Math Methods For Physicist Solutions Webber & Arfken
Math Methods For Physicist Solutions Webber & Arfken
Math Methods For Physicist Solutions Webber & Arfken
Russell Bloomer1
University of Virginia
Note: There is no guarantee that these are correct, and they should not be copied
1
email: [email protected]
Contents
i
6 725: Problem Set 6 25
6.1 Problem 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.2 Problem 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.3 Problem 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.4 Problem 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A Special Functions 29
ii
Chapter 1
451: Problem Set 2
Prove :
(A × B) · (A × B) = (AB)2 − (A · B)2
A · B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
This same equation can be used to find the magnitude of each of the vectors.
We will now examine the left side of this equation.
(A × B) · (A × B)
Eq.1 = Eq.4 X
1 Arfken and Weber
1 Arfken and Weber
1
1.2 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 1.4.10
F = q(v × B)
F
v = x̂, = 2ẑ − 4ŷ
q
F
v = ŷ, = 4x̂ − ẑ
q
F
v = ẑ, = ŷ − 2x̂
q
The induction can be found using two cross products from the given information.
x̂ ŷ ẑ
1
0 0 = 2ẑ − 4ŷ
Bx By Bz
B = x̂ + 2ŷ + 4ẑ X
Show that :
a × (b × c) + b × (c × a) + c × (a × b) = 0
From the text, we know that :
a × (b × c) = b(a · c) − c(a · b)
We can infer the other two relationship will be the same. Make these substitutions, we find:
2
1.5 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 1.5.8
For a vector A, which can be decomposed into a radial component Ar and tangential component At show that :
(a) Ar = r̂(A · r̂)
We know from the definition of the vector that Ar = A · r̂ and that the radial magnitude multiplied by the radial
unit vector will yield the radial vector.
Ar = (Ar )r̂ X
r̂ t̂ n̂
r̂ × A = 1 0 0 = At n̂ (1.5)
Ar At 0
r̂ t̂ n̂
r̂ × At n̂ = 1 0 0 = At t̂ = At X (1.6)
0 0 At
A·B×C=0
We know from the text that A · B × C = Ax By Cz − Ax Bz Cy + Ay Bz Cx − Ay Bx Cz + Az By Cx − Az Bx Cy . If the vectors
are coplanar then one of the components can be set to 0 under a transportation. If one of the components is 0 and
all the terms have one of each of the components, then the triple value is 0. Thus it is a necessary condition.
Lets assume A · B × C = 0, now show that it is coplanar.
One way to write the dot product is with a cosine, and one way to write the cross product is with a sine. Since we
know that it equals 0, then either sine or cosine or both terms are 0. If the cosine term is 0, then the cross product
is perpendicular to A, which would place it in the same plane as B and C. Thus they are coplanar. Now if the sine
term is 0, then (B) and C form a line. A third vector would then form a plane with that line. Thus it is sufficient
for this condition.
A·B×C=0 X
Show that :
(A × B) · (C × D) = (A · C)(B · D) − (A · D)(B · C)
First we will expand the left side.
(A × B) · (C × D)
= ((Ay Bz − Az By )x̂ + (Az Bx − Ax Bz )ŷ + (Ax By − Ay Bx )ẑ)
·((Cy Dz − Cz Dy )x̂ + (Cz Dx − Cx Dz )ŷ + (Cx Dy − Cy Dx )ẑ)
= Ay Bz Cy Dz − Ay Bz Cz Dy − Az By Cy Dz + Az By Cz Dy + Az Bx Cz Dx − Az Bx Cx Dz − Ax Bz Cz Dx
+Ax Bz Cx Dz + Ax By Cx Dy − Ax By Cy Dx − Ay Bx Cx Dy + Ay Bx Cy Dx
3
= (Ax Cx + Ay Cy + Az Cz )(Bx Dx + By Dy + Bz Dz ) − (Ax Dx + Ay Dy + Az Dz )(Bx Cx + By Cy + Bz Cz )
= (A · C)(B · D) − (A · D)(B · C)
This is exactly the same as the right side of the equation. X
4
Chapter 2
451: Problem Set 5
2.1 Problem 1.
Show that :
Tij = Aij + Sij + cδij Tkk
Where Aij = −Aji,antisymmetric, and Sij = Sji ,symmetric, and Tkk ,trace.
