shrinkage
The shrinkage values of different thermally treated coresheath type of hybrid yarns are given in Table 3. It is evident
from the Table that in case of PC and PP series of yarns, for a
particular core-sheath ratio, the thermal shrinkage value
increases with the increase in treatment temperature. The
reason for this is that the thermal shrinkage of polyester
multifilament hybrid yarn is mainly due to shrinkage of
thermoplastic polyester multifilament in the core. With the
increase in treatment temperature, shrinkage in the core

Fibers and Polymers 2004, Vol.5, No.1

27

polyester filament causes due to disorientation and folding

of molecular chain [18]. Table 3 also shows that in case of
yarns of PC and PP series, the time duration of treatment
does not have any significant effect on the shrinkage,
particularly for dry treated yarns. But for wet treated yarn
samples it increases very fast initially up to 30 min., but
further increase of treatment time shows much slower
increase in thermal shrinkage values. For dry yarns, due to
very good heat transmission from surface to core the
polyester multifilament present in the core gets shrunk
within a small span of time say 5 min. But in case of wet
yarn, due to presence of moisture mainly within sheath
structure, the heat transmission is slow and it takes time to
evaporate the moisture present in the yarn. The very slower
increase in the thermal shrinkage at later stage may be due to
presence of water vapour within the yarn structure after
heating of 30 min. It is also evident from Table 3 that as the
percentage of sheath fibers in the yarns of PC and PP series
reduces, keeping the same polyester multifilament in the
core, the thermal shrinkage value always increases, irrespective
of time and temperature of treatment and is valid for both
dry and wet conditions. Due to lower proportion of sheath
fibers i.e. in the finer hybrid yarns, the restrictive force
imparted by the sheath fibers on the core filament is low and
also better heat transmission to the core filament. Both these
two factors are responsible for higher thermal shrinkage
when the proportion of sheath fibers is low and vice versa.
It can be seen from Table 3 that all the hybrid yarns with
glass multifilament in the core, i.e. yarns of series GC and
GP, do not show any thermal shrinkage and also do not have
any impact of time and temperature of treatment within the
present experimental range. This may be due to the fact that
treatment temperature (maximum 200 oC) does not have any
impact on shrinkage of the glass multifilament core, which is

Table 3. Effect of thermal treatment on shrinkage of hybrid yarns

Sample
code

Thermal shrinkage of dry treated yarns (%)

Temperature2 (oC)
Time1 (min)
5
30
60
100
150
200
6.16
6.47
6.50
1.76
6.47
14.04
7.62
7.60
7.62
2.38
7.60
15.88
9.46
9.52
10.00
3.51
9.52
20.24

Thermal shrinkage of wet treated yarns (%)

Time1 (min)
Temperature2 (oC)
5
30
60
100
150
200
2.92
7.60
8.19
2.92
7.60
14.62
3.06
7.65
8.24
2.94
7.65
16.47
5.95
9.52
10.32
2.98
9.52
20.24

PC1
PC2
PC3
PP1
12.4
12.6
13.1
2.3
12.6
30.1
6.9
15.3
2.8
14.7
29.9
6.6
14.7
14.7
PP2
15.5
15.4
16.0
4.2
15.4
31.3
7.0
PP3
0.07
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.05
GC1
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.12
0.04
0.00
0.10
GC2
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.10
0.06
0.11
GC3
GP1
0.10
0.08
0.04
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.04
0.09
0.00
0.09
0.05
0.04
0.09
0.00
GP2
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.09
0.05
0.10
GP3
1
Temperature was kept constant at 150 oC, 2Treatment time was fixed at 30 min.

