JOGAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &SCIENCES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
“LASER TORCH-BASED VOICE
TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER”
Submitted in accordance with the curriculum requirements for
fifth semester of the degree course in
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In the branch of
ELECTRONICS and COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
of
UNIVERSITY OF JNTUK
YEAR 2010
JOGAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &SCIENCES
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this mini project entitled

Leser torch based voice transmitter and reciver has been completed by

G.srinivas, Ch.hemanthkumar, J.n.k.sagar during

Fifth semester in partial fulfillment of the award of the degree in BACHELOR
OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING of JNTUK UNIVERSITY during the academic year 2009-
2010.

Project guide Staff in charge Head of the Department

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To bring something into existence is truly the work of ALMIGHTY. We thank

GOD ALMIGHTY for making this venture a success.
We express our wholehearted thanks to the Management of the college, Mr.
ch.Narayanrao, Chairman, for providing us an opportunity to do our studies in
this esteemed institution. We thank our Principal, Prof.V.V.S Naidu for providing
the facilities for our studies and constant encouragement in all achievements.
At the outset we wish to place on record our sincere thanks to quite a few people
without whose help, this venture would not have been a success.

we extend my deep gratitude to my project guides Mr v.s.s varma (Electronics

and communication Department) and Mr vasu (Electronics and Communiction)
for their guidance, timely advice and support rendered during all stages of the
project work. We express our whole hearted gratitude to them.

We express our thanks to to ECE staff and lab technicians during the course of this
work.

We convey our thanks to our parents and friends who have directly or
indirectly helped us in the successful completion of the project.
CONTENTS
1.Abstract

2.Introduction

3. Block Diagram

4. Block Diagram Description

5.Circuit Diagram

6.Working of Circuit Diagram

7.Component List

8.Component Description

9.Circuit Description

i.Trasmitter

ii receiver

10.component layout

11.Soldering

12.Advantages

13.Application

14.Conclusion

15.References
1.ABSTRACT

Using this circuit we can communicate with your neighbors wirelessly. Instead of
RF signals, light from a laser torch is used as the carrier in the circuit. The laser
torch can transmit light up to a distance of about 500 meters. The phototransistor of
the receiver must be accurately oriented towards the laser beam from the torch. If
there is any obstruction in the path of the laser beam, no sound will be heard from
the receiver. The transmitter circuit comprises condenser microphone transistor
amplifier BC548 followed by an pomp stage built around µA741. The gain of the
op-amp can be controlled with the help of 1-mega-ohm potmeter VR1.The AF
output from IC1 is coupled to the base of transistor BD139 (T2), which, in turn,
modulates the laser beam.
The transmitter uses 9V power supply. However, the 3-volt laser torch (after
removal of its battery) can be directly connected to the circuit—with the body of
The torch connected to the emitter of BD139 and the spring-loaded lead protruding
from inside the torch to circuit ground. The receiver circuit uses an npn
phototransistor as the light sensor that is followed by a two-stage transistor
preamplifier and LM386-based audio Power amplifier. The receiver does not need
any complicated alignment. Just keep the phototransistor oriented towards the
remote transmitter’s laser point and adjust The volume control for a clear sound.
To avoid 50Hz hum noise in the speaker, keep the phototransistor away from AC
light sources such as bulbs. The reflected sunlight, however, does not cause any
problem. But the sensor should not directly face the sun.
2. INTRODUCTION

