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Preface , " , "" ", ,_ "".",' - ,.~ , , .. '""."." ~ , e •• ,._,-,..... V [1

:Il1trod'uction , ,~ " , '.'M.' ,.-.' ••• ,." i i.·' ••..•............•.. "'~."""""'.' -,.',.,,, 'I.

Status of [he State ilil Islam , , ,; , , .. , ' .. ",.".......... 1

Construetion of i. State 'Whose Recourse Is Islam "" , -.-..... 33

The Nature' of the State i n Is.1 an;'l, " e e ; ••. ;, ", ,.. 73

. d- "W··n II" ] F' III-.

TOl:y,ar:.S: a .. ~ ISf 1";"D,'lhcB,' .~ Iq:wi .•••• , -,--" "" ,- ••• i07'

- Politienl 1 slam ." "" " " ·.'H •• · " ' •• , ,.",. 12. W

._, Islamic State and Judging According to ./AI.lab11s Law ." ,,'!. 1:41

- The Stages of Changlng Evil .. doing and. When is it Allowed

to Change by Force? "m .. "" .. " .. " , , ••.•• < w ••. ,."" u " !' :170

Islamic State and Its Stand Towards 'D~fferemlt Issues .. ·i· ~·i· i .. i."... 1.89

_, Isl a 1111 and Democracy ~ .. " , .. " ' , ~", .. ,." " , "" 1.91.

.. The M:ul.tl,-Party System Ufilder the 'Is~:amwc State " .. " ". 2.2'~

- Nominating Women for Representanve Council in Legal~ity

and Prohi b~ ~.~ on ,+. ' s- ';" •• ".' ••• " •• , ••• " •• "" , , .•••• ,., ".", M ••• ' •• " " u '2,42

.~ Parncipatlcn rum a. Non-Islamic Regime ... ~.~ .. " .. "" .. ·.,,·~· .. · .. ,··.m·'.·. 2,68,

= The Confllct Between Good. and Evil Deeds ~ ,,;,, .. , ,,' "' .. 2'86

.~ Nom.i nation of .N on _ :M:md i rns for Parl i amentary Assem bl ies, 29.2

Preface

~1'T'o esrabll sh a mi ght y ei, v i I' i zation is to establ i sh a capabl estate whose' foundations consrtune rhe pillars for thi s particular civillzation." Tbis istasement is perfectly true in regard ~Q all civilizatioas throughout the history of mankind. Prom the dawn of h~.stor,y ~ rn:au felt the need fot 'estab]ii'sJJ:ing some k.ind of organization 10 have self- protection even f rom h is Ol~1 n sell f. Th~ S organi zation has ~d way s been comprehended as SIQ;me k ind ,of stale or a,uUlori ty., Til i s concept i on was developed '( hrough a serl es Qf' human experiences and d v i:1 j zations until It reached ,j ts perfect C'U I'm,l n ati an :j n the form of an 'I sl'~:lnic ci v U i zasion. U ii S also lJIJ well -kno wn factthat strength of any civl lization Ste111S from ~he rights and dllut~~, observedby the SUbjects of ii~s. state, W'e should bear in our minds: that the various forms of stare that emerged nU]'O!il,glruou.~ h istol)t were lnspi red oni y by the human "incapable" intellect. '~lhatjs sornething 'rot~];~y different frolIl that of the Islamic State.

,AI though foundati O~ s of the, Islamlc State ate, laid down bY' the 'One, W'tIO created a111,1 humans andWhoknows thel r needs '!' h lUl1ZUlS are granted rl ghts and, rol 85· 'to p:la,Y W 11 th is staite btu, \¥:i ~h~ n the framework establ iS~iied by A~I;a'l tile' Ever-Knowing, The: ideal form of ~s!l:am~ic State 'was brought i nto e.x.:i stence at the hands or ,Prophet Muhammad and his Rlghtly-Guided Cal iphs, Ullfolituna~e~iy" this form did not ~as;t, 'fer long after them. As many distortions and misconceptions have-

emerged ti II the fal~~, of ~ 5:11 am i,e Ca~,~: phm~,e a~ the hands of Kamal A tatark, 1,9.24. Afterwards ~ the :M,usl j m ,,\lIcr:1 c[ 'w:as. bl'ough~ Fl18Hl y marl -made systems for ru[ i n I: through forei gn j mperi aJ;j sm .

Due to' this, the original form of Islamic State got forsaken and was not e:lilfJJp~'o,Y1ed by :any of the M!J:s]:~~~'ii11 countries of~:he world. B'~[~~ Ulallk,s to All ah who sends 'fCUi' this Ur~un.ah; every now and ~:hen men who restor-e i, ts 1l'["j,S'[;j ne rei, j, ~fi on. Thls ls represented in the '1:5:1 amlc A w~k:,eni ng that ~ s mllOl'~:adJays:wwtntssed al I: over the world ,.

U ~l'~ortuluUie~l,y ~ changes and chall ~tlges, ,of modern ,ag,e IWiJade sortu~ supporters of the F s! ami C: A w:a,keni [J g, d~'ffier even among ~he~ns,eJves w n comprehending the real status of the Islamic S~at,! ,aid the WD,)" to establish it.Propcnents of other :ide[)lo,gf~es toot opportuniity I'iUJd began to doubt the 'ori~lna:liity of the IsJamic SYSWIn. Hfmdl the d'ifficuU:y of lJUU i n,g, i t in~:o aeti on '. ,A'mon~: all ~h,ese trends stands the trend, :of "Moderatlon" that shoulders the responslbllity of ,dlarlfy:ing all about the; Islamic System and the W{1Y 110 put U ii nto action, :M 0 roo V'C r ~ the MloiJ:em,te oogan to refUl:e. aliI: doubt's nd sed by the oppoaents This :i s thei dea around which this book Is revel ving,

S T,AT'E lrN [S:LA,~if hi ghli ghts 111an:y ~opics, and arguments raised 'by those people who are against or ~ ait least ~ doubt ~he val, idi ty of applying ~sllam;~,c Sltarfall" ,Amorig these toplcs are:: MllU:i,-Pllli'~Y' systeln ,', dle~noclracy ~ statns of woman and non-M usl ii ms i: n M:~:s,1 irn cO[l:rn~rri:es :and other 'PO~ nrs ,as, well,

Si~ nee transl atlon is an :~ mrl cave task that l'equ~ res muehpreci sion an d dedi cat~on,~ we' ha ve exerted every' efforl: to properly produce [hi s preeiou s work ~ however, perfection is Ol1i]'Y Di vine. J I~ add:i lion. ~ dUlc to, the del, lcate nature of the slul1ject as 'we] ~ as the special s~ylle of the Arabie language, the ~:lians'l a~i on in hand is. mlIot I' lteral; our translators and revisers have exerted their best ~(:I :utender thetext presentable and

Preface IX

~·egible~ On various occasions they have amended the Arabic text: paraphrasl ng ~ rearran gi ng a nd su In marl zi ng it,

AI .. F;alab F'oundatio.DI would like to thank Raw"ah Nazar, "Ali as .. Sayy.id ai- Halawami and Mustafa al":Basmni for thei r si ncere efforts Ii n translating and revislng t]h]S precious bock. Flnally, all praise and thanks are due to. AUah" without 'Whose Help and Guidance Roth i I1g can be accom plished,

fje.lterol'Ditutor Sh,eikh. Muha1lmltlll' 'Abdu'

,AM prm se rns due Ito Allah, and pra:Y'e~' and peace be upon the Messenger of Allah and his Family, Companions and those who follow him rl,ght,ly dU I[he D:a~y of Judgment.

This 'work includes chapters on the ideology Dr the state in Islam, '111.1 s branch of knowl edge 11 ~IS 110E recei ved i ts full due study and research by Muslim sehol ars in recent: times as they have done In other branches or .F ic]h (lsi amic J urisprudenee) ~ particu blrlly which deal with devotional matters (~lbadal).

Imam Ibn ~d~Qa,y.yln1: spoke sadly O'r the narrow-mi nded jurists of h~s time (fth~ glil century AJ-L) whose: inflexibility and narrow-mindedness compelled their rulers to issue (,olw'tka~) 'laws far a way from the ill,s':! amic Sheri '(:}}l'. He, moreover, charged ~ hose scholars as responsible for mi ~k;:lding their rulers :[0 deviate from the precepts of the meuerate S.he~rrah. This may have been the first step towards replacing Divine Law with ill, man-made one.

Ironical ly, those narrow-minded jurists st:i n have disciples in our time, 'who Iive hi the "15'lh century ,A"H;, but conduct themselves with the minds of ancient scholars in spite of rhe full change In, .8JI aspects of human life, 'T1h,ey even ignore that 'ImRM ash-Shaffi had changed 1]18 O\\i'm jtldstlc. views in 'it short span of time' b) form his New School '0· f Fin}, alone wid, his old <If':17"~'_ T'I'l~A,:!Si :,,:ip' ··]·e' .... of A···· bu Haaifah :'. j.~,

• ':'1 . __ , ~, • V_Iir_ "'.!' !,.... " .... 'U,i",L'\ , . .:l' v: "lei "toul ~l,~ rn !I.~!,le

same way, have conrradioted theirlmam, inmore IU1H[fl nne-third of his juri stie V iews a:rglm illg dUBj:[~ '" U our I rnarn lived in our time and

observed what 'we had observed (of time changes), he would surely conduct the Uke 'olf us' if not ]1I10r~.:"~ Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, moreover, is. reported to have :hid. ~lJ1bOUt seven vrnlewpoiuts on one and the 1t','l'III'It'Ie,'" :1" ssne ....I ue ta variatio ,In mil' condit i ons circu mstances ,'!;I; nd , i

'l IU~ .::!(_lllu" ,~Ii:!I!.1!'''''' u.,,,",,,-, _v _ ~ _"gl~ ,1111, ,_ '_ v_~!IJ!!_'~_ ~_r,:t~ __ ~ _, I ;JI~iI;,iI!!I~"" .:I' 'I,~,I_

si f)l!Ja!tiOU5.

But ~'n our time 'WI,," iIF'e,~l..O,,~11' !11"O' me sc holars W' .... o mav belong to ", 't'IIl..,s,

!!I!I! I~, 'I!.}'MJI I~" I ''-'jo "..., U ~IWIU!. Q ", I ~"'" iii' ,,' ,V,, ';;:!j; "III" ,-!!I"J' ,lor' V_, ~ ',' 'u .... '

I 'I' ,', ,ill. ,.. .JI h r 'I' ", (! h ( 'I I '" ') " 8 ,amil~C' Aeu v rn tYl' concemn 't _ lie rs .amsc d~ ~UJ"Q " nlU~llla COlThS1J taUQn'

and g'ra1Th~ the ruler t,~:le right of S/1:ilcra ordly to grasp the various views of h'i~s, people then be free to d:isre:gard these views and go Olil his way, They go further to g;f;an~, the rul er freedom to choose tile representatives of tile Sliura Ceunci 1, He then: has file right to. uphold or dissolve it :£Iny time he, wishes,

S ... . f' th - --, f-]'-i"]'- e· r o· ,- rV'I;;[It:L the mulri-party , .... vs .... 9i;m "Ill jf~no. Islamic ome 0, . nem " ,t .rl' 1 .:, r ppose : I.... I ,!j,JI., ,I~, '~:r'~-,. :.:, J .:,!,.I'" ~ ., :. _ "'~ _.',,-, =.i! ~g.:';:_'"'

state, M'H~;. election olf the pres ident'j the, electiens of the Shura and Representative Coune ils, voti ng and stipulating I, specific term of t lme for the presidency, Some even consider all '~on\lS; of democracy an evil tha~ SllOll,~d be Idhllnned.

Some 'rej~o:t the r:i,gJd of woman to vote or even to be. candidate 'run the Representati ve Councils and the right of non-Muslims to vote !~)r participate in (he elections and nlll'iin,g in a, Muslim state,

Moreover, .$0100 .gue thatMusli mshave no righ t to 'Vote, on behalf ,of himself or others for he, 'has 110 right to 'require leadership 'fo:r himself,

Those, peo'p:~e are :a, small sect of Muslims, even though their propaganda is huge and suppoded by ~J1d =~,!d:~;m:k trends, and powers b) achieve" thei 1" O'W'FI concealed ob~ fed ves,

On ~he other side, we beh old the opponents of the Islamic sta~e· who bl.Y a baerier between religien and :p'~)lii~ic8!jdaim.ing 'that there 'is no r-e'~igi_.olil, i:l1PGi~rntics nor polit~cs in :re]igioml",

They wish m:o apply to Islam what. was appHed to' Ch~'ist~~Ulity~ despite 'the differences between Islam and Cbristianity ~ the church and the mosque, and the history of the MUS~jill scllola.rs and that of the Christian theologians. Islam does not accept the rule: "Leave to Caesar what Caesar's and to God 'what GOdtS!I,., But in Islam, Caesar and what he OW'llS bel ong ~:'o God, the One .

Is lam does IJO~ stand againsr science, '[hi n krn:ng nor invention It does not establi s~~ Courts ,offnquis i~'~ioFi as 'was estab I ished by the carholic church to subject the scientists, ~~l~l]ker:s:~ and artists to the bwUerest, pun lsh:rnents.

'We be 110ld. tho se 'who 'wisll to devoid Islam of the: temporary aJU~hQriity when it has, rna religious authority like Chri.st'ian~ty aiming to isolate Islam from both religions and po'li~ical,mUlhority.

S orne of rhe so-call ed scholars contradict the consen sus .of the Umn'u,;h ainu,~) through h is~ory on the facts that lsl am is ,3, Creed find Legislation, Religion and state, 'W'orship And 'Leadership, Prayer and JihlJ,d (fiight~ng in ,A,~I(,lh!s Cause). The, Messenger of ,AI,lall (peace be upon him) 'was 'the first leader of the Muslim sUite and the righUy guided Cali ph s followed In h ls Jootsteps, l!he Caliphase signified succeed in g the Prophet (peace be: upon him) ru n establi shing relig:i,o:n and organ ~;z:i,rn,2 li ie tne;reby,

Those secularists (Liberalists or M:antil~t:s) m,ay lDe~ong' 'to Islam, but ~s a tl~:'I,e. They reject its rules, do not acknowledge its commaads er prohlbj,Uons and never refer to the Glorious Qur'an nor the S'lJrmah except to' pervert ~~ e words from, 'itl.'ew:r proper meardngs to meet rhei r c bjecti ves and tricks Undoubtedly, it 1 S not a characteristic of true believers ,. as ~heAl m:i ghlty says,

~\ Mos: surely ti1',e believers, when she» are summoned to God and His U essenger that Ire Inay: judge between thent saJ!1 {)11(Y~; Ilw;e hear and w,e' obe». i~ They are the successful. ~

(2.4:,:51)

T .... .o:roy· ridicele ii'fb~ comprehensive lslam wh ~ - L -M' '- .1"

1,[1.... _ " _: .. 1i;;. .' ';, !I;~I";"~'·: ~._~.I' ... ~I,i1,..I,I~~j'l: '. ,~_lIOt, ' '. . leu " USilm:s 'wef;e:

accustomed to rhroaghout irs history, caf it (political Islam) one of various kinds of Islam: the spiritual Islam, the cultural Islam, the social Islam, and the political Is.~:8un~~ Islam is one ill its essence, bases. and sources, (i.e, the Islam of the 0:10'1"i01l8 QUf'!an and S:,utnah).,

The Moderate Islarni c trend comes ~ n the middle between the deviated secu larists and the narrow-minded ones. l~ deri ves Is lam from iits purified spring, maintains i:~:s, ab]~,ij'~y of being 3, comprehensive way of life, at, the individual, family t society and state levels. n concerned 'W·. '~I':t:'h Islam and current rime combines the beae fits of ;~L '":

C. ,U!!;,JIi"o, M. . _ ., I , ,"" ~, P!,~! III . __ ., "'~! 0;. 't, _ ,,,,,) __ . . ~ I HI., .. !;;,; .. n. h . ,~ !II.~l e

past and present, adopts the revi val ist precepts 'Of Islam, lay s balance between fixed. and changeable aspects, and calls: 'for respecting intellect: revivalism; ljdhad and invention. It further admits democracy to be near to. the Is lamsc idea, after demol ishing its evi Is and supportingit wtth the, needed Islam k, ideas ..

However, this bonk is an eloquent e xpl anation of the ideo] o.gy of this speei fie trend in fhese serious issues: the s'tate 'i n Isl am, ,i ~s status, estab lis hment, characteristics, nature, whether :i t is a civil state controlled by Islam or a t heocrat ic one, how can we refute d'te cl aim of bei ng rheocratic? W hat is ;i ts stand towarda ~he mILl 'I tl,-par~y system, democrae y' wo 'm"1 Q'.,., and non-M .. :'ni:"! 'I'm' ,"'? 'i'lftll..,o'l'tLs;'r 0·:11'" 'n,0:-1 ,'I!IJ :iit' nermiu .... A

.-.-Il IV·.:"!U.". '~J ~~'·.,,'JQllll! .p,;;~~' ... ' ,~,:,,~,_, l"'i,~!~~_,_._ ~1!,~ 1;'f~I~I;._l~'f~ ... ~ .,!VI, -dl~. :r-"'- "':~\CU

'for any I slam ic group to participate 'i n a ru ~ ing system in a secu ~ali st state? And other serious i ssues.

6i'

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I hope that I have succeeded in shedding liigtH~ throughout mese chapters on this hot issue ali~rniing at refuting distortions and declaring a moderere stand between the, narrow-minded and other opponents of 'I u.. iiZiI" Mill 51 ~,; m i,c,t'glrl"~

.i'.~~ l!"l ~UII.!.'l~~l __ O'.~WIj.~;;

At ~be same time I have quoted portions of'miY previous bOQk5~ especially the second part of Illly book Fatawa M'U""'lsin:lh to stress its importance here, Finally, A,libdl, ~says the; tfiUlt. and guides us' to i~he rilghc pa~:~ ~

Calr ',' i, s;~ ]'"'"I-T-,·-,,.j";-Ih--' A,·'-I,-,iU' . 'ii" '14" 11""1 J'l q' /"15,',-9,', ._, 1l'H"'I,.r.: A'" 'C"

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St at us of the Sta te in Islam,

The 'W'leS[elll imperialistu '~Jhat has: rolled ~h.,e Muslim world could 'i mpll,ant, 'i n Mu !ill ms m ~.nds and, SQiU lis a, 'very s~r,afll,e: and malicious idea

'(I,. I I'" II' .' , TI' . f il..

that , ,913,m ']8 a rengjon, not a state, .rne western: conception et the

word Din [religion) has nothing to do with the state' 8, affairs" which are governed (by the h um an, minds) on'~ly I'll accordance with their experience and ever .. changing conditions.

'The 'WI~SJt wanted to a,ppl,y' what: has been practiced on Cbristi,!lln:ity in the West on Islam in '~he East Believing that the Renaissance came only after freeing Europe from the joke of religion, thus, a renaissance, in the East. must also be based, on the rui ns of religion,

,As for theWest, re~lgi'on means: The Church, the Pope's authority, and priests' autocracy (dictatorship), This ~s' totally unlike the 'Muslim ~deil of rel ~g~i.on~wlh ich has nddler a Pope, noll' priests, '[lor dictatorships" (l)

At any rate, iUlperia]:ilsm has m'anag,~d to convince some. peep le ~hat religion has nothing 1.0 do with the state and, its organization, 'but that religion is something and politics JIB another, and ~hat this CO]].'c~p~ can be applied to Islam, as wt was applied to 'Ch.dst:lamity. One misleading slogan Is" "Religion is for God, bl;1.~ the 'land is 'for all 11~~ This very misleading statement can have. all the fc'l~ow'~ng meanings:

"Religion i:B "for God and. so is ithe land", or, "Religion is for amI and so is the" land II ~ or~ "Religion is for all, but: the ] and is for God! IiI

'1, See Dr, M lih~un 'Dad :~~ ·:8 ~,dti., A E·,F,{kr AI~I$I(:IJ1~i A,I~Hadith ',"'la SilCJ.$uh .Bit l'J,ri ~'Ui(iT A,~·Ghal':b.i'" chapter (a:rl "Religion .nG]~: is ~atc/" ,

But, they r nean by (he phrase "Religion is for God" only ,a mere relation between a human being and his Lord, and that it has nothing to do wi th society or the system of 'I ife.

The most outstanding practical example of this is the secular state feu nded by Kamal Atatu r:k :i n Ttl rkey, i mposed th rough c cere io 11 and shedding [the blood ()f the Muslim Turks. This state was created '10 dissolve the Onoman Caliphate, the last pol itical stronghold for Islam after long cenmries of struggle with the Crusaders and Jews.

Governments in other Islamic' countries started to. follow in the steps of modern Turkey to, varying degrees. Couseqaently Islam was excluded from the ruling and legislating of cri minal, civil affairs, and the like. It was limited to what has been called "personal status", It was also excluded ~rom influencing and directing in aU but a few 'Of the cultural, educational and social aspects of life. This stage was ready for Western gu idance I' C'U hure and conven tions.

S orne Arab po li tical leaders did not conoea l, rhei r admi rati on f 0,.

Atarurk' s trend. The head of a. wed l-known :ma jor Egy ptian party and prime ministea said in l!l statement, "I totally admire Kamal Ataturk and his understanding of the meaning of a 'modem state ., .. j! This was refuted by Imam Hassan ail- B anna :i n a f amou s message, pu bl ished lin Al-Ikhwan Al .. Muslirnsm daily newspaper.

. il:>i' ~~

Foremost, in-non g t he s ign s of success of th e weste rn ell: Itll ral

. invas,ion is: 'the interluding "secularistic tbo'ughti~ that advocates. separating religion and politics, transcended civilians to some students of Al-Azhar; th~s is clearly evident in the book written by sheikh ~ A.H "' Abd ar-Raziq, uader the title of islam and the Principles loj'RuliJl,g.

To be just, we 'must state that this book made a great. fuss when it first appeared, in society in general and in al-Azhar in particular. A.

1.1

com In iuee of sen ior scholars was formed to judge the author., The committee deprived Ihtl!ii of his licenseend considered hi m one of the sch olars no more. He was also opposed by a great 'AI!] mber of seho lars and fhin kers from a] - Azhar and others as well _ ~'t )

It was inevitable then, to stress the opposition '10 secularism its advocates, arid tho8ewho justify it, This opposition emphasized Islam's comprehensiveness and clearly presented the '~iving side {If hs rulings and teachi ngs of the state, and ills organieing and di recting by means 'Of its ru les and jnanners; ah::m,g w'ith declaring that j s the indispensible part: of the Islamic system '(ham has Ihe ad vantage of comprehensiveness in terms of 'lime; place and man, and whose Glorious B ook was revealed to render everything crysta 1, clear. A,s Allah, the Alm.'iig:hty,~ says:

~ One day We s'haU raise. from ail peoples a wifn;ess tlgainst: them from amongs: themselves; and We shall bn;rig thee as a witness llgain!-st these (,thy people); and We' have sent down to the,e t lJe ,Book explat~~ inc an thin:g,s~ a: Guide, a k"er:cy~ and Glad Tidin.gs to MusUm'S,,~·

(' 'I 6·· . '8o)(2'~1

I -~ ~, .. ""7. I - ,.

:Prom, fWID Islamic texts

This was not an innovation by (he Islamic mov'eme:nt~~t8 'founders aad advocates, :Ra~her!, It is clearly evident In conclusive Islamic texts documented historical ~:rlI'l""~~:;a'ih't\~ an d the eo .. rnore ........ nsive ' .. '.'~" ~ .. ~ . : ..~ ." 'j !I,,!I '_ ~~. _' , ~ ~ I~V, I ~! ~'""~v~ ,i ... ~'II!""~U,",,~ I. ill! i(~j " . ,1.,1"",, '!;..o.~ .I~lr'~ 'Q!I!'I;>,1 ~'"~ ~,

nature .of j ts ,c;a:II:.,

I. Among UtOM: \1i~o opposed ~,~Ii s a,uOK.r were l.he former Gr,a~d S bl~ik:h of ;~li~Ailtar :slil,ei kh :Mubmmad a~~ Khidr :I-llusayn,i n h~s book Naqd ,KUab A.l-l.r.lam. Wi!' u'Irlll A'·fJukm. and the Grand Mti:ft:i of Egypl:,. in tnflt time" .sheikh M'll,haJll1madlllikhi,t. ~d-MliUli'C i.

2,. See my book n"ft Ge.neral C1Wf(l(.·t6j-'i:sl'h.;s of J8"larn·,

As 'far as ~~~s!~aH1IJ~ic texts are concerned ~it is sufficie D~: to cite ltUH:

two verses from ~he chapter of an-Nisa':

4. God doth conunuud .;rOM to rende r your 1 rUSES 1'0 tJtos,(!' to' whom l:h.ey are tJ:~U!:: and whe'I',j: ye judge between lnen, that ye judge 'with iust'lce~ Veri.iy h01J;v excellent is tlu' teaching which He Ii llJ(!th ,Y'OU;f Far God is Hit tilho heareth and seeth aUthirtgs, 0 ye who betieve / Obe}' Go(i; and obev the A.p'O.stle~ and those ch(~rgetl wtth authorit» an~o:n,g .yOU. If ye dJlfer in au;y.tl1:in,g atn:ong yourselv es refer itto God and His Apos,tte, if ye do believe in God and the LastDay, 'That is best, and most ,~Hitable IO't,ft,ru.d dete ,.n~ination. "

(4:58.~59):

The first verse, is directed to governors and rulers: to preserve trusts and to judge W'lldlL justi ce, because wasting the trust and j usti ee inevitably leads the, Uinln€lh to destructionand ruin, It is reponed in the .sahH~ that, "The Prophet (peace: be upon him) said, 'If the trust is lost, waitfor the Ho 11J" .. ,I' A, Ulan aske:d!!'Ho'W' can the trust be lost?' The Prophet (peace be, upon ili'm)re!p1i,ed!, 'If tile ,qfftlir £.5 entrusted to people other thandeserving ones, wai:(/or the' H:our, .!t(:~J

In the second verse those' addressed are tf:le believing subjects: To obey the, rulers stipu bitted that they :aJfe from: among themsel ves A n all put thi s obed ience after 0 bed ienee toHi m and the Messenger (peace be upon hin]) and it ordained th8IJl in U~ne of dispute rbe whole matter mast be brought before Him and His ,Mes:sefl.ger~ (i.e, theGtorious Qur'an and tbe: Sunn,ah). This ills based ,ern the assumption that .M1ils~lirrr1lis have a. stare that domi nates and a ru ler that: i $ ~o be obeyed, Otherwi se allthis wou ld be: in vain,

'I. Reperted by' al-B u:kl'md ~ n the book of KmI,{)wled:ge on, the ~u:.It:ho'ri~y of Abu Hl1u.iiliY,E"B:lli.

In the ~1ght of the atorementioned h~!'IO' verses, Ibn Taymiyah, the Sheikh of lslam, wrote his famous book As,,sfY{lStLh, .A,8h-Sh(lr~iy);ah Fi .Tdah ,Ar-Ra;~,i W~ Ar'BR,(~ "iyY'''h. The entire book lis based! on these two Qu,r'ank verses.

A,s [ong as the Sunlltl;'h is cuneerned, we; can recall the Prophet's h",dtth ~haJt reads:

''''W/$O'S.O(W€J· dies withtJ;~lt .agclaring ,a lleS'Lance )'t dies a P re-i s lamic dea,r;/1., 1~( 'I)

There is no don bt that it is prohibited far ,allY Muslim to pay homage to any ruler who does not abide 'by Islam, The homage th:s.t cam save him from comrnitsing disobedience is that widell is paid to the one who governs by Allah' s Re velation and Decree, If this i 81 'mot the case, :l~Jl. Musl ~'ms are considered sinful until tthey achieve the, Islamic rulethat is required for giving the needed B'ai~'ah (ho~Wlge )1" MllI,s~ ims can, be saved from sin only Ithrouglh two '!tV ays:

'Fi~rst:: Denouncing m' even if only in therur hearts .. ' the deviant state of i:l'fmlrs that contradicts the Islamic Shar.i ~aJ1.

$ ec{lp'illi{lj"' C" O'11~·ln11lo·1ti111" endeavorina '1', .... r-J'Zi'lil'um- ""' a ,,; --;; ~ ,'Iio.'I" 111", ls -,.;, 1·'~·, . ,~,~~~"_,,, ..... I.,_c~,_,'_,"" ~~6 ......... _.,vl_~I~ II;.vl~ __ .' '_'" ;jJI!,UtlgUb.!l.:5,,an''Uc ,~I:e

governed by sound Islam ic rule, In til] s respect, i nd ~ vidual endeavcrs oce not [enotl,g'l]I~ las. IOD~ sheuld join efForts with his brothers who bel :~e ve ~n what he believes, For be~ levers are m ~k,e 'Stones im a build ing, leach pan g~r[e'llgthen ing the other.

There are tens of oo.thent'i,c lia'di#is COiI]JC'e'FIll wng ~heCa]ipihatle~ Antir office, ad jlmdic$t ion and Imam; the,jrl" ,aJ:Urilbu.tes~ rights to be '€()Uowed and assisted in matters of riJ:h~'e';lousnes,s~, gtvingadvice, obeying in t~ mes of ease and d~ ffh:ll ~ty 1 heir! g patient with rthem Ooie1[aHO,g them), and tile 1 iin1its, of' this tolerance and petienee, along

wi th identi:f~d ngthei r duties; preserving '~he Rules of ,A11,ab ~ respecti ng peoples' ri,ghts;~ <consD~I~im1,g, r~ti.(m~] people, a,pp~)i'l1lalilif: the tJll,HitWO'I'lH]IY and. s~romg to d.wffe:~~~it offlees, taki rug good mUendan~sl~ establ i::shing' prayer, pa.yhlg, ,Zakah~ enjoining good. and forbidding e.vil'll'l and other things related to the affai rs of the state, m]e" admini stration 3Jli.d po~ Wt.LCS"

'We can find topi C8 OI1il ~be affairs of the Imamate andCal i:phiate in the books of th~o:~ogy and [he :pri'llcw(plesl of religion, as wel ias ] n. the Islamic Ja w bo:oks. In add ~ Iii 0 n, there are celttaiJ[Dj books on the, ,affaj ~',S of ~he state, wllle:~e.r' constituti onal ~ .admi'l1:istr;l!IJth\!"e~ judicial I' financi al CIIr pel i ~~c.al, These books jm s~ Uke ,AJ-AJ~kal,"; ,1\ 8,~S£lltan,iyy.ah by Al-Mawardi is one ;s~H;'h book as] s, and the lite by Abu Ya' la,

iU 0" .it." 1IJ..1I~, 'I 1'''1', ..!l, {'!',I\, ~,AI J' '~'l~ ~ •. ~ b

t-lt-I., ~,~l:artl:~~;~:l IU,Y ,aimm.m, ,M,'-' ~aram.ayl:1~M.~h;J~):!a:sar1, ,i'Ii$,i~\Ljnrar iJ)~aJi'li.'Y'

Ibn TaY~lijiy,ah~ Tahrir IU-AhkamJ by Ibn J.a'ml~f:ah~ A.1-.KrUlTaj by Abu 'Y'u$1Jf~, a:md the ] ike by Yaihy a. iibn Adam.!, Al~Aim,wal by Abu "' Ubayd, and the' ike by Ibn Zamjawayl~ .. There Me other similar books meant '~O assist judges Wld rulers, such as: ,A.t-T~:rJ)llq Al-,fJukn1,iyyah, At~'TalJsi,rah~ M'u~'b1, .Al~HuJdu;~f,n.

