Route Surveying
Route Surveying
Route Surveying
Route surveys involve measuring and computing horizontal and vertical angles,
elevations, and horizontal distances. The results of these surveys are used to
prepare detailed plan and profile base maps of proposed roadways. In addition, the
elevations determined in the survey serve as the basis for calculation of
construction cut and fill quantities, and in determining roadway banking. This
section presents a review of basic terminology, concepts, and standard procedures
used in highway surveys. The review begins with some basic definitions.
Highway curves can be either circular arcs or spirals. A simple curve is a circular
are connecting two straight lines (tangents). A compound curve consists of two or
more circular arcs of different radii tangent to each other with their centers on the
same side of the common tangent. Compound curves where two circular ares
having centers on the same side are connected by a short tangent are called
broken-back curves. A reverse curve is two circular arcs tangent to each other but
with their centers on opposite sides of the common tangent. A curve whose radius
decreases uniformly from infinity to that of the curve it meets is called a spiral
curve. Spiral curves with the proper superelevation (banking) provide safe and
smooth riding qualities. Circular and spiral curves are used for curves in the
horizontal plane. Tangents in the vertical plane are joined by parabolic curves
(also referred to simply as vertical curves)
A route surveying system usually contains four separate but interrelated
processes:
• Works design
• Construction of works
DEFINITION OF TERMS
SIMPLE CURVE
• Most commonly used for highways and railroads construction.
• Circular arc, extending from one tangent to the next
PC
• Point of the curvature
• The point where the curve leaves the first tangent
PT
• Point of the tangency
• The point where the curve leaves the second tangent
PC and PT
• Tangent points
VERTEX
• Point of the intersection of the two tangents
A. ARC BASIS
3
1. SI 2. ENGLISH
B. CHORD BASIS
• The degree of the curve is the angle subtended by a chord of 20m (SI) or
100’ (English)
4
Tangent distance (T) External distance (E)
5
LCu/I = 20/D
LC = 20I/D
EXAMPLES:
Solution:
Figure:
6
REQUIRED:
• Distance CD and the length of curve
• Area of the cross-hatched section
Solution:
I=180˚-45.48˚ o=180˚-47.5˚-87.02˚
I=134.52˚ o=45.48
128.015/sino=T-53.58/sin87.02˚
T=232.88m
7
Sine law:
232.86-CD/sin47.5˚=128.015/sin45.48˚
CD=100.51
Area
Asec-Atriangle LC=2(97.61)sin134.52˚/2
R²o/360˚-1/2(180.05)(37.73) LC=180.05m
A=384.79sqm cosI/2=x/R
x= 37.73m
If station PI=sta1+054
Req’d: staPC=1+054-232.88
staPC=0+821.21
staPT=staPC+LC
staPT=0+821.12+229.17
staPT=1+050.29
8
Figure:
E=R(secI/2) R/sin70˚23’=R+E/sinβ
E=R(sec 24˚/2-1) R/sin70˚23’=R+0.022312/sinβ
E=R(12˚-1) β=74˚21’
E=0.022312 180˚-74˚21’
=105˚39’
o=180˚-β-ℓ
o=180˚-105˚39’-70˚23’
9
o=3˚58’
GIVEN:
AB=S65˚30’E required:
BC=S25˚30’E; 170.75m R=?
CD=S54˚20’W I=?
Station PT if V is at sta 20+140
I=119˚50’
170.75m=T1+T2
170.75m=RtanI1/2+RtanI2/2
170.75m=Rtan40˚/2+Rtan79˚50’/2
170.75m=R(tan20˚+tan37˚25’)
10
R=142.22m
T=RtanI/2
T=142.22tan(119˚50’/2)
T=245.57m
GIVEN/FIGURE:
11
tan20˚=600m-OI/587.96m
OI=386m
cosine law:
OP²=625.69²+386²
OP=2(625.69)(386)cos110˚
OP=840.05m
o=?
sine law:
386/sino=840.05/sin110˚
o=25.58˚
β=180˚-110˚-25.58˚
β=44.42˚
12
cosine law:
600²=840.05²+(Px)-2(840.05)
(Px)cos25.58˚
Px=279.75m
LC=(600)(32.81˚)(‼/180˚)
LC=343.59m
sta x=staA+LC
sta x=50+000+343.59m
sta x=50+343.59
COMPOUND CURVES
PCC
• Point of compound curvature the PT on the common tangent the
through which the two curves join.