Laser as a communication medium can provide a good substitute for the present
day communication systems as the problem of interference faced in case of
electromagnetic waves is not there and high deal of secrecy is available.
Use of laser in communication systems is the future because of the advantages of
the full channel speeds, no communication licenses required at present,
compatibility with copper or fiber interfaces and no bridge or router requirements .
Besides this there are no recurring line costs, portability, transparency to networks
or protocols, although range is limited to a few hundred meters. Also the laser
transmission is very secure because it has a narrow beam (any potential
evesdropping will result in an interruption which will alert the personnel. Also it
cannot be detected with use of spectrum analyzers and RF meters and hence can be
used for diverse applications including financial, medical and military. Lasers can
also transmit through glass, however the physical properties of the glass have to be
considered. Laser transmitter and receiver units ensure easy, straightforward
systems alignment and long-term stable, servicefree operation, especially in
inaccessible environments, optical wireless systems offer ideal, economical
alternative to expensive leased lines for buildings. The laser can also be
commissioned in satellites for communication, as laser radar requires small
aperture as compared to microwave radar. Also there is high secrecy and no
interference like in EM waves. Further, potential bandwidth of radar using lasers
can translate to very precision range measurement. For these reasons, they can be
used as an alternative to present modes of communication. laser communication,
which is both wide-band and high-speed .
3.BLOCK DIAGRAM

Transmitting Laser Receivin Loud

MIC g
Section Torch speaker
section

4.BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

i.CONDENSER MICROPHONE :
It is also called a capacitor or electrostatic microphone. Condenser
means capacitor, which stores energy in the form of an electric field. Condenser
microphones require power from a battery or external source. Condenser also tends
to be more sensitive and responsive than dynamic, making them well suited to
capturing subtle nuances in a sound.
The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves, changing the distance
between the two plates and therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically when
the plates are closer together capacitance increases and a charge current occurs and
this current will be used to trigger the transmitting section.

ii. TRANSMITTING SECTION :

The transmitter section comprises condenser microphone, transistor
amplifier BC548 followed by an op-amp stage built around IC1.
The gain of the op-amp can be controlled with the help of 1-mega ohm
pot meter VR1. The AF output from IC1 is coupled to the base of
transistor Bd139, which in turn, modulates the laser beam. The
transmitter uses 9V power supply. however, the 3-volt laser torch ( after
the removal of its battery) can be directly connected to the circuit--with
the body of the torch connected to the emitter of BD139 and the spring-
loaded lead protruding from inside the torch to circuit ground.

iii. LASER TORCH :

Here we use the light rays coming from laser torch as the medium for
transmission. Laser had potential for the transfer of data at extremely high rates,
specific advancements were needed in component performance and systems
engineering, particularly for space-qualified hardware. Free space laser
communications systems are wireless connections through the atmosphere. They
work similar to fibre optic cable systems except the beam is transmitted through
open space. The laser systems operate in the near infrared region of the spectrum.
The laser light across the link is at a wavelength of between 780 - 920 nm. Two
parallel beams are used, one for transmission and one for reception.

vi. RECEIVING SECTION :

The receiver circuit uses an NPN phototransistor as the light sensor that is followed
by a two stage transistor preamplifier and LM386-based audio power amplifier.
The receiver doesn't need any complicated alignment. Just keep the phototransistor
oriented towards the remote transmitter's laser point and adjust the volume control
for a clear sound.
v. LOUD SPEAKER
Aloudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that converts an
electrical signal into sound. The speaker moves in accordance with the variations
of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such
as air or water

5. Circuit Diagram

Transmitter

Reciver
R1= 100k ohm C2= 0.1 uf
R2= 1M ohm C3= 100uf 25V Electrolytic
R3= 10k pot U1= 741 op amp
C1= 0.1 uf U2= LM 386 aud amp
Q1= NPN photo transistor

6. Working of Circuit Diagram

Transmitter:
The mic is the audio input. C1 is a coupling capacitor that connects the audio from
the mic to T1. T1 is a transistor that is used to amplify the audio a bit. C2 couples
the audio to IC1 which amplifies it some more. The audio from the IC is then
routed to T2 which modulates the power to the LED. This puts the audio onto the
light beam. VR1 is a variable resistor which adjusts the gain of the IC. C3, C4 and
R7 are power filters that remove noise from the power supply. The other resistors
Just supply the right voltage to the various parts.
Receiver:
T3 is a photo sensitive transistor which receives the laser from the LED
transmitter. The transistor puts out a signal that is proportional to the light from the
LED. This not only receives the signal it also demodulates it. C5 couples this audio
to T4 and T5 which amplify the signal. The signal is them coupled through C8 to
VR2. VR2 is a volume control for IC2. IC2 amplifies the signal more and drives
the speaker, LS1.