'P,roofS fEom Islamj,c history'

Islamic history states that A'~~a~~s 'MesS)elThg,er (peace be UPQ:rw him) endeavosed with all his. m'~gh~ alld ~tiought ~ guided by 'Rev'ellati on ,~ to' estebl ~ tih a State for [dan); and a tI ome for 'Wi~8 cal ~ devoted on.ily ro Muslims with no a:Ul~h.o!l:ity over ~~],em, exeept diM!IJ!U of the, Shari'ah. Hence, he used to' offer h is services to Arab 'IT,ibe,s so ~'hm:t t~:ey 'm,igh~ bel :iev,e him and gi ve him arid his call pR~'PeF protection, It was. A'i lah, Who guided the Ansar from rtm-,AW5 $!nd.al-Kbazr:aj to believe ~n his message, When Islam spread auno:mg them". they sent ,8\ delegation for Hajl. They wer-e se::v,€,;m'ty three men and ~wo women, and they p,arud

homage to tJ~m and swore [0 protect him just as they would protect themselves, their wives alild sons. They paid him homage to listen and obey l and 'to enjoi n good and fO;I~bid evil,

The Milg:ration to M,~di.lllia was prhnarily an attempt to establ ish a distinguished Musllm sociery governed by a dmsH!Ilgu:ish,~d. Muslim state, Medilllu was Islam's home and the base. for the new Muslim, state, headed by the Messenger of Allah~,wlJio was to the Muslims t'ile'j r leader ~ Imam, Prophet and Messenger as we'I~:.

It wus o,bl,i,gato~"y to every newcomer in Islam to join Hillis state, to support w't" to I ive under 'iits protection and to stri ve '11 nder its banner, :H is fai th 'would, be lncomplete unless he migrated from the hlLnd. of d •• ,ilC"i!,..a!~ ief a, 'l1'li .. 1 h est ~ ~; tv to 1"")- am "~ '[-"0' I 1,.,,[', f' new ,!,. em a and t,.If'I;O,"~· ]-1' 'I',,;:;, place 'I' n,

o _ .~-J!U~I,D~ ~~,U, .. _ .~ _'_ .. ~l 'J. !I,.." c~1 ]Ul I~ .J.. (,I r..::!! " ',' ~~Y' ,,_~ I, U . v - r\; ',I I'a. I .Iu,'\r.-f'!..r.l ,ll

the, ranks of the striving believing group that 'was opposed aUld rejected by the 'who~~· world. Allah, the Almighty, says'l

.&>7, ~-['~'.N ,.,;I".f)' believ -ed and adorned ,.n~",~,t4' ~",,,,,,,~-,,,.~', F"'~ir'H~L;j! F., '",:1' the "'t" . - .rliv~'!Ir 'l'f'lof '~IIl.' ,k--~ .. Ioll-. _ !Ii.-! .. !II r~ . .' l-!l-'lilJlJlr'I!-~' _' ~';I!.-"'~{~~=-, ,W~ ,JJV·!W:o "";1:1 J "Lr~' t ;I:L

FaUh;~ i~i.r.h. their propers» and their perSOI1S'" in the Cause oj God, as' well as those who ,gave {tI~elnJ ajyl£lm~ and aid, - these ate (all) friends and prot ecsors. O'lie of another. As 1/0 those who believed b,'t;It came ;1CJt inso exi I e, j~e 0 we 1~O c/"uiy of protection 1"0 them uut il ,they come inso exile ;;' bu: if th,ey seek your aid hi relis ion; it is V:Qj,ur dtlt.y,' to he lo them, excent

IrI' 0, . ,l" : l-'"' Ii"""

ag{'zinst ,Q: people wuh '1tIJhonl ye have a treaty of lfuJ"tual

aUlaJ1Ce", And (remember) ,G'ad seeth aU that yedo. ~

(8:72)

And He also says conceming a gruven group of people:

~,Tlu:y /;',u1 wis'n that ,ye' should reject Faith astiu!y do, :and .til Vt:s be l:m the same footing (as they): Bu: tak« not friends ,fi,,(lln; their ranks un i t t'l1e)p flee in the '~¥ay at' Goil (flr;()tu

what is forbidden). B,ttl' tll'hey turn renegades, S(!i,z:e' them and slay the,iii wherever ytt find them; and (in any case) {ftke' no friends or he lpers from their ranks; ,l..,

, ,~

(4,:89)~'~ )

In. addition, the G~,OriOU5 Qur'an denouaced and blamed those who willingly chose to. live in the land of disbelief and war, where they would be unable to esrabl ish . or pract ice ~b~i:f' reli gi ou s rites and ri tuals (duti~'I)),

~ When. angels take' tne souls of those w ho die in sin against their souls, they s'ay~ 'ln 'what (plight) w,are' Y'e,?~' They reply: ~'we,(lk and oppressed wen.~ we ~'n the. earth.' They say: "w.as no: the' &:r1:'11: ,of Goa spacious enough' for j}OU to tnove yourselves awa,Y (from, evU)? ~ Such nle.n will fbld their abode in H eU~ ~' 'what an evil refuge! ,,. Except those who are ( reaUy) weak tu!'d oppressed '.. nU!111 wom:efll, and children -, who have no means in, their power, nor (a guide~post)' to direct their ."'6y, For these, there is hope that God tv'ill forgive; for God dath blot OMt (sins] andforgive again and

" 'I;

agllrn, "

(4,:97 ~.g9)

Upon the deeth of the Prophet (peace be upon him) was the, occupation of his Compani Oifl8 {may Al mah he pleased w ith them all ),~ to elect an Imam, even gsving tbat priority over his burial, Th,U5~ they paid homage to Abu Bakr to manage their affairs. This also happened to each calioh that follo w--'- ... ...:. Muslim sch olars deduced t .... e ne 'C,<JI,,,,,i;1l1'j;'IjJ of _.'. ,,-;::~~_,_ '~;Ql,_,,~~)_',_ -':.Iu!li. I .. , ~Ii' :.: ·11i:U ... ,~ 'U,~,,:! , i;JfI!..., .i: ,~'Q,.'-' U., y . .'_' ....... _u .I~ ._ Il~ ';'V",.,,.:=,,_.~j .'.U,

having an lmam (who is the symbol of the Muslim state ,and its head}

~i. The alternative to, .Hiil':a "Migration" ~[1 11'Je: currentage is dle' commi,lm~liIll(l, [h'e Musl ~m M.ovemenl: whiJch work for e$u-~M~ smt;i~g the rei lgien {l:f lslam 11m ,e;~1I1'n s since ~J. i~ a dyty upon every' Mus]~m accordi n.g ~:o his c.ap~city,,,

from the historicalconsensus beg:inniin,g fr:OHJ the time of HIDe Prnphefs:

COl1:1pUII.]Ons and Followers,

'MHS~ ru ITIS never encou ntered ,6lJ'IlY separation of rel igion an d state until secularism caine into tilts age. The Prophet (peace be upon him) warned us again sf j it and ordered 'Us to de'fy' it as the htullth narrated by Mn '" :8Wdfu 'i btu J abal stare S t jl ~Tt.[dy~ Islam, 's ;niU w'iU keep going I you ke,ep going \l<ll,i'th' it every'wlu;",t~, Truiy, there '"Mill be a separation between the !Q[",r~tl:n OJJul rule (religion turd state). Do not ,dep,Q]·t from the Book.

"'Pr'ul"" there will be ,A }_~~I"\' 'WilL..., ruJj"~w;t'h, .. J,i'IoiJ'b'lO ;:; ....... j ~,t~S~ ;'.f.l1o"uJlI; ... ""b,-,,oy,' " i' ...:.iJ. ./"'. . ~/·irr~·. It.r .-_. ~I~, .riJ~ ,1'1 ~ !f.I-"!I!-!r III· _" _.Ift~c." _ I"l!l[bJlI,i,r' . __ '!l1I "'l~ "'1: ..... JI'iIi~. . ~~cll!..r'~~~~:, .'.~ 'v J : ~I!' ,U"~;);IV. ~."

him) said, 'Just Uke' the disciples of Je,SMS~ the son of Mary~ did': Tlu~y were (",rAt asunder with sa;ws and cnu;':'ifj:r;d on, ~o'Od. It is better to ,.1,::1' -, /!r,~.L...;! ;;1,- /J ~'.. lass b reoth tn_ obedience tn A.l'a:/.j;,:1 han t·· ;fii 1 ~".I! . .o I~ ~

it }'l;:'u.j.n~ v_~!;O- .... ~, ~,__.:_ ~~"~_H;:_ ,~ .... __ ~ _, ~ ~ __ ~w,~ _ v I",", i,,~

',' ' ',. ,., I ~I~' 'I ~

disobedience to H nu. - - ~. ,

Islam is a general reli g ion and ~~s Sha:rl ',af1: (La w) is comprehensive, ,A la w of this nature must penetrate aU aspects, of H fe and s'hatdd not neglec t the affairs 0"( the, state and leave those morally d~:sililtegrated(atlh.eiSJl:S, or 'heretics) to govern by their mere 'whims.

Islam advocates 'orgaJ1iz~tio~ and idemdfh~!s respons;i.b~Hties:, 'it opposes umest and disorder III anything and everything .. Tbus, we 'fi;nd that the Prophet (peace be upon-h i:m,) ordered us to arrange in to rows during prayer, and that the rnostknowledgeable of us leads therein, Even travel, the Prophet (peace be upon hi m) said], 'r.AppoinJ one of yot~' as y'O~U" A mir. ~1

I. R~,PQ~ted 'by ~S~IUlq lbn R.al~,~.wy:8Jh in his Mu!m,utl ,o:~, t~,~ lttU:h©rily of Suw~yd ibn 'AM al-' Aziz and :i1 ls cl assifioo, as weaJt_ lMicU/~~. Also, U is reported by Ahmad wi [h glO:OO ':H:l,~tm!rl,ty,

Imam Ibn Tayrniyah stated in Ids book A;f~Si)!a.J!ah Ii sh~Sht3er~iyy!{Jh.:. It mu at 00 C learly stated that. a.plPn~n~ i in,@: an Imam for the people is the most 1 rnportant rel ig iUL1s duty, Rather ~ .i ~ :i s ine v i table for preservin g re li gi on and world I Y affairs (state) as 'we] II ~ For lru man

bel rn 0' tl need each 0·' ther !lI1t9i....l "'iIl..e~ r '~iiI'j;;io.t:1 .<!i; Illo'No '. : "I' '-I ' . t II!-..' l': lilt .. III d 1

:_, <iDi;:> ~-!~'-' ~ - >-- I~- er, yuU I~wil. hii!u."lI' .srs WI, no ne '1'0 I~he, UIl_,ess.

they ~ive w,gether; and when they live together there' must be a leader (tomanage their affairs). As the Prophet (peace be upon him) said in the ha"~ i th t~ at. was reporte-d by Abu Dawud,

f.jff three persons set Ollt on a journey, they IUUS; appolns one ,Of't:he-f'n as .A,mi'r. t-~ll)

Al SIQ". im.a;m Ahmad ibn Hanbal -malT,aled on. the aUiiLho!fi'ly of '" Abdul ]ah ibn .. A,mr that the, Prophet (peace be, upon bim] said,

!lllJ is unlawful fo'T' ,any three persons to be in a desert amI no: tlppO'i~tt one of 1;/1; em· as their A.ndr~ ,ff

Hlence~ the Prophet made it. obUgpMory to appoint an .Ami'r, even fore" a. lemipolt~Fy tra veiling group', indicating fts necess ity re,§arding all sorts of gatherings,

A~h~h~ the Almighty made ,rut obligatory for us to' ,erljo,in good and forbid evi ~; and this cannot b eachieved wi thou t might and au thority, It h as been narrated that, "The Sultan is A Uah IS Sha(;low on earth. Ii

In addition, al-Fadayl ibn "Iyad and: Ahmad ibn Hanbal and others used to say, u11 we were to have a. "flIt of our invocation accepted 'b:y A]I~h~ theA'lmighty., we would make 'i£ for the be~nefit of dle Su]tam,~'(2) Ttl ~s is because AJlahgu ~des, ,9. gFeiffilt nu mber 0'[' peQiI''''~le dae to' th;e Su.I ran's righteeusness,

'I., Repo~ted 'by a.t~ l'~ba;nl!1j on '~~he aU!thoril.ty of" A bdli]'~ah.

2., ,i'ls,·Siyasall A£h:~S/~ar ''iyyt:h, a~ool1;g ~he, co]1 ectlon of F{m1M'IS of Ibn Tay.miyala ~ vol, 28! pp, 3'9Q..39 :1.

Then, 1 t ~ S d~J!e to the n aru re of Islam, that there is a 'way to dom i,nate, lead! d irect I: ife and rul e. society ~ and regu late mans' course i HI accordance with A'Uahis: Orders, It canaet suffi,ce itself WI th delivering sermons and exhortation to doing good only; leaving its rules, commandments and teachings that cover all aspects oflli,fe 'to ~he judgement of the individuals' conscience only. ~m the case 'that conscience becomes w:eji! orr even dead ~ its fides become weak and dead, ~~5 w'ei~. "LU~htTHJn ibn,"Af:ftUl~ [the ihird Caliph (may A,Ua.~ be p'leared w'lth 'hilm) said, !~,A~~ah fulfills by means alf authority tham wl'ID,k::I'I, is not ftd'h'Hed" by means of 'the Qur'an" ,

Some people can be guided by means of I~he Book and Balance, while of hen; CaJIi110~OO ,gnided by ether thO.'11 force. And tlms, Anah". ~he A]'mi..gb ty." say s,

., 'Will 8e~U qf{J,~-:etlme' Our ,~p'();,stles with C lear Sig'1~s ,arId sent down with them the' Book. and the. Balence .( o:f .right and W,I"O'tgJ~ thas ,met1 Inay ;s1'and ,i0,r#'t in iu..j,t'.i(:'ei: and Wt:' sent Ido,wn; Iran, in whic.ill.;s (In.ate.rialfor) n:righty wa.r; as well as nlany benefits ftJ,,. "lanki~d, tha: God l,na) test' who it is that 'will help" unseen: Riffl, and His apostles: PO'f Gild is FuUof Strength" Exa ited in. Might (and ,Able to en/Or.r:e Hi's 'WUIJ "

(57:25)

Ibn Taymiyah 8'm.ld~ l"Anyone; 'who de,viil,t~s from the Qufan will be corrected by force, and thai!, is wby the 'Q[I,[~an and. the sword cooperate i,n preserving religion, ~!( ~ J

Imam al-Ghazsl i :said'l "This world is a fatn, for the H,e:reaner, TIl is 'wo'r~d. and religion need each other to integrate; rule fu~d :relili:on Ire twins; 'reli gion is the 'base and au~:hor~ll.y Is the ,gua\rrHtln,," Anything wit~out. a base, win hlu~v~tmbl,y 'be ruined, and anything without a

gu arc! ian, j nev i tab I y will be ~[lst RLl le and di SiC iip n ne must be aided by all thor] ty a ~j ~.~ )

Suppose that the Ts~1 am ic texts were 11I0(t c~ea!'D' aID[)u't the inevitability of esta'b]~shi:~.g a. state for Islam; and tha~ the h:is:t-~)ry of the Prophet and his Companions 'was 'rrlO~ a practical ~plP'licatian of 'what these tex tsad vocated. If the case were thus, the" nature of the Islamic n,j ssi an in itse If wou ~d ine v itab~.y reqrul:1 re the estab I. i,shm.ent of a. state or home 'for Istam :10 be d·1 stirngLl iJ shed i n ,1:1~1~; matters such as c reed,

rites, teach ings, concepts, regal ations as well i

Isl aID cannot thri ve in 3'tlY agewithouj thi s respon sible state". And the need for ir 11]111 this present age is mcst felt and recogn ru,zed. Tillis. is the age. which has witnessed "the jdeological stete" that adopts agiven idea or ideology upon 'which its whole structure is based: educarion, cu.~t.ru'1e, ~e.g;i s~ation" judiei ary, economy and al 1 eternal &ffaiirs. and foreign lJoli.cy .. This is clearlyevident in the caS16 iQ,f the communist and social state. Modem. science and its resulting technical progress is ·[U]W in service of the state, and hence, ~he Sleate effectively became able to influence thl~ society's creed, idea.:r;;~ se,n~iflfJ,eJjl~S., tastes and behavior in an unprecedented wa.y.,M·oreo,velf, the stale cam. ~ by means of~ts directed modern devices ~ alter the sociiet~ls values, principles and morals and tum, them; upside down. .. 'Ihus, there is no stronger

resi stance Oil" 'OPPOIS ruUon to be foun.d ,.

The Islamic state 1 s a. dogmatic and .j deol ogieaJ one" IS i It is based 0111 a creed and. an mdccdogy., It ·~s mot (1, mere 1ij security de vice hI to preserve the Uii11nah from internal aggression or external 1[1vasio'il .. mU:u~r its fw ncti on is much gFI~fI€er than that Us. funct ion and duty i s no:

;I:>.A'·II' s» '1jj1ifji:i;. {'i;1"".4 It"CQ~'f''''' ~h'~·~ Ummab. on ~;l'.e. teaehin !lJ11:" and principles ..... f Islam ·~LlI,!I;.I'''''I;!iI~'G.- If.W! !.U ~.'''U,;:j~ .~. I..... . r'nu W,,_ffit·JI:. .'~'. 1I.11~.1 't .~'IJI;... I. .. ,e." '~I.. .' .'. .~,.I.'" ~I .... ""ij' "",.. ._""' _,_" _. !,

prepare a positive atmosphere and suitable climate for turning Islam's creed, ideology and teachings insoa ta1l1g,ibie; pr,~]C'I:JIC~li real ity as an idea'i for anvoue see~dm!J.' truth uncigl1kianc-e, and eroof aga~[iisll anv

J ~ w r ~ J

Ibn Khaldun defined the Ca~iphate as follows: Guidwng ~he public to recognize and consider their interests in the Hereafter, and this world. as well, since this life's affair'S are recognized and jltldg€-d by the Legi sl ator in rel atic n to those in the ,H ere a fter . I n fact, i t ~s' a Cal iph ale or vicegerent on behalf of the Legislator tha~ guards religion and manages life thereof. ( I, ~

For this", Allah, tho Almighty, described how' the believers are

when they establ ish jheir' state,

4. (T/t;ey are) those who, if We establish. them in the .itln.d~ e .. ,rm:.-li,lish regular praye r and give regular charity, enjoin ",'~ .0'\1' ~c;'~J:.tl"~~'d~, -(~.rhi"" w ron 0" with GIG' d rests the end (' and _.'

'rl .... rl!C';/J~ :./ .... ,,~. JV. /~u. _ . b~ .. .. ,.. _ ... ~" 4,.. ,f,JU, I"fff.

The slogan of Islam is what Rib' ~ ibn .. Ami f' said to Rustum, the :Per.s·iaJll,eadeot, It A Hah~, the Almighty t sent us to free pe,ople from worshipi ng su bjee t s and make them worship Him alone, and to get them out: of difficulties of this life to its easiness and spaciousness, and from inj ustice of dogmas 'to the Ju stice of Islam .. !!'

M'o:reu\I'ler, th~ll dogmatic and 'Ideollogic:a~ state 'i s not of a regional Of local character, b1LI~: has a uni versal message, For AI lah, theAlmighty, made the Muslim Ummal« shoulder the responsibility of calling humanity to It he: light and guidance which it. be-ars. A,lbth also made it shou Icier rh e tasks of attestation on 0.1] peoples and ~e:ad i:ng all

2J, State In Islam.

other nations, It is not a nation that was established by itself er for itself. Rather, ~t was sen~: to the people by Allah, the ,A'imighty,!, 'Who made: ~ t the best of nation S and addressed il :i n His. Glorious Qu r'an S:aJi'\J'1 11 0"

--.J - ',e~

~ Thus hct:\Je We made {?! yO\~, an Ummah justly balanced, tluu ye n~ight be w im esses ave F the nations, and the A.po,s,t"i'e a 'w.itICtD,.'-': ':' 0"''11, ~'r vourseives. h

.. .. . ~ ... iS ~ "(;:!. ,< - - . ... ~- £:.. 7'

(':2'·114',)

, •. ,I - - ___

Hence, we, find when the Prophet was giventhe first opportunity - after the Hudaybiyah Treaty -he 'wrote 10 ki rigs. and princes al] over the w ..... r'~,~1 calling them 'I to Allab and to co m "e·, ~'i"",d' er 't ..... e ba nner of

;~_ l".' ".' !IJ.I' WU ,¥~." '_~~.:' !Ii. 1' __ '_'. v·~, .'_' . '_-,-l.'!._ V ~ .'~ e t .' IY,~I, '. ,I.W IlL)! .11.I,il ,. 'WI

mon 10," th eism 1~1"e' made ;·I~' c··I';Ei!.·'II'[ that ~he'v would sho 'UI'[d: er their own sins

, 1_, ~. ·0 ....... ' ~I _' •• ' ,.IL._--,. ttl .. h .... " ~ . ,~~,... Illlu..·. 11~1.:·I~ .. "II;II'_.,~., -. *,I,:_:~ __ .,~_~ e- __ ...... ll~ . '·_:·It,~ ~'~_'_,!iIi

and the sins of t.he~ r subjects if they rejected joining the group of fai ttl. He 'would conclude his letter 'with tile Qur'anic verse that reads,

~:Say'" 10 People; ,of the Book! co-m.e to commo« terms a'S betwe.en us and yo«: that cilre worship none but God; that w,e' associate no partne rs w#1.t Him; tha: w,e e meet not; 1;1),m, amang ourselves. lord and pat 'liOns ol"h:e r than God .. ~' If then t urn back say ye~ 'Bear witness that we' :( at least} are ,M:us~Um9 (bo'W~:n:g to' GOdIS Wi,ll,) r., ,;

('3· ~"ti:A'" , ~ liJ't'it. J.

,Our' :need fDr 0, state tba".tado,pts, I's'lam

Then rst th ing the IsJ amic Call needs in the present: a,:g~' is a home or a, state for Islam, 'which w in rise to adopt the message o:,f Islam in terms of creed, o rder, worship .. moral ity J ]] fa and ci vilization. It should alsoestabl ish the who le 'I ire~lnateria~ ,an d otherwise, 01'1 basis of thi s c ornprehen s ive message, I t must open its gales: wi de for every bel iever die-siring to move there from lands of disbelief, aggression and deviation

That desi red state is an [s'l urn rue du ty and a human necessi ty. li[ W ~ ll intro d uce to •• the world '~1i live example of c ,0,: un .'b,"I· r'~'~"1~'-"'~1' J';,'fi re , lig .ion :~ I -II' ~I.n, , _II.:H .. ·'-! ~ _ __ .. ..... '" ... , .. !l;_~. _ _.... ...... _" 1~IQ'!i ,V~ '\) , ,I ,Iv, ant

worldly :iii~e'!. UlJ~ rni x'~,re of matter and spirit, and the comprornise bet ween progress cd vi I: i"lUtt:i on and moral superiori ty, It wi] ~ also serve as the first brick in the bUl~~dlin:g of a major Islamic state ~ha~, unites .HI~ M:u So] i: ms under the ban ner of the Qur'an and t~ri.:e [s,~ min ic Cal i phate, But, Anti-Isl amic ~r,end s do their best ,and make tremendous efforts to prevent the es tabl ishment of that state 'I· n EM1''i4 area 0: n ea th ''\1', .. , aif ,'iil-, t .... ~...,. - , ... - . - __ I!J_ -.- -. -- - .---- .~-- -'----.1 411! l1.li.,1,1 c(tr ,il~ IE: _ en .1.1~IlS

area ls very small and. ~h:l :i nha!bi tan ts are very few,

Westerners may allow 'he establishment of a Marxist stare, and communists m!8:V allow a liberal one, but neither tli1·~. former nor dl·· .•

. ,J . . ~ .. - .. " ~ .. I_t': I .. ,. .1 r I e

latter will allow dille establishmeru of a. SO-1],nd and healthy Islamic state,

When a successful Islamic M'ovBJ'l1ent takes place, they become afraid I'est' :it should turn into a state, mmd soon the, force ,o:f disbe:]~ef,~ worldwide and local ~ lannchea i ts vehementand mal icious stri kes, :rT"li...e'y make It rasee homelessness st .... _,"i~\'i ,,'- t utu ki ~ I'· . " d' ~ ·r·' '.-1;-., .... 1 n '... '-", "'~. h. ~~"'., . _' ,I.e.~ ;j.;j~ I· ill;s", ;.; ')1[[\' ~","l.on~, Ii] ..... I .re,!, "Ii. ..I ngl,. . J So to'l ~1 on

and falsiflc arion as w"e] I. ;T:he.y hlru:nch ~:heir strikes contin uously j n order to 'make ~t preoccupied and. worried only about its sufferings rather thanhopes, troubles rather th81R objectives, and 'wounds rasher Om:n aspiration s.

If' 'we b;ad a ,guveFD,mem,t

Imam Hassan al- B anna (Ina y A II ~ ah bestow' 'mercy upon him) said, "If 'we had an Islamic government, which follows sound Islam, true 'faidl. indeeendent ~Ih.O:UlQ"liIJ~ arne! :im'p,lertl;"'!;.lIi1tat;jli)o,n'. 'iJi;f'Ui'iii:"e·, :·':~,:i'e· >i:'. tl ..

~ it' . '.~ ... - ..... : ,. , - ~ .... -~.- .. Ij.Pv'l ~1I~1t'1 (:]lu,II.':). le

greatness of the treasure iiu 'ils hands arnd the glory of the Isl arnic system irmberired, and reposes fa ru dl! in its abil ~lY ro cure :i ts people and guide. all mankind, we would demand it to uphold ~he whole world in the name of Islam and appeal to other eountries to search for and ponder OYler ~itt. and to dri ve them ~,o jo in :i t: through frequent cal ls,

persuasion, prroof and recurrent rnissions, and t!hr'(J[illgh other methods of propaganda and cornmunication. [n :;;:oid!oing, i~ w'~i~l,gaiiin s])~rhu:~l:l, political and real stains among other ,gov'~rn111~nt8 and will be able to renew the acthd.ty of pe ople :aml d pu sh, them to glory and right and sri mel ate, enthusi asm, serio usness and/or w ithri in themsel ves,

'h; :1 S a wonder to' fi nd a stateof communi S m that shouts ~n wt~ ~""'if'_""'~ , .... alls j-:O",,,,", ~,t, 'r'i;1;;"i'i::"'j~'~ fo .·ir-- ;'~';:o' sake and r'~n' ivites 'n"'"0o~la, ~0 J",o)j"IJ 11'[-" '~0 l~~~I~I"~lIr"r:I ~~~, ~~ ~,'4J~ til ~! r.;",);It'""'~i,IUi- -_. ~!UJ.:Ji 'I;_(~L\I~ ,_q.Jl~~-_., ~~, _" ~J~~Q! ,~~·~Vv.~~ _V , .. ,~,,~ !IL_, Il,.~

find Fascist and Nazi 'n~wt~Qm:s; which venerate their philosoplties, sacrifice for them, are proud wn following t;'hem, and de(Uc~te a~1 v]ta,1 system in service for U!.H~~~r principles, 'W're also 'rrulld, proponents ,air di'FFeren~ soc ~ al 21ind pol ~t.iC3~ rndeorogles who consecrate ~hern r SOlJll8~ hllJ~e'I lect, thoughts, pens, property, newspapers and efforts .,' ro thern even. if '~t 'means life am d d~,ffi],lh",

It ],S also 'a, wonder 'to f'i nd n 0 l:s~,anrdc govemment 'that call s for' I slam, which embrace the best c InaractermstilcS oftbe:seSiys~"IIIrI;s and Ca,S~:8 off their f~arws ~ ;atTUJ represents to other people a w,odd sy.steml [h~l~ includes soond, clear-cut ;a.T1IJd: comfortable solutions '[0 a'll. human problems, even though Isl urn. has made its (;,1:1.1: I. an ob Hgatory duty, incumben t D!pOFl ail'! ~hl.$,:~ j: IDS '~ peoples and group's, ,~ before the

;I;!; ...... :1" sten .... e··· ","""t' thes ta, if' ''IJ'''''"'I''!; 1114:' ,..:" nd '1-"1-. @';I' I~' 00""" n.~··e· rien ~ .. ;;:;., ,;;-;.'f" .j"~1i Ci' fi!r; ,rilp' c':'i"Ii:f .• _.·.a'IfI,~1 ilfII

!igI,tpi, i:.'Jll,~ , ~'.. vi; lL~~~ i?J. J g! _ ~ _' -01 ~.!L, IIJIl .J ~~" ~,f.\~.., IIJ~ I ~l""~ '-'-II I ~,~ ~I~ ~~. V ~'~ .~ ~,Ug

system, Allah :sa.ys :i n f,e;f~r.eilce to. th is: ~ i1 ~'Ui' let there bea nation .of yo:tl. fWf~:(J'jl call to charity, and c'Olun'l'llt:U.i l:nJ.l:u!fics'Ju.:e ,ulul fb,riJiiJ'

~,!\1~i':i'. Ji ~,A. 'c ,- .;9~:j!.ii'--".;(!!" .n Vi'·;;~ ~'''·~r.,'',Q 'id~ ""'.'~~ ;['0........ I' ,·'~,m·;i'l1~· ii"r. if; :~ "I'i<;> iP'iJ;';ell'"~,~-'.Ii'J'Q ~",,",'H i (' ""ili'!i< U IL' ,l...;. (. 3',' 'r; n,~1 "ii. ':

r-1~liI'l-.!I;,t..t;J ~,\_.i; ~Ji ~}" ..• ~.. ,~.~,e'~l !ll'~Ju'~,~ ~. ,"'ifJ ~~':r r; ~~I '!i"~ iJj IloiI;,. !io:. J,"iUJL:-.[rif [f IVil.ill .• ~ ~ I. V ~<~ IV~,!;!J~l:.l!f!" Y .. ': ~ '_ UfT!