12.2
13.8
15.7
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00

12.9
13.8
15.9
0.00
0.03
0.08
0.08
0.00
0.00

1.8
2.2
3.7
0.05
0.10
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.05

12.2
13.8
15.7
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00

29.6
30.4
32.0
0.08
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.07
0.00

28

Fibers and Polymers 2004, Vol.5, No.1

S. M. Ishtiaque and A. Das

Table 4. Effect of thermal treatment on sheath-slipping resistance of hybrid yarns

Sheath-slipping resistance of dry treated yarns (cN)
Temperature2 (oC)
Time1 (min)

Sheath-slipping resistance of wet treated yarns (cN)

Time1 (min)
Temperature2 (oC)

36.9
33.1
30.0

5
45.5
18.4
22.1

30
56.7
32.3
26.2

60
43.5
27.3
26.1

100
49.0
27.5
23.3

150
56.7
32.3
26.2

200
101.5
57.1
52.7

5
68.6
45.5
20.6

30
87.3
58.0
35.5

60
98.4
66.5
37.3

100
77.6
42.4
27.1

150
87.3
58.0
35.5

200
151.9
150.0
108.

38.7
33.8
26.2
29.1
23.6
18.5

43.5
27.8
20.2
29.3
22.9
18.8

54.4
34.3
22.6
28.8
23.4
18.6

47.8
28.7
21.2
28.6
23.7
18.0

44.0
26.7
19.6
29.1
23.0
18.2

54.4
34.3
22.6
28.8
23.4
18.6

111.3
62.5
46.7
28.9
23.0
17.9

62.8
40.4
21.0
29.2
23.3
17.9

90.0
56.7
33.8
29.0
23.2
18.4

98.2
69.4
37.0
28.7
22.9
18.0

73.3
43.0
26.2
29.2
22.8
17.9

90.0
56.7
33.8
29.0
23.2
18.4

148.1
140.5
93.9
29.4
23.4
17.3

37.0
33.4
25.2

36.6
33.8
26.3

37.9
33.0
26.6

36.4
34.1
25.6

36.6
33.8
26.3

48.0
42.1
35.7

Sample
code

Sheath-slipping
resistance of
parent yarn (cN)

PC1
PC2
PC3
PP1
PP2
PP3

GC1
GC2
GC3
GP1
32.9
36.3
36.8
35.7
32.2
36.8
45.2
39.6
26.6
32.4
31.9
32.2
28.1
31.9
GP2
21.7
26.1
25.7
25.8
23.6
25.7
30.0
GP3
1
o
2
Temperature was kept constant at 150 C, Treatment time was fixed at 30 min.

responsible for any thermal shrinkage of hybrid yarn.

Sheath-slipping Resistance
Table 4 shows the sheath-slipping resistances, expressed in
terms of peak resistance force generated during pulling out
of core multifilament from 50 mm of hybrid yarn. It is clear
from the table that for all the hybrid yarns (PC, PP, GC, and
GP series), the reduction in sheath content always reduces
the sheath-slipping resistance, i.e. increases the sheathslipping problem or the skinning tendency (term used by
Standring and Westrop [19]); irrespective of type of thermal
treatment. The reason for higher sheath-slipping resistance
in case of higher sheath content is mainly due to better
sheath-core binding [20].
It can also be seen from Table 4 that as the treatment
temperature increases the sheath-slipping resistance also
increases both during dry and wet treatment for yarns of
series PC and PP. This may be due to the fact that at higher
temperature the thermoplastic polyester multifilament core
has undergone surface texturing effect, which might have
changed the surface structure of the core multifilament
resulting higher sheath-slipping resistance. It has also been
observed that, for yarns of PC and PP series, sheath-slipping
resistance for wet treatment is always higher than dry treated
hybrid yarns. For yarns of PC and PP series, time thermal of
treatment does not have any impact of sheath-slipping
resistance of dry treated yarns, but in case of wet treated
yarns the sheath-slipping resistance increases with time
duration. The probable reason for this has already been
explained earlier.
It is also evident from Table 4 that the time of thermal
treatment does not have any impact on the sheath-slipping
resistance of both GC and GP series of yarns. The sheathslipping resistance does not affected by the increase in