7. COMPONENT LIST

i. Transmitter

1. IC 741
2. BC 548
3. BD 139
4. 3 Volts Laser Torch
5.Condenser Mic
6.Resistors- 8.2k,1.8m,15k,1m ,82 Ω,10k
7.Capacitors-1 μF/16v,0.1 μF,470 μF/16v,1000 μF/16v
8. 9v Battery
9.PCB

ii. Reciver:
1.IC741
2.IC 386
3.NPN Photo Transistor
4. 0.5w/8ohm Speaker
5.Resisrosr-100k ohm ,10k pot ,1M ohm
6.Capacitors-0.1 uf ,100uf 25V Electrolytic
7.9v Battery
8.PCB

8. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

1. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER :

An op amp is a high-gain, direct-coupled differential linear amplifier whose

response characteristics are externally controlled by negative feedback from the
output to the input. OP amps, widely used in computers, can perform mathematical
operations such as summing, integration, and differentiation. OP amps are also
used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators, etc. in the communication
electronics. Because of their versatility op amps are widely used in all branches of
electronics both in digital and linear circuits. OP amps lend themselves readily to
IC manufacturing techniques. Improved IC manufacturing techniques, the op amp's
adaptability, and extensive use in the design of new equipment have brought the
price of IC ops amps from very high to very reasonable levels. These facts ensure a
very substantial role for the IC op amp in electronics.
Fig shows the symbol for an op amp. Note that the operational amplifier has two
inputs marked (-) and (+). The minus input is the inverting input. A signal applied
to the minus terminal will be shifted in phase 180° at the output. The plus input is
the non-inverting input. A signal applied to the plus terminal will appear in the
same phase at the output as at the input. Because of the complexity of the internal
circuitry of an op amp, the op amp symbol is used exclusively in circuit diagrams.

An operational amplifier often referred to as op Amp, is a very high gain high

performance amplifier designed to amplify ac and dc signal voltages. Modern
integrated circuit technology and large-scale production techniques have brought
down the prices of such amplifiers within reach of all amateurs, experimenters and
hobbyists. The Op Amp is now used as a basic gain element, like an elegant
transistor, in electronic circuits.
The availability of two input terminals simplifies feedback circuitry and makes the
operational amplifier a highly versatile device. If a feedback is applied from the
output to the inverting input terminal, the result is a negative feedback, which gives
a stable amplifier with precisely controlled gain characteristics. On the other hand,
if the feedback is applied to the non-inverting input, the result is positive feedback,
which gives oscillators and multivibrator. Special effects are obtained by
combination of both types of feedback.

The above figure shows the basic circuit, including the negative feedback loop of
an op amp. The output is fed back to the inverting input terminal in order to
provide negative feedback for the amplifier. The input signal is applied to the
inverting input. As a result, the output will be inverted. It is possible to operate the
op amp as a non-inverting amplifier by applying the signal to the plus input. In this
circuit the feedback network is still connected to the inverting input

2.LM386
Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier
The LM386 is a power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer
applications. The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but the
addition of an external resistor and capacitor between pins 1 and 8 will increase the
gain to any value up to 200. The inputs are ground referenced while the output is
automatically biased to one half the supply voltage. The quiescent power drain is
only 24 milliwatts when operating from a 6 volt supply, making the LM386 ideal
for battery operation.

