c







Ans.> Struts is an open source software that helps developers to easily build web application.

-> It is a web page development framework which comprises of Java Servlets, Java Server
Pages(JSP), custom tags, and message resources into a single framework.

->It is also a cooperative platform for development teams as well as independent developers.

x

 






Ans.> Struts is based on the MVC design pattern and its components can be categorized into:

Model: Components like business logic / business processes and data are parts of this.

View: It contains JSP, HTML etc.

Controller: Action Servlet of Struts is part of Controller components which works as front controller to
handle all the requests.

£





½

  ½

 




 


  


 

ÿ









->The Model/View/Controller architecture was designed to reduce the programming effort required to
build systems that made use of multiple, synchronized presentations of the same data.
->½
 
   
     
  

-











!

"#





$  
" 

Ans.> Message Resources Definitions file are simple property files which consists of messages that
can be used in the struts applications. Message Resources Definitions files can also be added to the
struts-config.xml file using <message-resources /> tag.

E.g. <message-resources parameter="Message Resources" />

Î





%
&
$  

Ans.> Struts Framework provides the functionality to validate the form data. This can be used to
validate data on both the client side as well as server side. It emits the java scripts and can be used
to validate data on the user¶s browser and incase of server side validation, it is done by sub classing
the From Bean with DynaValidatorForm class.
The Validator framework comes integrated with the Struts Framework and can be used without
doing any extra change in settings.

*

'


 &


Ans.> Struts is thread safe as well as thread-dependant. Light-weight Action object handles the
response to a request instead of individual servlets. The Action class is instantiated only once and
lets the other requests to be threaded through the original object available. This technique helps to
provide the best possible throughput and conserves resources. A properly-designed application will
exploit this further by routing related operations through a single Action.

A


 

 





Ans.> The core classes of Struts framework are:

ActionServlet is the back bone of the whole web application.

ActionForm is a Java bean that associates one or more ActionMappings.

The business logic is wrapped by the Action class which provides an interface to the Model of the
application.

ActionMapping is used to provide mappings for Objects to Actions.

ActionForward represent the destination for the controller.

X

 

& 
&





Ans.> The different kinds of actions in Struts are as follows:

a. ForwardAction.

b. IncludeAction.

c. DispatchAction.

d. LookupDispatchAction.

e. SwitchAction.

c


 
 #
#


#


ActionServlet

cc


 

" 




#  

Ans.> The various Struts tag libraries are:

a. Bean tag library ± to access JavaBeans and their properties.

b. HTML tag library - to give standard HTML output, like forms, text boxes, etc.
c. Logic tag library ± in order to generate conditional output, iteration capabilities and flow
management.

d. Tiles or Template tag library - for those application using tiles.

e. Nested tag library ± in order to use the nested beans in the application.

cx



 
 
&&



Ans.> Exceptions in Struts are handled in two ways:

a. Programmatic exception handling: It is the explicit try/catch blocks in the code that can throw
exception. It works well when any error occurs in the custom value

b. Declarative exception handling: In this we either define <global-exceptions> handling tags in the
struts-config.xml or exception handling tags within <action></action> tag. It works well when error
occurs in custom page and applies only to exceptions thrown by Actions.

c£





$

Ans.> Struts Flow is a port of Cocoon's Control Flow to Struts in order to allow complex workflow,
like multi-form wizards, which is easily implemented using continuations-capable JavaScript. It
provides the ability to describe the order of web pages that have to be sent to the client, at any given
point of time in an application.

cÿ







(


Ans.> The Action Class is a part of the Model. Its purpose is to translate the HttpServletRequest to
the business logic and use the Action, we need to have a Subclass and overwrite the execute()
method, In which all the database/ business processing are done.

The ActionServlet (command) passes the parameterized class to Action Form using the execute()
method and its return type is used by the Struts Framework to forward the request to the file
according the value of the returned ActionForward object.

c-

)

 #




Ans.>
-> Does not work on JDK1.4.0
-> Steep learning curve.
-> Problems on old Application Servers(include Tomcat3.2.1 Êeblogic 5.1).
-> The only output document is HTML'it didn¶t support the XSL transform technology.(Unless
we modify the source code)
c







( * Struts is hosted by the Apache Software Foundation(ASF) as part of its Jakarta project, like
Tomcat, Ant and Velocity.

c

!



&






( *
lES

Struts currently has two testing environments, to reflect the fact that some things can be tested
statically, and some really need to be done in the environment of a running servlet container.

For static unit tests, we use the JUnit framework. The sources for these tests are in the "src/test"
hierarchy in the source repository, and are executed via the "test.junit" target in the top-level
build.xml file. Such tests are focused on the low-level functionality of individual methods, are
particularly suitable for the static methods in the org.apache.struts.util utility classes. In the test
hierarchy, there are also some "mock object" classes (in the org.apache.struts.mock package) so
that you can package up things that look like servlet API and Struts API objects to pass in as
arguments to such tests.

Another valuable tool is Struts TestCase which provides a useful harness for Action classes that can
be used with JUnit or Cactus.

c




&



( *
->I         
 

   
->Because the designers want to remind us of the invisible underpinnings that hold up our houses,
buildings, bridges, and ourselves when we are on stilts. This excellent description of Struts reflect
the role the Struts plays in developing web applications.

c
 
 


 
 

  ½   !   
!        
   
      


 "

#%½
3  
)
) 


xc
ëan a main() method of class be invoked in another class?




—
  

   




xx
Ê
 
 !
 



Ê 
 


  
—



  
—



  


  
   
 

  
 




    
 

 







  ! 



 "


 #
  
 
 "


 "


 $

 "


 %


 
 "


  "


 #

$$"


 #
"


 $

 "


 %
&
 
"


 %
&
  
 "


 #
&
&

x£
Ê



 

Ê  



 




 







  


 


xÿ
Ê


 


 



 



! 



"#$O

 



 










 

-

Yes, there are three ways to communicate from an applet to servlet and they are:
a) HTTP Communication(Text-based and object-based)
b) Socket Communication
c) RMI Communication


xÎ
Ê

 





-

Web server


x*
Ê 


 

 Ê

O


-

The Reader/Writer class is character-oriented and

Set stores elements in an unordered way but does not contain duplicate elements, whereas list stores elements in an
ordered way but may contain duplicate elements.










+
,cc-

 



#, 
&

., 
 

& 

#
,

>
Ans.> The web.xml file contains the information used by servlets and JSPs, having the description of
the application, mapping information about servlets and URL, JSP configuration information, error
page information without the exceptions.

The struts-config.xml file contains information about struts framework at the time of deploying the
web application. It includes information about form bean, action mappings, controller information
containing the buffer size, content type, etc.

>
+
,cx-


(
%
$  &(




>
Ans.> A SwitchAction switches between modules and forwards the control to the URL specified in
the new module. There are two parameters namely page, to which control is forwarded after
switching and prefix that specifies the module to which the control is switched.

A ForwardAction is used to forward a request to the specified URL, represented as a destination to

+
,cÿ-


($ 

#




 

>
Ans.>Making ActionForm a class gives advantage of the single inheritance restriction of Java in
order to make difficult for people to do things that they are not supposed to.

However, if ActionForm is implemented as interface encourages matching of property types to the