www.Fullinterview.

com

ORGANIC LED
A NOVEL LIGHT SOURCE

1. Abstract: low power consumption. These are Cheaper, Sharper,

Organic Light Emitting Diode is a scalable Thinner, and Flexible. OLEDs have a potential of being
nano level emerging technology in Flat Panel Displays white-light sources that are
and as a White Light Source with efficient features. This • Bright, power-efficient and long lived, by
paper focuses on OLED structure, principle aspects, emitting pleasing white light
fabrication methodology and different techniques to • Ultra-thin, light weight, rugged, and
replace current white light sources like Incandescent conformable
bulbs, Fluorescent tubes, and even display techniques • Inexpensive, portable
like Liquid Crystal Displays, Plasma technologies.
OLEDs can be fabricated using Polymers or by small 2. Introduction:
OLEDs are energy conversion devices
molecules. OLED matrix displays offer high contrast,
(electricity-to-light) based on Electroluminescence.
wide viewing angle and a broad temperature range at

1
www.Fullinterview.com

Electro-luminescence is light emission from a solid Already some of the companies released Cell Phones
through which an electric current is passed. OLEDs are and PDA’s with bright OLED technology for color full
more energy-efficient than incandescent lamps. The displays.
luminous efficiency of light bulbs is about 13 - 20 lm/W
but the latest experimental green emitting OLEDs 3. Working Principle & Structural
already have luminous efficiency of 76 lm/W, though at
low luminance. The development is on track for OLEDs
Aspects:
to effectively compete even with fluorescent lamps, Organic Light Emitting Diodes
which have the luminous efficiency of 50 - 100 lm/W. (OLEDs) are thin-film multi-layer devices
One big advantage of OLEDs is the ability to tune the consisting of a substrate foil, film or plate (rigid or
light emission to any desired color, and any shade of flexible), an electrode layer, layers of active
color or intensity, including white. Achieving the high materials, a counter electrode layer, and a
Color Rendition Index (CRI) near 100 (the ability to
protective barrier layer At least one of the
simulate the most pleasing white color, sunlight), is
electrodes must be transparent to light.
already within the reach of OLEDs. Another advantage
of OLEDs is that they are current-driven devices, where
brightness can be varied over a very wide dynamic
range and they operate uniformly, without flicker.
CRT is still continuing as top technology
in displays to produce economically best displays. The
first best look of it is its Cost. But the main problems
with it are its bulkiness, Difficulties in Extending to
Large area displays as per construction. Even though
Liquid Crystal Displays have solved one of problem i.e.
size, but it is not economical. So in this present scenario
the need for a new technology with both these features Fig.1. The typical structure of the OLED device.
combined leaded to invention of OLED.OLED which is The number of layers may vary, as described.
The OLEDs operate in the following
a thin, flexible, Bright LED with self luminance which
manner: Voltage bias is applied on the electrodes, the
can be used as a display device. The main drawback of
voltages are low, from 2.5 to ~ 20 V, but the active
LCD display is its Less viewing angle and highly
layers are so thin (~10Å to 100nm) that the electric
temperature depending which moves us towards a new
fields in the active layers are very high, of the order of
technology. Thus OLED promises for faithful
105 – 107 V/cm. These high, near-breakdown electric
replacement of current technology with added flavors
fields support injection of charges across the electrode /
like Less Power Consumption and Self Luminance .Both
active layers interfaces. Holes are injected from the
Active matrix TFT’s and Passive matrix Technologies
anode, which is typically transparent, and electrons are
are used for display and addressing purposes for high
injected from the cathode. The injected charges migrate
speed display of moving pictures and faster response.
against each other in the opposite directions, and

