Growth and Investment  1

 
A  measure  of  macroeconomic  stability  achieved  over  the  past  two  years  has  kindled  a  moderate 
recovery  in  the  economy,  despite  one  of  the  most  serious  economic  crises  in  the  country’s  recent 
history. The economy grew by a provisional 4.1% in the outgoing year, after a modest growth of 1.2% in 
2008‐09. However, the recovery in the economy is less than secure.   

First,  the  durability  of  the  incipient  economic  turnaround  is  far  from  assured  given  the  significant 
challenges the economy faces. Second, not all sectors of the economy or regions of the country appear 
to  have  participated  so  far  in  the  modest  upturn.  Finally,  from  the  perspective  of  strong  job  creation, 
overall growth is still not robust enough.  In fact, latest official estimates suggest a moderate increase in 
unemployment.  

The  macroeconomic  context  remains  difficult  in  the  near  term.  However,  the  successful  resolution  of 
some  of  the  critical  challenges  the  economy  has  faced  in  2009‐10,  such  as  the  energy  and  water 
shortage, and a disturbed internal security situation, could lay the basis for higher growth in 2010‐11. In 
addition, the economy could benefit from large initial productivity gains as capacity utilization begins to 
increase  from  a  low  base.  For  the  longer  term,  however,  without  a  resolution  of  Pakistan’s  perennial 
structural  challenges,  such  as  raising  the  level  of  domestic  resource  mobilization  or  promoting  higher 
productivity  in  the  economy,  growth  and  investment  will  continue  to  be  constrained,  and  the  growth 
path unstable.  

1.1  Global developments 
The  outgoing  year  witnessed  the  making  of  a  global  recovery.  Leading  indicators,  and  upgraded 
projections  from  the  IMF,  have  so  far  pointed  to  a  sharp  rebound  in  the  world  economy.  The  latest 
projections from the IMF are for world output to increase by 4.2 percent in 2010, against an estimated 
contraction  of  0.6  percent  in  2009.  However,  as  noted  in  the  World  Economic  Outlook  for  April,  the 
recovery is “uneven” in terms of regions and countries, and is “fragile”.  

After the steepest fall since World War II, global trade is expected to pick up moderately in the current 
year.  Early  signs  of  recovery  in  both  global  output  and  trade  have  signalled  improved  prospects  for 
Pakistan’s  exports.  The  eruption  of  the  Greek  debt  crisis  since  April,  and  fears  of  wider  contagion 
especially in the Euro‐zone, however, threatens to disrupt the recovery process.   

1.2  Pakistan 
Despite  severe  challenges,  the  economy  has  shown  resilience  in  the  outgoing  year.  Growth  in  Gross 
Domestic Product (GDP) for 2009‐10, on an inflation‐adjusted basis, has been recorded at a provisional 
4.1%. This compares with GDP growth of 1.2% (revised) in the previous year. 

For  the  outgoing  year,  the  Agriculture  sector  grew  an  estimated  2%,  against  a  target  of  3.8%,  and 

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Economic Survey 2009‐10 

previous  year’s  growth  rate  of  4%.  While  the  Crops  sub‐sector  declined  0.4%  over  the  previous  year, 
Livestock posted a healthy rise of 4.1%. The performance of the Agriculture sector was boosted by the 
weakening of the El Nino phenomenon, after late winter rains. 

Industrial  output  expanded  by  4.9%,  with  Large  Scale  Manufacturing  (LSM)  posting  a  4.4%  rate  of 
growth.    The  Services  sector  grew  4.6%,  as  compared  to  1.6%  in  2008‐09.  Overall,  the  Commodity 
Producing  Sectors  are  estimated  to  have  expanded  at  a  3.6%  pace,  which  represents  a  significant 
turnaround from the anaemic growth rates of the previous two fiscal years.  

Table 1.1: Growth Performance of Components of Gross National Product
 (Percent Growth at Constant Factor Cost)
  2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐07 2007‐08  2008‐09  2009‐10
COMMODITY PRODUCING SECTOR   9.5 5.1 6.6 1.3 0.8  3.6
1.  Agriculture   6.5 6.3 4.1 1.0 4.0  2.0
   ‐  Major Crops  17.7 ‐3.9 7.7 ‐6.4  7.3  ‐0.2
   ‐  Minor Crops  1.5 0.4 ‐1.0 10.9  ‐1.6  ‐1.2
  ‐  Livestock  2.3 15.8 2.8 4.2 3.5  4.1
  ‐  Fishery  0.6 20.8 15.4 9.2 2.3  1.4
  ‐  Forestry  ‐32.4 ‐1.1 ‐5.1 ‐13.0  ‐3.0  2.2
2. Mining & Quarrying  10.0 4.6 3.1 4.4 ‐0.2  ‐1.7
3. Manufacturing  15.5 8.7 8.3 4.8 ‐3.7  5.2
  ‐  Large Scale  19.9 8.3 8.7 4.0 ‐8.2  4.4
  ‐     Small Scale*  7.5 8.7 8.1 7.5 7.5  7.5
4. Construction  18.6 10.2 24.3 ‐5.5  ‐11.2  15.3
5. Electricity and Gas Distribution  ‐5.7 ‐26.6 4.7 ‐23.6  30.8  0.4
SERVICES SECTOR  8.5 6.5 7.0 6.0 1.6  4.6
6. Transport, Storage   & Communication  3.4 4.0 4.7 3.8 2.7  4.5
7. Wholesale & Retail Trade  12.0 ‐2.4 5.8 5.3 ‐1.4  5.1
8. Finance & Insurance  30.8 42.9 14.9 11.1  ‐7.0  ‐3.6
9. Ownership of Dwellings  3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5  3.5
10 .Public Admn. & Defence  0.6 10.1 7.1 1.2 3.6  7.5
11. Services  6.6 9.9 7.9 9.8 8.9  6.6
12. GDP (fc)    9.0 5.8 6.8 3.7 1.2  4.1
13. GNP (fc)  8.7 5.6 6.7 3.7 1.7  5.5
* Slaughtering is included under small scale sector Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
 
1.2‐a  Contribution analysis  
For 2009‐10, sectoral contribution to growth was as follows: Services contributed 59% to overall growth 
in the economy for the year, followed by Industry (30%), and Agriculture (11%). In terms of individual 
sectors, Manufacturing accounted for 23% of the outgoing year’s overall growth, followed by Wholesale 
& Retail Trade (21%), and Social & Community Services (19%).  

Table 1.2 compares the structure of contribution to overall GDP growth for 2009‐10, with the previous 
five  years.  Growth  in  Agriculture  contributed  11%  to  headline  GDP  growth  for  the  year,  with  Industry 
accounting  for  30%.  What  stands  out  from  the  Table  is  the  consistently  high  contribution  to  recent 
growth, averaging 62% for the past six years, accounted for by the Services sector. In 2009‐10, the share 
of services in headline growth was roughly in line with its average, at 59%.  

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 Growth and Investment 

Table 1.2: GDP growth: Sectoral contribution (Percent)
Sector  2004‐05  2005‐06 2006‐07 2007‐08 2008‐09 2009‐10  Avg FY05‐FY10
Agriculture  17%  24% 13% 6% 71% 11%  24%
Industry  34%  19% 34% 10% ‐41% 30%  14%
Manufacturing  30%  28% 24% 24% ‐58% 23%  12%
Services  49%  57% 53% 85% 70% 59%  62%

Real GDP (fc)  100%  100%  100%  100%  100%  100%  100% 

Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
 
Another  important  point  to  note  is  the  consistently  declining  contribution  of  Manufacturing  to  the 
headline growth rate. From 30% in 2004‐05, the manufacturing sector’s share in growth has declined to 
23% for the outgoing year.  