We can represent the antisymmetric and symmetric parts with two matrices.
0 A12 A13
Aij = −A12 0 A23
(2.1)
−A13 −A23 0
0 S12 S13
Sij = S12 0 S23 (2.2)
S13 S23 0
Now combining any ij-term, one finds that as long as i 6= j then Tij = Aij + Sij . Now we have to find for when i = j.
So the last term must vanish when i¬j, we know that the Kronecker delta function has this behavior. This yields :
2.2 Problem 2.
a.
Show for the epsilon tensor that :
εijk = ei · ej × ek (2.3)
5
for a nonzero value textbf ej × ek must be in the ei direction. Because of this then
b.
Evaluate : εijk εijl
Using part a.
εijk εijl = δjj δkl − δjl δjk
Using inspection the last term is one when j=k=l, then the first term is also one therefore it is 0. Now sum over all
of the terms.
3
X 3
X 3
X
δjj δkl − δjl δjk = 2δkl = 6
j=1 k=l6=j=1 k=l=1
2.3 Problem 3.
Prove that
∂Ai ∂Aj
Ai;j − Aj;i = −
∂xj ∂xi
By the definition of a covariant derivative
∂Ai
Ai;j = − Ak Γkij (2.4)
∂xj
With switching of the indencies
∂Aj
Aj;i = − Ak Γkji
∂xi
∂Ai ∂Aj
Ai;j − Aj;i = − Ak Γkij − + Ak Γkji
∂xj ∂xi
∂Ai ∂Aj
= − + Ak Γkji − Ak Γkij
∂xj ∂xi
∂Ai ∂Aj
= − + Ak Γkji − Ak Γkji
∂xj ∂xi
∂Ai ∂Aj
= − +0
∂xj ∂xi
∂Ai ∂Aj
= −
∂xj ∂xi
2.4 Problem 4.
6
2.5 Problem5.
From the transformation properties of gij and the definition of the Christoffel Symbol Γijk obtain the transformation
law for Γijk given in class.
From Arfken (pg 154)
∂gjk ∂gij
1 ks ∂gik
Γsij = g + − (2.5)
2 ∂xj ∂xi ∂xk
so then
∂g0ik ∂g0jk ∂g0ij
1 0ks
Γ0s
ij = g + −
2 ∂x0j ∂x0i ∂x0k
0 ∂xi ∂xj
gkl = gij (2.6)
∂x0k ∂x0l
∂x ∂x0l ij
0k
g 0kl = g (2.7)
∂xi ∂xj
let us examine on of part of the metric transformation and then we can use this to apply to the other parts.
∂xp ∂xm
∂ 0 ∂
g ij = g pm
∂x0k ∂x0k ∂x0i ∂x0j
∂gpm ∂xl ∂xp ∂xm ∂ 2 xp ∂xm ∂ 2 xp ∂xm
= 0k 0i 0j
+ gpm 0k 0i 0j
+ gpm 0k 0j
l
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x0i
The other two parts of the metric transformation are just permutations of the pervious one. So
7
8
Chapter 3
451: Problem Set 6
a.
For
a b
a + ib ↔
−b a
9
b.
Find the matrix for (a + ib)−1
−1
a b
(a + ib)−1 ↔
−b a
(−1) Cji
aij = (3.1)
|A|
So
a −b
Cji =
b a
|A| = a2 + b2
a −b
(a + ib)−1 = a2 +b2
b
a2 +b2
a X
a2 +b2 a2 +b2
αA = α1n A
detαA = det(α1n )detA
The determinate of a diagonal matrix is just the multiplication of the diagonal terms. In this case all the diagonal
terms have a value of α.
n
Y
det(α1n ) = αi = αn
i=1
Then set α = −1
det(−A) = (−1)n detAX
a.
b2
ab
A=
−a2 −ab
Then A2
b2 b2 a2 b2 − a2 b2 ab3 − ab3
ab ab
= =0
−a2 −ab −a2 −ab −a3 b + a3 b −a2 b2 + a2 b2
b.
