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    Coal Conversion Facts Calculations

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    audilio
    This document provides information on coal analysis and calculations including: 1. Definitions of analysis bases like as received, air dried, dry basis and conversions between them. 2. Units for mass including metric tons and conversions between units. 3. Units for calorific value like kcal/kg and conversions between units like kcal/kg to MJ/kg. 4. Formulas for calculating net calorific value from gross value and parameters like hydrogen from the proximate and ultimate analysis using Seyler's formula. 5. A CO2 emission factor formula based on carbon and net calorific value.

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    Coal Conversion Facts Calculations

    Uploaded by

    audilio
    1K views6 pages
    This document provides information on coal analysis and calculations including: 1. Definitions of analysis bases like as received, air dried, dry basis and conversions between them. 2. Units for mass including metric tons and conversions between units. 3. Units for calorific value like kcal/kg and conversions between units like kcal/kg to MJ/kg. 4. Formulas for calculating net calorific value from gross value and parameters like hydrogen from the proximate and ultimate analysis using Seyler's formula. 5. A CO2 emission factor formula based on carbon and net calorific value.

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    This document provides information on coal analysis and calculations including: 1. Definitions of analysis bases like as received, air dried, dry basis and conversions between them. 2. Units for mass including metric tons and conversions between units. 3. Units for calorific value like kcal/kg and conversions between units like kcal/kg to MJ/kg. 4. Formulas for calculating net calorific value from gross value and parameters like hydrogen from the proximate and ultimate analysis using Seyler's formula. 5. A CO2 emission factor formula based on carbon and net calorific value.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    1K views6 pages

    Coal Conversion Facts Calculations

    Uploaded by

    audilio
    This document provides information on coal analysis and calculations including: 1. Definitions of analysis bases like as received, air dried, dry basis and conversions between them. 2. Units for mass including metric tons and conversions between units. 3. Units for calorific value like kcal/kg and conversions between units like kcal/kg to MJ/kg. 4. Formulas for calculating net calorific value from gross value and parameters like hydrogen from the proximate and ultimate analysis using Seyler's formula. 5. A CO2 emission factor formula based on carbon and net calorific value.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 6

    Alain DELOYE - Technical Services Manager

    DST- BP 4114
    76020 Rouen Cedex - F

    Coal Conversion Facts & Calculations


    1. Analysis basis

    1.1 Definitions

    As Received (AR): includes Total moisture (Tm)


    Air Dried (AD): includes Inherent moisture (Im) only
    Dry Basis (DB): excludes all Moisture
    Dry Ash Free (DAF): excludes all Moisture & Ash
    The Proximate Analysis of any coal ie the % contents of Moisture, Ash (A), Volatile Matter (VM),
    Fixed Carbon (FC) - also Sulphur (S) and Calorific Value (CV) - can be expressed on any of the above
    bases.

    1.2 Conversions

    To obtain: Air Dry Dry Basis As Received

    multiply

    (100 - Im%) 100


    AR by: -
    (100 - Tm%) (100 - Tm%)

    100 (100 - Tm%)


    AD by: -
    (100 - Im%) (100 - Im%)
    (100 - Im%) (100 - Tm%)
    DB by: -
    100 100

    Where Im: inherent moisture

    Where Tm: total moisture

    [For DAF, multiply DB by 100/(100-A)]


    Alain DELOYE - Technical Services Manager
    DST- BP 4114
    76020 Rouen Cedex - F
    Example:

    AR AD DB DAF
    Tm 11.0 - - -
    Im 2.0 2.0 - -
    Ash (A) 12.0 13.2 13.5 -
    VM 30.0 33.0 33.7 39.0
    FC 47.0 51.8 52.8 61.0
    Sulfur (S) 1.0 1.1 1.12 -

    2. MASS

    2.1 Units:

    Metric ton (t) = tonne = 1,000 kilograms (= 2,204.6 lb)


    Imperial or Long ton (lt) = 1,016.05 kilograms (= 2,240 lb)
    Short (US) ton (st) = 907.19 kilograms (= 2,000 lb)

    2.2 Conversions:
    From long ton to metric ton multiply by 1.016
    From metric ton to long ton multiply by 0.984206
    From short ton to metric ton multiply by 0.9072
    Mt - million tonnes
    Mtce - million tonnes of coal equivalent (= 0.697 Mtoe)
    Mtoe - million tonnes of oil equivalent

    3. CALORIFIC VALUES (CV)

    3.1 Units:

    kcal/kg - Kilocalories per kilogram


    MJ/kg* - Megajoules per kilogram
    Btu/lb - British Thermal Units per pound

    * 1 MJ/kg = 1 Gigajoule/tonne (GJ/t)


    Alain DELOYE - Technical Services Manager
    DST- BP 4114
    76020 Rouen Cedex - F

    3.2 Gross & Net Calorific Values:

    Gross CV or 'upper heating value' is the CV under laboratory conditions.