PIN DIAGRAM
Application

GAIN CONTROL

To make the LM386 a more versatile amplifier, two pins (1 and 8) are provided for
gain control. With pins 1 and 8 open the 1.35 k resistor sets the gain at 20 (26
dB). If a capacitor is put from pin 1 to 8, bypassing the 1.35 kresistor, the gain
will go up to 200 (46 dB). If a resistor is placed in series with the capacitor, the
gain can be set to any value from 20 to 200. Gain control can also be done by
capacitively coupling a resistor (or FET) from pin 1 to ground. Additional external
components can be placed in parallel with the internal feedback resistors to tailor
the gain and frequency
response for individual applications. For example, we can compensate poor
speaker bass response by frequency shaping the feedback path. This is done with a
series RC from pin 1 to 5 (paralleling the internal 15 kresistor). For 6 dB
effective bass boost: R 15 k, the lowest value
for good stable operation is R = 10 kif pin 8 is open. If pins 1 and 8 are
bypassed then R as low as 2 kcan be used. This restriction is because the
amplifier is only compensated for closed-loop gains greater than 9.
INPUT BIASING

The schematic shows that both inputs are biased to ground with a 50 kresistor.
The base current of the input transistors is about 250 nA, so the inputs are at about
12.5 mV when left open. If the dc source resistance driving the LM386 is higher
than 250 kit will contribute very little additional offset (about 2.5 mV at the
input, 50 mV at the output). If the dc source resistance is less than 10 k , then
shorting the unused input to ground will keep the offset low (about 2.5 mV at the
input, 50 mV at the output). For dc source resistances between these values we can
eliminate excess offset by putting a resistor from the unused input to ground, equal
in value to the dc source resistance. Of course all offset problems are eliminated if
the input is capacitively coupled. When using the LM386 with higher gains
(bypassing the 1.35 kresistor between pins 1 and 8) it is necessary to bypass
the unused input, preventing degradation of gain and
possible instabilities. This is done with a 0.1 μF capacitor or a short to ground
depending on the dc source resistance on the driven input.

3.LASER
Design
Principal components:

1.Gain medium

2.Laser pumping unit

3.High reflector

4.Output coupler

5. Laser beam

Laser construction

A laser consists of a gain medium inside a highly reflective optical cavity, as well
as a means to supply energy to the gain medium. The gain medium is a material
with properties that allow it to amplify light by stimulated emission. In its simplest
form, a cavity consists of two mirrors arranged such that light bounces back and
forth, each time passing through the gain medium. Typically one of the two
mirrors, the output coupler, is partially transparent. The output laser beam is
emitted through this mirror.

Light of a specific wavelength that passes through the gain medium is amplified
(increases in power); the surrounding mirrors ensure that most of the light makes
many passes through the gain medium, being amplified repeatedly. Part of the light
that is between the mirrors (that is, within the cavity) passes through the partially
transparent mirror and escapes as a beam of light.

The process of supplying the energy required for the amplification is called
pumping. The energy is typically supplied as an electrical current or as light at a
different wavelength. Such light may be provided by a flash lamp or perhaps
another laser. Most practical lasers contain additional elements that affect
properties such as the wavelength of the emitted light and the shape of the beam.

For this project we have removed the laser assembly from a small laser pointer.
The power supply circuit is the green board attached to the brass laser head. We
carry similar laser pointers in our catalog that are easily disassembled for this
project. The power supply circuit came conveniently marked with a plus and a
minus next to two holes in the board. We solder the black negative lead from the
battery clip to the hole marked minus. We solder one of the coil leads to the hole
marked plus. We solder the red positive lead of the battery clip to the other lead
from the coil.

Types
1. Gas lasers
2. Chemical lasers
3. Excimer lasers
4. Fiber-hosted lasers
5. Photonic crystal lasers
6. Semiconductor lasers
7. Dye lasers
8. Free electron lasers

Uses

Lasers range in size from microscopic diode lasers (top) with numerous
applications, to football field sized neodymium glass lasers (bottom) used for
inertial confinement fusion, nuclear weapons research and other high energy
density physics experiments.

4. Condenser Microphones
Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component which stores energy in the
form of an electrostatic field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but has stuck
as the name for this type of microphone, which uses a capacitor to convert
acoustical energy into electrical energy.