In terms of contribution by expenditure (i.e. the composition of GDP growth), consumption expenditure 
continued  to  account  for  a  dominant  share  in  growth,  accounting  for  96%  of  GDP  growth  in  2009‐10. 
The  large  weight  of  private  consumption  expenditure  in  GDP  was  reflected  in  its  share  of  81%  in  the 
growth  for  the  outgoing  year,  with  general  government  consumption  expenditure  accounting  for  the 
balance 15%.  

Fig‐1: Composition of GDP Growth

Consumption  [ C ] Total Investment  [ I ] Net Exports  [ X ‐ M ]

100%
80%
60%
40%

20%
0%
‐20%
‐40%
2002‐03 2003‐04 2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐07 2007‐08 2008‐09 2009‐10
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
 

Reflecting  the  marginal  decline  in  gross  fixed  investment  for  the  year  of  ‐0.6%,  the  share  of  total 
investment  was  a  nominal  1%  in  GDP  growth.  Adjusting  for  the  assumed  contribution  of  Changes  in 
stocks category, the contribution of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) was ‐1%. Finally, reflecting the 
sharp  reduction  in  the  external  current  account  deficit,  which  is  projected  to  decline  to  less  than  2.8 
percent of GDP for 2009‐10 from 5.7 percent the previous year, share of Net Exports was 4%.  

The  stronger  pace  of  economic  growth  in  2009‐10  has  occurred  on  the  back  of  several  favourable 
developments, which have included: 

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Economic Survey 2009‐10 

• Substantial transfers to the rural sector over the past two years via the government’s crop support 
price policies, which, combined with higher worker remittances, have sustained aggregate demand 
in the economy; 

Fig‐2: Gross Transfer (Rs bn) Fig‐3: Annual Remittances
9,000
250
8,000
200 7,000

US$ Million
6,000
150
5,000
100 4,000

3,000
50
2,000

0 1,000
2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009
0
FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 Jul‐Apr
FY10

Source: Economic Adviser's Wing Sorce: State Bank of Pakistan

   

 
• A  larger‐than‐expected  cotton  output,  which  offset  the  moderately  negative  impact  on  the  wheat 
crop  caused  by  a  delay  in  seasonal  rains.  The  cotton  crop  continues  to  exert  a  disproportionate 
impact on overall growth in the economy (Fig‐4).  
 

Fig‐4: Cotton crop and GDP growth, Year‐on‐year change
10.0
GDP Growth (in %)

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0
‐40.0 ‐30.0 ‐20.0 ‐10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
Growth in Cotton Production (in percent)
 

• An ongoing improvement in external demand for Pakistan’s exports, mainly textiles; 
The revision of prior year’s growth rate, based on firmer data for the full twelve months of 2008‐09, as 
opposed to nine month data which is used at the time of preparing the provisional estimate, resulted in 
an adjustment in the real GDP growth from a provisional estimate of 2% to a revised 1.2%. The impact 
on the growth rate for 2009‐10 is estimated at over one percentage point. 

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 Growth and Investment 

1.2‐b  Investment 
At  current  market  prices,  Gross  Fixed  Capital  Formation  (GFCF)  has  been  estimated  to  have  declined  
‐0.6%, after recording a 5.5% increase in 2008‐09. A decline in fixed investment by the private sector has 
accounted for the overall change, with an estimated contraction of 3.5% for the year. The bulk of the 
decline has occurred in Electricity & Gas, Large Scale Manufacturing, Transport & Communication, and 
Finance & Insurance.  General Government GFCF is estimated to have risen 9.8%.  

Table 1.3: Gross Fixed Capital Formation In Private, Public & General Government Sectors By Economic Activity
(At Current Market Prices)
% Change 
Sr #  Sectors  2008‐09 R 2009‐10 P
2007‐08 F 2008‐09 R
   Total GFCF (A+B+C)  5.5 ‐0.6
A.  Private  Sector  5.3 ‐3.5
   Manufacturing  2.3 ‐4.9
     i. Large Scale  ‐7.4 ‐12.4
   Electricity & Gas  ‐4.3 ‐18.8
   Transport & Communication  ‐3.9 ‐14.2
B.  Public Sector  3.9 2.6
C.  General Government  7.7 9.8
F : Final, R : Revised, P : Provisional  Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
 
Clearly, this development is not salutary for the long run prospects of the economy. However, given the 
challenging circumstances in which the economy had to operate during 2009‐10, it is not surprising that 
the private investment response has remained subdued.  

A substantial decline in FDI inflow for the period also contributed to the decline in fixed investment in 
2009‐10. FDI accounts for a high share of gross fixed investment in Pakistan, with a share of close to 20 
percent.  

1.2‐c  Foreign Direct Investment  
In line with a sharp decline in global flows of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which fell 32 percent in 
2009  according  to  estimates  of  the  International  Institute  of  Finance  (IIF),  direct  investment  from  this 
source  saw  a  steep  reduction  in  Pakistan.  For  the  period  July  to  April  2009‐10,  FDI  totalled  US$  1.8 
billion  as  compared  to  US$  3.2  billion  in  the  same  period  of  FY09.  This  represents  a  decline  of  45 
percent.    

A large part of the decline in FDI for the period was recorded under Telecommunications (a net decline 
of US$ 607  million), and  Financial Services (a fall of US$ 548 million). Combined , the decline in  these 
two  sectors,  which  related  to  a  few  “lumpy”  transactions  last  year,  amounted  to  81  percent  of  the 
overall reduction in FDI in 2009‐10.  

Investment levels in some sectors remained healthy, including in Oil and Gas exploration (FDI of US$ 605 
million), Communications (US$ 222 million), Transport (US$ 104 million), Construction (US$ 86 million), 
and Paper and Pulp (US$ 81 million). Despite a steep decline, inflow of FDI into Financial Services was 
recorded at US$ 133 million for the period.  

A worrying development was the large net disinvestment recorded under the IT Services sector for the 

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Economic Survey 2009‐10 

year (amounting to US$ 95 million). Overall, out of the major industry categories, 12 recorded higher FDI 
for the period, while 24 industries witnessed a net reduction in FDI inflow.  

1.2‐d  International Competitiveness 
International competitiveness remains a key issue for the economy, and improving it a major challenge. 
The  scale  of  the  challenge  is  manifested  in  Pakistan’s  global  ranking  of  101  in  the  Global 
Competitiveness Index (GCI).   

This issue of competitiveness is also manifested in Pakistan’s share of world exports, which has declined 
over the past decade (from 0.16% in 2002, to 0.13% in 2008) while the share of South Asia as a whole 
has increased from 0.27% to 0.34% over the same period.  

Apart  from  the  “headline”  numbers  and  statistics,  however,  the  discussion  on  competitiveness  and 
relative  productivity  in  Pakistan’s  economy  needs  to  be  nuanced.  Firstly,  a  large  part  of  the  shift  in 
relative market shares between Pakistan and other South Asian countries represents trade diversion on 
account of the effect on Pakistan of the difficult security situation it has been facing since 2002, rather 
than an endogenous underlying dynamic. Secondly, developments on the competitiveness front are not 
uniform throughout the economy. Some segments of the Textile industry are doing well in international 
markets, while new export products such as Halal meat and Jewellery in particular are growing rapidly.   

On  the  other  hand,  many  Pakistani  goods  and  services  are  finding  it  difficult  to  compete  even  in  the 
domestic  market.  Construction  services  are  an  example,  where  Chinese  companies  have  made  large 
inroads.   

1.2‐e  Constraints to Growth and Investment 
The  incipient  recovery  in  the  economy  has  come  about  in  the  face  of  strong  headwinds.  Two  severe 
challenges the economy had to navigate through in the outgoing year were the sharp rise in the number 
of  incidents  of  terrorism  across  the  country,  and  the  scale  and  nature  of  the  attacks,  which  affected 
growth  and  investment.  The  global  “war  on  terror”  has  been  imposing  a  heavy  cost  on  the  economy 
since 2001. A distinct intensification of the militants’ campaign occurred during 2009, with major urban 
centres in Pakistan being targeted. During 2009‐10, a total of 1,906 terror attacks were recorded in the 
country, resulting in 1,835 deaths and 5,194 injuries, according to the National Crisis Management Cell, 
Ministry  of  Interior.  It  is  estimated  that  the  cost  to  the  economy  of  terrorism  amounted  to  around  6 
percent of GDP in 2009‐10.  A separate section is devoted to the impact on Pakistan of the global “war 
on terror”.  