2
www.Fullinterview.com

eventually meet and recombine. Recombination energy consequently, low device efficiency, would make the
is released and the molecule or a polymer segment in application of OLEDs as sources of light extremely
which the recombination occurs, reaches an exited state. difficult. But by using phosphorescent dopants, the
Excitons may migrate from molecule to molecule. energy from all the triplet states could be harnessed as
Eventually, some molecules or a polymer segments light (phosphorescence). The energy is transferred from
release the energy as photons or heat. It is desirable that the triplet excitons to the dopant molecules. However,
all the excess excitation energy is released as photons not only excitons in the triplet states are utilized; these
(light). dopants, typically containing heavy atoms such as Ir or
The materials that are used to bring the Pt, facilitate the forbidden "intersystem crossing" from
charges to the recombination sites are usually the singlets to the triplet states.
(but not always) poor photon emitters (most of the The onset voltage, sometimes as low as 2.4
excitation energy is released as heat). Therefore, suitable V is the voltage at which the current begins to flow and
dopants are added, which first transfer the energy from enough hole-electron pairs recombine to generate light
visible by naked eye. The current and the corresponding
light intensity increase with increasing the drive voltage.
the original excitons, and release the energy more Two types of materials are needed to bring the charges
efficiently as photons. In OLEDs, approximately 25% of to the recombination sites: hole transport polymers or
the excisions are in the singlet states and 75% in the small molecules, and electron transport polymers or
triplet states. Emission of photons from the singlet states
(fluorescence), in most cases facilitated by fluorescent
dopants, was believed to be the only applicable form of
energy release, thus limiting the Internal Quantum
Efficiency (IQE) of OLEDs to the maximum of 25%.

molecules. The energy mismatch between the electrode

and the charge transport layer may require another layer
to be sandwiched in between, to facilitate charge
injection and thus to reduce the operating voltage.

Fig.1.2 Different Light Emitting Polymers for

diff colors.
Triplet states in organic materials were
considered useless, since the energy of triplets was
believed to dissipate non-radiatively, as heat. This low
ratio of singlet states to the triplet states and,

3
www.Fullinterview.com

total thickness of the device is typically less than 100 -

200 nm. The deposition of all layers requires humidity-

Fig.3 Energy levels across the simplest organic and oxygen-free conditions and all will require class-10
clean room. The cost consequence of such complexity is
light emitting diode composed of a single
high. The deposition of each layer negatively impacts
organic layer between two injecting electrodes
the manufacturing yield of the final device. The number
with a forward bias between anode and cathode.
of
For high efficiency, the top metal electrode
(cathode) must have the lowest possible work
function.
Some add a "buffer" layer, which may
serve the same purpose. Injection of holes is in most
cases energetically easier than injection of electrons.
This may result in the injection of excess of holes,
which could drift to the cathode without meeting
electrons. The excessive current would be wasteful and
would heat the device. Usually, the electron transport
layers depends primarily on type of materials used.
layer acts as a hole blocker, but in some cases a hole-
blocking layer is added between the electron and hole
Fig. 4 Energy band diagram for an organic light
transport layers to prevent the escape of holes to the
emitting diode with a hole (HTL) and electron
cathode. This has an additional benefit: the excess holes
accumulate near the blocking layer and the resulting (ETL) transport layer. In this case,
strong electric field across the cathode-electron recombination leading to light emission occurs
transporter interface enhances injection of electrons to at the hetero junction between the two organic
the system. This automatically balances the injection materials.
rates of both charge carriers, and maximizes 4. Polymeric OLED devices:
recombination. In some cases, exciton blocking layers
Polymeric OLED devices have usually
are added to prevent excitons to reach the electrodes and
fewer layers. The electroactive polymers may serve
decay non-radiatively. In other cases, a separate
multiple functions: as both electron and hole transport
emission layer is sandwiched between the electron
polymers and light emission polymers, even though
transport and hole transport layer.
dopant emitters can be used to tune the color. In some
In white-color emitting devices there may
cases, very thin layers of p-doped and n-doped semi-
be three separate emission layers, each emitting a
conducting polymers are sandwiched between the
different color. So today's devices may have a total of 7
transport polymers and the cathode and anode,
- 9 layers - including electrodes, deposited by different
respectively, to facilitate charge injection. The active
techniques (sputtering, vapor deposition, solvent
polymers and the injection layers are solution-coatable,
coating, etc). In spite of the large number of layers the
but the electrodes are deposited by different techniques

4
www.Fullinterview.com

such as vapor deposition or ion sputtering, as in "small

molecular" devices. To date, a large number of polymers
have been synthesized and tested, and new structures are
6. Fabrication:
still emerging. The polymers have an extended chain of The OLED devices are fabricated in the

conjugated double bonds or aromatic rings, and pendant usual manner with sequential evaporation of the

groups, which determine the emission characteristics. constituents in a multi-source vacuum chamber. The

The polymers are members of the polyphenylene substrates are Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glasses with a

vinylene family, polyfluorene homo- and copolymers sheet resistance of 20-30Ω. The ITO glass substrates are

and a new class of polyspiro emitters. cleaned by ultrasonic assisted detergent, deionized water
-

5."Small Molecular" OLED Devices:

As the name indicates, the active
components are "small" molecules. These small
molecules are deposited by vapor deposition. Most
"small molecules" would crystallize when deposited
from solutions and crystallization would damage the
device performance. Also, solution coating may result in Fig.5 Fabricated Structure
uncontrollable mixing of layers. Most of the hole- sequentially, then drying in oven at 100ºC. After 10
transport small molecules contain one or several minutes of UV ozone cleaning, the glasses are
aromatic amine groups (a key pre-requisite for hole transferred into vacuum chamber for device preparation.
transport) and a variety of pendant substituents. These N, N’-Diphenyl-N-N'-bis (3-methylphenyl), 1'-biphenyl-
molecules have a low oxidation potential and must form 4, 4’-diamine (TPD) and tris (8-hydroxy
stable cation-radicals. Electron transport molecules are quinoline)aluminum (Alq3) were used as the hole and
typically complexes of a metal such as aluminum (such electron transport layers respectively in this device. HPS
as Alq3), boron, etc. with aromatic groups, bisbiphenyl was used for emission layer. Copper phthalocyanine
anthracene, or, recently developed silacyclo- (CuPc) was used as another anode buffer layer. All the
pentadienes. These molecules have a relatively high devices consist of the structure
electron affinity and must form stable anion-radicals. ITO/CuPc/TPD/HPS/Alq3/LiF-Al. Device
Some silacyclopentadiene may be unstable but new configuration is shown in figure 4.
structures are being synthesized.. Also, there is a need to
fabricate the devices with extremely uniform thicknesses
of each layer. Non uniformities may lead to localized
7. OLEDs as White Light Source:
surges of electric current, localized overheating, and In contrary to display applications where
gradual destruction of the device. The complexity makes all colors are equally important, "good quality" white is
the fabrication of OLEDs difficult and slows down of prime importance for general illumination. Individual
testing of new materials. colors are not as important. OLEDs have typically very
broad band emissions, which makes them uniquely

5
www.Fullinterview.com

suitable for applications where white with high CRI and

the desired position on the chromaticity diagram is
desirable. Both small-molecular and polymeric systems
with singlet (fluorescence) emitters have achieved full
color with good positions on the CIE diagrams in Fig.6.
Five basic methods of producing white light are known
and researched at this time:
1. Mixing two, or more different dyes (emitters), or
polymers which emit different colors, in one layer:
Copolymers whose segments emit different colors are
also used as single layers. Good quality white light was
generated in OLEDs with three fluorescence emitters in Fig. 6 A CIE chromaticity diagram showing the
a single layer with R, G, and B. positions of “fluorescent” OLEDs in comparison
with the NTSC standards.
2. Deposition of three emission layers, each with
different (R, G, B) emitters: One of the approaches to 4. Using monomer-excimer complexes: The basic idea
generate white light was to segregate three dopants into is to employ a lumophore, which forms a broadly
three separate emissive layers. The concept is enabled emitting state, and a lumophore (or lumophores) which
by the long diffusion lengths of triplet excitons, which form excimers or exciplexes (excited
may cross several layers before transferring the energy states whose wavefunction extend over two molecules,
to an emitter. Triplets may migrate up to 1000Å. The either identical - excimers or dissimilar - exciplexes).
thickness and the composition of each layer must be Some phosphorescent dopant molecules indeed form
precisely controlled to achieve the color balance. excimers. These molecules are bound together only in
3. Using "horizontally stacked" narrow bands or the excited state but not in the ground state. The energy
pixels emitting in basic colors: ( an analog of LCD of the excimer is always lower than the energy of an
displays): An extension of the tri-junction concept leads excited single moleculeand its emission is typically very
to another approach, basically similar to that used in LC broad. Thus, if an OLED is made with two blue dopants,
flat panel displays, where the colors are separated and one of which does not form excimers and the other does,
addressed independently as an array of individual pixels, the device will emit blue light from the former dopant,
dots, etc. The individual color-emitting segments / and lower-energy light (typically yellow) from the
devices may be deposited as dots, miniature squares, excimer of the latter dopant. The light from the blue
circles, thin lines, very thin stripes etc. If that approach dopant will mix with the light from the yellow excimer
turns out to be feasible, and good white can be obtained, to make white light. None of the blue light will be lost
the system would have a number of advantages because the excimer has no ground state to absorb it,
and the blue emitter does not absorb yellow. The ratio of
blue to yellow emission can be readily tuned by varying
the ratio of the two dopants without the complication of
energy transfer from blue to yellow.

6
www.Fullinterview.com

a prime concern. All methods have been shown to

produce good quality white.