But" where ar'o :OUl fUm,er"S who educated among fo~tew,glle", believed run tbelr idJeo~i()gy ~ fo:~~o'wed in their footsteps and emu'la,~led each other to garul,l tlheir pleasure from all of these? -I~ m'ay not 'be aiIW e:x,agge~a:ti.on~ if we said: ~!1~ idea I! to be i ndependent ~,'[1 mJi.mn.a,g~ng' their affa ~'~s and work" CI iid not cross ~:'be i rmi :Il1~.lS", not ~~ ment ion its lbe,lI'11,g tfuei (' methodology in carry ii I1Ig out thei r works,

Unfortunately, we ofFered this hope to, many rulers of Egypt, but it 'was a, natu ral resul t to find no practical effect of thi s hope, bee ause sue h a people pill t Isl am, ~asl for themsel ves, thei r homes, and :i n both personal and general affairs, so they were 'incap:tIIlbl:e (If transferring 'i~ ro others an d to :i m vi te others to. emaracei t The principl e fol '~,O\VS~ Ii the one who is devoid of something; cannot give it to others.',

o B rothers, this :i s not. the ir du ty, for ex perience has pro ved their inability to' fulfill it, Rather, "it: is the duty of this rising (new) generation. SOl perfect their call, be serious in their education, and teach them ho w to be :j ndependent :i n terms of set f~ heart, thlougll t:~ imte] lect, J ihad and 'work. Fi Ii I, thei r Ieapi ng (a wakeni ng) hearts with ILh;e g:11ory of Islam and wonder of the Glori GUS QlI (an an d recru it them under the. banner of the Prophet Muhammad (peace he upon h:i:m) and his nag. Soon you wil] see, among t:lhe:ln the Muslim rulerwho exerts himself (against fancies and. desires) and. pleases others, !Ii ~.>

Islam, and 'po:Utl.c~s

Imperialism and :Its agents made the maximum 'effort. t,o establish meidea that: Islam :h as nothing to do W'~ th poli tics or the state. ,At. the same time; the reformist callers ~, with Imam Hassan al-Banna at the front ~, strove greasl y 1'0 teach Musl im s the idea of ~! compre hensi veness of Islam". The purpose was ~o restore '\vbal has been stated and fixed over thi fie-en cenmries (i .e, before the corning of 'i mperi a] ism and its

~

ideological i uvasion of thei r lands),

TliWatis~I8hun gOVI~;l11S the total life with its legislation i1ln.d gll I,d ance ~traigb~ from birth unti 1 death. It appl ies before birth and a'~~er de(1~:h~, as there are legal rulesconcerning the "fetus and dead as well,

Throughout life, Islam directs the Muslim in his personal, family, social, and polirical affairs, starting with manners for rellievi:ng, oneself ,a:nd ending wiU, topics of tbeCaliphate, 'war andpeace r~llatiol1sh'ips,

The outcome of th at sturn ving was, cleru:ty evident, represented ~n t h~~ g:r'~~~ aumher of Musl 'j ms who bel leve in till S comprehen siveness, advoeate Islam as being both creed and ~,eljslation~ religion and state ,in 21]1 Mus:! im countries, 11: convinced :l1Ii1a:ny victims of the mdeo~(Jgic,[Ii,~ invasion to denounce what they believed in under Mi!e yoke of ClllJl!~nll,eu[

';1' n- ,- 'P- eri '='1'1- sm .- 'T-h' ~I''''' 't.,.~ co' led -I";c~ the "" -m' :'er-U'Ji!iI-T11 ~.,;;:i, ;Iio' the -I ~ II.C1Im, . Ii I~ awaken ']' in 0"'

_ : I " : , . ~ 'tI,m:.~, ,0:. II "" ~ ri;,.,. I~ ~ ihJ~ .. ,'.' "to I~IJ·I: .. ' ~ ",".- .~,fJr i~~' "' i I~~I ~ . . c ~i~ I i :lIll!..r IQJ' ._: (~,~\ I til 1,61

.'-:-. hV: sreas: me ideological andnolitical one, in a wav that turned the

Ilil __ G ~ .. ",:5. , . I ' .... ". - -- ---- .1:"'" - -- -- - -~ -. --J--- - ----- ---

balance .of power upside down, TI1IJ i s ~~d th~ man] rodmg foreign authori ~ ies in M,e: West and! East to ho ld m,~l'I~y !ln~et~llg8, courses and conferences to e xami ne ~~ is ~!da.n.,g~r'O'usu Islamic phen O!Fl~eno:n, Tlhey spared neither money nor e:ffort in d~ iis respect u ntru ~ du;; ]l~]fnte;r of these meetings, as mentiened by :F.ii"thmi: Hll'W:iCH a r'eW years ago, reached 120 or even til ore.

This forced agents ,Q,f the W'~Si~, and slaves to ii~s ideologies to ("lUempt. eo :;~!O'p! and prevent that dawn from corning, cr 'the sun from rising, and force .. · the .. : cycle of history back asaiu to the a:a'. e of'

fl,slng" d~I"', Ii'""',.... ,~ ... -- v_ --- - '.J - . -,~, - - - . - --0 --

Imperialism, to raise their voices again with: "No po~ruth~s ]n W1e;~~:gIon, and [,HJI' religion in politics!" They w,a'O~ed to PaLlt out the fire a:g'aJn: as it':':-/~ I" '-p ...•. -"t-' r.,i:lliI, '1io.'~I'1 f" :~, c ·'e.·'· .-"",I[-:1'I,fY, -- a g'. :'0:- -:.. Some of ~ho.SJe. men ealled Islam - the

was: l!I. 'VUI,I~ U i:'Ii U . ~',!. 'IIJ!. .. .. _ . "" _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ~ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _

, . . .. .

Oll'Y Islanl known ~o 'M:usU :m.5 through the ages, be fore the age of I mperialisrn; the Islam known to jurists, theologians, interpreters, scholars of H:(J'(Jil'1v and! nlnnotheisOl from all schools of Jurisprudence, whi ell fh,e;),' e xp]?~l.~:lled in detail starting 'with bOO~8, on [JIJri:f.iC,[lit'i OI11i~, and e,ndlfl,g with that of Iihad> the Islam of creed and legislasion, and the Quean and .suf~11ah, they called it "Political Islam" 51 )13:y this: name,

"7·'

,~,

they desired 'people to dislike Islam, due to the people's hatred of PQ li ti c s in our COlUl tries stem 111 i n-g fruOI:TI t he disas~e'fs and seem t.ges brough t u pon them because of i~:'~

But" what can we de if Istarn, as designed by Al]fI.Ih~th.e Almighty j must be political? What can we do if the Islam wi~h 'which came Mu 11 amrnad does not approve of dJ vidi ng I ife and m.l an bel ween A.~ lah the Almighty, and Caesar? Rather, rn'~ ~nsis~s that Caesar, Khosrau, Pharaoh and all kings of earth are subjects and worshipers of .A.11ah ;El~one~.

This writer wants 'us to denounce and reject the Book of our Lord, the Sannah of 0'1]1' Prophet, consensus of our Ummah. and the guidance of our tradition ·i II order te adopt ,a modern Islam that pleases the big masters overseas ~

He wants the "Spiritual Islam" or "Clerics' Islam" that concerns i~:seJf onl y wi Ui rec i ti::ng the Glorious Qu r'an e ver the dead and not the living M:'uslhnst decorating walls with wts verses, starting celebrations by reci ti Iil_g S (lime of ~ rs verses, '[he'll lening Caesar do 11,8 he Ukes.t

The Is ~21:m that was revealed in the Gloriou s Qur'an and SU11nah, known to the w h nle Ummah, the earl ier Muslims and their follower», is an in~'egrated. O]1f; that defies and rejects partitloning. It iis 'the. spiritu a] Islam, morn] Islam, ·i declo ,gical, Islam educations I. Is lam, stri vin.g Islam, sod a] Is [am, econornic Isl am, and pol: h~ica'l Islam. it is aU these, because mt has in all these fields objectives, rules and di rections as we~~I .

Im ami Hassan al-Banna srtlld concerning religion's relationship to poli tics, "Y au can scarcel y f:i n d anyone 'who talks wi til you about Is lam and P{)'~ ]tk:s wirhont making a. separation between them and putting each roone side, as Mley - to lID1Gst people > cannot meet orbe seen together. Hence, carne the d.igti.l1ct]on; that is an Islamic

nssociadon,~ net a political one; and that is a, f,€Jig:~o~'s meeting that has not~ ing to do with pol ~tics,. I: saw a~ th~, top oif ~nw~ that F~gli11ate. Islamic asscciations and their programs. "The association 'must not, intervene in pol itica[1 affaies".

Before, l ex ami Me, 'lh:i s vlewpoint, whether approving or rejecei ng, I would like to draw your attention to twoimpottant matters:

First: There is a ,g:rea!tt difference between pad:~sall~s,m and politics, They IUEl]Y meet or '[ hey m,ay be separate. ,A, ma-FlIl1:1:1iY be a polit i .. d an in the 'lI.1H~; $Je'OSG' of ~:he w(lrd", bu~: doe s :rnot 'bel Oill g to any :p,~rty wlruats,oe:v,er,,, DJ\ 'he, may 'be-long to a given pmy without being aware of a.nytiling related to IlO[liti,cs" [Dr." be may be, boih: a peliticiae that belongs 'to ,3 certain party. W hen I .say pol i~ ies, here, Lmean ,abso:lru~e politics concerning the Ulnntali~s internal and [external affairs, without being ~imited by partisanship in aayway.

Second -a W~ ~if"Ii non ,.M' 'IU' ~'I '·1 ~-~ it" were ]" 1iJ no ·ill'.!· nt '0. ·4'~[~'1 am or when c·, iii,

L-. ~,II·.- iii . ;I~~~I,I ,.U I _, .~ I ~'I,~,gl . _" .:~.". I ~~l~. 1~.I ••• '_ -:,[1, l~i~' ~I !(l VI J _ ·,llll\.?-. ,I",

was dl ffic~] ~ t f{)f them to face 'i[~s fil:X!edness. i:n ~he s ends, of rut:s Pol lcwers, its 'f~;I'r-=m-- '-1 ness ;1'-0" the hearts of the' L,~ Heve. rs ·t- he read iness o f eve :'nJ"

,Il.,,a; ~U,' illJ.·~L~ ~ ~~JII, 'J,,~g_,_~ ," ~, __ '._-": I).}ti_._.:_:. '. J'I.JI'~I -'_. _v.!l;4l!J_~.~~~l!!i.:_! .. '", ~"--. ~!!J

Muslim to' olfer his soul and 'wealth iin sacrifice, tlhey did not iuempt [10 hilju:r~ bla'm~s. 'roa,[lne~ nor' 'i ts aspects, nor formal 'ides; '~'fl the souls of MiU1,S[ I'm.s, bu t. [bey at tempted ~o ']'ru mit: its meaning to a m-l arrow ,c:~ role t'hm does not k;~~p its strong and. practical aspects, Th[elY ~e'F~: nicknames, fonnali t:i es and appearances t~lla~: did nothing, They 'made, M~,sJi'm8 befieve that Islam 'IS something and ,s~cd;em:y is someth'iing: e,~se;, Islam is: CHile thi,ng ,and the law is another; Islam is something and econemy has nethi rig to! do with :i t::; Islam j s 'here, ii'Bl:lld general ~.'Ii1ow~edg;e~is there; and that Islam is :someftru:i:ffil.! ~ha[ 'must, :rno~ have anyth~ng to do with poll~ics,.

o Brothers! Tell 'me by your Lord if Islam 'were something other 'han 'politics';. sociology, economy i" and culture, what is ill then? . '" Is 'j~: these Rak. "ahs t.hat are void of present 'heart'!' Or, is i:t these words just as Ra'b'"all al-' Adawiyyah's words: 1~i(f#'gJifar (seeking forgiveness of Allah) ttuu needs. J'sllgI11~tr, Is H 'for this only'! O' Brothers'! the Qur'an was revealed. a detail led, 'perfect and cernpl ete system,

~,A,nd tV-e 1l(I:Vi(~ se nt down to' thee the B(},ok explaining all thi'i'j,g,l",; a Gl.flile~ .(l, M'ercy, and ,Glad 'Tlding,,-~ 10 l'I4usUnu. ,

( ~6;:8'9)

Til ils dimini shin g meani ng of (ru(lea. of) Islam and ~hese narrow limits that determine the meaning of Islam are what the opponents of I'~ lam try '10 impose upon and encompass Musl i IUS with, and to moe k them by saying: We, maintaln you. freedom of religion, and (be constitution states that the official religion of ~he state ~s Islam,

Fro-'m this pulip'i t, 0 Brothers, ill declare ,frZinkly tba!i Islam is someth irng adler ~han t~ at meaning: in 'which its opponenss and enemies from 'with In its ~oll lowers wanted to :1 i mi t and define .. , Islaen is creed and worsh ip; home a,'nd :rJJat~,onal i:t:y; tolerance and power; morality and matter; culture and law', A Muslim is asked to have in terest ~ n >Ed:1 affai rs of '11 i s Um'nl, -L~ because 0: :f:' the fac t, ;.II!.. at :t·_!h(· .. ne

~ _ ~_ ~ .... ~ _ _ __ _ __ , . ~ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ . __ a,.t. ~_ ~ ~ i:!'" . Ii-~ II. ,,,,,.c. "IU 1,(1" ., e orn.e

who does not concern himself with Mus~wms~ affair,s isnor deemed as, one of them,

II think that our ancestors (may Allah bless ~~em ,a'll) understood noth i:ng: but ttl i s 'meaning-of Isl am, as tli1e,y ruled 'with it, strove fOIF i t, and depend,j,ng on ruts bases and 'w'ithin its limies they crossed their cour se in all 'w',~ddly· affairsand ~'lI.e', spiritual affairs of th e. 'U:-: -:-:,CI'-,;

, ..."'" .,,_ _ ... ~ ~ ~ '. "'" iI+II~ __ '~m . WI" ~ ,I,,"y . .11 "1111,~,I,:t<l! . " 1·-d~rea~ll~r.

ma.v.' AUah, the Almig .. htv have mercv upon the first Ca linh ,wi...- . "~('de I" -----.J - -, , 1'- - ' .. --,J ~ - -- - ee e .... - -.J --, I~ _I. H.jlI .. , !IJPI __ nO sa,1 ,.

"If I lost a. camel's halter, I would 'find 'it, in A~~al{s Book" ,(I,)

Diya' ad-Din ar-Rayyis, the venerable: historian scholar, said in his book lslamu: Politica I The()r£et- I: .l.!. 'j, No lion ger is. there do~:d}( {tll.t the S Y stem est albl i shed by the Prophet and h is Compani on s l n M·ed ina - if it is looked at: from the viewpoint of its practical facet and ir it is measured aecerding to modern pol. i:ti.cal measurements _, carl be. descri bed as U pol hi:ca.·1 ~li]j] file fu jll: sense O'f the 'word a, This does £10'[ preclude, a~, the same mjrne" describing i:t as "religieus", ~'f it considers its objectives and motives and the. spiritual base O'm which it depends.!. Thus, the system can be described with both descripti om 5:;. for' the fact is Is:1 am is. eomprehen 8m ve, It. j oinsmateriali smwi th spl ii tuality ~ and tackles truman acts: ~n borh, the. presenr fi fe and the. Hereafter. M, ore 0 ver, its phil osoph y 'In:i xes the two and. does not recognize. any rJisHnc~inn whatsoever save a. differemviewpoins. They 'in themselves co .. mstirute a. whote or a coordinated unit to the estent that j. fIl.;. Ie .. :;.-:

_ "_ ~'~ _II,I!!;I _ _ _ ~'I,,;' _ _ .. I!;I!' _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ ~ u _~,!J I~. __ ....\i"\ I~ ~ :~H"'u 'I,.~i.1 _l.r

separation ru.s unimaginable. Tll is. fuctabout tthe nasure of Islamhas become sel f -ev ident, .A150~ historical facts provide evi denoe of Muslim 'faith :in all previous. ages, Some orientalrsts came to realize rut although they were far removed {rum. an Islamic en vironment. In spite of .al ~ thist- there are some Musl ims Wh(l descr ibe themsel ves as "Reformers or Renewers" who declare ~he.[.r denial (rr tha~ faetl They claim tlilat Islam is nothing but a. "religious call", OJ! They mean ~hat It ismerely a belief or spjrimal relatlon between the individual and his Lord ~ that h as. WI oth j:ng to de W ith '~ll1e" materi al affairs ,~)f ttl is. life ... Among these rnareri al affai rs are: matters of war, wealth and politics at :fwr.~~ rank. They al SIO say ~ "Relig ion IS something and pol itics is aml other" .

1 .. Pp. 21'~'l9'.

2... Afti':I-o.liq~;· tlh~; (lPP'One~ur!.~~ of 'lhes.e views i~ sheikh 'Ali .~ AM a"f~RlIziq (the former Leg:al jlldge~ in AI-Ma'Filst.n;.a) and the ·nrn'I:r.i'isteT:' of BndowUlell.ts (Awqtl1} in thai: til'neo Shrei~~ 'AU 'Albd ar·-!Ra:;dq. e:.rp~a:iined ~l~S Vi!e:W5, il1 h~s book Jsw.~n and the Prin!Cip.i'es of .RUU~l,g which we will. refute its elaims l:1i ~hi.s. book under UH~ t~Uc "The r,ej'i'ttalion: a/the cleims ojsom« c(),me,'I'1'jpor'~:I)' scholars",

S,;· ',k, ., . ;,11[1'.,· ,l;", .... [" :,,, J' la " , .:(htj,~ OJ .lUi: jJ' u,;e m ' .T,:am

,31

In order to refute the claims of those people it wQou~d be useless to cite sayings .of the scholars of Islam, for ~,he:y 'may not feel convinced by them. A] 8,0, we ate 1110 ( go j ng: to start by statl ng h i s~ori cal events lest they deny them also. But, ii'[ IS enough to quote, some orierualists ~n th is regard. They PI] t the ir viewpoi nts j n clear -eut and open statements. We, are doing so because thos!e; ~~ Renewers" cannot claim to neither have stron ger des wi t:~ 'modern age, nor be 'more able to man ipulate modem research methods and sc ienrific ways, So, here we cite:

1- Dr, 'V ~ Fitzgerald said: (I)

"Islam is not a mere reHg:ion~ but a pol itical system, In spite of [he fact that in recent years have occurred some Muslims who. claim themselves to be "Modernists" attempting to separate between the two. aspects" The whole Islamic structure is fundamentally based on (he fact that both aspects are indispensable, I!

2- C~ A .. Nanion wfole:f2)

"Muhammad has simulta:net¥tls~y established a religion and a. state, whose limits were preserved along his whole life."

3 .. 'Dr. Srnacht wrote: (.J}

"Islam is. more than til n:~] ig Ion. :I t represents pol! it ical and legal theories. In brief, it rus. a, complete culmral system ~'hat includes religion and state" together, !!

4-, R~ Stro,th:ma:n,q '!N'rote:{4,}

U'I' ~i " 'I" . '1"'''' . 'l '. '" f d

"Istam :1$ a [e,l,g'I(]I'US~ polmca phenomenon or Its ': ounc er was a

Prophet, wise politician, or a statesman."

I" Mullllmmelkrll: le-« ... Ji,~ 'I. p.,

L" Ched by sh" T. Amold In ~'i:s book: Tbe Cal.ifJJt,{,~tiJ, p, ~98,

3. Eru;.~yc'l(}paedit:i {if SOClU~ Science», vol, 8" p, :3.3:3..,

4. T1~e .fiJu.:yd()fJ€l'fJ;di(~ l~rIJdaJ'fI.!, '\lQI. 4,~ )'" 350",

"Here, in Medina, the first Islamic state was formed and the basic

... 'I ,r;: I 'I" . 'L '1- '" .. Ii A ,i

pnnc i,P:· 'es w'Or , S la:m.~C _ . u.'w 'were ,8Ju eown.

, . ,

£ C·' T A-·· - - .. -Id- . 'r . - ~(2j u"" kllr "'~ ~- TOO, j • VI- rote: - -

"Tbe Pro •. · ehet was ,at the same t1 me 11 ead rolf: . rell g~l o ',. 't:i, and head of

~ _"_ .. " _' ~"-"~_' , . -.:;i!ll _., ,J, ._,[ I . 'J, ,,~, ' ,~,.. v ~-'_ J-' .~~~ _~'_ •• ~~y~ __ ."'_

'!'! Then, ] t was clear that Islam was not jiust i ndividual religion s .aC[S~, and it was a mu st to establ i shi ts disti ncti ve community, that has its own style 'i Iil ruling along with its own J aws and regulat'i-ons.. ~

These, are the 'words of Westerl1ers) til at rnaycenvince or force Ell! opponents to shut up,

1. J)c~iop·me.rd' ,of ,M:~tsUm Tf1.€viogy. J l,jJi~ru~u.det:i(Yl~ and Conslilul:ioflal Theory, (N',eow York, 10(3) ,p.6t.,

2~rhe CaiJ'pJitde~ p, :3iO~ O~Jo-rcli' 'I (}2.4, 3,., ,Muha',n'I,'fu~.-d(l:i~:t-SfH~ p .. 3"194,9,,

C ' "t " t-!II -, '-,' 'f-:=' S' ""t' , ,t'"

ons: rue ion 0- - a ,-- at '9

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fl'

rJ:

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W h o .. ,. 'R···' .... --' ---,-., -,- I ,- II ,,- m , 0 s'e: ,,' ,ec 0 Uti se ' S _"S'_ a _' __ '_'

Islam, undoubtedly, as ~t cares about moulding rile virtuous indi vidual, family and sodety '= cares, at: the same time, about moulding the v irmous state.

An Islamic state is di~'i~il~gui.shed from all previous ;and latter states by its go~ds, ideologies, sources, and characteristics.

A clviUan 'state wh,o,;,e recourse 'is, 'Islam,

An Islamic slate is not a ~:l1eocra~'ic state that determines the' fate or peap~,e)s consciences or their bodies in i~1i-1e name of the Law' of Divine Right, n is nat a state of priests .. or religious people who 'pretend to be ,repreSel1!lali ves of the 'W i '11 of' the Creator or hea yen 's intention for inhabitants of earth. 'Wh atever ~.s accepted in earth j.;; accepted m heaven and whatever is pt an ned upon earth, is pi anned in ~l eaven ~

RaJ[herj, h, is ,3. civil ian state ruled by :~'s~:ann., It is formed by pledges of :~11 egiance and con sul tat :1 on , Persons 'who are selected to run an Islamic state are s.tl'nlllge~ trustworthy" defenders, and knowledgeable ei tizen S'.' If anyone lacks tile cond i t: ions of st rength, 'know' ledge, ~1 onesty and perseverance, he is not a, correct choi ce, except :i n d m re neC(lSS j (y ~ 'because necess i ty knows no law.

Because of its true concept and sound application of Islam, there is TII. .... su :~w .. term .r:lioL'l retig .. ~i""i~I'~' people as, is reccgnized -, by otber '1"i:i,[]O.{I' ""'1'1,-'

,1,iIU SUCu I~,!;.-~ UI go:! .... h ,_V1!.!J~ . '!.ifl"'-! - "" _~ - - - 'I;,l!e; - __ - . !!"II! ~ .... _i!!!:I"Ili,}.~S

- -

36 S' t f • J' ,I'

< I~Ch'e H'!' tstan:

communities. Every Muslim is a religious person. There are scholars 'Who are specialized in different fields of Islamic studies similar '[0 experts in ethics, ph.HoS!Qphy,~arnd ~a:w in other societies. The :FeJ ationsh ip of ~,h e:!~He, M usl ~j m sc ho hnslo soci ety is li ke I[ hat of an ordinary Muslim, which ls to advise, which 'is the obligation of every ,M:lrl:s]:il,n., n is; m 0 re over l' more obligatory upon Muslim scholars, until the state applies correct Islam, J?rDVeS the truth) eliminates the m nj ustice, en j oin s good ~ and forb ruds WJO.n g-doi ng. Simi ~.arlly it j s t~e duty of scholars and every' Maslirn 1:0 er(l,niln good; forbid evil, wisely ex hor~ to €x:(;c·1 ~e]1.ce~ and be not a fraid of b I arne from, critics.

]~ is mcumbent upon the state to help every Muslim in performing his advisory duty, to enjoin good and forbid evil, An organization or a supreme legislative body must be established by Islamic stare comprised of 'Muslim citizens to whorn propcsed Iegal decrees and their applications must be presented .. So that no law is to' be inltiated which mayconflict 'with, Islam, driv[ng H, wedge between tile Qur'an and the act ofrnling, as the Prophetic tradition warned us, a,g~arulls~,

This is how knowledge and power advance side by side, with 1.10 spfit as bas happened in many stages nf history: dri,ving scholars of t1.ill,alTI ,["!liU) ome: siide and ru lers :i rn ~o another, Rulers did not recone i I e, but with poets, eulogists, and similar people. In fact a Muslim ruler ITIU,St be a, scholar of Islamic Law", an authority of an Islamic conseirutlon o'f the level of an .llilluui in Islam, similar' to the Rightly Guided Caliphs and their successors ,_, who followed in their footsteps ~ who were M,I;UItI'hidlJn and jurists, A~! jurists agree upon the, condition of the competence of Ijtlhad for t be 'c:,1ll ~ef jussice and Cal i ph. Thi s condi trn onmu S l be met except under di re circumstances, In time of need it is a.'l lowed to step down from, superior ideal s 1'0' 1 nferior reality.

The. M.L1sJim stase is far from being: a theocratic stare. 'Nor were ~be;y seeu i hlr stases, even 'I f thei r seeu larism was represented as complete denial of religion and. demonstrated enmity towards Islam and as an opiate of the;peopl~. Its point of view is deceptive, It is based on myth, as was the communist state. Similar situation is found in the ·West,. where religion is separate from the: state.iTheir society, politics, economics, culture, education, morals, and custOITIS are separated from religious influences even though they call themselves the 'worid of freedom, A. world t:hat: does IThO~ deny rhe Existence of

AI:~l.rn:lI-. Be '·"1:1; ;t d 0'- e e n ot fi~J~ nd anee d ~i for ',H'; Im - Q'f');''''; ha .... n,"'" place for H'-I~I'm' c in

, _ ,]u~lll.- .. UII,l; 1Ii.-, .- .--. A~ ,v., ",Jj,I. . Il~· . ~ "-.I, , M, I -1 g"I~1;.,lIJ ,.t ,iJI IIIU ~J' J }\ .. I' .. l~'.- .. , - ,'- ,Ill,

their society, Muhammad As-ad described the Islamic state in his book. I,':;it:mf. at i he Crossroads: "The 'Mt~~Ii 01. state :i s a ci vi I ian one that j3,l':;:ocutesHeavenly Law, It defends AJ~lah\~ Orders, Dictates and Prescriptions, for which it deserves Allah's V ictory "' Withour this defense it forfeits its justification for' its existence, and prosperity. A.Ua'h says:

,~AUa,h shall ,defin.itely give victory 1,0 whomsoever vindicates Him'. Surel» ,Allah is indeed E;v.er~,P.o'wer!tll~ ,Eve'""·,,Might}'. Who, in case: WeestabUsh them in the earth; ,keep ,up the' prayer and hr;:",8 the .zaiuJ.h; llnd command beneficence andforbid tnaleficence,.:~

Global :5 tate

The 'M'Ulf1~'I'm state is neither '.l'tl e thnic no.', ra terr jt>,(,)- rial state. It ":", : -- ,t'

~. _ _ e. _, ~.:! _ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ _ ~ '" ~ _ ... ~ '~ __ ~'~ ~ _ ~ , _I!! , . C _ ~, ~ Ii't ~ , . I" .. ", Sic . . ,il 15]] 0

:1 iliJli ted to tribal boundaries or geo,~;riEW[)hica.1 borders. It is an open state forevery believer, based ou free choice 'without cornpulsion or force. Because if~ UI;8f1l,SaOe· isuniversal It i'li :"l' 0']: obal state It is "1 stare bas ed

~ ~~ ~~~ ~ _ 'ilI~. ~,,~~,~ ~1iJ ~ ~ _~,QI_~.".~ ~,,~ ~e V. __ iilI,W" ., II (_ Su",,'I. .rISe.

on concepts and bel iefs, In ~tt d ifferences of' race, national ity, language,

and color melt awav. lts eeonle are of one faith. one G,,~:o,"''''I- , ..... '-'1 Proehet

-- _ --,J' - I~ -- I" - - ---- - - (. - - - - --_\~,,) V_II , "'-~ vll ,F'r Pl!ie'll'

10 Ii e: book, -nne Q-',. i btah nne Ce:r:CI'n;""; Ily oi"iIT~e .. '- 'I ~,W o:r' const ~ tur 1\' -c -11 -- fl ,- - ,:-

_ -_ t _ .' , , __ ~~~v ~'Y!--,- ,~! _ ..... 'l),Ll-~,hUIl,uu,hmUone

culture. This unitv of nation stems from ", the unanimous v r ,-,~I: ~'-,", ;I',I!...,:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ ~ ~ _ ~ _ -of - - ~-~, -~ Sl~ 1111-5 ,I, nL 'I.nul" ~Imous V!. oru, IIO~, lI!.ue

Oneness; of Allah, Kalimah Tawhid.