The second challenge emanated from the energy crisis, which, due to factors detailed in a later chapter 
on the subject, underwent an intensification during the outgoing year. As a result, it is estimated that a 
loss  of  approximately  2.0‐2.5  percent  of  GDP  occurred  in  2009‐10  on  account  of  the  energy  supply 
constraint.   

The  overall  cost  to  the  economy  emanating  from  Pakistan’s  fight  against  terror  is  discussed  in  the 
following section.  

1.2‐f  Impact on Pakistan of the “War on Terror” 
Since 9/11, Pakistan has been at the epicentre of the global “War on Terror”. Between 2002 and end‐
April  2010,  a  total  of  8,141  incidents  of  terrorism  have  occurred  on  Pakistan’s  soil,  resulting  in  8,875 

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deaths of both civilians as well as personnel of law enforcement agencies (LEAs), and injuries to a further 
20,675 people.1  

Fig‐5: No. of incidents & human losses since 2002
12,000
Injured
10,000
Killed
8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: National Crisis Management Cell, Ministry of Interior
 

Beyond  statistics  of  human  casualties,  the  cumulative  effects  of  the  campaign  of  terror  unleashed  in 
Pakistan and the country’s fight against militancy, have been enormous.  Lives, homes and incomes have 
been uprooted, while educational attainment for virtually a whole generation of school‐going age in the 
affected areas of NWFP and FATA has been jeopardized, or severely undermined.  

In terms of the economic impact, the fall out on Pakistan has also been immense. As a front line state in 
the  global  “War  on  Terror”,  it  is  officially  estimated  that  Pakistan  has  been  impacted  to  the  extent  of 
over US$ 43 billion between 2001 and 2010.  

Table 1.4: Estimated Loss To Economy 2005‐2009
Cumulative
Rs billion  2004/05  2005/06  2006/07  2007/08  2008/09  2009/10* 
2005‐10 
Direct Costs  67  78 83 109 114 262  712
Indirect Costs  192  223 278 376 564 707  2,340
Total  259  301 361 484 678 969  3,052
In US$ bn  4.4  5.0 6.0 7.7 8.6 11.5  43.0
*: July‐April  Source: Finance Division, Government of Pakistan
 
Since  2007‐08,  with  the  “war  on  terror”  moving  to  a  qualitatively  different  phase,  with  the  Pakistan 
army  mobilizing  and  undertaking  large  scale  military  operations  in  the  country’s  North  West  (in 
Malakand/Swat,  and  the  Agencies  of  South  Waziristan,  Bajuar,  Mohmand,  Khyber,  and  lately,  Kurram 
and Orakzai), the negative effects on the economy have greatly increased.   

                                                            
 
1 Source: National Crisis Management Cell, Ministry of Interior, Government of Pakistan

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Economic Survey 2009‐10 

A brief list of the areas where the economy has been impacted includes the following:  

• Decline in GDP growth 
• Reduction in Investment 
• Lost Exports 
• Damaged/destroyed Physical Infrastructure 
• Loss of Employment and Incomes 
• Diversion of Budgetary Resources, to military and security‐related spending 
• Cutbacks in Public Sector Development Spending 
• Capital, and Human Capital, Flight 
• Reduction in Capital + Wealth Stock 
• Exchange Rate Depreciation and Inflation 
 
As an illustration of the magnitude of the direct costs, the additional expenditure incurred on security‐
related  and  civil  relief  operations  since  July  2007  has  amounted  to  an  estimated  US$  4  billion  (2.4 
percent of average GDP).2  In addition, the cost of the humanitarian crisis spawned by this conflict has 
been the displacement of over 3 million people, at its peak, resulting in a budgetary outlay of US$ 600 
million for the current fiscal year alone for relief and rehabilitation of the IDP population.  

Largely  as  a  result  of  the  negative  effects  of  the  War  on  Terror,  growth  and  investment  have  stalled. 
Pakistan’s economy grew 1.2 percent in 2008/09, with large‐scale manufacturing (LSM) contracting   ‐8.2 
percent for the year. The five year annual average rate of growth of the economy was 6.6 percent in the 
2004‐2008 period, while LSM output had expanded at an average of 12 percent.  Hence, the change in 
the  five  year  average‐to‐2009  trough  works  out  to  over  4.5  percent  of  GDP.  Cumulatively,  the  loss  of 
potential  GDP  for  2008  and  2009  is  estimated  at  7  percent  (or  equivalent  to  approximately  US$  11.7 
billion).  

Table 1.5:  Change in GDP growth, Investment, LSM, FDI and Exports  
     2001  2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008  2009 5 yr Avg: Chg. 
2004‐ [2009 vs 
2008  5 Yr Avg]
Real GDP Growth (fc)  %  2.0  3.1 4.7 7.5 9.0 5.8 6.8 4.1  1.2  6.6 ‐5.4
Fixed Investment  % GDP  15.8  15.5 15.3 15 17.5 20.5 20.9 20.4  18.1  18.9 ‐0.8
   Government  % GDP  5.7  4.2 4.0 4.0 4.3 4.8 5.6 5.4  4.9  4.8 0.1
   Private  % GDP  10.2  11.3 11.3 10.9 13.1 15.7 15.4 15.0  13.2  14.0 ‐0.8
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)  US$bn  0.3  0.5 0.8 0.9 1.5 3.5 5.1 5.2  3.7  3.3 0.5
Large Scale Manufacturing  %  10.2  3.8 0.4 18.5 18.8 9.2 8.8 4.2  ‐8.2  11.9 ‐20.1
Private Sector Credit  %  ‐0.5  12.1 12.8 34.3 34.4 23.5 17.3 16.5  0.7  25.2 ‐24.5
Exports (FBS)  US$ bn  9.20  9.14 11.16 12.31 14.39 16.45 17.0 19.1  14.8  15.8 ‐1.1
Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics; State Bank of Pakistan; Economic Adviser’s Wing, Ministry of Finance
 
The  export sector, with a contribution of 12  percent  to  GDP, and a substantial employment base, has 
faced  the  brunt  of  the  fall  out.  The  adverse  impact  on  the  export  sector  has  manifested  itself  in  the 
following ways: 
                                                            
 
2 Inclusive of original allocation and supplementary grants in budget 2009/10.

8 
 Growth and Investment 

• Loss of export orders / trade diversion to competitors; 
• “Permanent” removal of Pakistan from global production and marketing chain of international 
brands/large buying houses; 
• Relegation to low value‐added commodity products; 
• A substantial decline in price/unit value for products; 
• Increase in cost of doing business; 
• Loss of design and technological transfer; 
• A loss of entrepreneurial capital due to capital flight and brain drain;  
• Higher shipment, insurance and security costs 
• A reversal of trend towards greater economies of scale;  
• Loss of income, new investment and jobs; 
The direct and indirect costs associated with being the front‐line state in the “war on terror” have been, 
in  sum,  severe,  widespread  and,  in  most  cases,  protracted,  with  the  effects  persisting  for  a  fairly 
extended  period.  Indeed,  Pakistan  is  more  than  likely  to  face  a  significant  degree  of  “permanent” 
welfare loss on account of diversion of development spending to the security budget, capital flight and 
brain drain, and due to trade diversion it has suffered since ‘9/11’.   