temperature in case of GC series yarns, but it increases with

the increase of treatment temperature for GP series of yarn.
In the hybrid yarns of GC series, both core and the sheath
fibers (i.e. glass and cotton) are non-thermoplastic in nature.
So, there is no thermal texturing within the fiber or multifilament structure takes place, which may be the reason for not
increasing the sheath slipping resistance with the temperature.
But in case of GP series of yarns the texturing effect might
have taken place in the thermoplastic polyester staple sheath
component, which may be responsible for increase in sheath
slipping resistance with the increase in treatment temperature,
as clear from Table 4.
Breaking Strength, Elongation, and Bending Rigidity
The breaking strength and percentage elongation values of
parent and thermally treated yarns of all the series (PC, PP,
GC, and GP) are given in Table 5. Although the core
multifilament contributes directly to the breaking strength,
but presence of sufficient wrap fibers i.e. sheath fibers
maintain yarn integrity and enhance the breaking strength. In
case of yarns of PC and PP series, the parent as well as
thermally treated hybrid yarns show increase in breaking
strength with the increase in sheath content, which is due to
coarser yarn count and higher transverse pressure exerted by
higher number of sheath fibres. It is also evident from Table 5
that, for PC and PP series yarns, there is no significant effect
of treating time and temperature of on breaking strength of
the yarns both for dry and wet treatment. Table 5 also shows
that there is significant drop in breaking strength of hybrid
yarns with glass multifilament in the core (GC and GP) as
compared to the breaking strength of glass multifilament
itself, as given in Table 1. This may be due to breakage of
some glass filaments during hybrid yarn formation in
DREF-III machine as glass multifilament is brittle in nature.

Study on Thermal Treatment of Hybrid Technical Yarns

Fibers and Polymers 2004, Vol.5, No.1

Also some inclination of individual filaments with the yarn

axis resulted in reduction in breaking strength. No particular
effect of core-sheath ratio, time and temperature of thermal
treatment on breaking strength of yarns with GC and GP
series have been found (Table 5).
Table 5 also shows that with the increase in treatment
temperature the breaking elongation increases for all the

29

yarn samples in PC and PP series. The increase in breaking

elongation with treatment temperature up to 200 oC is also
due to molecular disorientation and chain folding [18] of
core filaments. The reduction in sheath proportion also
increases the breaking elongation of both parent and thermally
treated hybrid yarns of PC and PP series, which may be due
to lesser restrictive force applied on the polyester multifilament.

Table 5. Effect of thermal treatment on tensile properties of hybrid yarns

Breaking
Sample strength of
code parent yarn
(cN)
PC1
PC2
PC3
PP1
PP2
PP3

Breaking strength of dry treated yarn (cN)

Time1 (min)
Temperature2 (oC)

Breaking strength of wet treated yarn (cN)

Time1 (min)

Temperature2 (oC)

30

60

100

150

200

30

60

100

150

200

600
(10.14)
517
(10.48)
484
(10.78)

589
(11.11)
506
(11.15)
498
(12.06)

607
(11.25)
494
(10.82)
503
(12.65)

596
(10.36)
521
(10.47)
503
(12.35)

574
(10.62)
508
(10.62)
484
(10.93)

607
(11.25)
494
(10.82)
503
(12.65)

603
(13.07)
498
(12.15)
508
(14.44)

600
(10.43)
510
(10.58)
512
(12.02)

603
(10.72)
499
(10.92)
501
(12.11)

564
(10.85)
512
(11.04)
505
(12.52)

619
(9.95)
505
(10.54)
494
(10.85)

603
(10.72)
499
(10.92)
501
(12.11)

596
(11.26)
496
(11.32)
504
(14.33)

748
(10.26)
597
(10.44)
533
(10.79)

773
(11.24)
621
(11.40)
549
(11.97)

780
(11.19)
613
(11.51)
537
(12.05)

801
(11.22)
632
(11.46)
528
(11.89)

788
(10.62)
604
(11.14)
555
(11.68)

780
(11.19)
613
(11.51)
537
(12.05)

776
(13.77)
641
14.13)
530
(15.41)

784
(10.79)
637
(11.01)
521
(11.42)

