Drawing The Eye Ebook
Drawing The Eye Ebook
Drawing The Eye Ebook
DAVID DUCHEMIN
Ten Ways
Author To Improve
of Within Your Craft. None of them Involve Buying Gear.
The Frame
Introduction
This short eBook had the potential to be an egghead exercise in academia. The
concepts of visual mass aren’t sexy ones with cool names like the authoritative-
sounding Rule of Thirds. But sexy or not, understanding what draws the eye
allows us as photographers to more intentionally direct the eye, and that’s key to
creating compelling images to which we want others to feel drawn, images that
tell the stories we want to with the best chance of communicating the things we
want told.
What I’ve tried to do here is in the spirit of my first two eBooks, TEN and TEN
MORE. I have tried to create a book that is for the amateur who already feels
comfortable with the technology of his or her camera, but wants to get down to
the art of creating images that captivate the eye, the mind, and the heart of oth-
ers.
From the beginning it’s important to remember that the idea of visual mass is
a metaphor drawn from physics and as a metaphor it is limited. Try not to get
hung up on how accurate the metaphor is; in fact feel free to find your own
name for it if “visual mass” doesn’t work for you. What’s important is how this
all affects your photography.
Lastly, before we launch into this stuff, I need to say that the concept of visual
mass is not my own. I’ve encountered it elsewhere in bits and pieces. It might
even be explained more thoroughly and authoritatively elsewhere, but this is my
shot at explaining my understanding of it. The book is divided into four sec-
tions. The first explains what Visual Mass is and why it even matters. The second
looks at how we can use an understanding of Visual Mass when we shoot. The
third looks at using Visual Mass when we refine our image in the digital dark-
room, and the fourth is a set of exercises to work on this stuff, to put the rubber
to the road, so to speak.
PS. If I have to type the words Visual Mass one more time my hands will get
tired. I suspect if you have to read it once more you’ll just get sick to death of it.
So I’ll use the acronym VM when my hands cramp up.
Viewing Tip
Make sure you’re viewing this in 2-page spreads if you want this to look its best.
In Acrobat go to View > Page Display > Two Up. Also checking “Show Cover Page
During Two Up” will make sure the pages aren’t out of sync.
*
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Visual Mass Expanded
What has Visual Mass?
If an object or element within the frame of a photograph pulls the eye
of the viewer more than another element, it is said to have more mass.
That’s the easy part. The hard part is determining which objects have
more mass than others. This is where it gets muddy and subjective re-
ally, really quickly. So from the beginning you have to know that this
is all up for grabs. These are not formulas or rules. They’re principles,
and principles are notorious for being a little hard to pin down. But
in general here are some things to consider as you begin to wrap your
brain around the concept of VM.
The human eye is drawn to certain things over other things. The prob-
lem is the eye itself isn’t our only organ of perception. We see through
the eye, but we perceive with the mind, emotions, and memories. So
those things influence the way we as individuals see things, perceive
them. Don’t despair; the very subjectivity of all this is what makes it so
much fun, and is what allows us to create art that is uniquely expressed
by us and uniquely perceived by others. It just makes it all a little more,
well, fuzzy, when it comes to nailing it down.
In general then, we are drawn to:
The human figure before anything else. On a tighter scale we’re
drawn more to the face; and on a tighter scale yet, we’re drawn
to the eyes first.
Objects that are bright before objects that are dark. This
one’s tricky. It’s probably more accurate to say that in a pre-
dominantly dark image the eye is drawn first to elements of a
lighter tone; and in a predominantly light image, to elements
of a darker tone. It’s more about which tones stand out. We’re
drawn to contrast.
Elements that are sharp and in focus before elements that are out
of focus. This too is a function of contrast as the focussed ele-
ments are those with the cleanest contrast between themselves
and their out-of-focus surroundings.
Elements that are recognizable before those that are less recog-
nizable.
Elements that are warm before elements that are cool. But again,
this is similar to the issue of bright/dark elements. It really has
more to do with context. A blue ball (cool) will draw the eye
more than the background (warm) on which it sits, breaking the
so-called rule while still proving the point. We also look at ele-
ments that are more saturated than areas that are not.
The great thing about all this is that you don’t need to memorize the
list. You simply need to be observant and aware. The more conscious
you are of this stuff, the more you’ll recognize it as you capture and de-
velop your images, and the more able you will be to intentionally create
images that draw eyes and hearts where you want them drawn.
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Visual Mass, at it’s simplest, is
pretty easy to figure out. This
shot, taken in Lamayuru, India,
has some pretty heavy visual
elements with the solid curving
blacktop of the road, but the
small man in red pulls the eye
even more. Why? He’s a rec-
ognizable human figure; he’s
dressed not only in contrasting
colours, but in red. The chal-
lenge then, in an image like
this, is to intuitively gauge the
pull that each element gener-
ates and to balance those in
the frame. In this case that was
done by zooming my 70-200
lens in and out until my own
eye felt that the frame was bal-
anced. This isn’t science; it’s art
and we move by feel and in-
stinct. But that instinct can be
trained, so keep reading.