1.2‐g  Cost of Energy Crisis 
Total energy consumption declined 5.2 percent in 2009 versus 2008, with consumption in the industrial 
sector  falling  by  11.7  percent.    Electricity  use  in  the  industrial  sector  fell  by  6.5  percent,  while  gas 
consumption  recorded  a  2.6  percent  decline  (Fig‐6).    Cumulatively,  since  2006‐07,  electricity 
consumption by the industrial sector has declined 8.2 percent.  

While the last available data pertains to fiscal year 2008‐09, the impact of more recent developments in 
the  energy  sector  can  be  gauged  from  the  widening  deficit  between  electricity  supply  and  demand 
during 2009‐10, which crossed 5,000 MW at its peak. 

Fig‐6: Electricity & Gas Consumption In Industrial Sector
22.0
Electricity
17.0 Gas
Annual Percent change

12.0

7.0

2.0

‐3.0

‐8.0
2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐07 2007‐08 2008‐09

Source: HDIP
 

9 
Economic Survey 2009‐10 

The effect of lower energy availability  is estimated  at the  equivalent of 2.0‐2.5 percent of  GDP during 

2009‐10.  

1.3  Longer Term Constraints: Improving Policy and Changing the Incentives Framework 
While the economy has had to navigate through difficult challenges in the short run, a set of complex, 
inter‐related, and longer term, structural constraints to overall growth continue to operate.   

This is manifested in the following ways:  

• A stagnant or declining share of the manufacturing sector in the economy, as a percentage of GDP, 
in new fixed investment, and in total employment (see Table 3.1).   

• A decline in size and “scale”, particularly in Manufacturing (Table 1.6). 

Table 1.6:  Manufacturing Companies by Paid Up Capital T 
  1990 1995 2000 2005  2009
No. of companies with paid‐up:     
> Rs 500 million  1 13 6 11  2
  100 ‐ 500 million  35 12 16 25  5
   50 ‐ 100 million  23 11 13 22  5
  < 50 million  587 532 269 794  668
Total  646 568 304 852  680
Source: SECP
 
• A faster increase in imports than exports. The Export‐Import ratio had declined to a low of 0.48x in 
2007 as a result. 

• The expansion of the informal sector, relative to the formal part of the economy.  While this trend is 
suggested  in  a  number  of  unreleased  studies,  it  is  clearly  evident  from  the  following  dynamic  at 
work: the share of informal labour in the economy has increased, from 72.8% in 2007‐08, to 73.3% 
in 2008‐09, as a percent of total. Conversely, formal sector employment has declined over the same 
period.  

Put together, the above trends represent a worrying picture for scale and the level of formality, in the 
economy. A large part of the problem relates to the incentives framework in place.  

• The  reliance  on  an  overvalued  exchange  rate  as  an  instrument  of  policy,  especially  between  2004 
and 2008,  

• Specifically for the viability of the domestic manufacturing sector, the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) 
with China since 2007 is unlikely to have helped, given China’s global dominance of manufactured 
products, especially in the low value added segment.  

• Pervasive mis‐declaration and under‐invoicing of imports, which according to some estimates costs 
the economy anywhere between Rs 100 billion to Rs 300 billion in lost revenue alone, in conjunction 
with the rampant misuse of the Afghan Transit Trade (ATT) facility, has undermined the viability and 
competitiveness of the sector.   

10 
 Growth and Investment 

• Recent developments on this front, with the winding up of the PACCs system by FBR, does not bode 
well for reducing leakages on account of weak administration of Customs.  

Weaknesses in the taxation system, including in terms of policy design, have set perverse incentives for 
formality and hence, scale. This is evident from the following table, which depicts strikingly how uneven 
the  “playing  field”  is,  especially  in  terms  of  taxation,  for  the  larger‐sized  firms  (mostly  corporate 
entities). 

Table 1.7: Incentives for de‐corporatization
  Corporate Non‐Corporate 
Small 
Listed  Unlisted  AOP  Individual 
company 
Tax Treatment:   
"Headline" Tax rate  35 35 25 20  20
Workers Profit Participation Fund (WPPF)  5 5 No 5  No
Workers Welfare Fund (WWF)  2 2 2 2  No
Distribution out of profits (dividend)*  5.8 5.8 No 7.3  No
  47.8 47.8 27.0 34.3  20.0
Source: A.F. Ferguson
 
Other cost advantages to being a relatively smaller, informal player in the economy are not captured in 
the  Table.  These  include  savings  accruing  via  the  elimination  of  the  regulatory  “burden”  (audits, 
inspections,  filings,  registration  costs  etc),  and  the  use  of  informal  channels  for  gaining  utility 
connections, as well as making lower payments for consumption.   

The loss of scale induced by the taxation system has seriously eroded the competitiveness of the Large 
Scale  Manufacturing  (LSM)  sector,  in  particular.  In  addition,  by  encouraging  informality,  the  taxation 
regime  in  place  over  the  last  many  years  has  plausibly  reduced  revenue  collection  compared  to  what 
would have been the case counter‐factually.  

1.4  Prospects for Growth 
While the near term outlook for growth and investment has improved moderately, it is likely to remain 
constrained  due  to  a  continuation  of  the  difficult  macroeconomic  environment.  Nonetheless,  the 
incipient  growth  recovery  in  the  economy  can  gain  some  more  traction  if  momentum  in  important 
segments  of  the  economy,  large  scale  manufacturing,  services,  and  selectively  in  the  export  sector,  is 
reinforced  and  not  derailed  or  interrupted.  With  relatively  low  levels  of  capacity  utilization  in  the 
economy currently, a turnaround in investor confidence can unleash large productivity gains even with 
low levels of fixed investment. 

Despite  an  improvement  in  the  growth  performance  for  2009‐10,  the  economic  turnaround  is  still 
fragile, with non‐trivial risks stalking the outlook. Some of these include:  

• A further deterioration of the internal security situation; 

• A continuation of energy shortages; 

11 
Economic Survey 2009‐10 

• The tipping of the world economy into a severe recession in the wake of the Eurozone debt crisis, 
which could hurt Pakistan’s exports as well as remittances on the one hand, but could reduce 
international prices of key commodities such as oil, on the other; 

The  magnitude,  timing  and  nature  of  external  assistance  inflows  will  be  an  important  factor  in 
reinforcing  the  nascent  recovery.  While  the  risk  of  pre‐emption  of  the  private  sector’s  credit 
requirements by government bank borrowing was obviated to a large extent in 2009‐10 by weak credit 
demand  from  the  private  sector,  as  well  as  improved  liquidity  in  the  banking  system,  the  threat  of 
crowding out of private sector demand for bank credit by government bank borrowing remains. In any 
case, government borrowing for budgetary support had an unintended consequence: the interest rate 
structure was pressured upward as a result. If and when external inflows relieve this constraint, interest 
rates can begin to decline at the margin.  

The longer term prospects for the economy are promising, given potential drivers such as the size and 
dynamism of the Pakistani diaspora, the potential for unleashing large productivity gains in agriculture, 
improvements in the economic environment by a deepening of regional trade and investment links, and 
the harnessing of the “youth bulge”.   