13
EXAMPLES:
1. The long chord from the PC to the PT of a compound curve is 300m long
and the angle that it makes the longer and shorter tangents are 12˚ and 15˚
respectively. If the common tangent is parallel to the long chord.
Required:
• R1
• R2
• Station PT if PC is at sta 10+204.30
14
sine law:
300m/sin166˚30’=LC1/sin7˚30’=LC2/sin6˚
LC1=167.74m
LC2=134.33m
LC=2RsinI/2
LC1=2R1sinI1/2 LC2=2R2sinI2/2
167.74m=2(R1)sin6˚/2 134.33m=2(R2)sin7˚30’/2
R1=802.36m R2=514.57m
sta PT=staPC+LCu1+LCu2
sta PT=10+204.30+168.05+134.71
sta PT=10+507.06
15
I1=268˚30’-247˚50’
I1=20˚40’
I2=282˚50’-268˚30’
I2=14˚20’
I=35˚
R1=1145.916/D1 T1=R1tanI1/2
R1=1145.916/4˚ T1=286.479tan(20˚40’/2)
R1=286.479m T1=52.23m
T2=76.42m-T1 T2=R2tanI2/2
T2=76.42m-52.43m 24.19=R2tan(14˚20’/2)
T2=24.19m R2=192.38m
staPC=staA-T1+LCu1
sta PC=10+010.46-52.23+103.33
sta PC=10+061.56
staPT=10+061.56+48.13
staPT=10+109.69
LCu2=(R2I2)( ‼/180˚)
16
LCu2=(192.38)(14˚20’)( ‼/180˚)
LCu2=48.13m
REVERSE CURVES
• Composed of two consecutive circular simple curves having a common
tangent but lie on the opposite side.
PRC
• Point of the reverse curvature.
• The point along the common tangent to which the curve reversed in its
direction.
17
18
19
EXAMPLE:
The parallel tangent of a reversal curve are 10m apart the long chord from
the PC to the PT is equal to 120m determine the following:
• Radius of the curve
• Length of the common tangent
Solution:
sinI/2=10/120
I=9˚33’
sinI=10/2T T=RtanI/2
2T=60.27m 30.14=Rtan(9˚33’/2)
T=30.14m R=360.82m
20
EXAMPLE:
By sine law:
100/sin20˚=AB/sin30˚
AB=146.19m
21
AB=T1+T2
146.19=R1tanI1/2+R2tanI2
R2=205.59m
EXAMPLE:
22
sin I/2=20/300
I=7˚38’
AB=150-56=T1+T2
150-56=R1tanI1/2+R2tanI2/2
R2=1456.89
2nd way:
300=2R1sinI/2+2R2sinI/2
R2=1453.47
3rd way:
cosI=800-b/800
b=7.09
a=12.91
cosI=R2-12.91/R2
R2=1456.85
station PT=staPC+LC1+LC2
LC1=R1I( ‼/180˚)
LC2=R2I( ‼/180˚)
sta PT=10+920.67
Example:
23
Solution:
X²=R²+100²…….eqn1
X²=(R-100)²+400²…….eqn2
R²+100²=R²-200R+100²+400²
200R=400²
R=800m
tano=100/800 I=β-o
o=7.13˚ I=29.74˚-7.13˚
tanβ=400/200 I=22.61˚
β=29.74˚
A parabolic curve wherein the horizontal length of the curve from the PC to the
vertex is equal to the horizontal length from the vertex to the PT.