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PART ONE - SPREAD FOUR
12
Let’s look at another example, this time
more concrete.
On a recent trip to India I was in the
Nubra Valley on the border with Paki-
stan. We hired some camels as models
and brought them to a place we’d shot
the night before. The first image was
taken on the first run through with the
camels. The second was taken on the last
run through. In between the first and
last we ran the camels through the water
about six or seven times. I knew what I
wanted the viewers of this image to see:
the camels (1)
in the water (2)
at sunset (3)
with mountains in the background (4).
Here’s my starting point for all this. There are three images that go into
making a final photograph: the one you envision, the one you capture,
and the one you refine in the digital darkroom. The better you are at
the last two the closer you can come come to the first. Understand-
ing how to create and refine visual mass in your image through post-
processing techniques can create stronger images that are more closely
aligned with your vision.
Where the digital darkroom can make best use of the concepts of Vi-
sual Mass, or Visual Pull, is in the ability of software like Adobe Light-
room or Photoshop to make specific local adjustments. I use Light-
room for 90% of my development work, if not more. That’s not to say
Photoshop or Apple Aperture are necessarily inferior; they aren’t. You
just have to chose the tool with which you work best. So with apologies
to those not using Lightroom, that’s where I’ll be directing my atten-
tion. The concepts should still be transferable.
Adobe Lightroom, through the Adjustment Brush, the Graduated Fil-
ter, and the Targeted Adjustment Tool present in the Tone Panel, and
HSL/Color/Grayscale Panel, makes it easy to apply non-destructive
localized edits that bring greater visual pull to one area over another, or
alternately, to diminish that pull in other areas.
The image on the right was shot in a small blacksmith shop in Old Del-
hi. This is the final image. The RAW image straight from the camera
is on the following page. Here’s what I did to bring the file back to the
way I saw it in those moments I spent with the blacksmith.
On the pages that follow I’ll show you what I did to give certain ele-
ments more pull and to diminish the pull of other elements.
20
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ed to doesn’t
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HowthisI got from this file to
the finished image wasn’t
random; it was a calculated
series of adjustments de-
signed to increase the visual
pull of certain elements and
to decrease the pull of oth-
ers.
So I begin with the weak-
nesses. First, the image is
too bright, especially the
background. It’s bright be-
cause I exposed not for the
aesthetic of the image but to
get as much digital informa-
tion into the file to allow
more flexibility in post-
production. To do that you
“expose to the right,” and in
this case that means about
2 stops more than what
looked right. This is where
using your histogram is im-
portant. So my first step was
pulling the exposure back 2
stops. Then I added a couple
more global adjustments. I
adjusted the white balance
to make it warmer. I added
a Medium Tone Curve. I
added some clarity too. u
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Even with just these initial global adjustments the balance of VM in the image is
beginning to swing. The background now pulls the eye much less. It can be bet-
ter, and we’ll change that too. But before I do anything I want a sense of where I
am going, so I map it in my mind. Some folks use similar techniques with actual
percentages; some even map it out as I’ve done below on a Photoshop layer with
notes and squiggles. I just do it in my brain. Here’s what’s going on in my head
for this image:
So once I know where I’m going, it’s a matter of experimentation. This isn’t
paint by numbers; it’s just a matter of finesse, and you approach each issue at a
time, finessing it in the give and take of the digital darkroom. So the first thing I
do is pull the background in a little more, make it darker with the Lens Correc-
tion > Vignette slider. Once I’ve done that I do the following with the Adjust-
ment Brush.
1. Dial the exposure and brightness down on the brush and paint out the
hotspot on the elbow.
2. Using a new brush setting with an increased exposure and brightness I lighten
the face and then go back for a second pass to lighten the eyes. While I am at it
I bring a little more pull to the feet by brightening them a little. I know, this all
sounds very non-specific, but that’s exactly how it is, this is about the look, the
aesthetic; so I just go by how it looks and feels.
3. Lastly with the Adjustment Brush I add some brightness and clarity to the
beard to make it pop just a little.
All of this is the visual equivalent of saying “Look over here.” Before I finish the
image I’ll take it into Photoshop and do some selective sharpening. If the eye is
drawn to areas of greater sharpness, then I’d prefer to control which areas those
are and leave areas to which I want to assign less VM with less sharpening, if any.
In this case I duplicate the layer, sharpen it all, then apply a layer mask and paint
away the sharpening I don’t want. For the blacksmith I painted out the sharp-
ening everywhere but around the face, the folds of the pants, the feet, and the
handles of his tools near his feet. Here they are again, side by side on the follow-
ing page. Take a moment to look at these images and be aware of how your eye
moves around each one differently. How does the finished photograph make
you feel in a way that the unfinished one does not?