Condenser microphones require power from a battery or external source. The

resulting audio signal is stronger signal than that from a dynamic. Condensers also
tend to be more sensitive and responsive than dynamics, making them well-suited
to capturing subtle nuances in a sound. They are not ideal for high-volume work,
as their sensitivity makes them prone to distort.

How Condenser Microphones Work

A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser mic, one
of these plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm. The
diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves, changing the distance between
the two plates and therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically, when the plates
are closer together, capacitance increases and a charge current occurs. When the
plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge current occurs.
A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied
either by a battery in the mic or by external phantom power.

The Electret Condenser Microphone

The electret condenser mic uses a special type of capacitor which has a permanent
voltage built in during manufacture. This is somewhat like a permanent magnet, in
that it doesn't require any external power for operation. However good electret
condenders mics usually include a pre-amplifier which does still require power.
Other than this difference, you can think of an electret condenser microphone as
being the same as a normal condenser.

5. Resistors

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across

its terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in
accordance with Ohm's law:

V = IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity
alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum
working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature
coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value
below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and
above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance is determined by the
design, materials and dimensions of the resistor.Resistors can be integrated into
hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits.

Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers;
resistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their
power.

Resistors produce a voltage drop across themselves when an electrical current

flows through them because they obey Ohm's Law, and different values of
resistance produces different values of current or voltage. This can be very useful
in Electronic circuits by controlling or reducing either the current flow or voltage
produced across them. There are many different Resistor Types and they are
produced in a variety of forms because their particular characteristics and accuracy
suit certain areas of application, such as High Stability, High Voltage, High
Current etc, or are used as general purpose resistors where their characteristics are
less of a problem. Some of the common characteristics associated with the humble
resistor are; Temperature Coefficient, Voltage Coefficient, Noise, Frequency
Response, Power as well as Temperature Rating, Physical Size and Reliability.
resistors can be classified into four broad groups;

 1. Carbon Composition Resistor - Made of carbon dust or graphite paste,

low wattage values
 2. Film or Cermet Resistor - Made from conductive metal oxide paste,
very low wattage values
 3. Wire-Wound Resistors. - Metallic bodies for heatsink mounting, very
high wattage ratings
 4. Semiconductor Resistors - High frequency/precision surface mount thin
film technology

6. Capacitors
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passive electronic component
consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there
is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors a static electric field
develops in the dielectric that stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the conductors. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant
value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on
each conductor to the potential difference between them.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of
power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies
and for many other purposes.

The effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of
conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an
early means of construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes a
small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit,
resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an
equivalent series resistance.

PHOTOTRANSISTORS
The standard symbol of a phototransistor, which can be regarded as a conventional
transistor housed in a case that enables its semiconductor junctions to be exposed
to external light. The device is normally used with its base open circuit, in either of
the configurations shown in fig. 5.10.2, and functions as follows.
.In practice, the collector and emitter current of the transistor are virtually identical
and, since the base is open circuit, the device is not subjected to significant
negative feedback. Consequently, the alternative fig. 5.10.2(b) circuit, in which R1
is connected to Q1 emitter, gives a virtually identical performance to that of fig.
The sensitivity of a phototransistor is typically one hundred times greater than that
of a photodiode.

Phototransistors are solid-state light detectors with internal gain that are used to
provide analog or digital signals. They detect visible, ultraviolet and near-infrared
light from a variety of sources and are more sensitive than photodiodes,
semiconductor devices that require a pre-amplifier. Phototransistors feed a
photocurrent output into the base of a small signal transistor. For each illumination
level, the area of the exposed collector- base junction and the DC current gain of
the transistor define the output
7. Power supply

Power supply is a supply of electrical power. A device or system that supplies

electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a
power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy
supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