N'otJhi:11g can stop this global state fr-urn s~:ardng in a region as a, territori al state, Its members can ch oose Is I am' for Oa,:~ru r constirut i 0:11 t and, irs applicar i on for c rearing am lslami c model upon earth" In th i s regard il h e Islam ic state fmceg, c landest j:n~- and 'Open '\VlU·S,j' ma,~eriia:1 and sprnr~~lwJ restri-ctions or san ctions, 0 nly people o;f strong 'W i 1'1 can be patienr, In different territories different models wil!l: appear, bringing :fllbout a 11 n ited stare based on lJ n ~ty and. cocperati on (federal er con federate),

111 this way a true Islamic Caliphate could be establishe-d. It is the duty of the Islamic 'l11ia~ion to help in the estabf sh ment of such a, Caliphase and remove obstacles in ruts 'way. This Caliphate is. not the nrn le of Is:1 am ~ m a particul ar reg ion, bu t t he nile of the nati 0,11 W I til lslam T" '1'1i'"I'S' C, aliohate t., •• ""-,, three foundations .. '

I,,," ,iI;II!o, ~~_, ' !I,_ ' , ' __ ,' ~~,tr~" ,~_ .... "i 1:'11:;1..,;) ,JI,I """"' , :,,', ~lIJ.u ' ",l.

First: 'Unity of" Islamic ~ands" however many ccuntries and terri :1:"0- I~-'~I'P'''' to ~,~ con sidered '0'" ne ]- ·1-111~li 10:"1" one nat 'l'IQ,1'jI,

_~, " :t .. _ "'. l ~rIJi, ' "_- I~ '!r1lJl, I.~ . - .. ' \d ... '1~11 Ill. ".u. I ·.,rl~I,Iir'· ,,_~, J-. ,~~,~

Second: The consritution must 'be; derived from 111lJe Qur'an and SUluUJh:"

Third:, Central I eadershi 1" mu s~ be, on e by the greatest Imam or Cal i,ph who rules the state of bel ie vers by Islam,

This does not mean that h rejects non-Muslims and their beliefs on its [and . Rather, ~l, welcomes them 8JO h.m,g as they abide by the' Islamic civil Law .. As far as their worship, faith, :and personal affairs are concerned, they are rite to conduct them according to. their religious teac b~ngs.

The Isl ami C H1:ale: is a ~ egal state, whic h 1 S [1.11 n by. its ow m constinuicn and ~,]:ws. Its, Ireguhlliorls are derived from Qur'an and!

S'.;,~~,,~~,,';., fo :',~. f': '<'11". :~"I'~" utQ,' , rsh ;:P' ethic c _ trans aeri M,~:," I.' _ ,,' n, .~:~ m roe ~:t!t:"~ n,'I"';·

,~~c.r.~I!1~~,ff ~',~, _,~,_,IL ~'1! H. _rI.1i '_~,' _.~.~_._ ~~ _ ,~p '!I_~!I!r" ,V~:Ij;Jli lin ,'.'I~IU . ~jili_-l "~~ ~~

concerned, pe rsona], sod all t c ri rni Ila~,,~acl rni nistrati ve, jud ic lal ~ and i m ternati onal matters, Til is slta~ei s not indepen den l ~ Ii the enforcernera of its con ~HI[ut'ion ,. I s:1 ami s its expeetaaon and pr-oof of its: faith. A ~'I ail ~ 'the Almighty, says~

~.A ned rule arnollg them with R evelat ion crt A,Uah (to you J., ,A.ud donot follow thei» desires. Be a!rt:zid of r he,m that the)~ I'na:y seduce ,OM f~~om, w/iut )1QU. have been ordered to' do. If they turn a'Wfly~ ,th'en Jl'OU m,~,s t .kno'W thai ,tt Uah, wants $0 punish them for some of ,tJU! ir s ins. Of cou rse Inany people are i;mn'l,o ral. Do ,t:h,e:y w'a.nt the rule of l'U~ state oJ ignorance. For believe f!i;' 'whose rule is better than. that of-A UuJt ,~

(.5:4,9-50:)

And,

~ And who do not rule by the revealed {orders), they are nan-believers ",.,. A,rut who do '~OJ rule b"v tke revealed are tyrants .". ,ft ndl\i'ho do not rule. b}, the revealed are

immoral. "

These verses were revealed to apply to Ml'e: People of the Book.

But the general termswere used ~o include Muslims and 1II1ot a.

P· articu 1 ar a"~""'-',n P

ilU. ".~"" LiI, ,~I, bl....,·u : .•

Do not: ~.~:i nk that J.e'w sand. Christians wOU ld be charged by A,~ IJan with disbelief, tyranny, and i'mlnond'j~y 'for not obeying Hirn, and Muslims would be forgiven. AUah's justice is the same. file reveajed

:~,,:I is Message to Moses and .J esus fpeace, be IUP{}IITIl ~'he:~,n both), as He did tel M lJ1 hammad (peace be, U[IDIl bj'm)..

The blalTnic stare achieves ~ts right to exist by foUO'wilIlg Islamic Law, ,I~ beco:mes 'i ncumbent upon the people t 0 cooperate and obey the state :im :prasp~r,i~:.Y ,amd.lm pove:l1:y" whether they approve [w' disapprove, The Islamic s~aJte loses its righl~ to exist, ifil gives up this system and H.s methods, People 1I1USl: not obev rnt" because obedience is, for aood

~ I~

, . '.-1 1'.,:' . 'd' ,',- ,-."', 'I"~ _ ..... 'j, .;,. 'd- "":" -,b-- .. ·F, (-.' -,'f· A······· HI· 'Ii~'~' • :'. ,; ,"",__:, .. ' :", - " ~, ,..jI"'['".,

ana 11'.,,1 no: ' ac U ons, not I"n . ISO .OIJlI ence 0 ·,!I ~,d. t.~~, rus glvt~m ,I n a ~nli!JIl~,O n

'Of {he Prephet (peace be: upon him) who, said~

ffAM'us:li',rl n:l~ust listen to, and obey' (the Isdaf:ni:';c stale J!~J if be likes: ,it or n:o.t~, whe~~ ,~U)t ,ordered to ,rlis(Jot"jp A llah. When ,h',e' ts ordered to disobe» .A,llah~, be mus: ,~u!idulr listen l'UJI"' obey., If,'

Abu Halt (mayAl~ah be pleased with him) added in his Caliphate address,

,rlObey ttr.t as l(n~g as I ,(j,bey A,llaI1; It''i'tlil; you, and 'when I iilso.b,ey Him; ,/ lose the righsof y.our obedien ce j~'.

When new 'C',IOU n~ries, become proud of 'fO~'[OiW i ng the CCH1"8'~ U:!J] r'i on and 'I eadership, the: Islamic state stays '0.'11 course and does 'lot deviate until it achrueves the W'i~~ of A,~~,~h and acceptance by the peoiille,

The, Islamic stl,~,e does not draft its own com st ~'iudon.~ 0 ther ~h an ~hatwhic'~ tile, :H:ighest Authority has imposed 'Upon il~. Therefore- tine nation has no power to c ~iFCLlmVe[Jlt or freeze it. ,~f i t does, 'iii would change its 'Ila~ure'~, and w'Quld not be ccnnted as a Mus~jm state.

There is no :p'~"icu'l:a[' m'mllortall1t s,'l~ape or name, that can be applied h) the Islamic state. In history two terms wi th ,f:reat: ll1calill II gs,were, used: Imamate and C,aliplude.

An Imamate means leader:a;;.h'ip dlf-O'ugh which the people are led.

They follow their Imam and learn from him. This term was derived (rom leade;rs:h:ip in prayers (Imamate in Salah), in which people select a de vout 'man 'who is ~,be, most learned amo:n:g them, SO th a:l they gain '"" 1rti I'"1i; -w- " ile'd",a,<:iI frorn 1'1 :;m'

,~I~~O _"_, ~r -. e~: -,1.," •. 1 ~'.' , ~., •

The dg'IThlflll leader (.Atn.lrru;m1 AJ- ',ftdil) was described, by al-Hassan al-Basri as one who stood among the people, listened to ,A,Uaun and made them listen to Him, 'looked up to Allah mud showed them and is 'I ed by A.I ~ ah a11ld led them '[{1 'H irn,

wt.~tl "Umsr ibn al-Khattab (m;~l.y Allah be pleased with him) appointed it leader ina pari: Leu liar region ~ and j 11 remote areas", he publ ic ~y annmJnc<ed .. i I do not send them 10 strike your bodies or 'take away you r wealeh, They are appoi nted as teachers for you, '11

T~1e 'word, Caliphate (KhUa/ah) means protection of religion and worldly pol: itics by eepresenti ng the Messenger :of ,A1:1 an (peace be: u pen him) aceordirsg to at - Taftazani, Ibn Khaldun and others.

T.IThe chief of an Is lamic state, ~he leader, or president is a person from! the nation, He may be right or wrong and. do good or bad. I~ is incumbent Uf',)rJ Mm:sljlus to help him if he is righr and docs good. Bus, if he is wrong 0:[' behaves badly, ~:hey m,U5~ advise him and brlng ti w m back to the I~ight 'way as; ~he firs': Caliph announced in his "fin:~ address;

There 'i s no q ual ~ ly of sacredness 'i n a. Cal iph or Imasn, thaI, may place him above investigation or prosecution ... It is ~, position of charge, not am honor" When the 'C~dil:P'l1, "Umar ibn "Abd al- ~ Aziz took on the Chfli"r_g:e of Caliphate, he said, 'I~O~ people i am one of y:QU~ only Allah 'has. 'made my burden heavier t Ihan: yon rs, ~I'

Historyhas witnessed many Cal i:phs who submi tted themselves i~ I] I~he same waytheir opponents did, 1:0 the procedures of ~~!liig,tt:ion., 'W'e

S·· - 1 J'

. fate m tstans

have' also seem many Musl im judges whn adjiudic~1tedin favor of a Chnstian. Of a Jew, (the Protected People .i.Ahl Adh~,Dllim.}nah"'). In ,il, famous story a. Judge by the name of Slutr{',ah decided 'in favor of a Christian against the supreme [ea(h~;:r ofM'usli'lns "AI:! ibn Ahi Talib (may AUah honor him), Only Allah alone has characterized Himself in Hls Words:

.~ .He is not auestioned about what II'I!. doe's and {Jury will be

.... ';' .

(21: 23)

Allereations of A.~b~h will be held accountable and questioned about their words and deeds. Bven the Prophet (peace 00 upon him) yielded to the: opin ion of Companions In. matters where Revelation did not come, and they presen ted. their suggestions, debated, and questioned.

When the Prophet (peclce be 11 porn hi m) sent .A bill Hurayrah, (may Allah be pleased 'with him) 'to give tb~. glad tiding to people: Whoever says that there is. :1"1.0· god. but Allah, w"i]] enter Paradise." Urnar (may A.·llah be pleased with him) became, afraid that people would think they could rely on fai III alone, and actions were not counted. He said, ! 'O' Messenger of A'II.ah~ (hey would leave the practice of Is:1 am, and. become dependent upon (his belief." The Prophet (peace be: upon him) yielded tn the opin ion of" (1 mar :( may A'II ah be pleased w ith him) and. said to 'I et them devote themselves to the practi ce of Islam, The Prophet (peace be upon him) took his suggestion back.when Sa d ibn Mu' adh and Sa" d ibn .. Abadah c'OnJI icted with it

n is a well-known case and famous affair in. the b lography o·f the Prophet (peace be upon hi i m) (,hal dn ri 'flJg the B attle O'€' Badr he submitted to the opinion of al-Hubab ibn al~M:~11i1dhir (may Allah be

pleased Wi:i~h him) who knew ~.h2IJ11 the opinion of the Prophet wasnot I Revelatlon fro-m Allah, but olnly gi:V'ing an opinion, war and maneuver, 'then he. suggested his s~raf.egY'l which was enforced,

The rul er W 11 Islam 1 s a spokesman for the nati 01111" and al so a ,I abo I~F 'for ~L H is rel arion sh i p W S ithat of an aUoflfley and cl ient or a ~.aborer and a master,

Once 'the great schotar and diignjfied ascetic Abu Musl i m al <" Kha w alani vi si lied Cal iph M:lll," awiyah ,ibn Abi Sufyan and said,

"Pes .... ;a;; lII..e ueon Vli"iolI1' 10' ~ R"L'Y 'IO':II'bo·I!".";;:;'1l' 1111 Pee ple jsr .... und t he 'C" <fIi'I~;p't-~

. '1,' .~~''lp. 11IJ.-· "_ ,~V.II~ J IV'~'I~ _-,_" II. 101m " '/~1l.. ,,_. lL~Il,. "'~ ','I I,:~ IU;. u·· ,.: '_" 'l.,.I' ,'_ QjU~ . '_ l,I.

instructed him to say their leader, not '~alborer~ but he repeated i,t 'until

M- ... - w", ,.~.t,.. t m.-:~ ;;"'e'm'- . to respect him because be knew what ]",,,::. said

lJ ,a_ IJ'thil ' IUU llilll' " 'v ~',' ',,", , Uli., .' .','~ "".'!.IIi';) , ,', . 1i:1'!.e _ ' .. n, 'UIL"" ~Q1I. ;,

A co,as,ultativB ,ii;; .... nlot a :beredita.rJ" state

A l!1 Is lamie state is not m,k:~ di1:f1It of a state of Khosrau '0111" a stme ijif Caesar", Nor' is it founded on heredity lines which restrict the Q,ffioe of authori ~y to Ollie famil y or one branch from, which sons inheri t· thei r rule from th.e~r fathers, and grandsons from ~beir grandfathers, ;1:;' l'h~y would 'Of real estate and prope-rty, even thou,~h they 'are the most deviant and Ilrtlmoral of people,

Sure ly II know ledge, W-lSdOl11 and vi rtue are not 'necessarily hereditary, :for we have seen many- cases where fathers are righteous, btu their sons have strayed, The Almighty Allah said about Abraham and Isaac,

(37: 11.3)

And when Allah, the A'lrrmJghty s,ajd to His Intimate Friend Abmhanl"

~ I ••• Sb,~rely I,Ml gObi~g to make you a leader for m.\tlnkir1(jl~ ,~aid he. 1ft ntiQ.f mJl oilsp ring ? ~ He said! ~My C01N!naIU ,S'/iaU I1l0l pe rtain to the MJl,;USt (one sJ.. ~ ,

Ahhougb, I~he Islamic state is founded on Ilh~ best principles of democ [iEIJ"C y,~ lt j So not a ,copy of western democracy. It agmes w'] th it i FI princip le, that a nati on should. be given the right to choose 'j ts ruler DJID'U.1 that he shou ld Il'O~' be forced up on hi s will, 1m' adopts ~h e stand that ~;11,e ruler is responsible before ~'he stare's representarives of consultation and those in power (Ahl A l-H i.f Wet A f,. "A,['la). 'M,oreoV',er ~ f.'he y have the ri,ght to di~mi 5'S, him 'wf he dev ~ ales and oppresses [helm and gives a deaf ear 10 the advice of th~,~:r people,

bi addition to w hathas been menti oned! above, the Is larnie stat~ gives every person, man Of' woman, in ~he natien tfue rjgh~ to advise the m1 er and demand that he enjoin good and forbid e vil accord i:n,g to original law' of' gu idance between £eUow Musli ms, whare ver hi s pesi tion or status nnmy be,

~ Anti me« believers and 'WO'~ten believers are patrons on.€ of the' other; they command beneficence and forbid ~n{deflcenc.e,,, ,

(9:71 )

W estern democracy ~ a'i ~h ough it has some advantages, has no

a, 'II b hi II!,.' bid . , hi I., ~I "b 1,. ~

'PlnnC'lp~es ."1 'iN' lU~H ~t a noes, nOlr vsrmes 'W -_leu r'egl],~Me, ~~s _eJ!,avwor'~

It can, in the name of thepeople's representatlves, shan {anlrnd) virmes and \ilpho~d vices, enact ~nj"tl$tice~ permit the unlawful and 'forbid the lawful, to the; extent that ii~ was said in the EnJ1'islll Parl'iament [fila!: "It has, the right 10 deci de, whamJev€t it wants, except to tum a lillIilIn i nto ,11 wonl"an~ or v lee versa."

Por these reason S,twe ~ ave seen l hal the Amer ic an democracy legalizes wine, whether for drinking, manofacturing or trade in spite of d amag <'.!I,it:.' to- ;IIliiA~ vidual {. famifies c o m munitie ,~", the econ ...... I'Y1i.'l and

v .' ,IL'I" ,,~:- L.jo,_- w ~ Ilh,.,. ,Yh;, .e l~ ci! I' 0.,1, .... 11 l~","".,,~ - _-, , , , [I ~, : H I, -;;:),~ ,,1108 'ti _ :'0[:IU,_ ,'D ~J ~. __ i, '

JTIora:1 s. W'e: have al $-0 found some western democrac ies perm i 1 a man +0' marrv a m '0:II,1IiI and WOO' m '·-~n-- to m iarrv 'a OW· -'0-' m "I]Ii; 1i

t; _ , - .[ W,i ~. : !l!II'II! a,I,I.· ',- -- ,., , ,it", -w,:.( :. i·: . _". ,; , ,Ulll.,

Western democracy can dissociate itsel f from, anythi n g:~, even fl'Onl democracy itself, through a majority, vote referendum OF' file ~~:ke. An Arab ruler said, II Democ racy bas teeth and cl a W:S and i :1: may bemore vic ious than a d ictatorshi p!"

Moreover, western democracy, although we admit iits advantages, Is directed by apparent, hidden powers [0 serve its interests .. , It is no wonder, that we found some cap italist democracies which permi ~ usury and III O'ElQiP 0 I y because they bring abou t: benefits to 'hl'lluential and powerful people at: the ex_peirt~e of t~ e majority of people"

It :i s supposed that democracy means rul e by the people for the people, but ~n reality it produces representatives who do not care, about people's ~n~erest;_5 except their own and their' class and their ,alilies: from

'I • n '", I' TI b€1ni' d hi . 'I '6. 'I

the im tuennat. ~,-:_1ie reasons _ emnu uus 'I,S t aat there are no mora.

cond iti ons or requl rernents for candidates or voters, if in fact, the, 'w wl~ of voters. has honestly been shown.

Thus, rule by consultatl on, on which the Ist;:unic: state is founded, Is characterized by limits w hich emmet be transgressed, For obligatory 'worship, of Islam, if's practical p~narg, moral principles and delusive rules are the basic principles w'it~ which the connnnnity is 'mUy satisfied. and upon which its system '~J:f life L~ founded. It is: not: the dornai n of consu lration and 'De idler parl iamen tj, nOT the government 'that has th,e abi ~ ity to alter any of thern. 'What has beenapproved by Allah cannot be negated by man, and 'what has been: negated by Allah can Il1H)'t. be approved by (nan.

From j,slrill.'mls peint of view, an 'ejector stands as a witness, What is re'f~iired of a. witness j~s uprightness and a blameless character, as IS also a prereqaisite for an elector, Allah, theAlmighty ~ ~says~

~ ,A. nd call in to u!stitnony .t~"!·o (men) owning a sense of just lee JhJ.m atn ong yaurs e Ives. ,

f6'· 1:'''2\ ~.··"IJ'I"· ./' •.

~. S····'u' .... ',.1- 'W' ,~',~ .,~ D'.<·',e·\19 ~''''I''; ')I: ..... j'j' .... ",~,.;..:) "'''''';;(i'fj"cj;e',,,,,,, '1,,}1'1"~ )','

. .KILo! Do' ,Ii·" l!'i!!!Ij".; ~I'" loJ.I~ ~Ii.;o~ .·I.:.J.'~ '~11;!!" -t;- !oJ'~I!,I'~I".J'. ,[. . (:·_l ,~ I~ • J"li III j

II ' -.'

(2:282)

And he 111lJlS:t give testimony illn case, he is summoned to cast polls and not to conceal it,

~'And w'hosoeve r ke,el's ts back; I'll ell. SIJ. r:e.ly his heart is vicious, ,

(·2'~"9"l!·) .

. .,...,."..0":'.'

<:,Altd let th« witnesses not refuse" whenev.er they are caUed~~,

(2.:2:82)

As for a" candidate, he 'must be "preserver and. knower'"!' Of' "powerful and devlolted.~~(2'~ Otherwise, he 'win QlpellJ [he door to others and neglect sueh principles which hasten the end, of Ummah. as explained in the haditi: ~bat reported by al- Bukhaeiwhich states, "The Prophet {peace, be, upon him) said, jll trust' is lost, 'wai't far tiM Hour; f He wasasked, 'How bs trust lost?' He (the, 'Prophet) said, ~1f the 4fftiil~;S arc entrusted to people other tho» theirs, Yf)U' 'w,a;lt for the Hour. ~~r

I. h denotes 110 A.I ~,a.h~5, s.ayi ng, 011 the tongue of Joseph to, the king of B,gypl, ~ S(!'~ m:e o'Ve,r d'lt. sI'().re-bouS'€:1!' 0/ the: iilIT.d2 lllJ\1~1 II Bot}dlce€;pe r, know.led,getd,l.e. .. ,. ('I 1:: .:5.5)

2, It denotes llO' A]~;aJh~s: saying {In the ~'f)ngue' (rf t!1ne dallght'er of the aged S.hd~dh. :iin the MU!"1 of Moses, ~.O II'(}' (dead fatherl E~f!;a.ge him; (ji,j, 'i~!:age$_" u'14r II/it! bes,~ oj' tuen .for t.l'ie~ to ewnploJI is I.lie {1'l,ltlll:) wiJV is s!rOtt,8 (md trf'~!~IY., (2tt26)., IHrI3:i!'C' strength means S!j:fl1(:'ie:~·1t:y and ex peri euee, and ~ rust l'IlemIS alertness of eonsclenee and fear of AU ~lh!, both uf t'bem Qt.J~npk<t¢ dle orber,

D['~ Ash-Sha.wi!simpressiv'e statement

It give:s, me p leasure to report w hat W~IS wri uen ou [ by Dr. T,(1;'w fiq ash-Shawi 'in the Egyptian newspaper "Al-Wafd" on 11/9.11,986 in his defe-nse of the Islamic 'trend and in reply to a question by Mr. Khalid ,M, Khalid as a demonstration of the. Islamic state's superiority over a democratic one" He (l11ny Aih~h protect him) sakl:

'!:!'SH'C h snperiori ty has two sides: :11 rst, 1.51 anrru preceded the, c onternporary con sthudon al system in acknow ledgi ng dH!Se pri nc iples more than a thousand ye~n~ ago, Second, what is. acknowledged by Islam :i n th is respect, reached a level wh ich no ~y5{eml these con ternporarydernoc rae ies flu ve had ehe abi ~ iity to emulate or, at least, are expected to reach in ~he future even if 'we wai t another thousand years.

EXtt'nl[J'~C,S of such principles in which Islam has ac tl ieved superiority over contemporary constitutional systems, are as fori QiW S;:

Ii = The principle of "Shari'ah. rule" surpessed th(u of "rule by man-made law" , Th i s democratic principle does '110't ] j m i 'I me eornpetence of the legislattve alll,tholily i::n a state: as 'long as it enacts Jaws and norestrictions are placed on its rightsin 'this field, irrespective of the body which practices such a.'U~hority~wh,ether represented 'In a parliament (elected by 'free Of' rigged elections), state's presidene, or mHitary 'OF civil council which pracnces ~e,gi slati ve authori ty . As 'for' Istarn, Shari "".1'1 is ill, comp lete ru le over all, political authorities Jncluding [tie body which €-I1RCtS man-madelaws, They haveno right techange Of' suspend the rules of Shariah.

Therefore, Islam is the first political system to' restrict the, authority of a, mlingmejority (whether real lor se;~r~slyl,ed) and thjs

i s what i.'s sou g~ t. by al i juri s ts of cunternporary constiturional ~al.\1 t who ~r.y to ded uce gene ral supreme prinei ples also called "natura I. law," by which I~.he body W~flkh enacts ]£1.W5 must abide and

e- ontradiet ~~. '0'· 'f'~ i' -11i'eC-", mr";1 ~'~".. ~I oles :"1 c '] A ,f'i,f''i! nuen j" O"~ ik iI..·~1 m 1',1;'11, ri '0'11" t·· .... ,0"1.11. . .::: _.I~, ~.I~.:- .. t Ili.::!~ ,r·.I~~!"'- t'IU:.;.~ . L1' ,(. U....,.,..,'liIJ .1.:!'Vwl.lb. :1 In.: ~ ,u. ~ ,~~,~'IIL.7)."

Unfornmately, unli11 now, no method has. been 'found to protect it against annu lrnen t Dr a mendmen ~.crtnmed ou~ by those w 110 usu rp ru ~e in darkness, or those who tread [1 p·mth of tyranny" So, these supreme principles to which phllosophers and scholars have dung to remain without ~1'11J effective commitment by legislative authorities or. by lhose who seize pclitical authority whether a dictator or rnili ~ary cou neil or ~:he :~;i ke .

Isl f1l:11. has been dec ided on ~hj So case for. more Ha am thousand years, by making the. Glorious IQur~~1!ID1t sent down by Allah t.he l\1 mighty ~ as the constituri 0111. By do ~rrug 8,01 tit: ,g:ave t'lThe heaven ~y p~1 nciples sanctity ~ eterni ly "lond con stancy protected by a bel. mer in Allah and detelituinedl :hy heavenly sources of Sharran. There are many practical results of this but 'we will not digresson them ..

2~· The principle of "rule of Ummah" 'preceded that of' "public rule" in modern democracies, because' the nati on (Unu~ltJh)C'G)'ns ists of various countries ·w.~1:~ch may be governed by different states. So, public rule signifies dha,t mle of tile: people iii:) a given territory, governed. by every state, and 'W h ich any government has ~he r~ght to acknowledge, deprive it from i ts freedom, fo:rge. its wi U 'Of do whatever it wants in :lhe name of it, The ru~~; of Ummah, which has the right of consensus Ojlw,a ~) ~ n Shar! '"ah, is exerc ised by ~he Islamic nation (Ununah) in all 'its countries and territories. 'Only lj.l.oo.", wh ~ch is carried ou~: and issued by th is huge ·U tfuna'h, (or i:~,s reeresenra tives of M' ·P;d'tn.,L..,;- -~~'I,~{'~l ..-m:lI!'lI,d scholars is consideredto 'b-e

, _~ _ ~'Ii'ln~.~ ~. '" IG 'V. ~. , !:!:,I" 1.<1 rhUn ~ ~.q,~! _ " ~ _ ~ ~" ~ . ~ _ ~ ! ~~ ~ _ ~~ ~ '" _ ~

the. source of legal judgments. And it is incumbent upon arn~ people

who form this ~:.a~k~ll i.n.d,wh,(} s~1ea'k ]-~;i its fll,llle (by legal aU'[h!Qfi,~y or not) i~~O' respect such consensus (ljnui"') because 'i~: represents the rule 'Of the Islamic na t i on (U rnn1(J',h ).,

In fac t the Uffllntlh~ hu'v:in,g; such size nndcharacterlssics, is the on'ly one which represents Sh(J,ri~a-h along with its consensus (lj,tui"').. It is the only one which has (he right of Ile,gi:slati'we nde which cannot be cl ai med by any governor, whatever h~ So statu s may be, or any 00 l!Il:'IC H, wh ich sepresents one sect of ~~ i s nation'. 'H:owle;ve:r,~ if some lP~opl~~ living in these natltio[[ljs,~, are permiaed to practice so rne .ki nd of rule, it j s :a I iiuJi t,ed ru I:ewhich is determined by the consensus of the nation W~iJ ich hIs the g~nera,~ supre,ltlle ru ~e"

"l,'~_,_::~ 'T::-.··~,:,e·.· 'ii1'Iir' ·",t'[i;"' .. ;"~p.lle.·. of "sepersrion a ,'j"m-, "".M,' a.' , .. om; :',~'~:'i'in.. ririe 'i'1'_" i~ is saperic :;:' ~'i"i;_: ~,-"fii...c to.

,~J ,~I,I .. It''. ~,I:!C ~" ' L ..... ~ ..;>IQ, l!il!-. '!:,'- ~ V ~ ~" V~',I,1:=.i g I!.'H,I I, u H . "" ~ "'" s·!!.!!! c r : , .lOr I~"" !ll.nil,

of 'CO'[1 sti tut~otl,i'i] il;el( Is 'W bi,cti make deeislons under modern democratic S:Y's~)ems,. Mn I511:ami~ this 'ms 'folill,nded on IQ1f,28ni c separation between legrnsl~,~'i:vle. authority and all :po'[iti:cal autherities, starting from the state's presrnc~~JU3Ur.ld, 'pm::1 ~ am,eHl~ as' wit .... of o!!i;'v'.o.C11!11;:"1 'V e an .. li.-. ~m" "]"111 ~ C!t'r:!riit.~1 ve '-'I; It thor :'1- ti ;I':!ii,'"

~ _ II H '-'. '!;,;,"A'I;,;'",~,,,,· _. _ ~,~.J'!!! ~, ,', .. h:!l. gJ~. '_ . "w ..... 11., ...... Ii!I'~

Up till now, independence of legis,~,aJti.o[l '[rom state and !i (8; political authorities, as prescribed by ,~'s,~a:m, has nOI~, been matched by Hmy' demecratie system whether o,~d, Ow' modern. The Islamic state jig the on ~y one 1r1. the world ~ whiehls :rnotpe<tn1'i:Ued ~o clai m that law -e".,:m!reSS€c$;, its will as~ftalt~-..jI1 in g,]'1 books of 'm' -- an-mad .. ' 'ii, .... :'

_ ~ _ ~ A,I-" __ . _ . ,- -~ ~L.""'!OY .~;,i "'. 'UvV . .:!I" .n ,mi:®tJ,e; ~a,w

whether' oild or modern. Moreover, you \-vi'~ ~ nev,ell' find even one nde:t 'w.h .... issued '1~,w('I) unde 'T ~·~Ie··. prece 'p': ts n;'~' Islamic S:-it.""~;"'··,.~·~

~ ~ ~ ~....""' _.. _. ""'. ~ .. _ _ ~ 'L ~ . _ . Ii......... . . 'Ill 'U Ii ,<ll W""~ "L I,W.... _ /,1LU i, all!

