Acoustics Presentation
Acoustics Presentation
Acoustics Presentation
Acoustics
The science of sound, including its
production, propagation and effects
The objective study of the physical
behavior of sound in an enclosed space
Sound
A wave motion consisting of a series of
condensations and rarefactions in an
elastic medium produced by a vibrating
body
Requirements to Produce
Sound
Requirements to
Produce Sound
1. Presence of vibrating body
2. Presence of transmitting medium
3. Presence of receiving medium
AUDIBLE FREQUENCY RANGE
Infrasonic/Subsonic
frequencies below the audible range
Ultrasonic/Supersonic
frequencies above the audible range
5. Velocity of Propagation
Vsound << VRF
(344 m/sec << 3 x 108 m/sec)
Velocity of Sound
Solids
Where:
E = Young’s Modulus of elasticity, dynes/cm3
d = density of the medium, g/cm3
Velocity of Sound
Liquids
Where:
E = Bulk’s Modulus of elasticity, dynes/cm3
d = density of the medium, g/cm3
Velocity of Sound
Gases
Where:
k = specific heat ratio = hsp/hsv
hsp = specific heat at constant pressure
hsv = specific heat at constant volume
p = gas pressure, dynes/cm2
d = density, g/cm3
Velocity of Sounds
Dry Air/Air (for TC ≤ 20 0C)
Velocity of Sounds
Dry Air/Air (for TC ≥ 20 0C)
where:
TK = temperature in Kelvin
Velocity of Sound
Velocity of Sounds
Notes
Sounds travel more slowly in gases than
in liquids, and more slowly in liquids
than in solids.
Sounds travels slower with an increased
Sound Pressure
The alternating component of the pressure
at a particular point in a sound field
Expressed in N/m2 or Pa
Sound Levels
Sound Pressure Level
Equal to 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio
of the RMS sound pressure to the reference sound pressure
SPL = 20log(P+N)
Where:
PN = rms sound pressure expressed in any of
pressure in dB
N = SPL constant corresponding to the unit at
which sound pressure is expressed
Sound Pressure Levels
SPL Constants
Sound Levels
Sound Intensity (I) and
Sound Intensity Level (SIL)
Sound Intensity
Defined as the acoustic power per unit area
The basic units are W/m2 or W/cm2
The average rate of transmission of sound
energy through a cross-sectional area of 1
m2 at right angles to a particular direction.
Sound Levels
Sound Levels
Sound Levels
For sound produced at ground level
Sound Levels
Sound Intensity
I = ρ2 / d v
I = ρ2 / 410
Where:
I = sound intensity,
Io = threshold intensity,
Io = 10-12 W/m2 or 10-16 W/cm2
Sound Levels
Sound Power (W) and
Sound Power Level (PWL)
Where:
W = sound power , W
Wo = reference sound power
Wo = 10-12 w
Room Acoustics
Room Acoustics
Concerned with the behavior of sound
within an enclosed space with a view to
obtaining the optimum acoustic effect on
the occupants
Room Acoustics
Room Acoustics
Requirements
Adequate amount of sound must reach all
parts of the room.
Even distribution of sound
level.
Optimum Reverberation time, RT
60
Reverberation
Reverberation
Tendency for the sound to persist over a
definite period of time after it has been
produced originally and stopped at the
source.
Reverberation
Reverberation
Reverberation
Reverberation Time, RT60
Time taken for the density of sound energy
in the room to drop to 1 millionth (60dB)
below of its initial value
Optimum Periods of
Reverberation
Factors Affecting
Reverberation Time
LIVE ROOM
- Little absorption (RT60 > 1 sec)
DEAD ROOM
- Large absorption (RT60 < 1 sec)
ANECHOIC ROOM
- 100% absorption (free field conditions)
Room Acoustics
Coefficient of absorption, α
Ratio of incident sound and absorbed
sound
Efficiency of sound absorption
Room Acoustics
Coefficient of Absorption
Room Acoustics
Coefficient of Absorption
Reverberation Time
Equations
a. Sabine’s Equation
For actual reverberation time with average
absorption less than or equal to 0.2; (absorption
coefficient, α ≤ 0.2)
Where;
V = room volume,
m3
A = total absorption
units
Reverberation Time
Equations
Where;
V = room volume, ft3
A = total absorption units
Reverberation Time
Equations
Example:
Where;
V = room volume, m3
α = average
coefficient of
reflecting surfaces
Reverberation Time
Equations
Example:
Where:
r = 4 for speech
r = 5 for orchestra
r = 6 for choir
Optimum Volume /
person
Concert Halls 7.1
Italian type opera houses 4.2 – 5.1
Churches 7.1 – 9.9
Cinemas 3.1
Rooms for Speeches 2.8
Reverberation Time
Equations
Example:
Suggest the optimum volume and reverberation time for a concert hall to
be used mainly for orchestral music and to hold 450 people.