12 
TABLE 1.1

GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT AT CONSTANT FACTOR COST OF 1999-2000

(Rs million)
` % Change
Sector 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2008-09/ 2009-10/
F R P 2007-08 2008-09
I. COMMODITY PROD.
SECTOR (A+B) 2,041,661 2,234,671 2,348,925 2,504,569 2,535,968 2,555,948 2,646,845 0.8 3.6
A. Agriculture (1 to 5) 964,853 1,027,403 1,092,098 1,137,037 1,148,851 1,195,031 1,218,873 4.0 2.0
1 Major Crops 327,057 385,058 370,005 398,617 373,188 400,486 399,729 7.3 -0.2
2 Minor Crops 124,121 125,993 126,457 125,243 138,887 136,601 135,008 -1.6 -1.2
3 Livestock 473,771 484,876 561,500 577,400 601,408 622,531 648,106 3.5 4.1
4 Fishery 13,611 13,691 16,540 19,080 20,834 21,319 21,626 2.3 1.4
5 Forestry 26,293 17,785 17,596 16,697 14,534 14,094 14,404 -3.0 2.2
B. Industry (6 to 9) 1,076,808 1,207,268 1,256,827 1,367,532 1,387,117 1,360,917 1,427,972 -1.9 4.9
6 Mining & Quarrying 111,473 122,621 128,288 132,254 138,047 137,707 135,411 -0.2 -1.7
7 Manufacturing 727,439 840,243 912,953 988,301 1,036,101 997,966 1,049,569 -3.7 5.2
i Large Scale 492,632 590,759 639,585 695,489 723,626 664,405 693,355 -8.2 4.4
ii Small Scale 176,841 190,121 206,656 223,365 240,139 258,173 277,562 7.5 7.5
iii Slaughtering 57,966 59,363 66,712 69,447 72,336 75,388 78,652 4.2 4.3
8 Construction 82,818 98,190 108,195 134,536 127,076 112,884 130,203 -11.2 15.3
9 Electricity and
Gas Distribution 155,078 146,214 107,391 112,441 85,893 112,360 112,789 30.8 0.4
II. SERVICES SECTOR (10 to 15) 2,173,947 2,358,559 2,511,551 2,687,140 2,847,044 2,892,089 3,023,923 1.6 4.6
10 Transport, Storage
& Communication 461,276 477,171 496,073 519,486 539,297 554,115 578,966 2.7 4.5
11 Wholesale & Re-
tail Trade 766,693 858,695 838,426 887,294 934,231 921,015 968,150 -1.4 5.1
12 Finance & Insurance 141,768 185,501 265,056 304,514 338,386 314,813 303,521 -7.0 -3.6
13 Ownership of
Dwellings 126,764 131,214 135,820 140,587 145,521 150,629 155,916 3.5 3.5
14 Public Admn. &
Defence 267,321 268,826 295,959 316,915 320,565 332,108 357,134 3.6 7.5
15 Social and Community
Services 410,125 437,152 480,217 518,344 569,044 619,409 660,236 8.9 6.6
16 GDP (fc) (I + II) 4,215,608 4,593,230 4,860,476 5,191,709 5,383,012 5,448,037 5,670,768 1.2 4.1
17 Indirect Taxes 372,029 358,455 395,440 361,841 372,651 360,584 374,531 -3.2 3.9
18 Subsidies 53,488 69,889 72,545 75,602 190,288 41,085 26,434 -78.4 -35.7
19 GDP (mp) (16+17-18) 4,534,149 4,881,796 5,183,371 5,477,948 5,565,375 5,767,536 6,018,865 3.6 4.4
20 Net Factor Income
from abroad 90,721 88,766 84,343 82,434 85,586 112,838 193,711 31.8 71.7
21 GNP (fc) (16+20) 4,306,329 4,681,996 4,944,819 5,274,143 5,468,598 5,560,875 5,864,479 1.7 5.5
22 GNP (mp) (19 + 20) 4,624,870 4,970,562 5,267,714 5,560,382 5,650,961 5,880,374 6,212,576 4.1 5.6
23 Population
(in million) 149.7 152.5 155.4 158.2 161.0 163.8 166.5 1.7 1.7
24 Per Capita
Income (fc-Rs) 28,776 30,696 31,826 33,345 33,973 33,957 35,218 0.0 3.7
25 Per Capita
Income (mp-Rs) 30,905 32,587 33,904 35,154 35,106 35,908 37,308 2.3 3.9
R : Revised F : Final Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
P : Provisional
TABLE 1.2

SECTORAL SHARE IN GDP

(%)
Sector 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
F R P
I. COMMODITY PROD.
SECTOR 49.3 48.7 47.9 47.6 48.4 48.7 48.3 48.2 47.1 46.9 46.7
A. Agriculture 25.9 24.9 24.1 24.0 22.9 22.4 22.5 21.9 21.3 21.9 21.5
1 Major Crops 9.6 8.5 8.0 8.2 7.8 8.4 7.6 7.7 6.9 7.4 7.0
2 Minor Crops 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.4
3 Livestock 11.7 11.9 12.0 11.7 11.2 10.6 11.6 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.4
4 Fishery 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
5 Forestry 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
B. Industry 23.3 23.8 23.7 23.6 25.5 26.3 25.9 26.3 25.8 25.0 25.2
6 Mining & Quarrying 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.4
7 Manufacturing 14.7 15.7 15.9 16.3 17.3 18.3 18.8 19.0 19.2 18.3 18.5
i Large Scale 9.5 10.3 10.4 10.6 11.7 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.4 12.2 12.2
ii Small Scale 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.6 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.9
iii Slaughtering - 2.9 3.0 - - 2.4 12.4 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3
8 Construction 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.59 2.36 2.07 2.30
9 Electricity and
Gas Distribution 3.9 3.3 3.0 2.5 3.7 3.2 2.2 2.2 1.6 2.1 2.0
II. SERVICES SECTOR 50.7 51.3 52.1 52.4 51.6 51.3 51.7 51.8 52.9 53.1 53.3
10 Transport, Storage
& Communication 11.3 11.6 11.4 11.4 10.9 10.4 10.2 10.0 10.0 10.2 10.2
11 Wholesale & Re-
tail Trade 17.5 17.9 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.7 17.2 17.1 17.4 16.9 17.1
12 Finance & Insurance 3.7 3.1 3.5 3.3 3.4 4.0 5.5 5.9 6.3 5.8 5.4
13 Ownership of
Dwellings 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7
14 Public Admn. &
Defence 6.2 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.3 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.3
15 Social Services 9.0 9.3 9.8 9.9 9.7 9.5 9.9 10.0 10.6 11.4 11.6
16 GDP (fc) (I + II) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
R : Revised F : Final Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
P : Provisional
TABLE 1.3
REAL GDP / GNP GROWTH RATES (AT CONSTANT FACTOR COST OF 1999-2000)
(%)
Sector 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
F R P

I. COMMODITY PROD. SECTOR 0.8 1.4 4.2 9.3 9.5 5.1 6.6 1.3 0.8 3.6

A. Agriculture -2.2 0.1 4.1 2.4 6.5 6.3 4.1 1.0 4.0 2.0
1 Major Crops -9.9 -2.5 6.8 1.7 17.7 -3.9 7.7 -6.4 7.3 -0.2
2 Minor Crops -3.2 -3.7 1.9 3.9 1.5 0.4 -1.0 10.9 -1.6 -1.2
3 Livestock 3.8 3.7 2.6 2.9 2.3 15.8 2.8 4.2 3.5 4.1
4 Fishery -3.0 -12.3 3.4 2.0 0.6 20.8 15.4 9.2 2.3 1.4
5 Forestry 9.1 -4.4 11.1 -3.2 -32.4 -1.1 -5.1 -13.0 -3.0 2.2
B. Industry 4.1 2.7 4.2 16.3 12.1 4.1 8.8 1.4 -1.9 4.9
6 Mining & Quarrying 5.5 5.7 6.6 15.6 10.0 4.6 3.1 4.4 -0.2 -1.7
7 Manufacturing 9.3 4.5 6.9 14.0 15.5 8.7 8.3 4.8 -3.7 5.2
i Large Scale 11.0 3.5 7.2 18.1 19.9 8.3 8.7 4.0 -8.2 4.4
ii Small Scale 6.2 6.3 6.3 -20.0 7.5 8.7 8.1 7.5 7.5 7.5
iii Slaughtering .. .. .. .. 2.4 12.4 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3
8 Construction 0.5 1.6 4.0 -10.7 18.6 10.2 24.3 -5.5 -11.2 15.3
9 Electricity and
Gas Distribution -13.7 -7.0 -11.7 56.8 -5.7 -26.6 4.7 -23.6 30.8 0.4
II. SERVICES SECTOR 3.1 4.8 5.2 5.8 8.5 6.5 7.0 6.0 1.6 4.6
10 Transport, Storage
& Communication 5.3 1.2 4.3 3.5 3.4 4.0 4.7 3.8 2.8 4.5
11 Wholesale & Re-
tail Trade 4.5 2.8 6.0 8.3 12.0 -2.4 5.8 5.3 -1.4 5.1
12 Finance & Insurance -15.1 17.2 -1.3 9.0 30.8 42.9 14.9 11.1 -7.0 -3.6
13 Ownership of
Dwellings 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
14 Public Admn. &
Defence 2.2 6.9 7.7 3.2 0.6 10.1 7.1 1.2 3.6 7.5
15 Social Services 5.6 7.9 6.2 5.4 6.6 9.9 7.9 9.8 8.9 6.6
16 GDP (fc) 2.0 3.1 4.7 7.5 9.0 5.8 6.8 3.7 1.2 4.1
R : Revised P : Provisional Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
.. : Not available F : Final
TABLE 1.4