8. OLEDs as Flat Panel Displays:

In contrary to display applications where
all colors are equally important, "good quality" white is
of prime importance for general illumination. Individual
colors are not as important Both small-molecular and
polymeric systems with singlet (fluorescence) emitters
have achieved full color with good positions on the CIE
diagrams but improvements are still required to achieve
Fig.7. A few examples of iridium-based emitters
designed to cover the chromaticity spectrum. the right spectral distribution The progress in improving
the quality of white will be evolutionary, and the main
5. Using an efficient blue emitter and down focus will be on improving the operational life. Five
conversion phosphors: In principle, this method basic methods of producing white light are known and
utilizes coupling of a blue-emitting OLED with one or researched at this time:
more down-conversion layers, one of which contains A. Side-by-Side Patterning of Red, Blue, and
inorganic light-scattering particles. In an example, a blue Green OLED’s:
OLED was prepared on a glass substrate with Conceptually simple approach to get full-
polyfluorene based light emitting polymer, a color display is to use side-by-side R, G and B sub-
PEDOT/PSS hole injection layer on an ITO anode, and a pixels to make a compound, full-color pixel in much the
NaF/Al cathode. Then, two separate layers of same way as is achieved in a cathode ray tube [see Fig.
LumogenTM F orange and red, molecularly dispersed in 4(a)]. To our knowledge, this technique has only been
poly(methylmethacrylate), were deposited on the other demonstrated at extremely low resolution, where large
side of the glass substrate, followed by a layer of and widely separated R, G and B pixels have been
Y(Gd)AG:Ce phosphor particles dispersed in produced on the same substrate. The principal limitation
poly(dimethylsiloxane). The quantum efficiency of of the technique is that each OLED must have a
photoluminescence of the dyes in the PMMA host was different organic thin film as its light-emitting layer,
found to be >98%, and the quantum yield of the necessitating separate growth and patterning of arrays
Y(Gd)AG:Ce phosphor was 86%. The device produced of, and OLED’s.
excellent quality white light with CRI 93 and the
blackbody T 4130K. At 5.5V, the device exhibits 1080
cd/m2 and 3.76 lumens per electrical watt. This concept
could be obviously extended to other efficient blue-
emitting OLEDs. As with other methods of generating
white light, the lifetime of the blue emitting OLED is of

7
www.Fullinterview.com

be removed by the filter to obtain the required primary

colors. For example, up to 90% of the optical power
from the white OLED is filtered in order to obtain a
sufficiently saturated red pixel, with the result that the
OLED must be driven up to ten times brighter than the
required R– G– B pixel brightness.
C. Down conversion of Blue OLED’s:
We can produce R, G and B pixels using a
single blue OLED to pump organic wavelength “down
converters” Each down converter consists of a pre-
patterned film of fluorescent material which efficiently
absorbs blue light and re-emits the energy as either
green or red light, depending on the compound used.
D. Micro cavity Filtered OLED’s:
The filtering effects of various micro
cavity structures have been used to influence the
directionality and color of OLED’s, due to variation of
the spontaneous emission rate as a function of
wavelength and position of the emitting molecule within
the thin film. The broad spectral emission of a
conventional or a white light-emitting OLED can
therefore be designed to emit primarily , or light in the
forward direction by placing it in a micro cavity
consisting of the reflective top metal electrode and a
dielectric, distributed Bragg reflector pre-deposited
Fig.8. Different Techniques for Flat Panel
under the transparent ITO electrode.
Displays to produce R, G and B Colors.
E. Color-Tunable OLED’s:
An array of continuously color-tunable
B. Filtering of White OLED’s: OLED’s, shown schematically in Fig. 4(e), removes the
To form a full-color display, the white requirement that at least three sub-pixels be used to
OLED’s are grown on top of pre-patterned color make a single, full-color element. This approach,
bandpass filters which each transmit only R,G or B therefore, results in at least a three-fold improvement in
light, as shown in Fig. 4(b). This technique eliminates resolution and display fill-factor as compared to the
the necessity for post-deposition patterning since only various side-by-side architectures. Since only one
one, white light-emitting OLED is grown on the OLED structure is grown over the entire area of the
prepatterned substrate. The principal drawback of this display, this also eliminates the need for substrate
approach is that much of the white OLED output must patterning prior to thin film deposition, yielding