24
ELEMENTS OF A SYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE
1. VERTEX (PI)
2. PC
3. PT
4. BACKWARD TANGENT
5. FORWARD TANGENT
6. g1 and g2 (GRADES)
2. The vertical offset fro the tangent to the curve is proportional to the squares of
the distances from the point of tangency. (Squared Property of a Parabola)
y1 / x1 = H / (L/2)2 = y2 / (x2)²
1. The curve bisects the distance between the vertex and the midpoint of the
long chord.
BF / (L/2)² = CD / (L)²
2. If g1 - g2 (+) = “summit”
g1 - g2 (+) = “sag”
25
4. The slope of the parabola varies uniformly along the curve.
r = g2 - g1 / n ; n = 20m stationing
1. FROM PC
S1 = g1L / g1 - g2
2. FROM PT
S2 = g2L / g2 - g1
26
EXAMPLE:
Given: g2=-8%
g1=5%
L1=40m
L2=60m
Required:
Height of fill needed to cover the outcrop
Elevation at station 6+820
Elevation of the HP
27
Required:
• Elevation of the curve of the underpass
• If elevation curve is 22.6835m
• Stationing of the HP of the curve for question#2
2H/L1=(g1-g2)L2/L1+L2
L1=2HL2/(g1-g2)L2-2H
160=2H(120)/(0.11)L2-2H
H=3.77m
y/(60)²=H/(120)²
y=0.94
28
elev curve=22.6835m
L2=?
H=4.42m(remains the same)
L1=2HL2/(g1-g2)L2-2H
160m=2HL2/(0.11)L2-2H……..eq’n1
Elev 22.6835=elevV-(60)(0.04)-y-4.42
22.6835=30-2.4-y-4.42
y=0.4985
0.4965/(L2-60)²=H/(L2)²
H=0.4965(L2)²/(L2-60)²
H=3.10m
160=2(3.10)L2/(0.11)L2-2(3.10)
L2=100m
g1L1/2 ? H
(0.07)(60)/2 ? 3.10
5.6 > 3.10
station HP=staV+35.48m
station HP=12+200+35.48m
station HP=12+235.48
29
SPIRAL BASEMENT CURVE (TRANSITION SPIRAL CURVE)
• A curve provided to smooth the elevation from the super elevation of the
tangent to the maximum super elevation at the circular curve.
30
PRINCIPLES OF A SPIRAL CURVE
• The super elevation varies directly with the length of the space.
e/ec=L/Lc
where: e super elevation of the spiral curve at any point
ec super elevation at SC
L length of the spiral from TS to any point
Lc length of the spiral curve
• The degree of curve varies directly with the length of the spiral
D/Dc=L/Lc
where: D degree of the curve of the spiral at any point
Dc degree of the spiral at SC
S=L²/2RcLc
• The deflection angle varies directly at the square at the lengths from TS
i/ic=(L)²/Lc²
where: i deflection angle at any point
ic deflection angle at SC
i=S/3
FORMULAS
31
• Spiral angle, S
where: s spiral angle of any point along the spiral
Sc spiral angle at SC
D=1145.916/R Dc=1145.916/Rc
D/Dc=L/Lc
(K/R)/(Kc/Rc)=L/Lc
Solving R:
R=RcLc/L …….eq1
L=ro
dL=Rds……..eq2
dL=RcLc/L ds
∫ ds=∫ LdL/RcLc
S=1/(RcLc)∫ LdL
S=L²/2RcLc (in radius)
20m=DcRc
Rc=20m/Dc
32
Substitution to Sc=Lc/2Rc
Sc=LcDc/40 (in degree)
sinS almost= S
sinS=dx/dL
dx=sins dL
dx=SdL
∫dx=∫ L²/2RcLc dL
x=1/2Rdc∫ L²dL
x=L³/6RcLc
at SC or CS : X=Xc, L=Lc
Xc=Lc²/6Rc
33
Slope correction formula:
c²=a²+h² (2c)(c-a)=h²
c²-a²=h² c almost equal to a
(c+a)(c-a)=h²
at SC:
y=yc
L=Lc
yc=Lc-(Lc³/40Rc²)
34
• Deflection angle, i
where: i deflection angle at any point along the spiral curve
sini=X/L X=L³/6RcLc
i=X/L i=L²/6RcLc
S=L²/2RcLc
i=S/3
• Length of throw, P
P=?