EXPENDITURE ON GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT AT CONSTANT PRICES OF 1999-2000

(Rs million)
% Change
Flows 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2008-09/ 2009-10/
F R P 2007-08 2008-09
1 Private Consumption
Expenditure 2,952,588 3,251,947 3,670,749 3,708,073 3,882,891 3,779,311 4,206,101 4,371,945 11.29 3.94
2 General Govt. Current
Consumption Expenditure 384,825 390,319 396,818 588,576 532,147 739,071 506,036 573,755 -31.53 13.38
3 Gross Domestic Fixed
Capital Formation 658,070 617,731 701,392 840,977 955,140 1,024,696 908,856 890,300 -11.30 -2.04

4 Change in Stocks 71,051 73,703 79,085 82,934 87,647 89,046 92,281 96,305 3.63 4.36
5 Export of Goods and
Non-Factor Services 814,425 801,982 878,896 965,863 988,164 935,303 904,375 1,031,533 -3.31 14.06
6 Less Imports of Goods
and Non-Factor Services 657,983 601,559 845,144 1,003,052 968,041 1,002,052 850,111 944,970 -15.16 11.16
7 Expenditure on GDP at
Market Prices 4,222,976 4,534,123 4,881,796 5,183,371 5,477,948 5,565,375 5,767,538 6,018,865 3.63 4.36
8 Plus Net Factor Income
from Rest of the World 127,050 90,721 88,750 84,343 82,434 85,586 112,838 193,711 31.84 71.67
9 Expenditure on GNP
at Market Prices 4,350,026 4,624,844 4,970,546 5,267,714 5,560,382 5,650,961 5,880,376 6,212,576 4.06 5.65
10 Less Indirect Taxes 355,323 372,029 358,455 395,440 361,841 372,651 360,584 374,531 -3.24 3.87
11 Plus Subsidies 54,451 53,488 69,889 72,545 75,602 190,288 41,085 26,434 -78.41 -35.66
12 GNP at Factor Cost 4,049,154 4,306,303 4,681,980 4,944,819 5,274,143 5,468,598 5,560,877 5,864,479 1.69 5.46
R : Revised P : Provisional Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
F : Final
TABLE 1.5

GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT AT CURRENT FACTOR COST

(Rs million)
% Change
Sectors 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2008-09/ 2009-10/
F R P 2007-08 2008-09
1 Agriculture 1,164,751 1,314,234 1,457,222 1,685,240 2,017,181 2,603,826 3,016,565 29.1 15.9
Major Crops 411,836 497,556 464,276 546,418 671,374 974,190 1,101,671 45.1 13.1
Minor Crops 126,372 154,218 168,461 184,121 211,553 235,803 281,332 11.5 19.3
Livestock 578,218 621,170 766,448 881,806 1,051,442 1,304,639 1,537,502 24.1 17.8
Fishery 16,728 17,490 30,492 42,668 52,391 53,731 56,182 2.6 4.6
Forestry 31,597 23,800 27,545 30,227 30,421 35,463 39,878 16.6 12.4
2 Mining & Quarrying 208,290 182,051 219,682 252,541 301,469 346,810 346,256 15.0 -0.2
3 Manufacturing 902,486 1,136,634 1,370,793 1,567,313 1,950,522 2,067,494 2,369,029 6.0 14.6
Large Scale 621,899 814,657 1,003,062 1,149,573 1,467,225 1,500,891 1,710,854 2.3 14.0
Small Scale 280,587 222,176 245,962 279,943 334,610 395,005 444,571 18.0 12.5
Slaughtering 99,801 121,769 137,797 148,687 171,598 213,604 15.4 24.5
4 Construction 115,497 153,333 179,885 225,239 260,340 294,990 308,425 13.3 4.6
5 Electricity and
Gas Distribution 190,713 187,267 153,338 169,519 145,874 222,249 246,086 52.4 10.7
6 Transport, Storage
& Communication 675,623 759,711 908,409 1,012,206 1,155,873 1,630,278 1,894,188 41.0 16.2
7 Wholesale & Re-
tail Trade 896,357 1,093,114 1,262,001 1,441,786 1,829,944 2,100,661 2,391,058 14.8 13.8
8 Finance & Insurance 165,230 236,254 364,320 447,270 556,679 625,471 667,550 12.4 6.7
9 Ownership of
Dwellings 146,264 165,441 184,812 206,166 239,010 298,789 345,759 25.0 15.7
10 Public Admn. &
Defence 312,105 343,348 404,628 467,685 530,074 662,723 794,439 25.0 19.9
11 Social Services 473,211 551,181 653,437 760,134 934,618 1,228,665 1,464,134 31.5 19.2
12 GDP (fc) 5,250,527 6,122,568 7,158,527 8,235,099 9,921,584 12,081,956 13,843,489 21.8 14.6
13 Indirect Taxes 455,549 468,573 569,077 556,874 667,604 763,501 896,702 14.4 17.4
14 Subsidies 65,496 91,359 104,399 118,966 346,389 106,121 71,763 -69.4 -32.4
15 GDP (mp) 5,640,580 6,499,782 7,623,205 8,673,007 10,242,799 12,739,336 14,668,428 24.4 15.1
16 Net Factor Income
from abroad 124,478 134,461 149,901 157,631 208,916 344,491 570,615 64.9 65.6
17 GNP (fc) 5,375,005 6,257,029 7,308,428 8,392,730 10,130,500 12,426,447 14,414,104 22.7 16.0
18 GNP (mp) 5,765,058 6,634,243 7,773,106 8,830,638 10,451,715 13,083,827 15,239,043 25.2 16.5
19 Population
(in million) 149.65 152.53 155.37 158.17 160.97 163.76 166.52 1.7 1.7
20 Per Capita
Income (fc-Rs) 35,917 41,022 47,039 53,061 62,934 75,882 86,561 20.6 14.1
21 Per Capita
Income (mp-Rs) 38,524 43,495 50,030 55,830 64,930 79,896 91,515 23.1 14.5
22 Per Capita
Income (mp-US $) 669 733 836 921 1,038 1,018 1,095 -2.0 7.6
23 GDP Deflator
Index 124.55 133.30 147.28 158.62 184.31 221.77 244.12 - -
Growth 7.74 7.02 10.49 7.70 16.20 20.32 10.08 - -
R : Revised P : Provisional Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
F : Final
TABLE 1.6

EXPENDITURE ON GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT AT CURRENT PRICES

(Rs million)
% Change
Flows 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2008-09/ 2009-10/
F R P 2007-08 2008-09
1 Private Consumption
Expenditure 3,600,963 4,184,717 5,001,499 5,720,225 6,543,843 7,835,310 10,254,625 11,815,289 30.88 15.22
2 General Government Current
Consumption Expenditure 428,689 462,462 509,864 824,300 796,204 1,278,431 1,029,156 1,312,520 -19.50 27.53
3 Gross Domestic Fixed
Capital Formation 736,433 844,847 1,134,942 1,565,838 1,814,620 2,094,743 2,210,920 2,196,969 5.55 -0.63