. " - ---

(whell:her- he was righteeus 0[[' despotic). This is, nf CiQ'U'f'Se',!, in contradlction to wh at happens in modem stases where everyone,

l. I-:Ie' imJ'ii'i!3l1lrl i':: £'I,V;iIliriilin rua~;' '!ivh~''''~ g ,~I.i!>r-i!'i'!", pc .,.;ij;p-~ ·I~ \" r,.,.JI''''ibl" ens and nnt '" 'p":~'" "I! ~:- c/i,;

__ .... . _ VI '.~ _ ~ _~ __ _~ .... _.. _,." ,,'" ....... , .,. .... ""'~ .... '" ... ,~ , ",... oJ. _"'~'l.I,<II~, ~:lB!W

. . i _ -- - - --

\\i'hich is derived 'frOim), principles and Fiq/l: !(If S:hari'a~LI~ro th~s, ,C3iSe there is, no,

'ic~r'OIn\C: ;'is ~ong ,~S itis !lO~ :iml ~t'i!nniClw~tl~ ne,i~ttJer- ~e;tl nOill ,ii, S/iar',~ 'm.lin~:

wiho [holds the power ilfl the state, has the l"iig~U 1[0 change ~,:llI,WS~ even constitutions, and 'issue 'what. cenforms to his, desires,'

We cannot' ,I glnore' that (J..~IT~OC racy l' by consrinni o:na] guarantees, separation amon g: tlllLLl~ho,:ritil~8~ freedom of ~he,'ress;~ a multi-party system and enlighten people to' realize their rights in facin _g' rulers, has controlled irs oppressors, backed up {be oppressed and uphold the :p:~ n~ts: ,of len~nd freedoms iby establishing parliaments, ~un,i~")iJlJs" freednm of the press and. other sim,~ ~ar in stiultiJ ons,

n j s 'the duty of the Mus~ irn state ~QI benefn ~rou, such experiences, to' guarantee and derive support for ~he. principle o'f Shura and to stand against dl1e oppression 'Of des-pork tyrants, even Ilf It means preventing their ,mp[i] earance; depending on the rule of "b Iocki rug the means" aflicll ti whari s requ i fled for ach iev ing: a dt1~y ~ is a duty jj •

A guldon,le,e ' •• '. :m.o;t tax"cotIe:etiR,g sta)te

The. Islamic state, according to the: scholar Abu al-Hassan ~n~N'ooa!.w~~ms at state of guwda-rnJe~ not a tax-collecricn state. )[1] other words, its, ul timate concern is to spread its C;EI!U to all mankind, and cOlrnmuni:caL~i~s, mission everywhere. It is a lln"elllcy of ,AJ~mlh for a'~1 mankmd and Ji~ isnotpermiued ~O\ ~prevent ~hemercy of A] ~ab, 'from reaching his servams.

The Prophet (peace. 'be UpCJl1i him) started e;s,'!:a'bl i sb,irng III js, state by sendingmeasages to a~1 kings and princes of the world Ito inform thesn of his eall and face them with clear proofs, ,illt ~is! ~Ih~re;fore~ incumbent on a state 'w~ ich speaks in his name, and possesses methods which were not avtlJillfllb'l!e before, ~~O S11rpi~'BS, obstacles in its, p,3i)th andnansfer the voice of If dam to th'e wh ole world. Otherwise A~ ~aJh 'I the Alm:ight~ ~

~'1

..,_.. .1.

- , .: 11 hold it (the st.ale ).' r esponsl ble f'o:r those In:i ~ 1 ion s, even b iII, i ons - of

WI, ,,' , l ' " _ " ,~" ,-, ~ " , ,- ..., ~ , , , ,',,~ ~ , , , "",' ,." ~ ~

people 'who, '~110W al nlu,~11 nothing about Islam, or disi[o:rted information which causes harm more t~,an benefits, interpolate it with that which is 'I rrel evant, exclude p r i nci p ks wh i ch are its core an d essen ce and distort facts into falsehoods and vice ve .. rsa,

The: duty o:F an Islamic state is to guide people, to Allah, the Alrnjghty, remove obstacles from the path. of Islam, and address

ee .. 0:; pte in th e la nzuas eo," f their time and world in .... rder to 'U: nd .JJ,ii'~I1l"~'·- -Ill'-:'~

,l'"'" ~ ~II.! ~,' ~~-,~ ... ,Il,.!.D - " ~ .... ,~'" ~- .... iI;I!., ~_,' ~, "~ v... ,\, , " ~'iJI,~,a, 'IJI!

wha~ i s stated by the Glorious IQlI r' alii.

AI lab, the A,I mi gil ty, s ays,

~ 'We sent not a tn ess eng er except .( to teach] in the 1J:1.'ng,tr.age' of his OW,~;l people, in order to make (things) clear to them. " (13i::4..)

The language ,of the people iJTh the 15~b century 0''( .liij,'·ah 'was: different from that of the people of the J zth or 13'lh century. So, 'we should. flay attention to' such diffe .. rences .and speak (:0 people with what thev know and 'Shun what thev ig'HOI-e in order to avoid wrong ~~-!n~'" , " 'J ,. ~. ..," ~ . .T' ~, . ~, ~ - ~ .~". - ,. . n , ;!;;!IS

agai n st A nail and :H i s Prophet,

The governor of Egypt sent a. m,essag:e to "Umar 'i bn .., Abd al"Aziz, d~uin.g: his caliphate, complaining to' hien of the increase in the number of people who embraced Islam and upon whom tributes (J lzyah) were removed, They were :81.1 so not requ ired to pay Zakah. exeeptefter the lapse of ful~ year from date of their embracing Islam. The, governor w~,n~ed tributes (Jiz:ytlh) to be continued for ~~mmi,ng lax, inc orne of taxati Oml. W hat W~"",'(1 the r:e:~ly" '0' ,i" ... U!ITI ~i."r· ib -, ',- '~, Abd ,~~l~" ,,~, .. ' ' . , . ..,

, ," . . , , " """"" , ,', ~ '!If"',' ~, . "."", I . n u· til ,nZ IZ '!'

His reply was, am illuminated and surnmsrized statement wh it h represented ~he rnission of :an Islamic state as visual ized by the ,Rigfu~y Guided! CaJ I ph ~ ii M:ay A I '~,ab detest your opini on ~ A I' lah has sent

.1:"'" ;.-;J!,~

Muhalrnmad as a guide not a. tax-collector." This is the mrnSSIOml: guidance, not tax-col lectiou, Sume countries make :it their concern ~:o collect whatever '[hey are abl e to fro m '[he 'pockets o:f snbjecrs by a.ll· possible means .. Th'6 primary concern of the Islamic state, however, hi, to guide, in whatever 'w.ay it: can, people to the Religion of A.~I.ah "For; if A~;;~J~ caused. only one 111H[l to be guided through YUH.! [15 better for you ~han whatever sun has risen and. s,e[ over h .. ·I!'

A, stateof :safe.guarding t.be :fe,chle

The Muslim state safe.guawds the rights of the weak not the mterests of the powerfu 'I ones. It ~ mposes Zak;a;h, upon the rich to compensate the poor, It further spec ifies a certain portion of the state resou rces foil' theil.,eedy~. the orphans, and the. 'wayfarer, TheGlorious Qur'an eloquen ny dec lares,

.~ In order ,ha.t it nU:l:y not be d' circuit between the wealthy among you •. ~

(.59-:7)-

The first Cali ph of Isl am. dec'! aeed In his first speech : "The powerful among you. wjr~ be the most feeble with me till I take from him Ute due dg:ht,. and tine. feeble. among you will be: 'the most powerful til 1 ill restore h:i m hi s 'ri!ght agai n",

'It is the state that stands on behalf of the oppressed and the. subjected 'whom have been trodden by the most harsh and tyrant persons for ,al,ou.g, time, 'The Muslim state not only safeguards ~he feeble" 'but fi.gRl~S at '~he same tinle to free the~n, cAU:atJ says,

~A.nd why should ye no! .flght in the ,Cause of A Uah and of those' who] being w.e,aki, are ill-treated (and oppressedi? M·t.rt" WQ,mlBJ1\ andchildren, whose cry is ~~O.~r Lord! .ResCfi.e

53

Jslam is an unprccedenred reUg~on that cares about the rig:~,~s and protecti on 0 f the feeble wi thout thei r own questi on of so do ~ng nor even their clai ~il1 of tlrl is, rilgll1t. Tiley further became fam i, I, iar wi th in jus dee and oppression as being the normal and basis 'of the, social system.

Islam is en shri ned. wj rh a message of J 1[1 stice th~]l was revealed i:1il the Divine Books through ~he great messengers of Ai,~ah. On ~ts basis the heavens .andea'Fth are erected, Is lam comes to guarant:ee an d prescribe the security of the feeble and stands on their behalf till d)"e return of their rights, whether :i,~ bematerial or mend.

I I - - 'I ,. d - r~ "I I 1-

,f" .,.' _,. -c· ,.,.- .-, ..•.. '-. -'- '''I·.·' ... ' . I, - .-'- ~ .. :-."-.': .. -. ,'- ••.. ~. I ,---- --- • ":-,~ "i_I!--'" - ". -', .,--.

~:S tam g,oe.s om 10 set. a p an 10 or ier to . ree the sta Yes, u, as an

examnle 'a,'nr'i, oints a portion of the Z-~"""k:n'iI', '''~~l'r the sake 0, "f: this verv goal, ~\!\._ .' -,t-J~,~~ '- ~:I:' ,,,. --', '. ' - - . ~ , ". ~ ~'-'- ' 1104.~ .. 'I .. f ..• iv" I,ll"-' I3U, .,' .J[ I~ ~''I...i', J " ~ '!oi

hl rhe age of the Caliph "Umar ibn 'Abd ~d-"Aziz, his commander inAfrica sent him a letter expressing his failure to 'nllld a. pOOl1' person to receive Za;kah. Thereupon ,. Urnar commanded. 'Ill ~ m [0 purchase slaves and set: them free.

Islam :P-,Fe5C'rI bes a cerrai n a:mount of the riches' property for' the poor. Not as a kind. of benevolence bu~ as a religious duty' tba~ stands among ehe five plllars of ]:SbUl1. Zaka'h is not a vohnlt-ary act, So ruf a group of people refrai n from payi mg it out they mu sr be combated, as the first Cali ph ~ n I slam ha~ d one srgu ing, !~:B y Allah t If theyrefrain from giving me a halter of a camel they used to giv,e the Prophet (peace be upon h,i~m)~ I' 'wnu]d surely figh~ them for it."

Zakah~ :i n Is ~,¢un~, :i s not a, temporary ,a.~d with some m.one.y or food,.

Rather, iil: should sa~ls,fy the need of the poor and his, f(,Ulli'Iy.~ as: to, meet the basic needs 'i n term s of food, drink, cl othes, hODS ilng'l medic ine,

:~. A,II., - . ~ f

;)'4 s.t,a$-l~' in lstam

a .. II1.·d education il.~. a .. lill li 00" lerate manner witt.OI'I~''''''''~r·lv',l':'l':',~~~·e' ~~:~,'"

"'" ~ ~. ~' .... '.' . ~~.~ ~,~ ~ . _~"Il .. "".IL, e,A,~, ,( . (;i.g,llitC ~ ntH

strictness, Imam ash-Shafi' li and ~:~s proponents go further to mainrain rhat tlh e poor s hou ld be gran red 0'1' Za,knh w bat 'WOiU ~Id salts f:y hi 'In al I: his ,Ilife ,_ as expected to' be, average ~ in order ~o 'be: in 110 need oif ,Zalu;,}'] again, Nevertheless, I have discussed this in detail hi lUY book Fi,qn A.Z:nZa}(,ah and The Problem ofPoverty and How Islam SOhN:!S if.

A It.. • 'Ii ~ '"il "I' I' 1.., " .. 1'

t me same n me, rstam I So concerneo W 1.'1 l these WuO ar-e rn n 1I, I re

need: such asthose in debt andthewayfarer.

N sl am cares most iiY - :i n {h'B (3-~ori DUoS Qur'an and the pari fled Sunnah ,_ about the orphans who are deprived of thei Ir parents at an early age, :U stresses on honoring their person a.way from suppression and humili ty t. and kee~'~ng thei r property awa.y from corruprion and abuse" The Glorious QlW:~!8!J.n exp~iicit]y commands:

~ A,na come not n;igh, to the orphan f..~, propert» except to improve it in the best w,ay. ~

(6:152)

That is to the extent that if two ways are available to improve the orphan's property; ,on~y the 'most beeeficlal will be permined.

The Prophetic },,~~ti~'fig also cared: in unnaralleled manner ab .. Q:'U"(" the

, ",' '" .; ~_ .... _ . , J::Ju.,! _,., _.=,,-. . _' _ . h_ !!.l!'_ "l"""- AU._ i~",,1I.J!! "I~U~!""· in. .. "

feeble and thei r prnteetion i n the most: wonderful style of speech,

'Thus, the a,H-embracing religion, Islam, CQnOOnl,S 'with all categories of feeb Ie and: weak 'whatever their need; money for' the poor, freedom for' the slaves, a place for 'the wayfarer, a, shelter for theo-rphans, 'Inain~enance for the: widow, help for the aged and chi ld [en" and S,O Oil ..

U'I'i',!(n,~ observed ,s-· o!!i;" d" ~11I,..;,iil'I Abi Waqqas disrezard some fe eble the .I,-.I,il,. rn:l~g .'!U';~' . ..;., _,~,'I,II!)~I! .: _ .. ,'_ ,~.J.-j".: S;[ c_ ei;~:I~ ;u.V_ .e ........ ,'j ,_J ..

Prophet (peace be upon him) commented, ~!O I' aren't you granted SUs.teIU-lnCe' and victary dille to the /i!ebl'e among )'O,u? i'!(1 )

In 'm_'~_\i'.',- P' oint of view this ha.dith ~ ail ""'110' 'wl"~'I-II: i1!::S ·]1;1 lusion [''"1. the

J . ~ - 1!. - - ~ - - -- --- - - - __ .. v ~ _!.l.l I~ ~ !.L"J.! [I, 111iUI.JI! ~v ,\JI' ~ ~

favor and closeness of the feeh lie, oues to A II ah to the exten t that He bestow's His Bless and Vjcturyupon the whole nation, because of their devotion and feaFt~u~ness ~ refers 10 an important fact which people often ignore; tbat the 'ChlSS. of feeble and W'l~H\k pelo:p~'e constinne the core of producti on ~ n times of peace, and the pi vat of v ictoryi 11 ti rnes of 'war as they are the brave I1gh~enl,.

Abu Sa ... id narrated t'ha'[ the M'essenger of A'II all (peace be upon him) sai-d,

feeble receives not his right within" hardship nor harm, i.e .. 'without harm that alarms and an:rw:\I'$' him ~~.I.)

~,.

Also.on the authority of Mll",awiyah who said that the Messenger of A'-"]']- g .... (peae 'e' b "e' u p 0:' n h "I'm" .'). ""~ j d-'-

-" ~,Il .,1 ......... ' '- '"- .. -_.i.l" ,'~'QU, -",

i:AI&tn never sanctifie» a natio« In which. right is' not estaf;lL'fI,hed and the feehl e receives not hts ri.'ghl ftom' the POW,(j ,fid withaut hardship nar htUlfL r.r(l)

Rabi'ah ibnYazid reported that: :Mtl."'a.w1yah sent Maslamah Ibn.

Mi kh lad a letter ccmmandi FI~' him to nuestion "' A bdul tah ibn " A, C.7 - -, "ll"

. -, _.. - -' - - -, ,- "it':! ' - , '''1. ,. - , - " - . - .., ru , , "mr ~ .. n

al- ~'A:s to whether he heard the M,~"sseng,e>r of AJ Iah (peace be upon h im) say,!

"it sacredness will nev'er be g,talued' ta U nation in which thefeeble receives no',' his .rigluJrvm, the powe-rfi~ti without JUl,r:iI:~'/11!p II~.

Mu \j,W iyah said, "Then if he approves, fe-itch ~ri m om a came! to me. i'i ,H,8I.'\d ng qaestioned him and grasped hi s approval j,Mas1amrul

J." Rep~)llfIJ;id by Abu Ya"I~I, on a ,gu(id (mt~:ori~,y" Q~]bu~ on the Ill1Hhorily of his r;:'~lhe:r,~ and by at- Tsbarani iii AJ-Kabi'r and A "-,A'~~sru. ,Majm'_l' .A Z:-Zi;i ~Mti 'id, 4-1 '91 ,

2. Reponed by at~Til;b.rlid;lrui em ageod trnnsmi;ssi:on,~ MC1imci' A,;::;-.L:nv,a!JcI; 5-2{19"

brutl,ghl. ~ ,A rnr from [i,gypl: [,0 Damascus. M,[ru',~:~vjyah. run '~[I'lrn" questioned -. Amr p~rsonaHy" fl'a;v:in,!: heard llhii~, from hlin~l\.b(, uW~'y,~l~h: commented, "I lUA'\1~',e' ~dlre;[Wdy heard 11 but :[ desired to be more sure, ~~~ 1]1

Mar,e over ~ thi s badi til was nana:led. ~in lrn(~II!1)i occasions an d it 111a,y be said more 'l'hi,o,1i'u :omlCI!2;-

.. " -_ " dl ... J, 1 , ,v,~ ..... ,_!_if,J!!,,_ ' __ '_. -

hi,rn) migrated ['10' ~1'ed~n,j1]jj, he appeinted to Ibn M:,~s~'ud (.a portion of ~and or money) ~w'ke the others. Thereupon the Companions said", 1~Whrl[ ~,h~\f'~J!ll: 01 :M',e~senge:r of ,Ad:~~jh.·· He (peace be upon him) said.

'I! 'U/I I ,~/ ,Ii, jl~ ,r ,'Ii . j' ~ HI' -,-,;,"

-' ¥l'tf!ij t l-e',n W'CI SI,' Sf!'lfl:t i1Vh, l ;a~:l. ~> 'i",eru¥~ }~ uan tj;elJer SCU1:CU.!:U~; s u nauon

IJ" .r _ ~

in, l,vI1l'(:-/1; thefeebl« receives '"ot his rigiltrr'l)

And '~lrn rhe authori,[y of B,ur,uyda:h \V'~ilO said -UUIl. the :l\1e:.~;se\ngelr' of ,AJli,all (peace be upon h;infl) questioaed Ja'far (m:a:;r Allah be. pleased with him) en hls return from ,Abys~~'imruirru~ lii'What wa$ .~'he most lvO'nde;ifu-l thing y,(n~ 1~:'tn-1t there?" Thereu pen he r'~pi led, ~~:I: sa w a 'wom£m: carrying a large basket of" f(]odl 011 'her head, A hOrSC-fllEifi passed 'Ib!y her and kicked! the basket dCI'WWl. She :8;(lJIt: SfllUy cn~l~eci~:ing the food of the ground ,~J1:d turned back s,i~ting,! ~W"Qe to y'ou willen the Kim1"g (Exal tedand M;i gill;)! be 'He)' lays, 'His: Throne tiJj[9d, [leveng~, !Qf[he oppressor!" 'Ihns the Pronhet (peace be uponliliim) commernted~

l J~ ,F" ~

.rVerflJ!~ (J sacredness }"i/i;'U uev.er be granted' to a n;ati(}I,~ in wld~.'h the le.eb'lit receives not his r,ight from the ,1].('Jwer!uJ witno'ut l1ardshit~, ttor

~>i.~ ~"Ic~ ~ ~l(:3)

1'lr~!l.I; .~. ,~'III:"1l

0·'·' "1-- - -' .... ---"-,·--6'ii'ii ... -- A'-b-' >CJr-'I·",· ._. ",~ .. said 1JA-· 'Iii".' ... - '.' -. the

...1[1 t._:~e; autno lr:l ty (I'll son ,,' ,m ,!.jl]: ,)I,an w~ j!(J. .sa,t, _'j! ~ ~;;, ,J,I',ew came [:0 ~JU:::

Proph et (peace be upon hlmJ a;~dd[lg for the payment a fa debt '~ ,~n1U

I. Repofl~d ivy ,ijl.,T,~}b,qJ~ma1li on :BI g!iJodf.r,~[ljs.m i sslon, ~4,'{Jj"J!,(I; A:.;::-,ZaIJ!~'t1·~d.~ S -,209,

2. Repcu1'ed by :DJt· '~;,~~~n'l![jl~ hli ,A 1;'. ,'i(a/)ir .8ind A,~'~Aw.\7eu (1,11::1, .15'.00(1 ~nllthm:ily ~ ,Maim-a' As:,~Z:I1nJ}itt. 4,- 191 ..

], R'~p(ld'~~' 'by !d~13 aZirur and ,~~L = Tabarani.

amouru o'~( dales '~ and he spnke harshly to the Pmphe~ (peace he 'upon lli'm) ~:o the extent ~haJ the CCnllna.Tiljn~ls were about to slav him.Bur

~ -

t~l,.e Prophet (peace be. upon him) said; f;UlcJ'h never sanctifies - or

grants mercy ,_ upon a nl1tlon that does IUJ( guarantee the rig,ht of the w,e'ak wilfunu' harm or fear.' He'I' ~h,el1j' sent for Khawlah bint Hakim 'to borrow an ,8UnO~JT!I'[ 'Of dates from her. W¥l'i ~e. payi ng the debt, the, Prophet eommeneed, 'Thus the faUhfli,d servants o/,God conduct, 'i<llh,Ue 'we have had an amount ofdates as debt, but it \I!!(JS something good" ~'I'.r~ 'II ~

Thus, I slam stands up for t he 'weak. '~ 'w~ ate ver the reason - agai n st any aggression,

Islam stands up for the poor- until he tuta:illls his rig'ht5 of theafflaent person even if it requires figbting asmentioned above,

:I.t stands up for the employee unti ~ he receives h:i s full sa lary from h is employer. E~ cquently I' it stresses, "Pay the' em~i"I.{)~V'(N!. his 'wag.e' b(!jo.,·~ his ,n.v'e,,;t' dries. {.1{2:)

,h~, moreover, mentions a mong d1()Se. whom Allah takes as enemies on the Day of J udgmene, n,," and a man who has hired a '~'Ilorktnan;~ has exacted Iris due hf:./tdi from l'i'ln:i (.uui' 11\(ts tio't given hin1 his 'W'Gl'ge'., ~,~J)

It further stands up for the unknown person :1 n society - who has no property, power, descent Of' rei atives; h~ s intercession is ue ver accepted, his proposal for marriage 'i s ever refused and hi:s asking permission for entrance is rejected. About such a. man, the great Jivi'h;~ ssenger '~ preferring ~'d rn to those who have power and descent, property and [arne = said,

I .. , Reported by .U'·Tabaf,~mi..,

2. iR.epoficd by Ibn M!:tlijili,h on the [I.u~ho!rHy of I'h~~ "Urnar, "Abd Ar-Razzaq on I,he ~~!).rth(ldty of Abu Hurayrah, and ~1:~,l'ablitm!fl!,i on the ,aiU,'~,hOl:it:y of Jabir in ,A,l·A,w.'5"'(~~,

:3" Reponed by' a.i- Bu.k h~~d, ~m.d i'I is c~ Dij c~it~c Hadii I~"

"Thisfeeble ,one' is better than a n~tUi',b.er that'JI/fj· the earth of t:he other (ttte po: verfu! ri "PI one)l r.~ I )

He fu rther assn flied rh 'i So fael!: :S~] 'j ing,

I!M{;~)' a m,C~'I'J - H,"ho apll(Jetr:Jtc.li'j'he\N?'le,c1 and covered It;tt:h dust and often denied ent 1')1 ito the 8'al'(!"v= tak-;e an oath l,!';'i,t I~' A. Uahj A Uah wauld J~',lfi I i his oath. r.~2 ~

Moreover, :~~ num ber ,if';,ji'" ,1;.n,f}i:"~i::' that were mentioned - above '1'''7'~"1~~@ 'I~'

v.. _ ~J'~ ~. ~,~ ~. U!Ir !!._ .... ~ lr'l-~lc !I.~' "!Ii 11111 'Il111]. '_~I' __ .. l IudJ I !I"w··· 1.:1. '. _. 0 _ _ y-~, , ,II ~1I;ill~~ _.'~

clear that ,AUHtJ~ never sanctifies til natlon ln 'which the feeble receive not thei f' right w ii'l-'h,....'~ ~~i' harm I o fe "'i -,:

'~_ !i- ,~~ _ .... ,,~ ~_, t! _ ,~,~ _ v .... , l,h;!!,1 , , - Ii' 11],1]'",

Islam goes further to, support women to receive their :rwg<h~s from men and rejects barm a,'I1d opp ression .0'1:1 'her si d e, even the man is a,

,~"i;,~il.,;I;I;'I· 0[' hush "::n~,d, I T' - IJ..,-i:!! f:! 1,0',rl':'lL'U i['!, 'Q-' U:' r'an iI'!:[-'~illii',;iJi;<!' h,JI,~n ...... _, IV _, ,UI,!U,,,,. ~ \~u ~ ,. ., m I;;. U:U V. ,Y''!,lI ~ " .. ' __ ' gU ,,;:, iUil~ ..... S,;,

~. ,0 ~ ye W}1;O .beli.e IIe..! }y! are Jvrhidden to inherit w:orne:n a~fjafl$St their will. Nor shmdd ,ye' tFe,(Jt t'i1e,I'n: 'with harshness, that yi!' ,may "alu!' tl way pa rt ,~f #le dower ,_ve have' 8'.i'vet!~ ,them:~ ~' excep'i' wile re ,i,he:y have been ,guilty of open lewdness ~;' ,on tne c.ontrar]? li ~te with them ()~1 a jV(}t.'i/l'g of kindness and ,e(l~d(y. ~,

('A "I-:n') I~::"~'~:

I slam cares, at the. same ti fin €j' about the children in order to receive tlfi'ei"l:, fii n ane ial, moral and emotional support from :1' arents. It. condemns the people of the Pre-Islamic Era (Ignorance) w11)0 used '[,0 ~:i U their ell ildren 0n~' of ,f e """." A ,ii" existence = -, 1--': ,,-, scted po avertv _~n I~U ...• , ~.,~~~ ~_~~. Vy!~ ., H.,,!I.i!;~ vi: ..... uh ..... Hce Oir ~X,pec _e ,--,.. ""~II"J ~

especi any ~n[~n~ girl s whol were busiedalive by their parent s j

'I" RepQJfted by ~l=B~!kh~ui oIDllI:he: ,f'JilII'~,orily of Sab'l 'ibn Sa'd, .2. R1;P~]mil:ecl 'by ,Mu$:i hiJ;I",

-: ~Vheu the femaie Onlanl) Durie,if ulive. is questioned [or whas c rime sn ewCJs kilied. ~

(8 I: 8-9)

And

~ '"--- ,

~,The n~;otl1:ef;~ slu:f.U giMe suck to their offspring hvo whole years ['0 r hlrn who desires to eomp! ere l.he' term: But he shall bear the cost of their food and clothin.g anequitab.ie

(2: 233)

Islam stands up for parents 'when they reach 'Q1d age and need psycho log-kat and fj nancial care and, greater C onsideration for their 'feelings 'I est [hey be harmed,

The Glori ous Qur'an cares, about the emotional and psycho logical

sides of parents say ing:

~ Thy Lord h(l/h: decreed that ye 'worship none Ina Him, that ye' be kind to parents; WJ7e'ihe rant! or both of them attain oid age in thy- life', my notto IJi:eln a word of contempt, nor renei ,~hAm., Buraddress ~hem in. terms ,of h'~: _--c:-,-A nd o t .... ~ .. ~ - 1~""'~ Lo;;._. -. - -. !'.!I, - - __ - II!< • __ ... _ - - __ . _'!O' __ J ,'j' _ on.or . .;fLn . o,u oJ

kindness, lower to thes» the vvin.ri' of humilitv. ~: - id s .' .. :_. i<iM ".

- ---- - ---~ -" . - . - -- - - - - - 0; -'J ------ .. "" an_ .say. _'Il'

Lord! bestow on, them Thy Mercy even as' they .che'ri'shed' nil! in childhood:, ,.

(17:23-24)

Ir,r.'V - - I· . - - - c-' - t-r.1 b' - I . . to . fi' th . I'.{ i)

,J (ltl an" }lOurpropenj"C'ton_g . (J your a ,. er: -

Islam stands up for the common consumers against mon.o~}o~y arguing,

] '0'1 "" ..... ' ... b ,- A1;,--··,·ll . ,[ ..... e",piJ.'lcuy "UmlliL'U!.

"Never a man keens (I commoditv till its price rises un but a

i_I, .. I J :' I . -. J • ',/,,' " •• _. '," ',' I i' ~ , - ,[ l II' I" ~I_~ ~l_ 'Ii I ... _' _ I~ I· • ,~l!'..'. • I ~J~ i! .... ', I '

s inne T. ~~ I )

I [: is the ve ry same desc ri ption 'I hrt~ used in the IG Ilori,oueS Qur' an. 1.0 dlesicd be, the harsh tyrants,

4 For lJ'}U:U'(lOh and Haman and all the! r haas were sinners. ,

(2.8:8) Therefore, the j ur~.sts are of the up ini em that corn rnodities shuu 1:d1 have 'f! xed prices lest traders 'i ntlate them.: nfHcM ng harm upon people,

I III a MuslJrn, society, the illu:itude towards ~:u)':n-M'tI,~im:m8m'Ust be such tJhalr they ,aregli'i[uHed all rights due to them from Muslims. Oppo~it~on ~111 re~ igion mast not be ,8 reason for-the deprivation of their ri.ghts or any sort of oppression up-on them, But OUf' great leaders. and jUiriSfl:S have acknowledged ilIlal. :injus~:icleo and a,g,gression towards non-Muslims 'who. live under rile protection oif Ute Islamic S~(lt:,e (Dhiflllnis), iSITIioF:e grievous th;~lln that upon Musl~ms,f::n

The att'i tude of Islam towards tU~y person who cannot defend

hi . lf orc - Ii-. .' IL'· • 1 ,. 'I 1":'. - Ii!... . I '1- '" 1

I u mse " or cain nor ov:ta,m wi is ng 11,5 :1 S, C ear, ,rOT ~~II:I S reason • s ,fIWUC ,3iW

did not neglect tile case of an abandoned child (A.l~L~qit;'), Tbereis a special chapter th.~~ dealswith the ~,egaJ ri,ght:s in it, classifying his t'igtils and responsibilities.