Ts=?
Es=?
180˚=I+2β Ts=?
Β=90˚-Ic/2-Sc sinI/2=Ts-9/Rc+Es
35
180˚=I+(90˚-Ic/2-Sc) Ts=Rc+Es(sinI/2+9)
0=I-Ic-2Sc
Ic=I-2Sc
P=?
cosSc=Rc-(Xc-P)/Rc
P=Xc-Rc(1-cosSc)
or P=Xc/4; P=Lc²/24Rc
Es=?
cosI/2=Rc+P/Rc+Es
Es=(Rc+P)secI/2-Rc
EARTHWORKS
ROUTE SURVEYING
DEFINITION
ROUTE LOCATION
Development of the interstate highway system and more general acceptance of the
limited access principle for major highways have resulted in a more and more
highway projects being to serve local traffic, surveys for highway projects where
new location is being considered start with a general study of the entire area
between termini, proceed to more specific studies of possible alternative routes,
and finally conclude with a detailed survey of the selected route and staking of the
final centerline on the ground.
36
These procedures are generally carried in three stages:
• RECONAISSANCE
• PRELIMINARY SURVEY
• LOCATION SURVEY
RECONAISSANCE
Includes a general study of the entire area the development of one or more
alternative routes or corridors, and the study of each of these corridors in sufficient
detail to enable the proper officials to decide which will provide the optimum
location.
PRELIMINARY SURVEY
LOCATION SURVEY
Consists in staking the final centerline and obtaining all additional information
necessary to enable the design engineer to prepare completed plans, specifications,
and estimates of earthwork quantities and to prepare deeds and descriptions
covering the rights of way to be acquired.
EARTHWORKS
EXCAVATION – is the process of loosening and removing earth or rock from its
original position in a cut and transporting it to a fill or to a waste deposit.
EMBANKMENT – the term embankment describes the fill added above the low
points along the roadway to raise the level to the bottom of the pavement structure
material for embankment commonly comes from roadway cuts or designated
borrow areas.
SETTING STAKES FOR EARTHWORK
37
The first step in connection with earthwork is staking out or setting slope stakes as
it is commonly called.
a) Making upon the back of the center stakes the cut or fill in feet or meters
and tenths, as C 2 3 or F 4 7
b) Setting side stakes or slope stakes at each side of centerline at the point
where the side slope intersects the surface of the ground and marking upon
the inner side of the stake, cut or fill at that point.
Figure
38
Figure
Process of determining the height of cut or fill at the center stake or at any other
points between the center space and slope stake.
39
Figure
Let HI = elevation of the line of sight or telescope refereed fro known or assumed
datum.
Grade ROD = difference in elevations between the line of sight (HI) and the grade
elevation
Ground ROD = HI – Grad Elevation
CUT = Grade ROD – Ground ROD
Figure
40
When the instrument is set up above the grade or subgrade:
The cross – sectioning is done after the grade lines have been determined in the
office. The amounts of cut and fill at the center are computed, the distances and
their heights above the base, or below it of the slope stakes are determined as
follows:
1. An engineer’s level is set up and rod readings are taken at the center and at
trial point. Assume that the third trial point is on the slope, compute the
distance fro the center using the following formulas:
DR = B / 2 + SHR
41
Where:
S = Side Slope HL = Side Height Left
B = Base pr Width DR = Distance out right
HR = Side Height Right DL = Distance out left
2. Measure the distance from the center to the trial point, if this distance is
less than the calculated distance, the rod is to be moved out for another trial
point; if greater, the rod is to be moved in, if equal, the point is correctly
located. A stake is placed here indicating the right of the slope point above
or below the base or sub grade.