BATTERY (9 VOLT)
If you look at any battery, you'll notice that it has two terminals. One terminal is
marked (+), or positive, while the other is marked (-), or negative. In an normal
flashlight batteries, the ends of the battery are the terminals. In a large car battery,
there are two heavy lead posts that act as the terminals. Electrons collect on the
negative terminal of the battery. If you connect a wire between the negative and
positive terminals, the electrons will flow from the negative to the positive terminal
as fast as they can (and wear out the battery very quickly -- this also tends to be
dangerous, especially with large batteries, so it is not something you want to be
doing). Normally, you connect some type of load to the battery using the wire. .
8. Speakers:
These convert electrical signals to accoustic viberations. It comprises a permanent
magnet and a moving coil (through which electrical signal is passed). This moving
coil is fixed to the diaphram which vibrates to produce sound.

9. PCB:

PCB stands for printed circuit board which are used for wiring up of the
components of a circuit. PCBs are made of paper phenolic FR2 grade (low cost, for
low frequency and low power circuit assembly) and glass epoxy FR4 grade (for
high frequency, high power circuits) copper clad laminates (available in 1.6mm,
2.4mm and 3.6mm thickness). Singlesided PCBs have copper foil only on one side
while double-sided PCBs have copper foil on both side of the laminate. Thickness
of copper foil is 35 micrometer minimum on cheaper PCBs and 70 micrometer on
slightly costlier PCBs. Tracks (conductive paths) are made by masking (covering)
the track part of copper with etch-resist enamel paint (you can even use nail polish)
and later dipping the laminate in ferric chloride solutions to dissolve all copper
except under the masked part. Holes in PCBs are drilled after etching is over. The
tracks on two sides of a PCB are joined using printed through hole (PTH)
technique, which is equivalent to using slotted copper rivets for joining tracks on
both sides. On cheaper PCBs, PTH are not provided, only Pads (i.e. circular
copper land with centre hole) are provided and you have to join the tracks on both
sides by soldering a copper wire to the pads with a copper wire. In singlesided
PCB components are mounted on the side which has no track (called component
side). In a double-sided PCB the component side is defined (marked before hand)
or it will show component outline (also called silk screen) Green masking is the
process of applying a layer of green colour insulation varnish on all parts of tracks
except near the holes, to protect the tracks from exposure to atmosphere and thus
prolong its life and reliability.

9. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

There are two sections: the transmitter board and the receiver board, both
powered by a separate 9V battery or a fixed voltage power supply, depending on
your needs. The transmitter board has an electret microphone module at one end,
and the laser diode at the other end. The electronics modulates the intensity of the
laser beam according to the output of the microphone. The laser diode has an
inbuilt collimating lens, and is simply a module that connects to the transmitter
board. The receiver uses a photodiode as the receiving element, and the onboard
amplifier powers a small 4-36 ohm speaker. This board is therefore a high gain
amplifier with a basic audio output stage.
 But what about results - are they better? Sure. Because this design uses a
higher power (and visible) laser beam, the range is improved, and alignment is
easier and not all that critical, especially over a few hundred meters. The quality of
sound transmitted by the link is quite surprising. Clearly, this project is ideal for
setting up a speech channel between two areas, say adjacent houses or offices on
opposite sides of the street. Or you could use it as a link between the work shop
and the house. For duplex (two way) communication, you'll obviously need two
laser 'channels’. An important feature of transmission by laser beam is privacy.
Because a laser beam is intentionally narrow, it's virtually impossible for someone
to tap into the link without you knowing. If someone intercepts the beam, the link
is broken, signaling the interception. Fibre- optic cables also have high security, as
it's very difficult to splice into the cable without breaking the link. However it's
theoretically possible; so for the highest security, you probably can't beat a line-of-
sight laser beam.
Where the transmission distance is no more than meter of so, a LED (or two
for increased power) can be substituted for the laser diode. For instance, where the
link is being used for educational purposes, such as demonstrating fibre-optic
coupling, or the concept of communication over a light beam. Obviously the
security of the transmission is much lower as LEDs transmit light in all directions.
While this laser link can be
adapted for use as a perimeter protector. Now to a description of how it all works,
it's really very simple. We'll start with the transmitter.