Even if there ls a d oubt lor seem in gl y apparent evidence that he was eoneei vedas a result of adu ltery, no pea'son shou ~d carry the burden of another. Islam even protected the rights of ,8 fetus in, the womb cdr his mother, should become pregnant by 'way of ,adulIEe:ry" The

[ , RJSfH)!1:ed by MAI_I;~im;

2. See Yusuf al-{)Eirnd:tlJW'L Nm~~Athi,ilil''1i.!~ hi Nh~~'Nm Societ»

. - .

punishment of such a woman is dela.yoo nOll on!~y until she delivers the haby, bu r u nt ~ ~ he i. s weaned n, Th ~s has been fI arrated 'i Iil l he well-k nown story 0 f the woman A 1-,0 harnad 'iyy ah,

Nffiore than that, Islam protected M~e sancrity of dumb animals.

Leniency has be-en 'inSitll~lc!l:ed.. favor, and relief in their ownership by man, h is the du~y of im~:U!IJ 10 provide treatment when animals get sick, spend money hon orably for rhei r basic needs, and In at ~ (lad them w H h

m ore t'IIl..~li1'io ,~·lJ..iI"'·]"·r caoacuv IV ind np,;jC'C il'0" f!,,~,,;':imrll t:·n~iin...!l beco m ~ th ',," !f'.'II1!!""~'''''''I''I'

,. ,,_'w ,'''; '['U I.rt.u! I ~u I .... ,., '!i.; it_ ii..-ui .... ,11 __ ;. .1[\,. II. I! :' : '''';,::hi Ib Ili; ...... 11 ~I i: ,,",,"-II ~I ~ U, . c~,,",i _ . , . ..:..,; [. :'.t::; ~ "';:;-I;L0:V')1

for forgi veness from A ~ i,'1IJh!. and harshness upon ~h·e weaker c reation could become the, grounds of punishment 'in Hell-fire. It: was narrated in an agreed upon l'l,adlth that: the Prophet (peace be up on ~ im) said,

~"A WOfUCU1 ente red th e He U-fofe as she had locked up a: cat, and would neither l(.J.',eil if. nor let it loose 10 hunr rodents like other ./ iving things on. ea rth. in( 1:)

Another man was forg ivea for maki ng ev,~ry effort Ito quench a til i rsty dog .. In gntt.rn tude A I: la:h, :~brg~a ve b im,

Tile. Companions (may AI I. all be pleased with them) 'were surprised that patronage of animals would bring rewards to' (hem .. Am: that moment the generous Prophet (peace be 1I pon him)~imd j. "Consideration ,Of e~le:ry be,a#ng heart has its ,.te~i'a:rd. "{2)

The Islamic stare IS :1 iabl e for all questions, I t is an amenable foundarion to 'lake a .stand on be half of all weaker members of society. n has to guararuee thei [' rights, m~ 'bSIJ'S to stop more powerfu lmemoers of the public from exploiting the weak, and the. state shoutd do so US1~.g every 'mean8 possible, Tille Prophet (peace be upon himj said,

~: ~ Agreed 'lUI·rmn on the am~fnorilY (I·r ~'bn ·~Umar!, AI'~·ti~~ll,r!' Wc{;l MItN:J'AA~ :16:&3. 2. Agreoo '[~iH)~, 0 In tJne au 11r.limily (] r Abu Hurny~~[lh. ·p~··e·\dou;us reference, ~ 447,

"Every pef~~'(}n in the role of custodian has to CM:!'.~w,e.f to his' subjects. Sim'iltit.ly the greatest Imam fJj'the. Islamic state is a custodian ,antI hi;l:"~ 10 ~Uj';r.·wer $:0 his ,;~td')ject~ .. ~~( II, l

H' fl' t'-I id

,. I ~ ,-.--: I ~ _' ,-~ .... -. I

,e ,~Ir, lew StU :"!'

"Allal: is going to {~".'fk every guardian ti/),OUl his sIJ"bjecu. Whether lie clefe nded their rights or wasted them. 1~'2)

The- Prophet (peace be upon him) put the-se rules into effect in his ] ~ fei n th e model stateof Medina. This stareprotecred the rights of the poor, needy, wayfarers, passers-by, orphans, widows, and oppressed memoers of society, He (peace be upon hhn) said,

'1'1 am more responsible for evst)' Muslin1 than H,[1:17,seif. Ifhe

~''''' ... n''J"J" "" :n'i<'fip' \..:l'"..-t'~, 'f;;",i·"- j,,,, inheri tor« ".,,,;0,"-.1' '"I/'h"" M J'bi>" Jhn "e""" ".~

~1C.~~,Ii"'~i;':I' I~f'~-I, .. r, ':~,i( -~.i JlrJ.-~r·- "~,,,!;:~~ '.I_·~J~~r-I;I·, -~~~;il~' '"ilI"1! ~~_~iI:~~ 'r'~ ~Jj;I',~'iI-' tr.'1r '~II;.:.~'¥' .. !J ~

debt or l~ulue ruble dependents, that i s lny /.iabUil)'! and they aft lilV te.sp"onsibilirv", ,f!'{J}

.. - .It"

The 'mean i ng of vu Inerab~le dependents is a 'fami~ ~Iy and. ch ru ldren who,', are su scentibl e becau SiB: of 1'~cJ{ of re , sourc es and he van ish "e''''~

, ,~_'" _~: _,J _. ~ _ , __ , , '" '" _ • _, 'V', _, .. ~ !I;.II,I.'I, U, Qi,U~, ,U

beingsa destitute person, The: timewhen [he Prophet (peace be upon him) was granted booty by AJ[,ah1 after the evacuation of the: Jewish tri be, Banu an-Nad ir fr-om Medina, h:e reduced the gap between the poor migrants as well as the Ansars (native sponsors and ~:he rich), :F.Ie eliminated their suffering, and used this' booty to ~mpose the status of the pocn~. To, acknowledge this action of th~ Prophet (peace be upon hi rn), the Qur'an, the greatest ideology for the concept of social ,jus~ic:~ desc:ribed the fol ]OW i ng: verse,

I" .Agreed, upon on the ~m:~hority of '~bn '. Umar, previous reference, '11 99, 2. R!eporlcd by an-N:~l~a~i and Ibn H i'bba~i Il his Sll}'it'~~.

3", RelPmled 'by M l~S I im,

-a{ 'TIle btJoly tha: ,All'ah granted UIX]N1 His Prophet from the resident of that city is for AUaI1~ His Prophet, his relatives, orphans, needy, and wayfare r, so then 'W (!,ClIE iJ, n~ay not belong only to the rich. ,

-(59:7)

TIIDr! Plio'plllet (peace 00 upon III ~ m) d~d n 01'[ sccept sped a!1 ad vantage for powerfu lover (l]J otherpeop le mh is stale, He djd n ot reduce their obligation, or furgive penalties iw consideration IOJf ~heir kinship, wea lth, or s'taJOOS, 1]1 the ease of the woman of B ann Makhzum who 'W~ charged with theft, the chief of the Quraysh interceded, The Prophet ~ s (peace be upon ~:j m) be'! oved Zayd (may AI lah be pleased with him) and his son Usarnah intervened for her, Tile Prophet (peace he U,pGll hint) [,(I,ge: flared and he burst ln anger, issuing a, statement to elirl1li~nare the di stinetion between fhe honorable ad powerless. Hie concluded it wi til tile follow j nggo lden sentence:

IriB, Alwhu, ev€niJ FtdiTnah - the dau:glder of Mu#uunnuKJ' m, J$r;}4 commuted the.ft~ M ulutm:matl. would cut her hand. fr( [)-

W,e see the contrary '1/1 lewpoin t of Islam ~hat fOIF' a, petty th ief it finds excuses to pardon him" He may steam to satisfy his basic needs (any doubt 'words off the penalty), "Umar (mr~a:.y Allah 'be pleased with him) did not cut off 'itltle bands of thieves, b1l1,1 threatened their master H~Hb ibn Abi. Balta" ah w ru'tli cutting of ~tu~~r hands ~Jh.esecond time, if t~l,ley persisted. W'e find the G lorious Qllui~:all reduces the punishment ,rJf slave women as eompered whh free women, '[10 one, hal'f of that. For fern ication, based upon her weakness and sitnati on, ,A.s Allah 'Said 'for sla ve women,

~~ If tlu.~y commi: [ornication their punishment L\' Que ha(:f of .,haJ.!b·t free WOtHen. ~

l4·~·'5·~·

'\, . Oil"; . J'

When Abu Bakr (I~nay Allah be pleased with hirn) nook custody of ~ he Ca li pha.te:" ~ n his first address he said, ~~ Remember! The 'most powerfu 1 among you is ~he weakest 10 me u nti ~ I bestow his rights upon bim: and your most powerlessis the 'In;igh'6'~st to me until I take a wa.y your rlghrs from h im. ~,

"Umar (may Allah be. pleased with him) 'W~S most lenient with nrue weak, and ve-ry hard upon the influential and powerful, He reproached p-~op;l:e,who gathered to follow Ubayy Ibn Ka'b, because of his exce ~ lence, .He sai d to them, ll'lt 1 s an ,a:ffl iction for 'tile leader and degradation fot his fol ~owen~. H is. favor toward s the need y, widows, and feeble in public was famous, In a very well known incident, 'when he found a Jew, begging' from people, he ordered :money be granted to' that Jew from the Musl im treasury." There was no adequate example of that conferment in history. H is severity with til e rich, powerfu I, eminent, and fatmnus liS confirmed by our remembrance of his: attitude towards ~. Arnr ibn al-" As, the leader of E.gypt, U was in support of a Copt who had been beaten by "' Amr's son, He said, 'I! Since 'when do: you enslave people, wlh 0 were horn free (by the hmothers) ". He displayed a similar attitude in holding account the behavior of Sa'd ibn Ahi Waqqas . and Khaljd ibn al-Walid (may Allah be pleased with them) and other conqueror supreme commanders. He. did not tolerate any mani festarion of extravagance, self- indulgence or im itation of objectionab te d ictators.

He questi oned many abou t the ~ r ~egal share in properti es and how they got tbem. Moreover," Umar (rnay Alliah be. pleased 'wi'~h him) warned peopl e ab nut. ]1 en-speaki n,g creatures, an i: Ina] s, to fear A.li [ah in

their treetment, and '[.0 be leniera ,and kind '[0 them. Ibm Sad wrote ~'[1J. his book .At- Tabaqat that ... Umlar beat a. camel driver and reprimanded him by saying, "Why did you load your camel beyond his capacity 'I. He saw il woman overload her donkey, and removed two bricks from its load .,Th:e owner oft he donkey said j '!1 Oh "Umer wh"i do. you tone h 'my donkey?' DOf,S your rule extend to him?' He said, "Why have J been appointed to this position?" i,) "Certainly my responslbllity el:lIiC~Omlf1:pas,.ses ~].'I1;~ mal s as much as rut covers hu man bel ngs ~ 'II

Static ,o:f liberti;fUi and law [rl,gh,ts)

An Islamic stalle is a, state of rights and re .. sponsi bi Hdes by belief and commi ~!neint, not by mere propsganda. Rig III ~:@ 1 ife, ownersh ip,~ basic necessities of !1~I'fel privacy, vanities, property, and raee: these f ve or six requirements W IJ view ofIslam ~c b~!'w mast be protected as, com rnanded by A,~ 'I ab 'i n Hi s revealed COrl sti tlu:i on. 'The state: mu s t enforce deterrent legal punishments 'to avoid violation of the limits of 'law. It is the duty of a Muslim sta~e to strive for the: 'happiness and success of every :i nd i~ v i diu al, H ~lUS~ provide adequate peace so Ul at people are able to fully satisfy their needs and have enough time to 'worship Ilbeil' Lord,

~ "~hv ,ga,v,e them food in hunger anla peace in greatfear:, ('106:4)

The llbestles that are :iri abundance ~unol,g people in our ti,]lle.S~ are thought eo be inventi ons of modern re vo IluHons 'from the 'W est, the French R,eV'lol~'U:t ion, and orhers, Islam preceded in declaring arid. ,C'a~ ~ ing to these, freedoms. Islam established an incontestable state 'for their guardian s11 ip, and moved them out of the ir:efi1 rn of rl ream to the sphere

I. See¥U8U[ al-Qaradawi, Chf_u·tllHtfr,~s#r;'~' oj' l~d(.,jli,: Shm'r(l~i" (]ulp'~:cr -on !'!,MO!r~)I, Sl!tlri"n/l" .'

66'

, "

'.

of real hy" by putting t hem run~o practice. As ex pressed by S he~kh .,~ G' I' .' ",-'1' (', - ·'1'" - A'-' , il- eh 'iI." ..... p.~- cas ..... A with him ,,) "Freed om of re ligion -'S UII, - ldZd~, I ; rJ~i:.'i ',1.(;11, _ !!J'!,;- _,' II ef,;L •. ~_ '_ "_"_ . ~ 1_, 'il ,_. ee,' - ,'UI' " , I,' , Ic!I.', ~ 1,-.'

am invention of Islam, Under '[he patronage of no o'I:l'Iet reljgion bas the freedo 111 of an Or)pOS i::ng (enemy) rel ig:ioms been guaranteed, Un der ali 1

~ -

Faruth with free w'~n and conviction is honored in Islam Once a, .Ph:[lJr~lOh saw the. punishment of AUah but ~h:efe'""raS no value to h:is fa~ th at: the tl tne of his drowni ng~i because his ch oice had 10 be: of hi s free wi:'I:I"

them. ,~

(40:85)

The Q,uli"an p:ro,;:~ai'[)Je:d denial of fOirleei:" the Revelations of Mecca and Medina In Mecca it was 'f:"iirorc~,aim:8d '

• I • •. • • I • ~.. .• - ~ '!i.iJ If!' . . ~ ~ - - - - ~~ ~I

~ VV" l' i fi J ·1 f i: U" J'. '~

. i· .. - -. .. _.. - -.. . - I. u ~ . .+ .". . .. I •. - . .. -,) . . ." .. ,.. - - '. : . I _Ii . ,.. _. . . . ' -, I.·. _.' ~ .• t. I

_ ,ouel yO"~"" at c.e ,r '~~.1n UI~tl . lele} u!!come ,.,,: ,~l;L~', tms,. , '

(!.O':99)

I'M" di -', ted

tn ' ,-, ,e: Ina i'I, was stal"_.jl

"There L~' ria compulsion in religion! rtohi'l)?(~ui'ded ~a')~ has'

'-.. _ Ij.~ o !II 0 r.

clearly separatedfrom seduction. "

Islam ackno wledged the freedom of rel igi on for peep le 'who lived under its protection, peopl e who I ived under :i ts protect ion, even people who opposed Islam, Jews" Christians, and MagtlS, were granted 'fl-'- "'~!, ' f-' ~'lh- e '~iI' '~'.r..,:~~,il.. worshie and. courts of their' law, where thev

m~om_ ~ or .~ h I, y,h,u t ' " - , , '~~ -, - _. - , " " -" . ,,', ~ , r!

c'Qu]d issue judlments by their- rel igion, The e.pholneo,f tolerance which no other religion cam reach, gives the permission to etl~ foods, ;--'1 ·,·-:1tiJ Islam forbi ds (bee ause of the i rr fi lthv nature) such as 'P, ork, as

W uc I ,!L . " .... ~ _" _,. ,. •• ,_ - - •• - .,,/. ~ } _ ' __ ,: ~

long as I~hey believe Wl1I its iegili,l:T~acy.

In Islam, speech and opinion anr.wel1 governed- Becanse 'Ot: freedom, it has. been, classified among the duties and obligation and not among rights and ~iberries,. I.E is the duty of an individual [0 forbid a clearly wrong actionwhen he sees, it, according ito his ability, He is not free to choose to speak. 01 lobe silent, If he is silent to the ijn:I,[~~ he speaks for injustice, Even 'One who is si lent ,abou~ truth is similar to ::lIJ, dumb devil, Simi lady a good action being lost, must be ordered to be e X!BCU led, There 'i S[1 o choi De ~ to do ort I) ~eil:ve.

This comes, under a well-known Islamic principle., !IEn,joilmi~~g goad and forbidd ~ ng e vil ill; the c haraeterization 'w ru th w hi i ch Allah ~ the Almighty, makes tbil:S Ummah distinctive and unique:

~Ye are the best ofpeoples, evotvedfor mankind: ,EnjobdnJ,g what is ri,ght~ jorbidden; wha: is w:rOI:l,g~ caul be:U;zrv.£'ng in Aliah, .,

(3: 1 '10)

A'I,5U]', lt ,c~o~ue;g under the topic- or advice which is, the whole religion as st~~ed in the authentic Prophetic hadith. In addition it commands that 'tmt!l1 and patience be a v,a'~id condition for salvation in dl is pros~nt' U'fe and the He reafter,

Sci ence freedom snd th ongh t are preserved in Is lam and its stare.

Moreover, thinking is an tdam~c rite as said by al- Aqqad (may ,AJiah bestow H is Mercy up on him), Seeking knowledge is ;mn obl wg~a!tiol1l 'upon every Muslim; male and female,

'\lV~en kno w Iliidg. e and thou O'~lri- if.; e' if" <"Il'-m··e-s ri (e-~I' - the ,- - ':' uer 'b· G!o .'_. -,. - , , .. .:

U .~_ _ _ _ v··· _ .... ~ .. _ "'I-L.. L _ _ bl! '~ U _"",Y'.. ..", . -",~ ,11 _ m~,Ii,l~ r Locomes

m,OIl."e th a.n a :lnere nreservati on. of g, righ i1 or fre ed 0- ·-m·, 'ir j\ :I!..,..""u:'iC' .;:!i;~ '" ,_

- - -- - - ,t"" - "- - ~ ~ , .. -~!; _ ,- .._ . [ • ,W,," ~"L!ll:n"-,, "Ull

obl~gatory and necessary duty. Muslims must be assisted therein and blamed or even punished in ease ,offa~~ing short thereof.

The ,M'll~,I]n~ staee 'is' orne which embraces di,'f'feilient ~deo~Q,~ica~ and 8C ientifi c schools t'h r()u.ghQoU~ h istory ~ pari: i cnl arty dl\l ri III the cenru ries when ,cd v ~ I i:zam'i on nour'i shed,

W'e, saw the v',nri01LI:S: schno '11[', 0,;- .1':" ,(-·L.'eo'I-',o,'(1'V_ =1~~'I-a'm'L~ Law ~V,A;{'li:~~'I·'I:',

- - -- ----- -- f. __ '. - - . . _~ .. II~,_. -,'eJ.,J' ~I ,~, ,~..., [iI,YY- I,. ~,J\,~~9J:!i ,g~

S u f.i sm and others. 'W'e saw them express differ~nt viewpoi nts, communicere, refute each o~:'he:r1so:p'rullions~ but coexist 'with eaeh other, an d benefit from eo .. ch other wi thout fanati c ism"

,A, state 'Af' p: ,rinpiple,:ii:!:', and m .. ,',',0'--:81'it··,,;,,-:-,-

_ _ _ _ '" , I!I!;II' _ , ,_ __.... " ',~ ~~, _ " E , ICS

The Islamic ~tame Is o:rn~ of the principles and 'mends that fully abide by theminside and outsiide hslands,:;, ¥lith,:'bose whom it loves, or dislikes ~_:_'n, tim ;8S of p ',-e_- ace am£li_' 'W,,-:8! __ r, It does 110"~' de ... t ---"ti.

" r '.', c",..i~ i ,i~ c em 'W 1.11.1. a

douhle-standard jneasure :ilr.dj{ :mjects the principle of "the end j ustifies the, means,"

It bel ieves ~n clean ends along with clean means, Ir total] y rejects the Machiavellian p'brn~,osophy that. believes run "The end. justtftes the mean s". ,As one. 'win 0' deals ~i n usury In order '~O build a, mesqae, or th .. e woman who com IilTl,rnt:s adlll[tery",' to g .. , Ii ve a char ~ t.y", to,,,,,, t he poo -,,_ '~Iii ': -'-:"i "

_ _ _ _.... _ _ _ _ _,_ _ _ " __ ",~,! .. ~ .v lUI . ''''-''''''''[", lll~ WaS

,_- .; I

better for her ~'0,I, 'h), C""!m'lii""i~I[- ad uherv or even slve a Ii'''~' ','-::'~ ,:~'

e,~\.,., . v. ~,,!~, Wi .... , \,V_ v ,.IL:~Y~. ~ .. ,W , ~"J v ~ ...... 'I~ c:J _ "",aan,~,y"

T.he Prophet of Islam te;adfiwes his Unl!1:!(J,h saying, ~r~le.ril::V A,Uah is' :0000,' and He accepts 01~ ly what is good .. ri'( l!)

The Islamic sta~:e embed ies the bes~ of moral 5 whi ch the Prophet {peace be upon him] was. g~'Hi~: ~Q' fulfill, It is the best of morals for :aliI mankind. U represents Allah's Juseice on earth, which is made for.- am people; black and white, near and 'If,~ljr'"

I, .,from ,mi iUj'(;lW;' reported by Musl i In on .~ he ~ut~Oril~)I' 10 r Ah~~ ~'Iilllrn)'w,clh~, 'ilt: Ti~ ,a]:so one of :th,e 'Folily Na'w~~wii Had'i.fh~" Ill, i':o! also derived frnm another ,agreed UIt-)i'Jn

j .... "'l:':~j vi ... :; ,L4. '-'"~"" I,., ~,.r., l.,j' Jl ' '," ':i' , , "'" "]iIi' ,-,' - .v-' ~i ,- ', .••

,_'«lId __ !!~,C ~,~ 8. ~h es, /-\ut'l ~ u( es n!th tu:. (, ef I J.:{.l~ ,e gl oa.

TI:--I' .'. G-"II .' ... '-, ~Q' -'- .".,- - :~"'- j"

:, ole .'. ,I ~ onous <'. 'tII~, an s!!!.th:e ~'l'

l'!,',i't'U!$'S'(!S U} G()tl~ (?!:'erl as a~f{,{'dnJU y''Our.~·,t,h~,es!,or yaw' parents, or )itJUr kin; and whe.ther it he (',against)! rich or poor: .I:"'(Jr God (',illn best protect .l"Ji(]'lh,. Fo lio "!c!,' no,' the lWfE'S (ojy,('}ur hearl's;'! les: ye .;'rw,en~ej' and ifye distort (justice) or decline to d{)'jt;;.~tice, cli'erU:r Q,oil hi WeU .. Ac'quaint.r:::t;_l with all tha J1e ,do. ,

[-4- '1- ~.'~'-

, ... ' ,.' .... )

. I .• ,"":'.1.,...:.'- ..

A- d

1"Ii,-'

, U",

; ,0 j~e w/l',G' be/level ;!~.ttm;d out jbn?/), for' Al:ltJ,h~, as a witnesses to fair t[;3€~lirr.l{;1 and let not tlle hCU'reil' ()f others to lnair):! VOU swerve to 1~,!'r;al~ ~J u,'u-i' iJ:ena:tl ~~"O'.n-l justice. ,B e J: Uj,t:

11]- 0. JF''' Ji~ _.

l:ha,t is 11;ext to pi'ely and le,~,r A.i ledt- ,Po f' A U(l'i'r: is'

'WeU .. A cqu~air#;(J'd wit 11: aU tha.l .1W ,1'0'., :~

:Duriling the ~PrOl'het~g lite, some 'unfaithful Muslims accused a J~;\.V' of theft, H:~ w~s iin!lOc~:n~', so. nineverses ,~ft~l'liij chapter n_,(t r'- =N:" ','?-.--,~

_ _ __ _ ,_ ~ _~_ u'~~ _ ~ _ _ _ __ ",.,,;: ..... _ I!.W_r"'" ... I,W(;l~ 't"'" 'lL!!1, am , ,18,1j1

were revealed defend:ingMl;at Jew and waFl:~iilllJg the Prophet ~gfdnst thoseconspiring persons ,\y~ Q tll'nJustly- sc hemed a:ga:i nst the :mum after t11lJey f~;ll, short themselves and their principles, Allahl the AI,mighty~

'I.1!!:1'!IJ.'S ~.:;t,J .... ~

,~'We have sen: down to 111(N~' the Boo,/{; i:l~ tnsth, that thou

miehtes: l:u .. l~_;fJ, ,1"".clI":ii'ojj"'''''''''~'''! 1l"I'!"".~I!I' i"he· ,t'''j~',"/d~'!:''':" G·' ~"",d" .• 'iO'_"'" ,J':!"" ,i'il"--"~ 'f'iIlle./"~'i~''!i:'l'"iIJi' I . 1,.l'iI;l~:I~IIt; IY~"~; Itl!· ~'I:.- iflill i-l'-I~p[;;-," if,i-ji i(!;!lIW!1 0' fi.Il~I..l~~iL!. i~ J" . U :_ ~ j,;',' .-;11" I~ ~ ,!!";I;J~,iI'J

(uv.i'lIJ.. v as an odvoeate ,~~'ii' tho "i',a!ili~1I0·· .' ,J\·i,(.!,,jli":-"l"~ thei 'I" ;, 1~'~U:;tJ::; ~'~ ~

._-_.I:r.- ~_" ~!..!..!I ~ __ ~ .. _ . ..:- =~L~·!D,I V..J· __ ,_~.:il'Ii.!'''''' . _" J!'-~. U!i.-oIr;Ip.I"lII.~,.. "J'iL-.;I.P,· ~;,. ~rII';...J.J!,," DiI,{~',f:

seek the .Fin~gI1IVtm,es.~ ,crj" Allah~: lor A.ll,~h is ,Oft~.f'o".givirt;g~, M'ost ,Me'I·C,ifttL C ontend ,,~tjt OM bl!!'nall of .v:,uch as betra» their OW'/l souls. ,

(4: :~05~:lni)

The Is lami c stare be,~ ieves '~n one LOla] moral i t.y t tha.t sn 'I ts ~n peep I e, and that ca:nnot be Piil!lit~ t ioned or even cham ged ", ~ ~ makesi ~ a mUSi~ to deal faithfully with all people whether they ~ike it or not, even if they beg U l:l, wi~:h host i 1. i ry and t reachery, It a] so makes :i l. a must ~o be true to all peop~e even to' those who lied to you, V':iJLtU€; and evil do not vary ] n accordance wi ~'h peopl e.

While Jews permit usury when dealing with non-Jews, and IW'oil ~ brut it with Uileru r own j lslam does. not make sornetbing un 1 awfll:1 'for non-Muslims and ] aw fu 1 for ,Mllslims", Rather, the unlawful is one and the same for all people,

Islam declares it unlawful to commit adultery with Muslim and, non-Musltm, It :prohibi~s then whether iii be' a Muslim's or 110m .. MtI 81 I'mll'g money, It prehibi ts aggress ion, cruel ty as fOf bodl the Mill sf m and non -Mu d im, even as for mien end animals in general, Is lam does not advocate what the J ews said,

" There ls .no call oa us (t o ke,ep faith) wUh these igno fan I {Pagans}: But tlley tell a lie a;gainst God, and (well; l'hey blOW it,

They 'mean anyone other than the Jews; as '[hey think their wealth and ,pr~'vad'es are allowed for them (the Jews).

Scm ,";9; 'M" 'u,;[:"'1 ~II m " J"~l rist 1l''''"'O'tiLP'l·,...Jle· red, . ' " . "['1!l'1 rr~,J;..ar '>III1:i,NI~!o::';~'ilf"~, d',· '0' ne ~n,

.:)"4J ' ,,~ _, ,"liIJi., , '. ilIA, ,Ij~ i:) ~ .·~I~ u. " ... , _ ,~,IIL'jl~., _ ~~"!I!~tIi~1i-; _' ,...... ~u

non-Muslims more grievous than that done to Mus~rnm(5 eonnnng 0111 It he fact that !11 on-M usli ms are weaker than Musli ms in Musli m eomronnhy, And wronging the weak is rna re grievous Ulan wrong ing the strong, For tin is, wrongi ng the orphan and ind1.g,~,m:t is grea~f than ~ha~ of others,

The Prophet (peace be, upon him) concluded the, Hudaybiyah T eatv ",::\th ~he Q.- .. :'tW"lY, sh ~n which thev azreed en :t:i1flli whosoever

, ,rea y Wi - . . :"- ~ _ -- - - -- - - - - ,J' - ,itl- - - - - - - -- ~ - • - -

comes from: the Qu ra y sh to file Prophet: mu st be returned ~o then; and whosoe ve r co- "m,!IH" from the Pronhet h~! (he Qu ra ''\1.', sh should no t,: b-,GI,

\V ,'V;Ji . _ , _ ...... .;JI _ i ~~ _ ~ 1 " _... .r - - ~'" - - ~ !I,.'V -- - - , _ . .J ... _ _ _, _ _:1 _ _ _, _ ....

returned '0 them 1.

No sooner was this seemingly urnjuM: ~:rea~y concluded, some

vounz men fro "01' j,~p Q'~:'ili""~y"<i::~ whothen embraced Islam c arne ro him

J'-'_IU"O "J!~ll~ 1".:, .. IliJI!Iw.o '--';Y'~'~J,_ ~~,I _··',~:V '·~li"r.i,. ~_,.,l:,11U~-·U ,~,~,~j~J~' .... ",.'1;.:0 Il..: ~:I_ .. ~ .. +

He returned them to' the Qu:raysh according to the t!fea;~y he has swgm,ecl saymg~

'While some COI:][l tries abide \-'IiI ~dl; ~:he.i-r moral values in time -of peace arid relinquish them in tirne of war, th1e Islamic state does not re~i,1iI:q~ish its moral values in either war or peace. Its. Glorious Qur'an prohi bits aggression j If1 'war just: as i 1111 peace,

,~ F'i'ght in the CCJU;r;f' ofGod those who ftglu y.ou~, but do not transgress limits; jar God Iovetli not transgressors. ~

It also prohi bi ts being treacherous wi th the enemy even 'j n case he W',",II''''" tre acherous to lV~:usrim,s

_ ~S; ." y.". U. _ .. I!,.!J _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ t

~ ,(f thou feares: treache 1)~ from Gmy' gri(}ujl" throw back ( thei r ,C ove,'UiU~ t J to them, tso as 1.'0 be) on equal te rms: F or ,G'ad 10'v'eth not the' ~'Tf#u::Jle rOl:iS., ~,

(8:.58)

The, Islamic state, does not allow shedding the blood of W'OJ,neIUl, children orr aged peoplewho can do, nothing, Rather, it Idlls only those v.dtUJ f ,ght againstit.