ILLUSTRATION:
B. If the measured distance is less than the calculated distance, the trial
point is too near to the centerline of the roadway and the direction to
the rodman is to move out.
42
Figure
Figure
43
A. LEVEL SECTION
If the ground level in a direction transverse to the centerline, the only rod reading
necessary is that the centerstake, and the distance to the slope stake can be
calculated once the center cut or fill has been determined, such a cross-section is
called level section.
Centerheight = 1.83m
Base for Cut = 8.00m
SS for Cut = 1:1
DR = DL = B / 2 + SC
= 4 + 1 (1.83)
= 5.83
44
Centerheight = 1.50m
Base for Fill = 7.00m
SS for Fill = -1.50 : 1.00
DR = DL = B / 2 + SC
= 3.50 + 1.50 (1.50)
= 5.75
When Rod readings are taken at each slope stake in addition to readings taken at
the center as will normally be done whre the ground is sloping the cross-section is
called Three Level Section.
Figure
45
Base for Cut = 8.00m
SS for Cut = 1.00:1.00
DL = B / 2 + SHL
= 4.00 + 1(0.63)
= 4.63m
DR = B / 2 + SHR
= 4.00 + 1(4.96)
= 8.96m
Figure
46
= 3.50 + 1.50(3.12)
= 8.18m
DR = B / 2 + SHR
= 3.50 + 1.50(2.62)
= 7.43
When rod reading is taken at the centerside the slope stake and at points on each
side of the center of the distance of half the width of the road bed, the cross section
is called a FIVE LEVEL SECTION.
Figure
DR = B / 2 + SHR
= 3.50 + 1.50(3.28)
= 9.23m
In setting slope stakes, the height of cut at the center has been found to be 1.43m,
the ground readings at center “M” and trial point A on the slope are 2.33m and
1.46m, respectively, and the measured distance from the center line of the
roadway to the trial point is 8.24m. If the base of the roadway is 9m and the side
slope is 1.50:1.00, should the trial point be moved in or out?
47
Figure
Solution:
Figure
48
Base for Cut = 8.00m
SS for Cut = 1:1
DL = B / 2 + SHL
= 4.00 + 1(2.75)
= 6.75m
DR = B / 2 + SHR
= 4.00 + 1(3.60)
= 7.60m
Figure
49
SS for Fill = 1.50:1.00
DL = B / 2 + SHL
= 3.5 + 1.50(2.84)
= 7.76m
DR = B / 2 + SHR
= 3.50 + 1.50(2.92)
= 7.88m
A cross section for which observation is taken to points between center and slope
stakes at irregular intervals is called irregular section.
Figure
DR = B / 2 + SHR
= 4.00 + 1(3.47)
= 7.47m
50
Where the cross-section passes through from cut to fill, it is called a SIDE HILL
SECTION and an additional observation is made to determine the distance from
center to the grade point. That is the point where subgrade will intersect the
natural ground surface. A peg is usually driven to grade at this point and its
position is indicated by a guard stake marked “Grade”. In this case also cross-
section is taken additional plus station.
DR = B / 2 + SHR
= 4.00 + 1(3.67)
= 7.47m
PROBLEMS:
In two ways, find the areas of each of the following cross-section note, given the
corresponding bases and side slope if not given they are to be computed
B. BASE WIDTH ?
51
SIDE SLOPE ?
5.79 / -1.86 – 1.27 6.03 / -2.02
C. BASE WIDTH ?
SIDE SLOPE ?