10
Show a numerical case for if C=A+B, in general det C 6= det A+det B
Let
3 1
A=
−9 −3
2 1
B=
−4 −2
Then
5 2
C=
−13 −5
detA = 0
detB = 0
detC = 1
a.
1
0 − 12
0 1 0 0 −i 0 2
1 1
Mx My = √ 1 0 1 √ i 0 −i = i 0 0 0 (3.2)
2 0 1 0 2 0 i 0 1
0 − 1
2 2
1
− 2 0 − 12
0 −i 0 0 1 0
1 1
My Mx = √ i 0 −i √ 1 0 1 = i 0 0 0 (3.3)
2 0 i 0 2 0 1 0 1
0 1
2 2
0 1 0 10 0 0 0 0
1
Mx Mz = √ 1 0 1 1 0 1 = i − √i2 0 √i2 (3.4)
2 0 1 0 01 0 0 0 0
i
0 − √2 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
Mz Mx = 0 0 0 √1 1 0 1 = i 0 0 0 (3.5)
0 0 −1 2 0 1 0 0 √i
0
2
0 −i 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1
My Mz = √ i 0 −i 0 0 0 = i √12 0 − √12 (3.6)
2 0 i 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0
1
0 0
1 0 0 0 −i 0 √
1 2
Mz My = 0 0 0 √ i 0 −i = i 0 0 0 (3.7)
0 0 −1 2 0 i 0 0 − √12 0
11
Now for the commutation relations
1 0 0
[Mx , My ] = Mx My − My Mx = i 0 0 0 = iMz (3.8)
0 0 −1
−1 0 0
[My , Mx ] = My Mx − Mx My = i 0 0 0 = −iMz (3.9)
0 0 1
0 − √i2 0
[Mz , Mx ] = Mz Mx − Mz Mx = i √i2 0 − √i2 = iMy (3.10)
i
0 √
2
0
0 √i 0
2
[Mx , Mz ] = Mx Mz − Mz Mx = i − √i2 0 √i = −iMy (3.11)
2
i
0 − √2 0
1
0 √
2
0
[My , Mz ] = My Mz − Mz My = i √12 0 √1 = iMx (3.12)
2
1
0 √
2
0
0 − √12 0
[Mz , My ] = Mz My − My Mz = i − √12 0 − √12
= −iMx (3.13)
1
0 − 2 √ 0
This is equivalent as
[Mi , Mj ] = iεijk Mk X
b.
Show that
M2 ≡ M2x + M2y + M2z = 213
Examining term
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1
M2x = √ 1 0 1 √ 1 0 1 = 0 2 0 (3.14)
2 2 2
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 −i 0 0 −i 0 1 0 −1
1 1 1
M2y = √ i 0 −i √ i 0 −i = 0 2 0 (3.15)
2 2 2
0 i 0 0 i 0 −1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
M2z = 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 (3.16)
0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 0 1
Now combine these terms
1 0 1 1 0 −1 1 0 0
1 1
0 2 0 + 0 2 0 + 0 0 0 =
2 2
1 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0 0
0 2 0 = 2 0 1 0 = 213 X
0 0 2 0 0 1
c.
Show that
M2 , Mi = 0
(3.17)
Mz , L+ = L+
(3.18)
+ −
L , L = 2Mz (3.19)
12
where
L+ ≡ Mx + iMy
L− ≡ Mx − iMy
M2 , Mi = 2 [13 , Mi ]
= 2 (13 Mi − Mi 13 )
= 2 (Mi − Mi )
= 2 (0)
= 0X
Now Mz , L+ = L+
Mz , L+ = Mz L+ − L+ , Mz
1 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 0
1 1
= 0 0 0 √ 0 0 2 − √ 0 0 2 0 0 0
0 0 −1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 −1
0 2 0 0 0 0
1 1
= √ 0 0 0 − √ 0 0 −2
2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
0 2 0
1
= √ 0 0 2
2 0 0 0
= L+ X
0 1 0 0 −i 0
− 1 i
L ≡ Mx − iMy = √ 1 0 1 − √ i 0 −i
2 0 1 0 2 0 i 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1
= √ 1 0 1 − √ −1 0 1
2 0 1 0 2 0 −1 0
0 0 0
1
= √ 2 0 0
2 0 2 0
13
Now for L+ , L− = 2Mz
+ −
L , L = L+ L− − L− L+
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
1 1 1 1
= √ 0 0 2 √ 2 0 0 − √ 2 0 0 √ 0 0 2
2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
= 0 4 0 − 0 4 0
2 2
0 0 0 0 0 4
1 0 0
= 2 0 0 0
0 0 −1
= 2Mz X
Let C = AB and D = BA
n
X n X
X n
C= cij = aik bkj δik δkj
i,j i,j=1 k=1
n
X n X
X n
D= dij = bik akj δik δkj
i,j i,j=1 k=1
So C and D are both diagonal matrices, also. Because each term of A and B are scalars, then aii bii = bii aii .