The Prophet (peace be upon hsm) found a woman killed i:n a bat:tle,~tI.~ereupull; he rejected and refused the kill ing of women and ch ildren. ~!)

The, Islamic state does. not shed. 8.,10(: of blood in wars" It is too economical in that respect; just when ,it is necessary.

Cutting down: trees, demolishing buildings and other things fhat u sed to' be done 'j ill 'wars were proh ib ited by the Prophet (peace be upon him). This way was also adopted by his Companions after him"

The Prophet (peace 'be upon hi rn) when appo:~nting an A}nir (leader) to an army or expedi ti,on~, he '(1500 t~J' advi se him to be pi ous and God-fearing and to treat his soldiers wel], then:

"Set forth in the Name ,q/ Allah and in the causeof Allah. Go and fig ht who disbelieved in. Allah. Conque f:, btM do Itot' steal thom flu? spoils, do' not' betray, (Jrrn.ailn or .kill

It'Ll ~r('l')

CiU,l,Q: re.u , .. , .~"

Also, his Rightly-guided Caliphs used to reafflrm this, piece of advice ~D their appointed 'military leaders, not to kill but those who fight. They should bU'V1e f.lo~:hing, to do with women, children and otd-aged 'PeO'p~L"Bven the monks who devote thc.nselves to worship, Musl i rns 'were ordered mat toapproach them with harm" of any kind,

These are some landmarks and features of the Muslim state, advocated by those who advocate 'Islam, to be the ,only solution to ,11] problems, Now" who dare. saying that it is a theoretic, religious state as that known to Western societies rhrough t!h.'e Medieval ages" The one 'W no says ~hat Is doing :C [ear fabr icati on an d. wrong! "Utterly be chastisement: The forger must suffer FaJ11J:re. II

l. Agreed ~I:pon on. the oot'hori:t:"y of ~1Jn' U mar ,AJ~L.~;I, 'ilti' Wed M:'lljU~t 1] 38.

2. Reported by Muslim ~ttd ai.i;j·,hab aSi-Su,n.an on the iluJhm~Hy of Bumyda!h , Sa fli;'I' Aj~ar,rd' A$<-Sa,gh.f ri i 078.

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W'e said j' under the headi ng "Characteri sties of the StateCreated by Islam," UtUl!l. cu r hThltended state :i is a ci vil ian state at triburted to Islam ~ not justa ~heoer:atic (me as Westerners hav~ known thmughout their' daek history wh ich was characteri zed by the eonflie ta_g,air]sm: [he cbu rch ,SU~Jde and ended in ~'eV'O lntion wi th the cal ~j ~!Hallg the last k iing wi,l~ the guts of the last pri est if

However, lay men in the land of Arabism and. Is lam falsely claim that the state in Islam is a. tI~eo;~Oi:icaJ one '[Ising 'what they cal 1 "Div inc right" as its right fa govern.

Professor Farag Pu dah Ii In his book IQllbl As~Suqllr1 supponed and defended seenlerism and waged 'war against the calM. for a" governmenr oiif Islamic Law ('sh,ari",llhJ_, However our brother' and scholar Mr., "Ahd lJl~MaJ~d Subh (may AUah bless hh[n)~RSSllJ.med the; task of refuting these claims, I shall point out one of Fudah's arguments in defending' secu ~aJii sm.

He said, "Those whocal 'Iiorpwu'i ng Islamie La w(Shllti '~,a,/~') into effect immediately, repeat a statemenr that seems to be 1 ogical, 'W'j th it, they conftcnt a'11 their antagonists in the first round." TI!lis statement is in the form of a logical question; Why should you be afrald of pu idng' Divine orders '~n~o effec~.? It touches only those who commit to bbery, adultery ~ alcohclism, apostasy or sabotage i lJt is E', ~eem.~n,g~y

convincing question, but it hides a reality, which ~ pray to A,llllah.l, to grant me hel p to explai n it, Pu ttrn ng Is:1 am ic Shar:i ~ a 11: i nto e flFeet ]8, not a, partial maUer confined to observ j,ng the le,ga~ penalties. 'In stead 1 t is ,am approach to nega:tivt; C'ons~([u.ences which curantagonists try to ignore or hide their :rea'~ dimensions,

Islamic Shari ~"lh must be app] led throng h a, theocrarlc state w hi ch, in. turn, wi~~ ~ead. to, 'the Divine right of government unknown in Islam, or known on ly in U]€, Prophet's era, Gov'elrnm(~HiL~ 'by this r],gl~t calntt be estabtished, except by some c ~Ier.!yme:n or theologians :i n a d i:rect 011

in d-;; reet wav i~ t utrec ... \.,.J~.lj.",~

~ 'Those callers for Shari ',ah~i£, appl iC9i~ion~ 'want to be new priests of Ammon as the iin'€:Fp'retado(J of ~he b,la:m!ic !$hari '"all. W] ~ ~ be, confined to t!he:m~ as, \V'elll as the estab~ ishment of a '[h,eoc'ftt,cy ill 'wli :k;'h c:Jerg~tm,en have crnnrG~ over the state due 11:0 Divine right, as 'we can see in the Iranianmodel ~ !i(~.) saiid Professor W'ahid Rafat.

'HIs articles appeared in Al- AI~ ram in the summer of 1.985 and in

,-, ib 'k' . l'~ , J: Uf ," ~lI! J:. (l) T,.·· ... 1 ,. - - ~

his IUOO" A ::=,uaq.it]GL1 ~ln.':U !'.'Ya;r:m1" -, il1 '~tsllntr(J'(lucbO:rl and concl usion,

Professor Fuiad. Zrikarilyy,a insisted on Fda.y ing upon. the term "Divine government" called for by 8.hari' 'all. 's de:fe;nd!er.s,~ :3,0 as to' make his readers bel ie 'tile that they were, c:allirng' for a, theocratic state.

Professor Lui s Awad' s artie les W til Al-Masawwar on ~~ H i s~o:rY' (')If Seeul arism'' used same tactie, He accused Islamic S1~,arl 'ah: of w rutl1ess;~ng some theoerstic end human eras ,alUlough its 'I1amre '~S V()~d. of ijh,eocracy. He claimed, in one of h ls interviews 'wl~h the magazine,

I. 'Pikr magSl_zim~~ issue Nt}. 8;~ Doc. :19R5~ lPp .. 7J .. 1:4! under the title of ~!Symrm5il!!lm 0:[1 'P,!)I ith;;[:lil R~Ugi o't~~ ,Eb::U~mi ~,~ri, II t is d~rived (HI the ~Ii,glu of Mr., F~h rn~ :Illl]w~,d;i:·.s, article nllF:~b of D'i'!l'.i~w l?,'uJird.£(' 1 AI ",Ahmm Niew.[.l~ilipellf" 1411:1J!1 :19186.

2" This claim is ,~\e'fuled in my bookl sf,am (;jud :S~r:ldw"i.,,'lm..

"7·"

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..

that the batn~ for Egyptian democracy was a~wl.ys a battle between natural ri~'.It1I: and 'Wh~: thev call D;I"vi,111,e:' rlg h t " T~ 'hos .. ·e··· who 1-·'· U~AI ,l! " the

__ . __ .. _ .__ _~ . _. __ ._._ -.if - --, ,. - ~,.,~ , • , i v. . u,v CdllilieU I;Qrue

~,aUer sought to deprive people of practicing their natural lri'ght as the source of POWIC,'!" and ~lmdlof~ty

In his, book Secularism and the Theologica! Stai(j~ Mr. Shlbli al-" Isami d8C~ ived his readers by n:Ult,~ng them believe 'tJhat~ there 'was a coetradiction between the two terms, TIlu8J one can't bntc boose either secu ~ati :nn or the theocratic state. 'Illite, theoc ratic envelop thei r actions in sanc~'i~y and i:nfaUilbi;l:i~y,!, In 'othew' words, 'what they see [as Ilega~ on ew-ttl 'hi ~he same in heaven and v ice versa, 'N 01 one [can declare them gu ilty but to be COil sidered as. he challenges and objects to ,AU ah ~ 'Whom tfuey represent and. govern in His N arne,

W,.'" ·:~"'d' '~~'L~ .[',;1"1; tI'j .... ll those who ... ccuse 'I'!i.""I .... mists of ~:I);.~ p'l,g[;'IIII'IiflIJ that thev ','Q< ll.-J,I\.,'!w -v 'IL~, ~I ~~IVi3-.· .... ~ ,:11_. O,~~t"'tij .. - .;i;j ,0" IJtd!lll.i;Ii "_,"" I~~~~'~ ' ..... "~_ ~~I l[lILI;~ __ , .~~,Ic;·j·

call 'for the establishment of I, theeeraeic state, that they are overcome by prejudlceaess againer tho~,e people, Th ey're accusing th,e'mi of what, they didllft, say. l1he:y never cal led for establishing a theocFa:cy, but always for an Islamlc 8;tate"

There ,I S ;[1 vast d lfferenee between the, Is'I:3Jrnlic state based 0,1;]1. Isl am, and the theocracies; nf' the (:~:ri:sHml West in the M']dd~e Ages, The difference can be traced to '(be 'fact that ~here: is some khnui rO[f confusionbetween what is Islamic and w'ha~ m5 tbencraUc., I-J:owever, Is'l:am, is much more comprehensive than the term "religion", 1:'[1 that. context, scholars of td~,~'U;sui (Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence) stalled. that "Rel igIO'Iil ~I is Gille, of the, fi ve or six Heres sit:i es that Sha:ri' an 'Seeks, to- preserv.e~includiing rel j gion, soul S), intell eat, ofl:'Spring and

property ,: 'H:' owever '~·.n'iT'l'e' '!:1,;.I":L •. dl "honor" ,tr'LVr.-_\ll~. ,.' "'" _' .... · .. '~il!]! 1IJIV.'II!.ll.II!.·: Y!~I;.UU,~ ~aVII,I"- ,~, ,r.

Here is ,8l!I~ ,eX,!ilirnp]e:. W·ie ,caJ]1 for a perfect and integral Islamic education ~haif i Illc,mudes numerous sub-kinds reac ··'"'~'11!lt mo .. ,a;; than '"

ey". _ ,, "_ I~ ~ __ __ _ _ I"_"",~ _"" [)' 11\ __ 'Y",,~, I .... _. _ m~ 1 Q .1 "-"I..... ;[III _ iii,

dOl,e;n. These types of education ~M',e re:~il,gi·ou.s., mental, physical, moral, :m i 1 itary, socw:flIJI1 econ nrn i c, po litical, sc ient~·fiJc~ [i te.r~rYlprtofessi onal, technical and sexual types, Thus, re:li~.gio~s edacarion ~s but one branch O:F the nlflilly ty pes of Islam ie edu cuti Oft

it would be ,[1, big 'mistake to ~:h:ink th~t the Is·lammc state- we can. for m s based on til eo~ogy alone. Instead, It ·i ~ a c~ \I' UIaWi. one· based om choice, agreement and ccnsultation, The governcr is accountsble before hi S people and every native has IU~;e r~,ghJ ~(,. advise his governor

911'..l ':Ii~' !~. !k ;'1' m, to ~ "l'1 IF'I !lJI1·lii/l nil g ive IU'Ii do. ·O-;,]-~"itII' u:~r,i1"'io'fli',O' Is .. ~ am soes even

n!llll ilO<II\.. u. I·.IV lUu ~ .... ~ "i. 'V~ ~, .. ~ r;.,,_ 'It' I, ~ .~~ '~"" ...,;!W~'" ]1, •• 1~,il;I,_. ,._ O~--·.;)< ..... '~ -il:1

nUl:her ~O conskier thi.s conduct ~ collectl ve d!u~y em U1e part of a) 1 Mu slims 'l-:I~"'!II~' mav be come an 11f\~11·IV~~'i1~·] ntiiT'l;j"-::' should "~11I!'ii1 indi vidu ,,{fI,'1

, .a-, II I 1Li:. .' ~~Ji:- l •• g" _. '!.r.o V. '. . ~~I, til IIJ:IU '_ ~~ !Ir;II·G VW,I~~i 1I:t.lL.1 ~;,iu I' - ULW I ~. _ 'If .Ii UIla

have the power to do so while others; can't QUi are afraid.

The governor, in Islam, is not unrestricted. H,e is controlled by

Sl-··· 'I ~/j'~i~imc·l.adl bv va~IHi:e;!J:"a/lt"lidi resrricte .. ~ ·L-u Com' Ies wh "~.:ii.. i'ii"-'fe'.· - j'p;,~\

e 'U;U _ ~ __ ~ 1!.1! ~_ . _ . c ,,.,,. . _,,;I' . __ ~.""""i:lI~. H '---- _ , .... ,;)1_ ., .... ""'I;".U ;V.J.' _, ..... i:!> __ , ~ I 1 .... a .1 n e nut

es!abHshed by lJil:Jl~ frui.s party or his servants, The Lawgiver is Allah, the Creator 100f m,nnkind~. the King uf manl:i:niCI, the a-ad of mankind, Thus, ~h e governor can nelrher C ancel these rules, nor en act h ru·msel.f (or with the help of others), No king, president, parliamem, govemment, [,evcduti!Qnary ~dbul[a] ~ central comminee, people' s conference or any other power found on earth can change: .any of ~hese fixed Mid unchangeah I,,:,. Rules 0'(:' All all;

Any M:U:5] ~ m, male or· ·~e·m;ffilI]e~ has the ri.ghl, to drn sobey his or her goveannr's I):fider:s· mf itis in apparent disa,gr-ee:ment with ~·he'ju:ri.sd~cti.orn and Law of Allah. We. C~U} ,21) even fUI'~fue"\r to ,$ay dl(lt ·il~ would be hisl her· du ty te denou nee and reject '[ITh:i s order as the :Rig:1] l (~if A~ ~.8J.tru ccmes first. Moreovee, h: ~s illegal '[0 obey a ·cr-eauue through disobedienee to the Creator .. The Glorious Qur'an, when 1~~lIkil'~g: about women's p~edge

79

nf allegiance, including obedience tc the Prophet (peace be upon him) restricted these terms to ~ nor disob,(f.Y ,the'€! in what is right~, (60::] 2) al t hough he was the :i n fallible an d was supported by Revelation. Hence, this obedience on {he part of others, should be restricted .

This is supported by the sound agreed upon h,uli1:'h tha~, reads, "Obedience should he in the lawful deeds. N

And the h'(J'dith that ,stai,tes~~'A ,M uslim sho,~dd ('jbe)~ in 'what he' Likes and dislikes unless he' is ordered to do so.nu~,t:hi1:q5 U/egal;" then he must 111J't obey. ,rl( ~,J

The 11 rst 'Caliph in Islam said I'n his first speech, "Obey me" as lo,ng, as I obey Allah. If I disobey Him, then m have, no right to claim your obedience. ii

The. governor or Imam or Caliph in '1s:1 awn is not the representacive of ,A i ~ ah but of hi s nation that chooses, su pend ses, quesHotJ1 s and may even discharge him of ~js office if necessary" Caliph "Umar said, in th~s respect, "Whoever finds something wrong with me, should set it

rig'htl!l.

Consequently, Salman refused to lobe)' "Umar, rhe Commander of the Faithful, until !he knew ,I,lOI\\!, the piece of cloth whleh 'was. given to each Fo'I:1 ower proved to be enough [0 make a ,g2irmen~ for ' U mar, the

... ,., ...... ~;I' '~'~,Ii...., ,~ ~, "d': d: . , .. u thar .. , ,",'" Til C",' rde 1 'f' t.'a.. .

gklU" WHO. nee .e., m.ore !Lan one pl,ece" ;~_ .. e, . Of1'l1man ~ . .er o~,ue

Fai tbful responded to til is question and asked his son ~ ;. Abdullah. to re veal the sec ret .... Abdullah said (hat he gave his piece to his father, so: as 'to male use ofit J,n making a suitable gurment.

,1\ s~m~~,ar situation "vas. repeated when a woman challenged "Ulnar wh He, he 'vas gl ving; a speech, J-Ie changed :h:i s opi n kHil :i n favor of hers,

Also, the goad Pol lower and thee logian Abu Mus l! ~in1 al-Khawalan i ~ entered Cal iph Mu" jtlW mynh 's palace and said: "Peace be upon YOU,!, servant," Th 'i s greet i ~ g. 'was. de nou need by some observers, hut he ~nsisted on repeat in,~: It and they insi sted in denounc ing' it. And then, MI!1~u\V'~yah addressed them saying, "Leave Abu Muslim, for' he k !lOWS what he says. ~i

Furthermore, look at this amazmg staeemenr of "Umaribn "Abd a 1:"- " Azi z after coming ~:(J power, "I'm bu t one of you; Should 1.1 it All ah make my load heavier."

A.'Is{J,!, Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi sajd~!!I~'m the servant and flame of Shari'~ah. In other words.T'm its guard and soldier, Thus guarding and carryi ng It out aremy responsibi I, ities, j~i

Doubts ,of ,sc'c.ularists on t:b,e Issue of a theocr,ati,c: state

Oil which pretex tt dk~ secularists aun their accusation against lslamists 'for call i ng for tine· establlshment of theocracy based Ori nDi vine Righf'l?

I've sfudied 'what they have 'writt:~n and found that ~t centered ar-ound a few doubts, wh ich Lwill mention 11 onestly, and then refute them.

(1) 'TIu~; idea of "domination" called for by two well-known pioneers in the flelds of missionary work and thought! namely Abu aI-,A."" ~;a al-Mawdudl in Pakistan and Sayyid Qu'l!b In Egypt (may Allah forgive them). The essence of ~:hjs idea lis that judgment and dornination m'!llst be traced ~o Allah alone, as the universe ffis but

P- art of H;'~ Dom ;JI]- ion Th - erefo .. "", ~j> ~1lI' ust I),.,~, d '0': m inat >loA an ,=_,.1:_',

. l~', ", !"~ 'V "1,,. .• , , "I. .... ,Vi .... , ,1,\ I ,lUll ,i:). , 1.1.... <.: '_" ,iii .~iI.,j I~,IU

governed by the Laws of Allah alone 'without anyassociates.

4 The dec i s ion rests liJj til Allah only, 'W 170 hath con u nanded y.ou 1.1Uil ye worship fUHI.e ~'ave Hun: ,

t'l"4°)'

'i. ~: ~'''' -_ '!JjI ,:

(2) A, Staternent by .. Uthman, (may A,'~lah 'be pleased 'with him) during siege, Til rn s statement was seized upon and i nfl ated by 'Professor Farag' Fud all ~ mak ing of itl' a, seemi ngl y un refutable evidence,

H'I'e s aid, "It' s undou 'b,lo::o~111:y true jjib.. .;Ii' eovern m' - , e "nc 'I' 'b;'I;J Di V'' '!,T]I'~

L • !aJI U,1 1. - . 'I~Y __ ' ._~uw.: _,.11;.4 ~,~~G"', e" -,.-.", lr ,,,,," . .} ,u. ]JH~1i.;.o

right rests fi rm'!y on Cal iph "' Uthman ib~~ "'Affanis starement when the rebels askedhim 'i':Q; resign, H':I3o' reseonded wj:i'~ tne phrase '1~11':'!Jl

, ,_ ..... __ , _, ..,_ .. , •. ~, , __ , _ ~.. __ . "I.!, .... ,~, .... .:!'[ .. Vi",Y""', ,. i,~n t, "I, U~,ii.L_, t, :J;iL!'!i.

, ,

became U1JJe foandation onwhich Divine ri,gh~ government rests: ~'N ever shall I take off' a su it put on me by A 1 lah', This statement dragged Islernic potuical thought to' a crossroads with a m,ajonty supporting "Uthman's statement that ~.he selection Qif the Caliph's successor to the throne is donie by AHah alone and only .. Therefore, nn one had M1G right ~o oust: him or make him abandon, a place ..,. (.'i I['i ii aned ~'O" ,i...; m i:."v Ii. ~ '-I ah A" rn -"-1' 'fII' ori toy"~ i .. el ie ,''II,,;:.,.li tha ,"[ till"" nati on ; '"

;t1l,'1!'ilI~QI~1 .u' :~" .I,.h:", Vj' .nJ.«~.., " " :,' ,~,I ',,': v' '. : "'!if~UI ,.,,' , ,,0;:;; .~iI;lIi!L .... ,w ~,;:;

the, source of authority. II is the organizarion ~:h.at nominates and OHstS. This dogma was ~ater adopted by a group of people called arn-:M.u~'tazi~ah. This termgjves evidence of the stance of Islamic stare tOW1U"dS then; and thei [' S((lHOO' tow ards ~t,

(3) Another statement goes back to Abu Ga' faw al -Mansnr, the Abbas id Cal iph, After' the Abbesids seized power upon the downfa ~ ~ of Banu Umayyah's S[;Elilte, al- Marl sur s$dd in one of his, speeches i iii Mecca, ~10 peop le, I'm the representative 0" .Ana h on His earth, governing you with His Blessing urnd Support. rill His Guard! 'On, His Property, manipulating h, at His 'Wi1.]~ granting from i.tl whomHe wi shes" 'He 'made me its i;{)CK 'W~ ich He ope ns Of' locks :aJS 'He wishes to bestow your livelihood or Fi.O~:, j,

(4) The consemperary experience of ~,l1e Tr,~,mili~n Revolution ~n which clergy men sei zed power was headed by the 80m preme Guide A"y,atoll'ah :a~=,KjhollliWil~1 and his successor. This gives the strong impression ~hat ~,he state rns governed by an absolute theocratic government. Consequently ,any Islamic governmern, intended to

L ik'I'· I d· E ·11 b f 'I' • d'· ~

oe estaensneo 'lUll -1',gyP[~, 'WI: 'e a copy 0: t ae tmme 'late'IIY

establ ished ~rarjjan govern ment.

The id,eaof doml.D.D.UOn, ;m,d its, cOhaec'tio,n 'to a th'e;o'cm,cy

L€!fs look at the idea which is ctaimed by some, 'L(~ result ,in a theological state, In fact, those people misunderstood ilts na~t1te and bore on it what i:ts e resrors d:rndn ~~ i-li1tenJd.,11ul,s,~ rd I lke to polnt ou t so-me notes concern ~ I1g H~i S iSSUIe,,,

Was It the blv@n'Uon of 'Khawarij"

N'0tel: Many of those who- w rote about "domination' r. called for by ,aJ",Mawdudi. and later' by Sayy~d 'Qnttb, connected this,i,d.ea 'to, Khawarij (Dlssentersj whc objected 'to' .. An ibn Abl Talib, (may Allah be pleased with him) becausehe accepted the idea of arhitraJJ!iion. They issued the:ir- famous ;~rl~te~n.6nt "No judgment but nf:' Allah", Imam "Ali [,efuted their elai m 'W i!h his wise, eloquent h'i's~.Qr~c S~ty ~TilJg,! !I It 'is a true '$talemen~ hidi~g sQ;lrneth~ng wi eked. ~I It ls trnerh~Jt there is 1:10 judgment but of A~lall, but those people ,say, "No go'V,errnor bu~ Anah~ Ii wh i le peoplemust be governed by so-me governor, good or bad,

Thi So pr~'r-nit ive ~d~a 'of domination died so long ago duu no one adheres to it, even the Kill a'wa.r~j' themselves or their' offshoots 'who struggled to gain po.'wer and heMI iil. run some 'Of their territories dl roughout different eras.

Domi ,talil OH ~ :i n ii ts 'I e:,gws lat i ve sense, s ~al!,es that A 11~~11~ is the Leg i s I a~,orfor His c reatures, giving fhelTl His Commands and interd icti on sand s howi n g (he m what til ey sh auld dlo and wh at is itlegal to- do. It ;~s. not the invention of al-Mawdudi 'Of S.ayyid QUJ:b but is acknowledzed bv alii Musli ms. Po,r ~~'l ii~ reason, ;,. A.' .]' ~ (m ,'~:.': A:' I:I'~'~' '~'

,";>, " " '", iff: , , -,J " ""'''' , ",' - ,~~ ~~ - 0;.,; ,',]!VI'I~ , , I" ay , dll lLJe

pleased with him) didn't object to ttH~; principle usel f? but to the hidden i ntent, That W';]S the m ean ing of hi if) statemen t, ~~ It ;i s a true: Sl21!H~IWi,ent hid ing scmethi ng wi eked"; it's [me in ;i tSielf~ bu tit bas sornethi ng wicked intended.

D-m~'na"t· 'io- 'a'mo"og'; t"h:" e iC..nh·o' 'ig"f'£! 'o/ttl' iI"'1"5u"1 Q' 1'1' ~,nh'

v': -.a_. ,,: :11,:. 'g. I' : '! . ;": ': ,I , . .- ~~ I :,,1,,- ',~ ~ I,: \11 ,UII :~_.'_ '., :', .:""".!ii" i~, -:

Th is c ase 'W~S d ~SCLlSSed among ~lhe, scholars of U sed ,al-'Plqh (Principles of Is Iamic Jurisprudence) '1]1 their fundamental introductions, which smdied the legal verdict, the judge, the sentence and. the sentenced.

In the in~rodLl,.c~j ou to h iis famous book .A.}~IJ{JuSl:aft~; Min '~U1:fl in U' ·,1' Imam A.'" bu Hamid al O"ha'7'3'11 ~ discussed the le -_ ~ , - ',~r-t' '.~ , ,n,,~'- 'SU,~ =;"4;r;,,,,~ ,'~''!.iI,-c,~_ " q~= n ,,4,*:1 ,,,~,il;,l!.6<S":';';',,l!lgajl vercecr or

judgment wh ich is considered the first field of kn i,)'w'~edg,e. It is the sta,tenmemt of jurisdl ctlon before which no Judgment can be. stated, It is ·~·rr,'1i~', connected to the ~nd'O'Ie: who i,~ the ~eO'·~,'C'I'~'iI:,~o,'r, ,,:;'i:i';~: riiF;¢ii ,,-':1' ,', ed ,

~ ~ >ilI'~ ' ..... ~,I. . '~r;., __ "'"'_, __ .!Ill!.!!' 'eo' Jt _ _'" I~, !I _>I:;)il;]O,,,,"" '~ ~;nu 1Ii,~1,1i.r- sentence

who is the leg 'aUv capable and finallv :~he case beins seen, ,,~~ "c;'~ " " ,- , -, '" - ,t;;!. " - , J ' " ,- ,!,' ,- ,- ',J "- ,-.,.. M liC) s .... '!;,ii!l ~~ W W I,~ C u rns

the action of the legal [y capabl e.

Al-Ghazali then proceeded, "In studying the governor, it proves clear thaJt there isno judgment but that of Allah. The Prophet hrum~df hE~S no -rigll~ to' issue a, judgment nor [he master upon his slave, In a, broader sen se no: creature has file r~ghl to, make a, judgment obliga~:or:y on hj s br'other. Thus, A,I ~.alrui s the onl y One 'Who puts His judg rnent ~nto effect,,~~( I }

He went back to 'ifli...!i"Io judge whose speech 'leA"I'II1',\Ci,f"-t';!j;'d' to It~i..,:;, ],.;!!,,~~'m'~",y_: ..

_ '_,.' ~!:~ I!. IU __ ' ..... ~ _ '_ _ !~~:I""""iU~"'" '-, 11.1 U',<)"'"' ,i,)! _ -'bi1Vli.r ,] ,.:J. y, I~ ,,", ... ,~jlQ .. IL,. l~iI m,1bo "Yo'"-l!IIL

capable saying, "Puuing a judgmemt into effect ws in the realm of Allah \Vh@ owns the creature and the, command. No judgment should be ent .. ore .... ,...:I but that of ~,'Jl,.,a: m '''1ii'''''~'e:r HI'p':OIi1 his slave: and there's no master

ml, _I, ..... ID!!..I, -l!ll!l, ,I""~ V _ :!Iou.... "U;!l,""~·_ __ !.I! _: _ _ __' _ '" "", ~ 'i1!L ~ 'Y :!,. __ , _ _ ' ,_v L ~;.'j : ....

but the Creator. Thus 'He only has, the ,jud!m,en~: and the conl mend On the other hand, the enforcement of the judgments of '[iI1Fe; Prophet, m akesthem thu ... -bu;l\, ~~I'~'l'1i!'~ own wi 'I II M:::'r;,'r He ord -'-'iI'II'I(' the commone rs 1I;i"!; ,I,', ~dX~ Ibn., ; :1 . ILl )11,;)1;,' n~~~ il ~ 'v. ' ,~, '_" ,lIr'';';., ,n,:. v.'". _e.,I,d li,Ull" .•... ".Ii I. :1 .::;, II,i'W"

otley and accomplish those orders Ind judgments, The one who is ordered to do scmething wi~~ refuse and challenge hismaster's wishes, as there j s no difference between either, Thus, obedience 1.0 Allah is dIe dnty of aU creatures. This, obedience includes obedience of t'11HJSe 'w~ IJ' were chosen by All al~ II 5 ~ ~

"~"-'-nu- - ..'~n' "'I:Ii,t,-i-,-'o' as 'c:,-,'II'ie:d filA. ·b· "y" .... ,'1I"'iJI;,·';!lI'W, d·· o,d-'f an· '1,...1 Ou't- 'b:'

~~:___:~~ ~~. ~v-__:_, _. __ ," ", A'" ',,_',1., __ . .:V •. __ ,' ',.' !IiI.11 ~g-a. __ '_"._,"_"":_ ". __ . ·w. ~ _....: .. _'

N-oie c2:~ The domi I:1wt ion called for by' ,A1 ~ Mawdudi and 'QiU~b

'''!i.{- tributed to A:' 'I 'I ah ,i"\iI1'Ii II 'v . ..:1 II"iIffi!l:'Jn'I'" m '~'I3'!lI--I' i~'I'1Ila- t A'" ~ 'I ,:. L" makes soh r. ~1'~'l"i:'O;1]jI'"d" ~,.'I;.~,~, . __ :~._" I~,._. ,,_. ","'~I.I, '~!IJ,I~'J~ IU,U~~IlI,~ .~~IJ IL,~·._ -, !I,itl.ll _,_. __ ~¥a. ~.:lI yIU~_~~~ ~I~.'_.

and even seJ)1lds ~he;:m ,away. Differensiatiou be~woon these h!ilO ideas, [8 most erne ial wh ~ ~e. the eonfusi on betwee-n them j 5, extrelneJy mi sleading, as Professor Ahlfl1ad Kamal Abu a:1-'M:ajd pijhl~ed out.