7.85 / 3.08 4.00 / 3.65 + 3.27 4.00 / 2.83 8.05 / 3.24
52
A. LEVEL SECTION IN CUT
FIGURE
FIGURE
53
C. FIVE LEVEL SECTION IN CUT
FIGURE
FIGURE
54
E. SIDE HILL SECTION
FIGURE
FIGURE
55
A. By Average End Areas
V = L / 2 (A1 + A2)
Where:
V = Volume of Section of Earthworks between Sta 1 and 2, m³
A1 , A2 = Cross – sectional area of end stations, m²
L = Perpendicular Distance between the end station, m
NOTES:
A. By Prismoidal Formula
V = L / 6 (A1 + AM + A2)
Where:
V = Volume of section of earthwork between Sta 1 and 2 of volume of prismoid,
m³
A1 , A2 = cross – sectional area of end sections, m²
AM = Area of mid section parallel to the end sections and which will be computed
as the averages of respective end dimensions, m³
NOTES:
1. A Prismoidal is a solid having for its two ends any dissimilar parallel plane
figures of the same no. of sides, and all the sides of the solid plane figures.
Also, any prismoid may be resolve into prisms, pyramids and wedges,
having a common altitudes the perpendicular distance between the two
parallel end plane cross – section.
2. As far as volume of earthworks are concerned, the use of Prismoidal
formula is justified only if cross-section are taken at short intervals, is a
small surface deviations are observed, and if the areas of successive cross-
section cliff or widely usually it yields smaller values than those computed
from average end areas.
56
PRISMOIDAL CORRECTION FORMULA
Figure
Where:
CD = Prismoidal Correction, It is subtracted algebraically from the volume as
determined by the average and the areas method to give the more nearly correct
volume as determined by the Prismoidal formula, m³
L = Perpendicular distance between 2 parallel and sections, m
b1 = Distance between slope stakes at end section ABC where the altitude is h1, m
b2 = Distance between slope stake at end section DEF where the altitude is h2, m
h1 = Altitude of end section ABC at Sta 1, m
h2 = Altitude of end section DEF at Sta 2, m
In prismoid, there should be equal number of slope in both bases so that on equal
number triangles can be found. The Prismoidal correction can then be found. The
Prismoidal correction can then be found using either the fundamental formula of
correction, CD = L / 12 (b1 – b2)(h1 – h2)
or any of the formulas derive from it, where, however one base or any a five level
section or three level section and other. A five level section (or irregular section)
or both bases are irregular sections or, if one base is a five level section and the
other irregular section, the formulas cannot be directly applied without making
certain assumptions because there are more triangles formed in one section than in
57
the other. The determination of the correction is at best only approximate. For the
purpose of determining the Prismoidal correction, the following may be used:
1. To LEVEL SECTIONS
a. The area of a level section BC + SC (B is the base, C is the center point,
and S is the side slope.)
b. Equate this area forced per the irregular or five-level section
c. Base SS being known, a quadratic formula in one unknown is formed from
which C is determined.
d. Solve for the corresponding value of C.
Figure
58
Total Area of three level section in cut
A = A1 + A2
Where:
A1 = B / 4 (HL + HR)
A2 = C / 4 (B + S) (HL + HR)
NOTE:
The unknowns are C, HR and HL. Two these should be assumed and the third
computed. It is simpler to covert to level section.
PROBLEM:
SOLUTION:
59
Check for Cut distances
DR1 = DL1
= B / 2 + SHR
= 1 / 2 (6m) + 1.25(2.84)
= 6.55m
Area by method of triangle and rhombus
A1 = BC + SC² = 27.12m²
Figure
60
Check for the distances
DR2 = B / 2 + SHR2
= 1 / 2 (6) + 1.25(0.52)
= 3.65m
DL2 = B / 2 + SHL2
= 1 / 2 (6) + 1.25(3.64)
= 7.55m
A2 = Aa + AL + Ac + Ad
= 1 / 2 (3)(3.64) + 1 / 2 (1.85)(7.55) + 1 / 2 (1.85)(3.65) + 1 / 2
(0.52)(3)
A2 = 16.60m²
Figure
61
DRm = 1 / 2 (DR1 + DR2) HRm = 1 /2 (HR1 + HR2)
= 1 / 2 (6.55 + 3.65) = 1 / 2 (2.84 + 0.52)
DRm = 5.10m HRm = 1.68m
DLm = B / 2 SHLm
= 1 / 2 (6) + 1.25(3.22)
DLm = 7.05m
Am = A e + A f + A g + A h
= 1 / 2 (3)(3.24) + 1 / 2 (7.05)(2.345) + 1 / 2 (5.10)(2.345) + 1 / 2
(3)(1.68)
Am = 21.68m
62
1. By End Area Method
Ve = L / 2 (A1 + A2)
Where:
L = (10 + 020) – (10 + 000)
= 20m
A1 = 27.12m²
A2 = 16.60m²
Then,
Ve = 20 / 2 (27.12 + 16.60)
= 437.20m²
2. By Prismoidal Formula
Vp = L / 6 (A1 + 4Am + A2)
Where:
L = 20m
A1 = 27.12m²
A2 = 16.60m²
Am = 21.67m²
Then,
Vp = 20 / 6 (27.12 + 4*21.67 + 16.60)
= 434.13m³
Note:
Resolve the given prismoid into a series of triangular prismoid into a series of
triangular prismoid.