i.TRANSMITTER
 A laser diode needs a certain value of current, called the threshold current,
before it emits laser light. A further increase in this current produces a greater light
output. The relationship between output power and current in a laser diode is very
linear, once the current is above the threshold, giving a low distortion when the
beam is amplitude modulated. For example, the 65Onm 5mW laser diode used in
this project has a typical threshold current of 3OmA and produces its full output
when the current is raised by approximately 1OmA above the threshold to 4OmA.
Further increasing the current will greatly reduce the life of the laser diode,
and exceeding the absolute maximum of 8OmA will destroy it instantly. Laser
diodes are very fragile and will not survive electrostatic discharges and momentary
surges! However, if used within specifications, the typical life of one of these
lasers is around 20,000 hours. In the transmitter circuit (Fig.1) the laser diode is
supplied via an adjustable constant-current source. Note that the metal housing for
the laser diode and the lens also acts as a heat sink. The laser diode should not be
powered without the metal housing in place. The increasing the voltage at VR1
reduces the laser current. The setting of VR1 determines the quiescent brightness
of the laser beam, and therefore the overall sensitivity of the system. The electric
microphone is powered through R1 and is coupled to the non inverting input of
1C1 a via capacitor. This input is held at a fixed DC voltage to give a DC output to
bias.

ii. RECEIVER

The transmitted signal is picked up by the photo detector diode in the receiver
(shown in Fig.2). The output voltage of this diode is amplified by the common
emitter amplifier around T4. This amplifier has a gain of 20 or so, and connects via
VR2 to IC2, an LM386 basic power amplifier IC with a gain internally set to
20.This IC can drive a speaker with a resistance as low as four ohms, and 35OmW
when the circuit is powered from a 9V supply. Increasing the supply voltage will
increase the output power marginally. Incidentally, the photodiode used for this
project has a special clear package, so it responds to visible light, and not just
infrared.

10.Component layout
transmitter reciver

11. SOLDERING
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder
consisting of Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb). Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead
is used to reduce the cost. After the PCB fabrication is done, the various
components are arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is
done. All liquids consist of particles which attract each other. The surface is always
trying to shrink and this is because of surface tension. The principle behind
soldering is that when liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the
solid surface, it may happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface. This property
is called adhesive property.
Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the metal so
that its surface is melted without melting without the metal.

NEED FOR FLUX

During the soldering process the flu for improving the degree of melting. The basic
functions of flux are mentioned x acts as a medium below:
1. Removes oxide from the surface.
2. Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides

a liquid cover including air gap

3. Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation.

12. Advantages

1. Less costly
2. Circuit can be easily constructed
3. High data rate
4. No communication licenses required.
5. The laser transmission is very secure because it has a narrow beam.
6. There are no recurring line costs.
7. Compatibility with copper or fiber interfaces and no bridge or router
requirements.
8. Lasers can also transmit through glass, however the physical properties of the
glass have to be considered.
9. Narrow beam divergence
10.Laser transmitter and receiver units ensure easy, straightforward
systems alignment and long-term stable, service free operation,
especially in inaccessible environments, optical wireless systems offer
ideal, economical alternative to expensive leased lines for buildings.

13. APPLICATIONS
1. Using this circuit we can communicate with our neighbors wirelessly
2. It can be used in inaccessible areas.
3. In future it can be commissioned in satellites for communication.
4. It can be used in conference halls.

14. CONCLUSION
After the successful working of the project, it can be concluded that this project is
suitable for easily communication. There can be further up gradations in the project
which could lead to a much better system for communication. Some of the possible
ways are as follows:-
Instead of the short range laser, high range lasers can be used which range a few
hundred meters.
Provisions have to be made for cases when there is no heavy traffic

15. REFERENCE

www.electronicsforyou.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.all.datasheet.com
 Electronics for You Magazine
Linear Integrated circuits

BY

SRINIVAS

HEMANTH KUMAR

SAGAR