8
www.Fullinterview.com

advantages in manufacturing simplicity. This simplicity Lighting panels for illumination of residential and
is somewhat offset by additional complexity required in commercial buildings
the drive circuit, which must be capable of controlling Lighting panels for advertising boards, large signs, etc.
color while simultaneously controlling brightness and Ultra-lightweight, wall-size television monitors
grey scale. Office windows, walls and partitions that double as
computer screens

9. Applications of OLEDs: Color-changing lighting panels and light walls for home
and office, etc.
I. Readily achieved by OLEDs (2002 – 2005) (No
Large displays, "smart panels"
Breakthrough Required):
III. Factors Affecting Penetration Into the General
1. Monochrome applications
Lighting Market :
• Small monochrome displays for hand held
1. Accelerating factors
electronic devices (cell phones, PDAs, digital
Large area coatings (low cost). Light source can be
cameras, GPS receivers etc.) are already in the
shaped to product.
marketplace.
Any type of substrates from rigid such as metal, plastic,
• Niche applications such as head-mounted
glass, ceramic, etc., to flexible (plastic films, rolls,
displays.
loops, foils, filaments, fabrics, etc.).
2. Two or multicolor applications
High luminous efficiency (eventually).
• Car electronics (radios, GPS displays, maps,
Unlimited choices of color for different applications and
warning lights, etc.)
types of lighting.
• Instrument electronics, heads-up
Variable pixel size from displays to large areas. No
instrumentation for aircraft and automobiles.
upper limit to pixel size.
• Rugged PDAs, wrist-mounted, etc. Some are
Low voltage operation.
already on the market.
Fast switching speed for "intelligent" lighting.
3. Full color applications
• LCD backlights (white light) Light weight.

• Small full color displays. To be introduced Ruggedness, vibration resistance.

within a year. Thin film light sources (almost "two dimensional")

• Full color, high-resolution, personal Allows the use of polarizer’s.

communicators Large area (distributed) lighting, low glare.
• Wall-hanging TV monitors Low cost of manufacturing.
• Large screen computer monitors 2. Inhibiting factors - major improvements required
II. Applications Convertible to OLEDs Short operational and shelf life, stability at high
(Breakthroughs Required): brightness levels.
General White applications (to replace incandescent / Low device efficiency.
halogen and fluorescent) Device complexity - may affect the cost of
manufacturing.

9
 www.Fullinterview.com

• Uniformity of large area lighting sources. The technological issues facing OLEDs can be
• Nonexistent infrastructure summarized into the four main categories:

• High electric currents. • Operational life

3. Impact / Benefits • Power conversion efficiency

• Enormous energy saving for the society. • Cost of manufacturing

• Environmental impact associated with the reduction of • The lack of infrastructure

the need for electricity (less air pollution, depletion of Specifically, to effectively compete with, and eventually
non-renewable sources of energy, less greenhouse displace fluorescent lighting, these challenges are:
effect). (1). Efficiency improvement to obtain 120 lm/W for
• New architectural designs enabled (lower ceilings, white light for a 1000 lm white source and useful life
contour lighting, wall / ceiling panel lighting, space 20,000 hrs.
saving in airplanes, and tall buildings, etc.). (2). Cost of manufacturing so as to be lower than for

• Quality of lighting improved. traditional light sources

(3). Development of new infrastructure including
powering of high current-low voltage distributed
10. Challenges and Critical Issues: sources, new industries and technologies that are
Even though remarkable progress has been enabled by attributes of OLED SSL.
made, OLEDs still face great challenges before Recent advances, which will be discussed in the
commercialization as white-light sources can be even following sections, created a great deal of optimism in
considered. OLEDs have already achieved power the OLED community. None of these challenges is
conversion efficiencies close to those needed for energy insurmountable.
efficient operation, but only for the green and red light,
and with insufficient luminance. Other colors are still far
beyond. The peak brightness can be greater than several
11. Conclusion:
hundreds of thousands cd/m2, but these devices degrade In the future, OLEDs will probably

very quickly. The operating voltages can be as low as conquer a large portion of the micro display market.

the desired 2.6 - 4 V but the luminance is still too low Their higher efficiency and lower weight will make

under those voltages. For white light and the desired them quite competitive with LCD displays, the currently

luminance, the passing electric currents are still too favorite technology. There are no fundamental obstacles

high, and the power conversion efficiencies are low. The for OLEDs to become a technology of choice for

useful lifetime of white-light emitting devices with the general lighting. However, there still exist a number of

desired luminance needs to be increased by more than "incremental" roadblocks that have to be overcome,

one order of magnitude. The surface area of the largest many of which may require inventions or major

devices made to date is only of the order of a couple of breakthroughs, and most of these roadblocks are

square inches, while the illumination panels will have to materials related. The rate of progress will depend on

cover several square feet. The uniformity of these the success in designing and synthesis of novel high

devices is far worse than desired, etc.