63
Then,
Cp = -1.65 + 4.785
= 3.135m³
2. Corrected Volume
Vc = V e - C p
= 437.20 – 3.135
Vc = 434.065m³
Given the following cross section notes, determine the volume of the prismoid b
end areas method and apply the Prismoidal formula. The roadway base is 6m with
side slope of 1.25:1.00
SOLUTION:
64
Check for distances:
A1 = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
= 1 / 2 (3.5)(1.05) + 1 / 2 (2.85) + 3.5(3) + 1 / 2 (2.12 + 2.85)(3)
+ 1 / 2 (2.12)(4.05)
A1 = 23.11m²
Figure
A2 = Aa + Ab + Ac + Ad + Ae + Af
= 1 / 2 (2.12 + 3.84)(5.80) + 1 / 2 (2.42 + 3.25)(2)
+ 1 / 2 (2.50 + 3.25)(4) + 1 / 2 (2.12 +2.50)(1.65)
– 1 / 2 (4.00)(3.84) – 1 / 2 (2.65)(2.52)
A2 = 27.11m²
By quadratic formula
C1 = 2.52m
DRe1 = B / 2 + SHCe1; DRe1 = DLe2
= 3 + 1.25(2.52)
Figure
66
27.11 = BHCe2 + S(HCe2)²
27.11 = 6HCe2 + 1.25(HCe2)²
Let Ce = HCe2
By quadratic formula
C2 = HCe2
Dre2 = B / 2 + SHRe2
= 3 + 1.25
DLe2 = DRe2
END AREA M2
Station
CUT FILL
1+460 40
2+060 60
67
0.5ax = 0.5b(50 – x) - eq. (2)
Equate 1 and 3; 2 and 3:
x = 22.47 m ; a = 4.49 m2
50 – x = 27.53 m ; b = 3.67 m2
a) Left limit = 1+760 – 27.53 = 1+732.47
Right limit = 1+760 + 22.47 = 1+782.47
S = 50 m = FHD
b) Limits of LEH:
Left limit = 1+760 – 27.53 – 220.19 = 1+512.28
Right limit = 1+760 + 22.47 + 179.81 = 1+962.28
LEH = 450
d) ATXL = AiXi
4040.49XL = 0.5(b’)(400 - y)(2/3)(400 - y) + b(400 - y)(0.5)( 400 - y)
= 0.5(29.36)(220.19)( 2/3)( 220.19) + (3.67)( 220.19)(0.5)( 220.19)
XL = 139.45 m
ATXR = AiXi
4040.33XR = 0.5(a’)(y)(2/3)(y) + (a)(y)0.5(y)
= 0.5(29.36)(220.19)(2/3)(220.19) + (3.67)(220.19)(0.5) (220.19)
XR = 113.89 m
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Length of OH = XL + XR = 139.45 + 113.89
Length of OH = 253.34 m
e) Cost of haul = OH Vol.cost of haul(length of OH)C
= 253.340.20(4040.41)20
Cost of haul = P 10,235.97
69