This is just one image, and I’ve used only a couple tools. See Part Four for more
ideas about using post-processing tools to refine the VM in an image to better
guide the eye of the viewer.
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before
after
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PART FOUR
VISUAL MASS PRACTICED
Three Creative Exercises
Visual Mass Practiced in Concept
Understanding Visual Mass, or the way in which the eye is pulled to-
wards some elements in a photograph over others, is not primarily gained
through reading; it’s acquired through practiced observation. One of the
best things we can do as photographers to improve our visual language
skills is to look at as many photographs as possible, and not only to look
but observe, absorb, and learn from them. Simply being aware of what your
own eye looks at and why is the first step in knowing where others will
look within your own images, and that knowledge will allow you to craft
better images when you raise the camera to your eye.
My sole intention in this eBook is to help you understand that the eye is
drawn to certain things, that this effect can be used in your photography
and your post-production, and that learning this whole thing begins with
you. This exercise is going to take some time; I trust it will become not
only an exercise of the here and now but one that you engage in everytime
you look at a photograph. Here’s the short version. Look at a lot of photo-
graphs and be conscious of where your eye goes.
Here’s the long version. Pull out your favourite book of photographs, pref-
erably not your own, and most preferably those of the masters. Now look
at them with a pad of paper and pen. Look at as many as you can, as often
as you can. Let’s talk about that first image. Spend 10 minutes on this first
photograph. Write down your immediate impressions. What do you think
and feel about this image? What do you first look at? Is there a consistent
path your eye takes as you look at this image. Where does your eye go?
Why does it go there and in that order? Why does it not go elsewhere?
The more you do this exercise the more consciously aware you’ll be of this
pull in your own images.
“What do you think and feel
about this image? What do you
first look at? Is there a consistent
path your eye takes as you look
at this image. Where does your
eye go? Why does it go there and
in that order? Why does it not go
elsewhere?”
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Visual Mass Practiced in Camera
Unless all this chatter about Visual Mass can be translated to our work with the
camera, it’s purely an academic matter. But the thing is, this is profoundly prac-
tical stuff. This is the kind of stuff, when shot with vision and passion, that di-
vides the snapshot from the photograph that is a compelling act of expression.
But it’s not easy; it takes time. It’s not so simple as making sure the composition
conforms to the Rule of Thirds. It’s a juggling act, an ongoing effort to gauge
the pull of ever-changing elements and their interaction with other ever-chang-
ing elements. So you’re forgiven if this stuff takes time to “get.” I’m still working
on it.
So, the last exercise was a sit down and interact with the photographs of others
exercise. This one’s harder, more “rubber meets the road.”
Give yourself an assignment to photograph something specific. It could be
a portrait of your cat, a still life, your daughter, or the Golden Gate Bridge.
Doesn’t matter what it is, just make it something you love because you’re going
to make a lot of frames. Now make one single frame. This is your sketch-frame.
Doesn’t matter if it’s good or bad. It’s a starting point and most beginnings
are hard, if not downright crappy, as a first-draft. Now look at it and ask these
questions: What is this image about? What do I want people to look at first?
Have I given that element (or elements) more pull than other, less important,
elements? What can I do to increase the pull in those areas and decrease it in
others? Do I need to change my POV, my optics, or my exposure? Should I be
using strobe lighting to allow a darker background and lighter foreground or to
call out that important detail that right now lacks pull?
Whatever your answer, do it. Play. Experiment. Create another frame. Repeat.
Don’t just shoot 100 frames hoping one will be magically good. Create one
frame at a time. Observe, interact with the image; evaluate it, and, where the
pull on my eye should be stronger, make it happen. Refine your sketches until
you’re ready to paint the final image. The more you do this, the more intuitive it
becomes.
Visual Mass Practiced in Lightroom
The post-processing example I gave in this short
eBook contains only one small handful of tech-
niques that can be used to enhance or diminish
the pull of elements or areas within an image.
Selective darkening and lightening, sharpening
and blurring, saturating and desaturating are all
tools that can be employed to subtly manipulate
the VM within an image. In fact most tools with-
in the Develop module do this; we’re just used
to thinking of them in different terms. Take the
ability to add clarity with either the Adjustment
Brush or the Gradient tool, for example. Consider
that dragging a gradient along a foreground that is
too heavily textured and therefore distracting (too
much VM) can diminish that pull significantly if
you set nothing more than the clarity to -100. We
often think of the gradient as a “darken the sky”
tool, but it’s so much more.
Begin to consider the pull of elements within an image as you look at, create,
and refine photographs, and you’ll begin to create images that are more closely
aligned with the one you see in your mind and your heart.
Peace.
David duChemin
Vancouver, 2009
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