MICROPHONES
Microphone
1. High Impedance
Greater than 1000 ohms
1. Low Impedance
1000 ohms and below
Classification of
Microphones
C. According to Method of Coupling
Pressure Type
- Actuated by the
pressure of sound
waves against
the diaphragm.
Classification of
Microphones
C. According to Method of Coupling
Velocity Type
- actuated by
velocity of
sound waves
Classification of
Microphones
C. According to Method of Coupling
Contact Type
Classification of
Microphones
D. According to Elements Used
1. Dynamic
Uses the principle of electromagnetic
induction
Electromagnetic moving coil microphone
A medium-priced instrument of high
sensitivity
Classification of
Microphones
Classification of
Microphones
2. Ribbon
Velocity microphone
Ribbon moves as if it is a part of the air
that experiences rarefactions and
condensations
Classification of
Microphones
Classification of
Microphones
3. Capacitor
Condenser type or electrostatic
microphone
Classification of
Microphones
4. Carbon
Uses principle of variable resistance
Classification of
Microphones
5. Crystal
Uses principle of piezoelectric effect
Classification of
Microphones
6. Magnetic
Operated on the magnetic reluctance due
to the movable core
Classification of
Microphones
E. According to directional
Characteristics
Unidirectional
Classification of
Microphones
E. According to directional
Characteristics
Bidirectional
Classification of
Microphones
E. According to directional
Characteristics
Omnidirectional
Classification of
Microphones
E. According to directional
Characteristics
Cardioid
Characteristics of
Microphone
1. Frequency Response
Frequency over which the microphone will
operate normally
Magnetic : 60 – 10 000Hz
Crystal : 50 – 10 000Hz
Condenser : 50 – 15 000Hz
Carbon : 200 – 3 000Hz
Characteristics of
Microphone
2. Sensitivity
Ability that would be covered by the
microphone
3. Dynamic Range
Range of sound intensity that would be
covered by the microphone
Special Types of
Microphones
Line Microphone
Capable of picking up sound from a great
distance at an angle of 45 degrees and is
highly sensitive
Special Types of
Microphones
Differential Microphone
Used in noisy places; good up to 3-in
distance
LOUDSPEAKERS
Types of Loudspeakers
Direct Radiator Type
Those in which the vibrating surface
(diaphragm) radiates sound directly into
the air
Types:
Conical Horn
Parabolic Horn
Exponential Horn
Hyperbolic Horn
Types of Loudspeakers
To cover the entire range of audible
frequencies, the following speakers
are used:
Types of Loudspeakers
Woofer – for low frequencies
Types of Loudspeakers
Tweeter – for high frequencies
Types of Loudspeakers
Midrange – for normal range
Types of Loudspeakers
Subwoofer – for very low frequencies
DIVIDING NETWORK
Loudspeaker Phasing
When more than one speaker is used:
Phasing must be uniform
Polarities and voice coils are in phase such
that the cone of all the speakers move
inwards at the same instant.
Loudspeaker Enclosure
(Baffle)
Loudspeaker mounting that is used to
prevent the sound waves from the
rear from interfering with the sound
waves in the front of speaker
QUESTIONS
22. What is the sound pressure level for a given sound whose
RMS pressure is 200 N/m2?
a. 200 dB
b. 20 dB
c. 140 dB
d. 14 dB
23. What is the sound intensity for an RMS pressure of 200
Pascal?
a. 90 W/m2
b. 98 W/m2
c. 108 W/m2
d. 88 W/m2