Therefore
Xn n
X n
X n
X
C= cij δij = aii bii = bii aii = dij δij = D
i,j i=1 i=1 i,j
C = AB = D = BA
Therefore
[A, B] = AB − BA = 0X
14
3.6 Mathematical Methods for Physicists 3.2.33
Show that
detA−1 = (detA)−1
Let’s begin with the hint that we are given to use the product theorem of section 3.2 in Arfken, which is
det(AB) = detAdetB
detAA−1 = detAdetA−1
det(13 ) = detAdetA−1
By the definition of determinate det(13 ) = 1, and that the determinate is a scalar value.
det(13 ) = detAdetA−1
1 = detAdetA−1
−1
(detA) = detA−1 X
We begin with
3 2 1 1 0 0
2 2 1 0
1 0
1 1 4 0 0 1
So
1 −1 0
A−1 = −1 11
7
− 17 (3.23)
0 − 17 2
7
15
Now let’s check that this is indeed the inverse.
3 2 1 1 −1 0 1 0 0
−1 11 1
AA = 2 2 1 −1 7
−7 = 0 1 0
1 1 4 0 − 17 2
7
0 0 1
1 −1 0 3 2 1 1 0 0
AA−1 = −1 11 7
− 1
7
2 2 1 = 0 1 0
1 2
0 −7 7
1 1 4 0 0 1
16
Chapter 4
725: Problem Set 4
4.1 Problem 1
zn
Use only known functions (and series) to improve the convergence of ∞ n−1
P
n=1 (−1) n
so that the final series con-
verges absolutely at z = ±1. Where is the singularity and what happens to it?
zn
P∞
This summation is equivalent to ln (1 + z) = n=1 (−1)n−1 n
. If both sides is multiplied by (1 + a1 z) to find
∞
X zn
(1 + a1 z) ln (1 + z) = (1 + a1 z) (−1)n−1
n=1
n
∞ ∞
X n−1 zn X z n+1
= (−1) + a1 (−1)n−1
n=1
n n=1
n
Now making everything to the same power
(1 + a1 z) ln (1 + z) =
∞ ∞
X zn X zn
z+ (−1)n−1 + a1 (−1)n−1
n=2
n n=2
n−1
∞
zn
X 1 a1
=z+ (−1)n−1 −
n=2
n n−1 n
∞
X n (1 − a1 ) − 1
=z+ (−1)n−1 zn
n=2
n(n − 1)
Now set a1 = 1. So check when z = −1
∞
X −1
(z = −1) + (−1)n−1 (z = −1)n =
n=2
n(n − 1)
∞
X −1
−1+ (−1)n−1 (−1)n
n=2
n(n − 1)
∞
X −1
= −1 + (−1)2n−1
n=2
n(n − 1)
∞
X 1
= −1 + (−1)2n−2
n=2
n(n − 1)
17
The summation is known to be 1.1 This means the series converges absolutely at z = −1. Now for z = 1
∞
X −1
(z = 1) + (−1)n−1 (z = 1)n
n=2
n(n − 1)
∞
X −1
=1+ (−1)n−1 (1)n
n=2
n(n − 1)
Now the absolute value of the summation, because if this converges absolutely, so does the actual summation.
∞
X 1
1+
n=2
n(n − 1)
As earlier the summation is absolutely convergent. Therefore the function is absolutely convergent at z = 1. In the
original summation there was a singularity at z = −1. This is removed by multiplying by a function, which at −1
equals 0. This suppresses the singularity. X
4.2 Problem 2
What is the threshold energy necessary to produce a ∆ at 1232 MeV in electron scattering according to e+p → e0 +∆?