4 Change in Stocks 80,629 90,249 105,298 121,971 138,768 163,885 203,829 234,695 24.37 15.14
5 Export of Goods and Non-
Factor Services 815,158 883,704 1,019,783 1,161,257 1,230,660 1,316,439 1,636,196 1,892,553 24.29 15.67
6 Less Imports of Goods and
Non-Factor Services 786,224 825,399 1,271,604 1,770,386 1,851,088 2,446,008 2,595,390 2,783,598 6.11 7.25
7 Expenditure on GDP at
Market Prices 4,875,648 5,640,580 6,499,782 7,623,205 8,673,007 10,242,800 12,739,336 14,668,428 24.37 15.14
8 Plus Net Factor Income from
the rest of the world 151,812 124,478 134,461 149,901 157,631 208,916 344,491 570,615 64.89 65.64
9 Expenditure on GNP
at Market Prices 5,027,460 5,765,058 6,634,243 7,773,106 8,830,638 10,451,716 13,083,827 15,239,043 25.18 16.47
10 Less Indirect Taxes 403,221 455,549 468,573 569,077 556,874 667,604 763,501 896,702 14.36 17.45
11 Plus Subsidies 61,791 65,496 91,359 104,399 118,966 346,389 106,121 71,763 -69.36 -32.38
12 GNP at Factor Cost 4,686,030 5,375,005 6,257,029 7,308,428 8,392,730 10,130,501 12,426,447 14,414,104 22.66 16.00
R : Revised P : Provisional Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
F : Final
TABLE 1.7
GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION (GFCF) IN PRIVATE, PUBLIC, AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT SECTORS BY ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY AT CURRENT MARKET PRICES
(Rs million)
% Change
Sector 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2008-09/ 2009-10/
F R P 2007-08 2008-09
GFCF (A+B+C) 736,433 844,836 1,134,942 1,565,838 1,814,620 2,094,743 2,210,921 2,196,969 5.5 -0.6
A. Private Sector 545,104 616,514 852,424 1,197,740 1,335,849 1,539,647 1,620,982 1,564,427 5.3 -3.5
B. Public Sector 104,051 103,536 129,482 162,022 172,697 204,873 212,879 218,432 3.9 2.6
C. General Govt. 87,278 124,786 153,036 206,076 306,074 350,223 377,060 414,110 7.7 9.8
Private & Public (A+B) 649,155 720,050 981,906 1,359,762 1,508,546 1,744,520 1,833,861 1,782,859 5.1 -2.8
SECTOR-WISE:
1. Agriculture 75,681 81,159 135,308 145,575 151,574 147,511 171,521 191,359 16.3 11.6
2. Mining and
Quarrying 77,430 18,651 33,378 49,569 75,559 94,753 136,398 144,501 44.0 5.9
3. Manufacturing (A+B) 164,920 203,929 247,166 326,797 350,248 364,088 375,350 356,736 3.1 -5.0
A. Large Scale 136,066 164,572 195,655 261,023 276,131 271,840 254,835 223,333 -6.3 -12.4
B. Small Scale* 28,854 39,357 51,511 65,774 74,117 92,248 120,515 133,403 30.6 10.7
4. Construction 7,130 10,113 17,824 26,106 38,299 33,515 42,862 44,066 27.9 2.8
5. Electricity
& Gas 57,562 25,261 40,050 69,795 73,497 88,443 89,211 81,098 0.9 -9.1
6. Transport and
Communication 82,864 148,646 224,974 392,651 395,240 457,156 423,549 370,403 -7.4 -12.5
7. Wholesale and
Retail Trade 12,533 17,192 21,381 29,157 37,227 43,140 51,997 54,417 20.5 4.7
8. Finance &
Insurance 23,366 27,945 31,580 41,009 81,683 152,038 91,325 60,264 -39.9 -34.0
9. Ownership of Dwellings 91,379 110,398 129,247 149,167 158,719 181,729 219,867 231,657 21.0 5.4
10. Services 56,290 76,754 101,065 129,936 146,500 182,147 231,781 248,358 27.2 7.2
P : Provisional R : Revised F : Final (Contd.)
* : Slaughtering is included in small scale sector
TABLE 1.7
GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION (GFCF) IN PRIVATE SECTOR BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
AT CURRENT MARKET PRICES
(Rs million)
% Change
Sector 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2008-09/ 2009-10/
F R P 2007-08 2008-09
PRIVATE SECTOR 545,104 616,514 852,424 1,197,740 1,335,849 1,539,647 1,620,982 1,564,427 5.3 -3.5