10
www.Fullinterview.com

performance, stable materials components of OLED 13. Definitions of some used Terms:
devices to replace those that are still deficient. Internal quantum efficiency (ηint or IQE) is the
number of photons generated inside the device per
number of injected hole – electron pairs. A large fraction
12. References:
of generated photons stays trapped and absorbed inside
1. J. R. Brodrick, OIDA OLED Workshop, April 5,
the device.
2002; Source: U.S. Lighting Market Characterization,
Volume I – Lighting Inventory and Energy External quantum efficiency (ηext or EQE) is the
Consumption Estimate, Draft for Review, Arthur D.
number of photons released from the device per number
Little, Arlington, VA., March 5, 2002.
2. M. Kendall and M. Scholand, "Energy Savings of injected hole – electron pairs.
Potential of Solid State Lighting in General lighting
Luminous (Power) efficiency (ηp) is the ratio of the
Applications" A.D.Little, Inc., Prepared for U.S.
Department of Energy. . P.J. Brock, S.B. Sachs, C.E.D. lumen output to the input electrical watts (lm/W).
Chidsey, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74 1999 1510.
Luminous efficacy (ην) represents the ratio of the
3. J. H. Burroughes, C. A. Jones, and R. H. Friend,
“Novel semiconductor device physics in polymer diodes lumen output to the optical watts (radiative power). In
and transistors,” Nature, vol. 335, pp. 137–141, 1988.
the process of converting electrical power into optical
4. S. R. Forrest, “Organic-on-inorganic semiconductor
heterojunctions: Building blocks for the next generation power, losses are incurred due to non-radiative
of optoelectronic devices?,” IEEE Circuits Devices
processes (thermal relaxation of excitons, internal
Mag., vol. 5, pp. 33–41, 1989. w x 18 J.C. Scott,
G.G.Malliaras, W.D. Chen, J.-C. Breach,J.R.Salem. reflection and absorption of photons).
5. J. N. Bardsley, “The global flat panel display industry
Candela (cd) is a unit of luminous intensity and defined
2003,” in A In-Depth Overview and Roadmap, M. R.
Pinnel, Ed. San Jose, CA: U.S.DisplayConsortium,2003. as such a value that the luminous intensity of a full
6. J.T. Rantala, P. Ayras, R. Levy, S. Honkanen, M.R.
radiator at the solidification temperature of platinum is
Descour, and N. Peyghambarian, “Binary phase zone-
plate arrays based on hybrid sol-gel glass”, Opt. Lett., 60 candelas per square centimeter.
23, No. 24 (1998) pp. 1939- 1941.
Lumen (lm) is a unit of luminous flux and is defined as
the luminous flux emitted in a solid angle of one
steradian by a uniform point source of intensity of 1
candela. 1 lm = 1 cd x steradian
steradian (sr) is defined as the solid angle (Ω)
subtended at the vertex by a spherical sector whose
spherical part (S) of the surface is equal to the square of
the radius of the sphere R:

11
www.Fullinterview.com

TECHNICAL PAPER PRESENTATION

Vijayawada,
Date: 14-2-2005
To
The Convener,
Student paper contest,
Institute of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
Vijayawada.

Sub: Regarding Paper Presentation

Sir,
We Divakar.V and N.L.K.Chaitanya of 3/4 B.Tech ECE interested in presenting a paper on
“ORGANIC LED – A Novel Light Source” in your esteemed institute.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
`

Divakar V.
Chaitanya.N.L.K
3/4 B.Tech [ECE],
V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College,
Vijayawada.

12
www.Fullinterview.com

BIO - DATA

Names : DIVAKAR VUTUKURI (Y2EC017),

N.L.K CHITANYA (Y2EC042)

Class : 3/4 B.Tech

Discipline : ECE

Topic : ORGANIC LED – A Novel Light Source

Address : V. Divakar,
C/o parasuramireddy,
Opp Carmel church,
Kanuru, vijayawada-520007.

E-Mail : [email protected]

Certificate
I hereby certify that Divakar.V and N.L.K.Chaitanya are bonafied students of our college and the
above details are correct.

Forwarded by,

Dr.P.V.Subbaiah,
Head of the Department, ECE,
V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College,
Vijayawada.

13