The energy squared in the center of mass frame for the system is
s = (me + mp )2
The threshold energy is the energy of the electron, which in four space
pe (pp + pe ) pe · pp + pe · pe
Ee = √ = √
s s
4.3 Problem 3
2 2 2
Let A = ∂∂xf2 , B = ∂x∂y
∂ f
, and C = ∂∂yf2 . We have a saddle point if B 2 − AC > 0. For f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) apply
the Cauchy-Riemann conditions and show that u and v do not have both a maximum or minimum in a finite region
on the complex plane.
For u(x, y)
18
Then B 2 − AC > 0 becomes
2
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
− >0
∂x∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2
For v(x, y)
4.4 Problem 4
19
where c = ic0 . Now in the form of f (z), where z is the form z = x + iy
b
For v = e−y sin x
20
Chapter 5
725: Problem Set 5
5.1 Problem 1
Starting with the Euler integral, analytically continue the Gamma function into the left-hand complex plane and
determine its poles with their residues.
To extend into the the left hand side of the complex plane. Consider
Z ∞
Γ(z + 1) = e−t tz dt
0
Z ∞
∞
= −et t−z 0 + e−t ztz−1 dt = zΓ(z)
0
So consider z = −z
Z ∞
Γ(−z + 1) = e−t t−z dt
0
∞
Z ∞
= −et t−z 0 + e−t (−z)t−z−1 dt
0
= −zΓ(−z)
This can be continued indefinitely to the left. The poles can be found know that a 0 has to be in the denominator.
This occurs for z = 0, −1, −2, . . .. The value at these poles can be found from equation 6.47
I
n! f (z)dz
f (n) (zo ) = (5.2)
2πi (z − zo )n+1
For the Gamma function from the Euler integral form, f (z) = e−t . The value of f (n) (0) = ±1 depending if n is even
n
or odd. This becomes f (n) (0) = (−1)n . Therefore the residues are (−1)
n!
5.2 Problem 2
What kind of analytic functions are sin z, 1/ sin z and what are their singularities?
21
1
At large values for y, the function approaches ∞, so the behavior at large z must be examined. So replace z = w
, in
the summation representation
∞ ∞
X (−1)n z 2n+1 X (−1)n
sin z = =
n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0
(2n + 1)!w2n+1
So as z → ∞, w → 0 means there are “poles” at z = ∞. The problem is that the largest “poles” has power of ∞.
This means that sin z has an essential singularity at z = ∞ X
Now for sin1 z . This function has poles at z = ±nπ, where n is an integer. The pole expansion can be found using
the method form equation 7.15.
∞
X
bn (z − an )−1 + a−1
f (z) = f (0) + n (5.3)
n=1
For this f (z), the above expansion must include all negative n. For f (z), bn = 1/ cos z|zO . This means bn = ±1.
When n is even b2n = 1 and -1 for odd.
1 1
= +
sin z z
∞
X 1 1 1 1
(−1)n + + +
n=1
z − nπ nπ z + nπ −nπ
∞
1 X 1 1
= + (−1)n +
z n=1 z − nπ z + nπ
This reduces to
∞
1 1 X 1 1
= + (−1)n +
sin z z n=1 z − nπ z + nπ
∞
1 X 2z
= + (−1)n 2 X
z n=1 z 2 − (nπ)
5.3 Problem 3
P∞ 1
Evaluate the series n=−∞ n2 +2−2 at least approximately and exactly if possible.
This integral can be evaluated in the complex plane on the semi circle of the upper plane.