1. Agriculture 74,293 81,050 135,086 143,538 151,340 147,381 171,383 191,129 16.3 11.5
2. Mining and
Quarrying 48,252 12,701 18,384 31,323 49,007 62,764 89,680 95,115 42.9 6.1
3. Manufacturing 163,520 200,521 244,959 320,501 346,574 362,824 371,098 352,850 2.3 -4.9
Large Scale 134,666 161,162 193,448 254,727 272,457 270,576 250,583 219,447 -7.4 -12.4
Small Scale* 28,854 39,359 51,511 65,774 74,117 92,248 120,515 133,403 30.6 10.7
4. Construction 4,178 6,608 13,418 19,248 24,262 19,091 28,205 27,601 47.7 -2.1
5. Electricity & Gas 26,417 3,039 11,612 32,372 29,633 32,843 31,438 25,538 -4.3 -18.8
6. Transport &
Communication 51,381 86,951 153,558 312,549 324,335 372,544 357,850 307,040 -3.9 -14.2
7. Wholesale and
Retail Trade 12,533 17,192 21,381 29,157 37,227 43,140 51,997 54,417 20.5 4.7
8. Ownership of
Dwellings 91,379 110,398 129,247 149,167 158,719 181,729 219,867 231,657 21.0 5.4
9. Finance & Insurance 20,897 26,599 30,520 38,692 77,974 147,268 83,273 47,640 -43.5 -42.8
10. Services 52,254 71,455 94,259 121,193 136,778 170,063 216,191 231,440 27.1 7.1
R : Revised P : Provisional F : Final (Contd.)
* : Slaughtering is included in small scale sector
TABLE 1.7
GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION (GFCF) IN PUBLIC AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT SECTORS BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AT
CURRENT MARKET PRICES
(Rs million)
% Change
Sector 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2008-09/ 2009-10/
F R P 2007-08 2008-09
Public Sector and
General Govt. (A+B) 191,332 228,322 282,518 368,098 481,771 555,096 589,939 632,542 6.3 7.2
A. Public Sector 104,054 103,536 129,482 162,022 175,697 204,873 212,879 218,432 3.9 2.6
1. Agriculture 1,388 109 222 2,037 234 130 138 230 6.2 66.7
2. Mining and
Quarrying 29,178 5,950 14,994 18,246 29,552 31,989 46,718 49,386 46.0 5.7
3. Manufacturing 1,400 3,410 2,140 6,296 3,674 1,264 4,252 3,886 236.4 -8.6
4. Construction 2,952 3,505 4,406 6,858 14,037 14,424 14,657 16,465 1.6 12.3
5. Electricity & Gas 31,145 22,222 28,438 37,423 43,864 55,600 57,773 55,560 3.9 -3.8
6. Transport and
Communication 31,486 61,695 71,416 80,102 70,905 84,612 65,699 63,363 -22.4 -3.6
Railways 3,133 3,336 3,439 4,754 3,680 4,296 1,609 284 -62.5 -82.3
Post Office & PTCL 6,699 5,834 10,763 15,232 11,981 14,445 23,814 23,830 64.9 0.1
Others 21,654 52,525 57,214 60,116 55,244 65,871 40,276 39,249 -38.9 -2.5
7. Wholesale and
Retail Trade - - - - - - - - - -
8. Finance &
Insurance 2,469 1,346 1,060 2,317 3,709 4,770 8,052 12,624 68.8 56.8
9. Services 4,036 5,299 6,806 8,743 9,722 12,084 15,590 16,918 29.0 8.5
B. General Govt. 87,278 124,786 153,036 206,076 306,074 350,223 377,060 414,110 7.7 9.8
Federal 31,581 41,304 38,938 53,522 78,862 83,175 59,663 75,722 -28.3 26.9
Provincial 26,689 50,059 71,567 113,512 156,261 179,756 211,330 245,537 17.6 16.2
District Govt. 29,008 33,423 42,531 39,042 70,951 87,292 106,067 92,851 21.5 -12.5
R : Revised P : Provisional F : Final Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
- : Nil .. : Not available
TABLE 1.8
GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION (GFCF) IN PRIVATE, PUBLIC AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT SECTORS BY ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY AT CONSTANT MARKET PRICES OF 1999-2000
(Rs million)
% Change
Sector 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2008-09/ 2009-10/
F R P 2007-08 2008-09
GFCF (A+B+C) 658,070 617,731 701,392 840,976 955,141 1,024,696 908,856 890,301 -11.3 -2.0
A. Private Sector 485,849 447,212 521,326 635,894 691,550 756,035 672,015 637,990 -11.1 -5.1
B. Public Sector 91,475 72,763 75,153 81,809 85,153 88,743 76,150 76,752 -14.2 0.8
C. General Govt. 80,746 97,756 104,913 123,273 178,438 179,918 160,691 175,559 -10.7 9.3
Private & Public (A+B) 577,324 519,975 596,479 717,703 776,703 844,778 748,165 714,742 -11.4 -4.5
Public & General
Govt. (B+C) 172,221 170,519 180,066 205,082 263,591 268,661 236,841 252,311 -11.8 6.5
SECTOR-WISE:
1. Agriculture 66,762 55,779 76,389 70,285 70,902 107,328 112,937 120,600 5.2 6.8
2. Mining and
Quarrying 66,738 12,232 17,482 22,021 32,557 36,104 44,252 45,680 22.6 3.2
3. Manufacturing 149,275 144,010 148,129 171,302 179,530 164,909 138,239 128,000 -16.2 -7.4
Large Scale 120,969 115,700 117,147 140,320 142,424 124,299 93,796 79,363 -24.5 -15.4
Small Scale* 28,306 28,310 30,982 30,982 37,106 40,610 44,443 48,637 9.4 9.4
4. Construction 6,606 7,919 13,155 19,378 26,805 21,137 19,784 19,139 -6.4 -3.3
5. Electricity
& Gas 50,119 16,934 21,659 32,056 32,750 34,764 29,710 26,439 -14.5 -11.0
6. Transport and
Communication 74,151 105,851 133,953 202,033 197,176 201,000 154,999 133,193 -22.9 -14.1
7. Wholesale and
Retail Trade 11,692 13,760 15,165 18,123 22,578 23,049 22,957 23,968 -0.4 4.4
8. Finance & Insurance 21,265 22,025 21,835 25,196 48,454 80,919 41,272 26,554 -49.0 -35.7
9. Ownerships of
Dwellings 83,163 87,010 89,213 91,648 94,151 96,721 99,363 102,074 2.7 2.7
10. Services 49,996 54,455 59,499 65,661 71,800 78,847 84,651 89,094 7.4 5.2
R : Revised P : Provisional (Contd.)
- : Not available F : Final
* : Slaughtering is included in small scale sector
TABLE 1.8
GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION (GFCF) IN PRIVATE SECTOR
AT CONSTANT MARKET PRICES OF 1999-2000
(Rs million)
% Change
Sector 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2007-08/ 2008-09/
F R P 2006-07 2007-08
PRIVATE SECTOR 485,849 447,213 521,326 635,893 691,549 756,035 672,015 637,991 -11.1 -5.1

1. Agriculture 65,537 55,704 76,264 69,302 70,792 107,274 112,890 120,523 5.2 6.8
2. Mining and
Quarrying 41,589 8,330 9,629 13,915 21,116 23,915 29,095 30,068 21.7 3.3
3. Manufacturing 145,588 141,613 146,847 167,917 177,636 164,331 136,674 126,619 -16.8 -7.4
Large Scale 119,724 113,303 115,865 136,935 140,529 123,721 92,231 77,982 -25.5 -15.4
Small Scale* 25,864 28,310 30,982 30,982 37,107 40,610 44,443 48,637 9.4 9.4
4. Construction 3,871 5,175 9,903 14,287 16,981 12,040 13,018 11,988 8.1 -7.9
5. Electricity
& Gas 23,001 2,044 6,280 14,868 13,204 12,910 10,470 8,326 -18.9 -20.5
6. Transport &
Communication 45,979 61,918 91,431 160,818 161,803 163,798 130,957 110,409 -20.0 -15.7
7. Wholesale and
Retail Trade 11,692 13,760 15,165 18,123 22,578 23,049 22,957 23,968 -0.4 4.4
8. Ownership of
Dwellings 83,163 87,010 89,213 91,648 94,151 96,721 99,363 102,074 2.7 2.7
9. Finance &
Insurance 19,018 20,964 21,102 23,772 46,253 78,380 37,633 20,991 -52.0 -44.2
10. Services 46,411 50,695 55,492 61,243 67,035 73,617 78,958 83,025 7.3 5.2
R : Revised P : Provisional F : Final (Contd.)
* : Slaughtering is included in small scale sector
TABLE 1.8
GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION (GFCF) IN PUBLIC AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT SECTORS
AT CONSTANT MARKET PRICES OF 1999-2000
(Rs million)
% Change
Sector 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2007-08/ 2008-09/
F R P 2006-07 2007-08
Public and General
Government (A+B) 172,221 170,518 180,066 205,084 263,590 268,662 236,841 252,311 -11.8 6.5

A. Public Sector 91,476 72,762 75,153 81,810 85,152 88,744 76,150 76,751 -14.2 0.8
1. Agriculture 1,224 75 125 983 109 53 47 78 -11.3 66.0
2. Mining and
Quarrying 25,149 3,902 7,853 8,106 11,441 12,189 15,157 15,612 24.3 3.0
3. Manufacturing 1,245 2,397 1,282 3,385 1,895 578 1,565 1,381 170.8 -11.8
4. Construction 2,735 2,745 3,252 5,091 9,824 9,097 6,765 7,151 -25.6 5.7
5. Electricity & Gas 27,118 14,890 15,379 17,188 19,545 21,855 19,240 18,113 -12.0 -5.9
6. Transport and
Communication 28,173 43,933 42,522 41,215 35,373 37,202 24,043 22,785 -35.4 -5.2
Railways 2,804 2,376 2,048 2,446 1,836 1,889 589 102 -68.8 -82.7
Post Office & PTCL 5,992 4,154 6,408 7,837 5,977 6,351 8,715 8,569 37.2 -1.7
Others 19,377 37,403 34,066 30,932 27,560 28,962 14,739 14,114 -49.1 -4.2
7. Wholesale and
Retail Trade - - - - - - - - - -
8. Finance &
Insurance 2,247 1,061 733 1,424 2,200 2,539 3,639 5,562 43.3 52.8
9. Services 3,585 3,759 4,007 4,418 4,765 5,231 5,694 6,069 8.9 6.6
B. General Govt. 80,745 97,756 104,913 123,274 178,438 179,918 160,691 175,560 -10.7 9.3
Federal 29,217 32,357 26,694 32,017 45,976 42,729 25,427 32,102 -40.5 26.3
Provincial 24,691 39,216 49,062 67,902 91,098 92,345 90,062 104,094 -2.5 15.6
District Govt. 26,837 26,183 29,157 23,355 41,364 44,844 45,202 39,364 0.8 -12.9
R: Revised F : Final Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics
P: Provisional