802
(11.05)
642
(11.13)
549
(11.40)

783
(10.88)
589
(10.96)
551
(11.56)

796
(10.55)
619
(10.62)
559
(11.02)

802
(11.05)
642
(11.13)
549
(11.40)

802
(13.25)
627
(13.86)
538
(14.98)

1802
1796
1859

1848
1906
1881

1892
1866
1920

1806
1789
1852

1848
1906
1881

1814
1827
1871

1855
1827
1868

1790
1878
1827

1844
1829
1880

1826
1822
1869

1790
1878
1827

1849
1840
1871

GC1
1842
1826
1799
1837
1838
1799
1811
GC2
1858
1860
1919
1872
1889
1879
1872
1829
1904
1855
1866
1890
1855
1828
GC3
GP1
1802
1852
1848
1866
1810
1848
1887
GP2
1828
1818
1888
1912
1872
1798
1912
1843
1863
1886
1850
1885
1886
1802
GP3
1
o
2
Temperature was kept constant at 150 C, Treatment time was fixed at 30 min.
The figures in the parenthesis indicate breaking elongation (%).

Table 6. Effect of thermal treatment on bending rigidity of hybrid yarns

Bending rigidity
Sample
of patent yarn,
code
(gm cm2) 103
PC1
PC2
PC3
PP1
PP2
PP3
GC1
GC2
GC3
GP1
GP2
GP3
1

10.22
9.70
7.95
14.2
12.8
9.6

Bending rigidity of dry treated yarns

(gm cm2) 103
Time1 (min)
Temperature2 (oC)
5

30

60

10.20
9.71
7.93
14.4
13.4
9.9

10.12
9.66
8.00
13.9
12.6
10.0

10.10
9.64
7.89
14.1
12.8
8.9

100
10.19
9.70
7.96
14.3
11.3
9.2

150
10.12
9.66
8.00
13.9
12.6
10.0

200
10.16
9.68
7.89
14.4
11.9
9.1

Bending rigidity of wet treated yarn

(gm cm2) 103
Time1 (min)
Temperature2 (oC)
5

30

60

10.24
9.68
7.99
14.0
11.4
8.7

10.18
9.72
7.95
13.9
13.0
9.4

10.06
9.66
7.98
14.5
12.3
9.9

100
10.09
9.64
8.01
14.1
12.8
8.9

150
10.18
9.72
7.95
13.9
13.0
8.9

200
10.11
9.60
7.90
13.8
12.7
9.1

1038
993
940

1126
966
931

1073
956
922

1056
1006
945

1112
991
892

1073
956
922

1082
974
910

1091
1012
929

1103
984
904

1099
1021
890

1091
1004
924

1103
984
904

1055
978
911

1150
1061
971

1168
1032
980

1204
1082
982

1188
1075
1004

1197
1058
1016

1204
1082
982

1169
1045
948

1221
1066
1012

1218
1102
1021

1182
1067
977

1190
1055
972

1218
1102
1021

1182
1106
978

Temperature was kept constant at 150 oC, 2Treatment time was fixed at 30 min.

30

Fibers and Polymers 2004, Vol.5, No.1

The breaking elongation of both parent and thermally treated

hybrid yarns with glass multifilament in the core (GC and
GP series) are almost similar to the breaking elongation of
glass multifilament. No significant impact of core-sheath
ratio, duration and temperature of thermal treatment on
breaking elongation of these yarns (GC and GP series) have
been found.
It is evident from Table 6 that the bending rigidity of all
the hybrid yarns (series PC, PP, GC, and GP) does not
affected by the time and temperature of thermal treatment.
The increase in sheath fiber content for a particular core
multifilament increases the bending rigidity. This may be
due to more restriction to bending fibrous assembly when
the proportion of sheath fiber is high and also due to coarser
yarn count when the proportion of sheath fibre increases.