Z ∞ I
dx dz
2 + 2−2
=
−∞ x (z + 1/2i) (z − 1/2i)
The only pole in the upper plane is zo = 1/2i. The integral becomes
I
dz X
= 2πi f (z)z
(z + 1/2i) (z − 1/2i) o
1
= 2πi = 2π
1/2i + 1/2i
This value is a good approximation of the real value, which is 2π coth π/2. The approximation is within 10% of the
actual. X
22
5.4 Problem 4
From lecture
I Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
f (z) ln zdz = − f (x)dx ln xdx + f (x)dx ln (x + 2πi)dx = 2πi f (x)dx
0 0 0
23
24
Chapter 6
725: Problem Set 6
6.1 Problem 1
Solve the ODE (1 + x2 )y 0 + (1 − x)2 y(x) = xe−x with initial condition y(0) = 0
Writing y 0 = dy
dx
. Placing all the y’s on one side and the x’s the other
(1 − x)2 (1 − x)2
Z Z
dy dy
=− dx → = − dx
y 1 + x2 y 1 + x2
− ln C1 + ln y = −x + ln 1 + x2 → y = C1 (1 + x2 )e−x
So the homogenous solution is
yh = C1 (1 + x2 )e−x (6.1)
−x −x
Now solve for the particular solution with the guess y = Axe + Be
(1 + x2 )y 0 + (1 − x)2 y = xe−x → (1 + x2 )×
(−Ax + A − B) e−x + (1 − x)2 (Ax + B) e−x = xe−x
Since e−x appears in every term it can be cancelled. Now group everything in terms of powers of x
−Ax3 + Ax3 = 0 → Nothing is learned
(A − B)x2 − 2Ax2 + Bx2 = 0 → A = 0
−Ax + Ax − 2Bx = x → B = −1/2
A − B + B = 0 → Nothing is learned
So the particular solution is
1
yp = − e−x (6.2)
2
Finally solve for the boundary condition
y(0) = 0 → yh (0) + yp (0) = 0
1 1
y = C1 (1 + x )e − e−x → C1 (1 + 02 )e−0 − e−0 = 0
2 −x
2 2
1 1
C1 − = 0 → C1 =
2 2
Then the solution is
1 1 1
y= (1 + x2 )e−x − e−x → y = x2 e−x X
2 2 2
25
6.2 Problem 2
Let’s guess that the solution has the form y = erx , so the differential equation becomes
5 rx 9 rx
r2 erx − re + e =0
6 25
5 9
r2 − r + =0
6 25
Solving for r
r
5 25 9
r= ± −
12 144 25
5 i √
= ± 671
12 60
So the solution as the form
5 i
√ 5 i
√
y = C1 e( 12 + 60 671)x
+ C2 e( 12 − 60 671)x
2e−ω1
C1 =
ω1 − ω2
Therefore
−2e−ω2
C2 = −C1 eω1 −ω2 → C2 =
ω1 − ω2
The final solution is then
2e−ω1 ω1 x 2eω2 ω2 x
y= e − e
ω1 − ω2 ω1 − ω2
√ √
( 5 − i 671 + 5 + i 671 x
− 12
−60ie 60 12 60
y= √
671
√ √
5 + i 671 + 5 − i 671 x
− 12
60ie 60 12 60
+ √ X
671
6.3 Problem 3
Solve (x2 − 2x + 1)y 00 − 4(x − 1)y 0 − 14y(x) = x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 8 for the general solution. Then adjust it to the initial
condition y(0) = 9/20, y 0 (0) = 11/10
26
Define z ≡ (x − 1), then differential becomes
z 2 y 00 − 4zy 0 − 14y = z 3 − 7
z p (p(p − 1) − 4p − 14) = 0 → p2 − 5p − 14 = 0
yh = C1 z 7 + C2 z −2 (6.3)
y = Az 3 + Bz 2 + Cz + D
Now, because the second derivative is multiplied by z 2 and the first derivative is multiplied by z, all terms but the
constant and z 3 are zero, ie B = C = 0. So
Then
6.4 Problem 4
Determine the general solution of the ODE xy 00 = y(x)y 0 that depends on two integration constants. Find another
solution that cannot be obtained from the general solution. Explain.
The left hand side can be done by partial integration with u = x, du = dx, v = y 0 and dv = y 00 , so
Z Z
xy 00 = xy 0 − y 0 dx = xy 0 − y + C100
27
Combining the two constants in to one, then
1 2 dy dx
xy 0 − y = y + C1 → 1 2 =
2 2
y + y + C1 x
The third solution that cannot be obtained form the general solution is y = constant. This solution cause the
differential equation to become trivial, because y 0 = 0. Therefore, y 00 = 0. This is a solution because 0 times any
number is 0. X
28
Appendix A
Special Functions
Hi
29
Index
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