Thus, domlnaticn doesn't necessease caUin2 for a theocracy, yet i~ was denounced byQu~b and al -Mawdudi bnay A~ lah forg ive 'tl1m]l)'"

1:. ,~\I-Qhaz[iill~. A I·Mtl~It;l:fflcl~ 'I ~g3. pl!l!b]i~shed [by Dar S,ad:ir ~ ]l,e:E:I'U'L h ls InCI.lNOII]t!)d 1111 f~W(;(tiJl A,t·R~fI~llT~!1t' that '~lh..c wllo:~e NaLi:on 1.1) in C01I1::senSI!]S ~hat there 'j,$, no rulling

'"".-:(,;:""'"~p-";I' '(.;100, . 'ili1ln .iIi '~'II.i'j,k 'Tl'll;'" '1"'';', '-''I"1in'!'[-,'~ir--'k! 'I' .... !Sil!j;';';;';'" ;[;_""h,;o;,'I,,,,i'~ w'l.. ..... ",,<i';:~1 '~,ltli'" ~k, '~~~m us, ..... ,"''''''-' , 'L, ,1.1, ,1,,1 n,u,u""u. I, ,1.1,1"., .. """,,",,I]~ ,[.!i_ J ,'!.!' _I!.',IIII,~"" !:!"" __ V ~"~!m __ llJ.lv ",Yo"~ ~ ~L ill li!oJi ~ I ..... _ II.!!,,~,

,mld '1:0 .MU,·I~~i~tn~h W~J) sald 'i m!1~!l;'il k:Ci[ is I~'IJ~ ro !er. No M 1l15,1 i n~ e~m d9~ ~:(i' sa,Y' i~]$~:~, but Ute dgJrn,[ :!)~.yin,g: is Ih~~, lntelleet de n~]es, some Divine J'ud~J:!lellJt1rl' w~],etber 'b,y 1,e;gi~]aJl'iall 01' o~Jn.e[W~i~l:i,~. This ls alsc reported f:m:n'iil, Ci'1J1 r a!JI:ls{;[IIndi,ng scholars, i1.~me']Y" M,Hdn],d~,yyflh. ])l, 25l;.vilh AJ'·fW~J't~"if((,

,~~ (I ....

Sayyid Quth said in his book M:a ~a.:lifl1 ",Ala A..l~ retric/' about durnination, "The Kingdom of Allah on earth can't be established by those ,e.lergy men 'who seize power 0[1 earth as was the' case w ii[ h the church' s 'iuthorill)~" II (lOe5~1 It need men represe ~l~ ng gods as i:t W!IS known in Europe 01' Sacred Divine rule. Instead, it is established thr-ough dean ~nanc~' of OU~ Ordi nances of A,:I !~,ah and trac i n g everyth ing to Him according to, plain Sh'arl~,llh,!I

A'I ':ft.,tll'- wdud '"I' i,~ o '-P-""I"n.~iII'·O·- i-"~C'.,:110·R1-- '~;ln'Q't;IO'n

, :-',[,"',1,3; . 'U,·! ",;3 .'., .Ill 1:1, 'IIJ'!I! •.. , ,It ... ''' •. ~~ .ll~,

Some peop le seized a part of al-Mawdudi t s speech and consequeutly lin]sum'lde:rstood it. On a false basis, they created rules and conseqlile;l}ces whic h he d idn't i ntend or' were inconsi sten I: w'i th the ideas, and the pr~ nci ples of hi s cal ~ t as discussed in dozens !of book s, treatises, aeticles and lectures" T1h is is exactly what 'W ou ld befall the Glorious Qur'an and the hu,di'ths of His Prophets if 'we, separate part ,of them from the real context and from what, eompletes, clarlfles or restricts their rules .~:magine 'what wou ld happen if all human speech were dii storted in thi s 'way .

. " d

' .... , ... , '--I ..

mennonec

democracy and said, "'Y {)11m cam see that, it has. no eonneenen to Islam, Thus, it would be misleading no app~y the term "democracy" to an Islamic regime, Insteadj, ~. Divine or theocratic ,g:ove-rmnlen~ may be m'Qre suitable,' i'

He then went '0''11 to say, "But the European theocracy is totally different from Divine government (Islamic theocracy), for Europe witnessed only a, gang of religious ,ctlstodi;au8 who took the. responsibility ot' legitimizing laws ace 0 rdi ng to their whims and 'interests. They exercised their godlike :i.nfh:u~'l1JceOIl1 their people;

bidi:ng 'behind Divine law. Indeed a, government like this 'rna,), better be ca~ led "Satan icgovernmen t i'i ~:han "Di 'Y ine government",' I )

, -

A, theocracy' created by Islam, is not: confined (0 a group of custodi ans or clergymen btl ~ is, in the ham ds of all M II s.I ims, They a~] practice it according to the ordinances and rules of the Qur'an and the Proehet's ,J>:I .. ·'d)I'J~!I:' If Y,,' 0'11 let 'm-, 'e "',OJ-iii a new term "''''''''it thi '"', rhe ,0, :'C', racv, '~

, I '!I:',I~' I~ ,.~ "".r.~'Ii -~_ ,~~I'!I ' , .' ',_ ''I,;... ~I"_'" J • ~v~ ~!I, I~ , _' _!L. ,I" I!v.,~ '\ i~ ,~I~~:I -v ! .. J JI ~J

cannot find a better one than "rheo-democracy" or "Divine democracy" government Mushrns would have a controlled peoples' government, a government subject to the Supreme Authority o;f Allah and ,H is Unchal ie:l1geab~6 Judgment.Exec uti ve aurhori '!,Y is formed and established HJH)n the agreement of'all Mus1im:~L They have the 'power 1:0 di ssol ve :i L S ~ m i ~ar'1 y no 'I aw ccncerni ng maners ,about wh ieh there, is no plai n Our'an ic statemen r, can be enforced without the agreement of Rill1 Muslims,

If a 'I idW or a Qur'anic te:x.l needs some ki nd of in~erpre"'lalion or simplification, no special class or family should do SOi but ani)" 'Mus'ihn:; provided that he l s qual ifled 'to make judgments on legal questions ({j'tihad).

In thi s sense, an 'Islamic government is a democratic one" 'This is clear in al-Mawdudrs works. However, we have some objection £0 the term ii theocraeic U w h ich he used to refer to (h,e Islamic government, owing to the seeming si m il arity between it and the theocracies known throughout history, even though al-Mawdudi denied this similarity,

~,;, The Chd sti:~n prlesrs and popes ha'ltc:I!]Ol,hlu£, of Shari ~al,l ex cept ,some.nor,ad iltlmorddons reported, 'fI.'Oliljl Jesus (Peace be ~ pon him). Becsuse of thh:i' t~tey enacted I,~.w~s; accordht_g tn their desires Qnd w:hhns sud enforced ;i:l wilhin COiIJ ~~t!iie_s ~ayi:~;g, lh:i:!li~. M ~ So revealed f:rul:'1,l AJI,ah as the QUY" 3~tl! states ~,So wC'~' to (fhe r:mes) who Wt~i'l';!' the l1ookwlt.h thetr iJUI!'tls" (.r.uu:l) iS~J'.. ~'nliS' is ii'om (tlte

- ·,1 t" ~!ll: l' .. A '? 1i1li' A'I M- - .. I' dO.

P'fOVJfAie,~:"e i OJ'.ti, ::(ut. T (,._;:' -,). ," -:,_, flW!..;i:u.L

Su,preme, ,domlnati,on, is, the:targe.'t

'N ole 3~: By. leg is I,ali ve dorni nationwe mean that i I: must be traced [C· Allah on I,), ~ RD1,d not to any nf His creatures. That is supreme and

ab ,"' .... 'II~,t"""~ ..... m ination -N'" othi .... e ,"'--"""-11' restrict :0"" il"I' -111-' 'I~' ;"1' as 'I-t ~,~, i'~:n:CI;, of ~:u..,,c., '!'L,~~'!;,,'_!I;:I~ 'U'I,;!', ':III,,~UII'4i' "., _,!l.II'I,Uli,I,~ ... It.l, ~ .:!~, ..... t, , ~ i". , ~ Illl 'i;!I' ,~, II,~ !l,;.!'11!O,.;o '__ l!UI,"""

e viden ces of (Jodl's Oneness.

I n this sense, ttl is sort of domi nation deesa't mean dUll man has no :dgh~ st all to legi slate, It prevents man from havi ng an 'i ndependent legi station wirhou t the fermi ssion of A:I lah 'On absolute Uleo~og:icam issues, like eSI~abl ish iT.llg new' rites as reli giOHS, observances not designated by Allah, or making additions '10- the current observances according to his wh~ITJ:S,~ or if,educing then, ~n qualhy or quantity, or d istc --1';~Ii"'I;O- 0'" chang tns their t- im .,0;;. place or form. An example can b ....

,IS o.Uhll,o. . ,I .. H'-!H, "j,lo l!On .. , i, ~ "'" ,~' .. _ ....... _ ,. _'~"~ __ '~' '~ __ ~~ __ ~_~"~ _- _ ""'~_ ~ '\,;.-

found in V.fH~ 'Iegi slati on of la wfu t and unla wfu ~ aceion s to legiti mize 'what Aflah has forbidden thai: which is prohibited, The Prophet considered such unlawful legislation weeshipping a false de-by, oond used i:~ tointerpretwhar Allah has, said concerning the Peoples of the, Book (Christiens ;and J ews) ,

~. They have taken as lords beside Allah thelr rabbis and monks. "

Relased so this prohibited legislation, is. that which ws inconsistent w·idll the dear, agreed-upon texts, such rules legalizing wrong deeds or spreading adultery-hidden or apparent, hillderi n,g i~p()sed precepts, canoe I 'i ng obl igatory penalties or centrad i:ctingil,Cknow'l edged Ord inanoes of AI lah,

Except for tile above-mentioned subjects, Musl ims have ~:he right to make, legislatlv~, judgments for themselves, provided 'if m,uru: be done in such matters about which there is no clear provision, This lat-

rer field is broad '" It :i s ,c.;d led the "passed over" I n the hCldi' h, n'Wlutr ;l,n-ah has passed over is fl(lJ,:ibl(L Ii'( 'II ~

Th'is mcludes a great :pa:r~ of peo~:de"s Hfe .

. M:olfieo.'ver, peop~e can leg isl ate i 11 such: texts ~:fl at tack ~e gene ral principles and rules. leaving particular and detailed rules untouched as in rhe e ase of SIi'IUtl •.

Hence, Muslims can legislate For themselves supported by their religion. in broad fields of their' social, economical and political life, controlled only by the overall objectives of S'hllri~,ClIl and its general rules. Tll,e~"i:e rules turn special attention ~:o the task of' protecting the Muslim's best interest, rej~c~'ing causes of corruption and meeting people's needs, whether [IS, imdivwduoJs or groups.,

.M·any,)'f the current, detailed rules don't contradiet Islamic taw in

,

:i rs overal ~ objeeti ves or panicu lar judgments, s'i rice they 'were: based on

.Jn~adlil.«::·illg benef t,s, and ,coutf'(}!ilim,g: damage, as we'll as ·p'!ro.t,ec~1Iiig: s·oclal conventions (e.g, the r,~,gu~alio[ls for tra,ffic~. navigation, av~a~i.on, agriculture OF many other regulsrions rel ated to general matters of --- -'I"'c); en

ruung) ..

Related ~o the above :is dle procedure of part.i,aiUy contn;)U~ing' cenai m. penni ssible aeti OMS 'for' some ~i me, In th i.Si. contex t, '~·U·ma.T' prohj bited sl:tiJugh'~eflng ail imals for a certain t:ime~ and abhorred marry ing non-Mus! i m women, fearmg that other people 'might imitate this practice, and com seqaentl y drag M:us~ im women. into seduction.

Al -M awdnd 1 gave Musl ims iii great chance, to legi slate ur:.. everytlung other thaa definite, imposed and fixed rules thilOUgh

I..; .. R~~:m!ied by al-H~I~d I'm fro rnI ~~adiI'JJ: of Abml ~d·Oaim·a·.!·.,. A.dl~-Dh~J];~b~ ,~gtee~ with hirll1 and s21id 'it is BJ Sound lrlJ{UMIi.

2, Sl~~ my book, Isi(J'i,,'~j::c' Sha.ri .(}j1. .[8 Appr:opriaie.for- A'Jl,.Jic(JJim.~ in' E}Pe,':'1 Ti,ite Gi!'d .Place·,

'SA " ']1'

interpreting texts, deduction, tlpp!I~:ca:li,on of discretion and making independent judgments Uitihad).~' I)

'Th,e statem'ent 0:( ;"Uthmsn ('ma,y' Allah be "I,eased, witll, 'him.)

"Uthrnan (may ,A~~ah be pleased with him) never claimed that he: ruled 'tile state with Divine r~gh:l.

n ws 'known that he was named Caliph, provided he took refuge in :L., 'G,l .,~, 'Q-' , ~ " d the } - ~l'li' f it:.. ~ 'p"" I, '" , ,\\'-~'I ' ,d'- -;.I [He' .:'w'onOllliS,UIi an ano tne ~,UU,.-l!:L 1:8 0_ hie, rrop ret, 3S :,'.e,i as a opteo

the same ways of his predecessors, Abu Bakr and "Umar. No one carl find throughout hls ~wfe. or in his 'words support for the claim that he was ruling or] earth rut} th~ name ofHeaven. 'look at this statement aari buteo to him "My wish is suhord] nate (0 )t'Ol!] rs" .,

"Uthman didn't say that he: ruled with 'the: Divine right so peoplehad 'I'~ submit even I when ;['0: rn "e' of the ~nJMri-.;lI~~: and thouglaless 'I'\P'/' .... p- le

t;() C)lJ .. h. .. L .. .II .... , , ,;:II, .... v_ .. _ .... _ .. ~ _. __ '"" ..... u: ~ .. _. ~_ .. _ _ __ ~.:l.,;JI L ...... v~'

"_ '_ '_

'Fe volted against hi m and rejected some of h is actions ~n rnatters of government which were di f~usoo by some enemies of Islam and bel ~eved by some deceived naive M:usH~f1IS., Instead be defended himself and 'his actions honorabl 'Y ~],S ing object ive and sc ientffic evidence and 'logic,

Concemi ng: the phrase I'I:~ ',IS, a S~1 ,i t. d ressed on me by Allall:ru", the A.~mirughtYt which I sboll~d'n'lt take off", it is related that he was doing what the '1iT'I!1'~'P:t,;,<::I,~ '0." ld him, In one · r« ,fhi,f: 11, ')~'l'!,pheciffi'," the Pro .• ,.nhet,

. ~ Ii U,." U ~, !II-"" .., _ n .... !~ '!I -- _. ~,1. .. ~. .. - - ~ ~ ~ - .... . ... Q ~,- V :. . - _.....,ilI ~ - . - -- ~ . IV" - - .

(Peace: be UI)Q;t1 him) addressed "Uthman s-t1yi.ng, ~~A.l.l:ah .~'n(Jy dress 'OU a suit: Don': take it Df{ cV€rl if you are or:den~d 10 ,do- so", (He repeated i[, three tj~nes)}2) Thus, his stance is this situatien aimed to o:bey~lng and irnplementi ng' the Prophet's orders and :i nstructions.

i ,_ SiSC 'l.':(!i!il,ocl~on of !! mslC7H.lic 71!t!oI'V (J.rut '(]l~l'dcj'lU:.'e In P,{Jl£dc.A':, Law and

- • - - -- - - - -- . ,;i'

ClJ.,~:s:tJt!i!liarJ,"', p. ]! '7~, 1Iif:KI after,

2. Reported by Ahmad fumd ~a.t~'TIr:nlidh~'.

The Prophet ai med, by his hadish ~ at protect] ng the Ca1 1 phate from be i ng a toy at the hands of a gang of thoughtless and rash 'I nd i v idual s controlled by ,SOHle 'hidden forces tlu~,t exploit their rashness u neon sciousl y.

n 'i s known th at thosewho asked hi Iii to res i 2U were not the

..... '

i:n flu-en rial characters in th is s huat ion. Therefore, the Cali ph coul dn t~

surrender the, Cal i phate to ~henl.

At-Tabari, Ibn Kathir and 'Others stated :thaltt he refused to take: off the suit. which was dressed on him by A,~!:G1h (the Caliphate) and to leave his nation in fierce turmoil, where an i'mptldent mob chooses the Cali ph and consequently turns everything upside down.' I )

"UUTlI11UWI ibn "Affan, the: wronged Caliph, tonk. refuge in his pledge of all e,g iance. He knew very \¥,e~llj thar those who. took, this pledge, dldn1l validate it, Those rebels were nothing but a gang of infuriated thoughtless impudent, He could 'fed indications :of a riot ehalleng ino- the foundations of his nation, ill d eny ing the reai >-_:- - -t>

,,:t;;- - - _.. - _ .. - -- ._-,. -~ "-- !.:I ,I In_ :~H I .... qu~r-emenlbs

of dissenters, he decided to sacrifice 11 Imself, He cou ld ba ve asked for the, help of h ~s supportersto destroy those. rebel :5., Actual iy a great ]1 urnber of Emil grants, Medin i an s, and the ir sons surrounded his house. Al-Hassan, al-Hussayu and "Abdullah ibn 'Umar 'were with them, 'They a] ~ 'wanted to defend hi in but he begged them to put their swords into thei r scabbards. He rook refuge in A.I lah, reciting Hi s Words unM I he 'was In ~edrf['t the. hand of his enem ies ilB Ih is own house"

Can this s'~atem,e;:nlt of that great m,artyr be deemed as taking shelter of Divine right to impose anthorii.Y upon people? Is it logical that a mler sticking to Divine -r[O'ht. - as thev oortrav hi m = offers h/ rnself

-,~ .0' . - _. . - - J E" ~ - .. - J . ". ... ,lmse ",

wi111if1g1y as a nla:r~yr?!

'I ,', ,AJ·,B.il:la~:tl'! Wa A li'·Nih(j\''llh - nrevious rc~erenre

_ ',.~ _. __ _'_~_,? ,,!l:~~~~ _ ••• ll., {. ~

,'Ii

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,A~ for Dr. Farag Fud:,lh\i.;. 'words!, "The statement of Ununah put the 'b;!h;u,nk pol itical thou~'ht~ru'~ crossroads, torn between a majority lh~li~ adopt file U'm~mahis opinion that Allah Ui'e _A~illl:~,ghty ~ Himself is ~he One Who appoints caliphs, thus the people have no r,~ght: h) dethrone him. And a minority th,~d deems ~:he ,Uni'nJl:I'/I' as the source .of ll~g'is'larjon. rut can raisc jo office and dethrone. That onin orr was

__ ~_ _ " _ _ __ ,~ _ _' - __ ,,(;':_ ,_iiL,FUlIOill _i:h

,~dop~,ed by EllI-M,H~t:mdlah, Calli:ng them al-Mu~']:azil:ah may be taken as ev idenee to the, Is lamic state's stance lO'WU rds them and their stance towa - rds H ~ ~i

'V - _ 01; ~ - __ '-' _11-_

This is the sruy~ng of arne. who is ig,i'lIOtalU: iibon'l Islam, its tijs;tory jl and heads <0 f ~hough~. 0 r, of one \vhohas wn unclear understandi n g i IJ1 which incompetence is mixed 'wh~ following personal 1 aste S.,

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First: A J\lajori ty of the Ummah' =, topped by ~he Sunnites '~, deem in a ful[ right or' even d~i,Uy or the Um'mah to choose the Imam, bring him to account, straighten ,flnd even de'lhrOIl€ him !:'1Th case this 'wru'lll not lead to ,greaJ~eiE" miss. They a~~(l deem 'i ~ necessary to defy i,:i 'in ~f he declared Irds disbelief in un)! w'uy;, This rns the vie .. wpoin~ or the ,Unu,!ulh~s majorit.y t and not a minc}r~ty as alleged by tile writer. Even "",Ali '~Abd ar-Raziq ,_ whose sayings are: adopted by FU~.a'l;-i ~ .sta!~ed :~ha[ ;(n~eoreljc.aJ~'y); The caliphate 'for the MusUm'f;i, ls I, principle dependwng on the choice of ~he members of Judgm,en~ ~~S the Caliphate is a COV,e.;l1a:l1~ offered by ~h,em; towhom ~hey choose to be Imam of the U/~m71(J,h due, to hi s j usmess, ( ~. c~

Secoiiul: The, wri ~ef made; great confusi 0]1: 'bet ween anriburing the peoples' acts t'Cl'AUah." the A.~:m'ighty.t. as being owner of the Ever-Supreme 'W:in in the universe - ind,icw[,ed, in the Qur'i'almlle verse tha[ reads,

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,~Say.:' to .[j'odl Lord of Power (alld R',uleJ, thou giv,e'st Plnl'tE r 1:0 'w'h(}n1 '11~'o:£' pleasest. ltnd Thou s.tripf)(:_~,st off Power .fhJ.'m: l'i!h()j~1 Tho ~I pleasest: "111',{]14: endtu?S',~' H,Iith honor w,/~{Jn7 Thou pieasest; and Thou bringes: l'()'ifii l'N;'ho;ij Thou pleasest: In Thy Hand is aU Good. Veri~)'!'!, Cl've,,.. all rhings 11u)tI hast pOlV'er, ,~,

(3":26)

This verse is the v':ie'w]lQi~n~, of the Sunnite and the m'uJo:rhy of Muslims ,_', and between 'the peoples' responsibility of their acts, tho,u:gtJ governed by Allah's 'Will!:.!, coruradicting with al-Ma'tazllah.

,A,II ~ of ~h,e Sunn ~te are of I~be, vlewpol IU that the W rn of Allah and Hls Destlny do not disregard man's responsibility, f'or this, enjaining the good and forbrudidlirw,g: 'the evil is ordained, penalties are leg:~s~,ate(t reward and pnni sh rnen t: ar'e enacted, al11d ~:he 'maJ'-k_,et oCr€' Parad ise and M:,eJI is held,

,As for what he attributed to al .. M:Ll"~azl[~h and considered '~it to 'be reason for cal ~ ing them 'ttnl,s, ~s a gr,o!und~iess aU e,~ajt'i on", It h as no proof and none of th,e; historians of Islamic Factions, old and, new said it~ $it either I:bn Hazm, nor ash .. Shahristani, nor' al-Baghd ad.i'" nor A hmad Ami n nor anybody else 'who wrote on juristic schools and C'hnught Factions O:hat were numerous),

Unfornmately, when ,~,I, .. .'Mlf'taz,Ha~ gained power d~rhl,g ~he: reigns {)"f the caliphs: ,a'I-Ma!'ll],IIJWI~ al-Mu'tasim (lind al~'W'(;],thlq, diu;,y themselves shut (liff the voices of opposition with tormre and imJprii son ment as recorded by :h 'i stori alii s du:ri:n,g the ordeal of the "Creetion ,~)'f the 'Qu:rl~!I;, It is slJ:fnci,elilt to br:iro,g' them ,(a]:~'Mu'''~(1zi],ah) 'to' account for 'wtJ at nn~y have done tothe v!enemb~e Imarn, ,A.h mad ibn Hanhal (may ,A'li;ah be" pleasedwith him)"

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Th:iird: Those who revolted against "Uthman ibn .. Aflwn (may A 1 ~ah he pleased with him) represented neither the majority of the Ummah, nor its distinguished figures, Rather, they were a mob as accurately described by bistorians, instigated by malicious and conspiring persons who schemed against the religion of Is~I,EHll. They p lamed (lie seed s for those 'who ],1 ater on, advo cated ~he [j, m ha~;i on of Islamic rule to. a certain ancestry according to (Divine rights). Contredictina 'the clear-cut Islamic 'main stream of thouaht,

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AiiI,_M' ansu r's sta ite ment

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This sta.tenfl.e;nl Wi8S quoted from (be boot IU·ls/'cnrl Wll Usui A l-Hukm, wh ich stated that h 'was taken from a book em titled A l~ ~,lqd Al-Farid Pi' .A.l-,Adab by Ibn" Abd Rabbuh al-Andalusi, I:si:t. right then _' as indicated by Dr; "Abd al-Hamid Mitwalli .~ to consider literary works as references, i ml ju ri stic problems '7~ I) M oreover, suppose thaAi' f\~= M,ClmS1l1f aetuall y said :i ~ (th w.s statement), ·~uhe matter wi th neither proof nor- confi rmed basi s ,_ it w j] 1 be solely h is personal opi n ion and c'~aJms that bear no obligation or commitment whatever. We are neither asked to- follow his opinions, nor are his, sayings irrefutable, F~:naJ]"J ~ he is completely responsible for his own sayings and deeds.

This i.f we consider only the 'wording of hilS statement and proceed. with It to the-worst of interpretations. The fact is whatever, the. statement c an be :i nterpreted in other ways, Namel Y t 'he (al-Mansu r) represents Allah's Legislation on earth and also shoulders ilm:p'~eme:nt~ng 'His Decrees, and notthat he, has BJ_ I)~vine right to rule,

How could this be the ca:se?!Wh:il'te 'we have seen ordinary Musl ims give adv lice to him, ask him too act and refuseeertar 11 act ions of his, he also did not say~ ~:I: am infallible', or 'I have ij, Divine ri,gh~'"

]. P'linoti1.les of R.~/b~g Sy,_~l(!!n~ in; ,Islant, p ~ 90. Second Edi tien, MUI1J~h~.!t!;iJl: Dar ,AlAv~H 'ad f, At1exilm,Cllria.,

Rather, we have seen judges reject his orders and abide by what they deemed right, and they were not harmed by him in .amy 'way"

Ibm ~ Asak i r, in his hi-story compiled af:tB:r "Abdullah rnbm Safih, said, "Once, a,~-M'.aI]jSUlf wrote to Siwar ibn '" Abdullah, judge of Basrah sayi m,g:: 'There i~s a di spnte between such and sue h 'leader and ~he mere hant so and $0 over '~\IJi ece o'f land. Therefore, g i ve it to ~he ~,e2].der" S i war repl ied to h is message inwriti ng: '!I have some ev idence before 'me UUILt. verifies ,it to be the right of the merchant, Based on this, I 'wiU 'not take "it: from. him until there is stronger evidence than that which I have,' At-Mansur wrote to him again saying: 'By Atlahwho !rms nopartner, you win give it to the: leader',,'1 Siwar wrote him, back: i'By Allah 'Wlil 0 has no part ner, I: wi ll not take i,~ from the merchant without proof,' When the message came to al-Mansur he said: 'I filled the ~ and, W] rh j ustice to ~!h;e e,:~ae~nt ,t:hat enab Jed m.y judges to correct :me whenever I dev i ate; (from the truth)!"

He also narrated after N'tlmayr al-Madani sayrong, "Al-Mansur v isited - M·: :1\:I;-d;'I"i''''~' w , t, ,·1.'1.". 'iJl,j(['ll'11,tJ,'ITIJil:l'm....li ih 'I'1i .. Im ..... an ut 'T·l I'll i, ·W- , !;Ii;:; judge there

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and I was. h:j s clerk '!' Camel merchaats accused a~,~ M:ar. sur of dohrug wrong to them, and Nu:mayr asked me ~\!) write to him (al-Mansur) as:k.~ ng h im to. come and di sperse j IJ snce to them. I tri ed 10 make h im pardon me 0 f the task, bu t: he refu sed., J, wrote the message and sealed. it 'N'U111tlyr commented: 'By AJta:h; no one other' than you is going to deliver ~t! Thereupon, I: \!!l,enl to ar-Rabi' who entered al-Mansur's chamber :and then returned sayi n,g:: :i 0 peop lie.~ it 'ni r of the Be:1 1e vers says that he was asked to go to dle judge 's office, and that non e of you should :ooeO!fJrJpan,:y hi ~11 thereto', Then, a~=,Mam sur carne in the company of ar- Rarbf., The judge did not. stand on h is feet before him, iJ).,,- - t ..- j, the hem ,o·,~~- his g' a rm ent 0*'1 h 1':5, sb :",:Ii'! ld .. er ~!lI~'11I d. call ed fo 1" t. )h~~

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yOU! th ~ best of l:e;w:a1lJrtl s,! ,~ ordered ten t~ OUi sand d j nars be g:i yen to you,"

"Ahd ar-R.a~Un!;lJll ibn Zi:yad ibn. An'urn ~;d-l:fr~qi, said: 1'1 used toseek knowledge with Abu Ja'far al-Mansur before his assumption of the office of Caliphate, Once, he invited 'me to his house, served me food withou t meat, the n s aid: I'O'~ slave girl! Do Y'OLl, have any dessert to serve?' Sh~ said: 'No.' He said: ~Nor some dates?' She said: "N'o.,~ He reclined and began to recite the following Qur'anic verse that reads,

~l'trnnJ! be that ,(J'ur Lord will' destroy "jlour enenlY and make _yo'U: i",lhe ri tors in th,e ,ea rth; that so He 1nuy see hOl:!' ye

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(7: 129)

After ~e assumed th,e office of Caliphate, I revisited. him and he said, 'How is 'my rule compared with that o-f the Banu Urnayyah?' I answered, 'You are unfair as they were.' 'He s,ald~iWle l:ack sincere helpers,' ] said, "Umar ibn "Abd al-",A'ziz. once said, "The su~:ta.n is jiost 1 ~ ke a market to which the merchandise :i s brought for sal e. If he is piau S,~, he will be, br-ought Mle: good" and i f he is not, evi ~ 'wj] ~ be, 'I:}fough~. to him.' Thea, he lowered Ihws head."

"One day, while he was de~~'veri.ng a sermon, one of the, subjects 'warned him agai n st and rem inded him of ,Ad'l:ah, 'lie commented: ~y au are most welcome! 'You have reminded me ,of lh'e Most Venerable Being, and made me fear- the Ever-Greatest Being. I seek the, refuge of Alla.h ,a_g;ai nst bei n,g one of those; when asked to' be pious ,and to fear ;;;TI,ah lnsists on his evil iI:" and sins!"

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