Conclusions
The core-sheath type hybrid yarns are most suitable for
various technical applications. The main problem with these
yarns is poor sheath-slipping resistance, which results in
disintegration of the yarn structure during end use. This
problem can be reduced to a great extent by thermal
treatment of hybrid yarns, particularly when both or any one
of the component fibres is thermoplastic in nature.
The thermal shrinkage of core-sheath type hybrid yarn
with polyester multifilament core increases with the increase
in treatment temperature, but the treatment time shows no
significant effect on thermal shrinkage these yarns. Also the
decrease in proportion of sheath fiber results in increase in
thermal shrinkage of these yarns. No impact of thermal
treatment on shrinkage has been observed in the yarns with
glass multifilament in the core. Increase in proportion of
sheath fiber shows increase in sheath-slipping resistance for
parent yarn as well as for thermally treated yarns. For hybrid
yarns with polyester multifilament in core, as the treatment
temperature increases the sheath-sipping resistance also
increases significantly and it is higher in case of wet treatment
than dry treatment. The increase in proportion of sheath
fibers, in case of hybrid yarns with polyester multifilament
in core, results an increase in breaking strength and this
trend is valid for parent as well as thermally treated yarns.
With the increase in treatment temperature, for the hybrid
yarns with polyester multifilament in core, the breaking
elongation increases but the breaking strength reflects no
specific trend with regard to treatment temperature. There is
no significant effect of core-sheath ratio, time and temperature

S. M. Ishtiaque and A. Das

of thermal treatment on breaking strength of hybrid yarns

with glass multifilament in core. Thermal treatment does not
have any significant effect of bending rigidity, but increase in
proportion of sheath fibers increases the bending rigidity.

References
1. Brochure for DREF 3 Friction Spinning Machine (Textilmaschinenfabrik, Dr. Ernst Fehrer A G).
2. H. Fuchs, Textile Horizons, 2, 20 (1982).
3. K. J. Brockmanns and J. Lunenschloss, ITB International
Textile Bulletin, 30, 5 (1984).
4. M. Gsteu, Textile Horizons, 6, 36 (1986).
5. M. Gsteu, ITB International Textile Bulletin, 32, 65
(1986).
6. E. Fehrer, Textile Month, 115 (1987).
7. W. Thierron and L. Hunter, Melliand Textilber (English
Edition), 13, 226 (1984).
8. L. B. Kimmel and A. P. S. Sawhney, Textile Res. J., 60,
714 (1990).
9. G. K. Tyagi, K. R. Salhotra, and S. Gupta, Indian J. Fibre
Textile Res., 20, 136 (1995).
10. A. K. Sengupta, R. Chattopadhyay, G. S. Venkatachelapathi, and A. R. Padmanabhan, Melliand Textilber, 73, 224
(1992).
11. A. R. Padmanabhan and N. Ramakrishnan, Indian J. Fibre
Textile Res., 18, 14 (1993).
12. G. K. Tyagi, A. P. Malik, and A. Lal, Indian J. Textile Res.,
12, 40 (1987).
13. X. T. S. Sukigara, R. Postle, and R. C. Dhingra, Textile
Res. J., 57, 601 (1987).
14. D. Daspal, M. Tech. Dissertation, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 1991.
15. G. K. Tyagi, R. C. D. Kaushik, and K. R. Salhotra, Indian
J. Fibre Textile Res., 23, 105 (1998).
16. A. K. Sengupta, R. Chattopadhyay, and D. Daspal, Indian
J. Fibre Textile Res., 17, 215 (1992).
17. G. K. Tyagi, S. Dhamija, and K. R. Salhotra, Indian J.
Fibre Textile Res., 24, 215 (1999).
18. A. K. Sengupta in Manufactured Fiber Technology, 1st
ed. (V. B. Gupta and V. K. Kothari Eds.), p.188, Chapman
and Hall, London, 1997.
19. P. T. Standring and K. J. Westrop, J. Textile Institute, 49,
453 (1958).
20. R. Chattopadhyay, K. R. Salhotra, S. Dhamija, and R. C.
D. Kaushik, Indian J. Fibre Textile Res., 25, 256 (2000).