    Net CV or 'Net Effective Calories' (NEC) is the useful calorific value in boiler plant. The
    difference is essentially the latent heat of the water vapor produced.

    3.3 Conversions – Units:

    From kcal/kg to MJ/kg multiply by 0.004187

    From kcal/kg to Btu/lb multiply by 1.800


    kcal/kg = Btu/lb / 1.800

    From MJ/kg to kcal/kg multiply MJ/kg by 238.846


    MJ/kg = kcal/kg / 238.846

    From MJ/kg to Btu/lb multiply MJ/kg by 429.923


    MJ/kg = Btu/lb / 429.923

    From Btu/lb to kcal/kg multiply Btu/lb by 0.5556

    From Btu/lb to MJ/kg multiply Btu/lb by 0.002326

    3.4 Formulas and conversions - Gross/Net :

    Ref: Net Calorific Value (ASTM D5865-03)


    The heat produced by combustion of a substance at a constant pressure of 0.1 Mpa (1 Atm), with any
    water formed remaining as vapor.

    ISO 1928-2009 at constant volume


    Qv, net,m, J/g = ( Q gr,v,d - 206.0 [ wHd ] ) x (1-0.01 x Tm) - (23.05 x Tm)
    Qv, net,m, kcal/kg = ( Q gr,v,d - 49.20 [ wHd ] ) x (1-0.01 x Tm) - (5.51 x Tm)

    ISO 1928-2009 at constant pressure


    Qp, net,m, J/g = { Q gr,v,d – 212.0 [ wHd ] - 0.8 x [wOd + wNd] } x (1- 0.01Tm) - 24.43 x Tm
    Qp, net,m, kcal/kg = { Q gr,v,d - 50.64 [ wHd ] - 0.191 x [wOd + wNd] } x (1- 0.01Tm) - 5.84 x Tm
    Alain DELOYE - Technical Services Manager
    DST- BP 4114
    76020 Rouen Cedex - F
    [ wHd ] = H content of the sample less hydrogen present in the moisture
    w(H)d = w(H) x 100/100-Tm
    Tm= Total moisture
    ASTM 5865/3180 at constant pressure

    Qp(net)ar,J/g = Qvar(gross) - (215.5 x Har)


    Qp(net)ar,Btu/lb = Qvar(gross) - (92.67 x Har)
    Qp(net)ar,kcal/kg = Qvar(gross) - (51.47 x Har)

    Har = total hydrogen where hydrogen includes hydrogen in sample moisture


    Har = [(Had-0.1119xMad) x (100-Mar)/(100-Mad)] + 0.1119 x Mar

    4. VARIOUS PARAMETERS CALCULATIONS:

    4.1 Seyler’s Formula:

    Various parameters of coal can be estimated from the Ultimate Analysis and Calorific Value
    determinations, using Seyler's formula, and other similar calculations (e.g. Dulong's or Channivala’s
    formulas).
    Reference:
    VM daf = 10.61H daf - 1.24C daf + 84.15
    H daf = 0.069 (Q daf/100+VM daf) - 2.86
    C daf = [0.59 (Q daf/100 - 0.367VM daf) + 43.4]

    Estimate of the hydrogen content, calculated using Seyler's Formula:

    wH = 0.07 x w(V) + 0.000165 x qv,gr,m - 0.0285 x [ 100 - Tm - w(A)]

    w(H) = is the H content of sample less H contained in moisture, as % mass


    w(V) = is the VM content of sample with moisture content Tm, as % mass
    w(A) = is the ash content of sample with moisture content Tm, as % mass
    qv,gr,m = is the gross CV of sample with moisture content Tm, in j/g

    Note 1 * Only valid when the calculated H db is greater than 3%


    *ISO 1928-2009 § E.3.3

    Note 2 ** Only valid when the O daf content is less than 15%
    ** COAL -Typology -Physics -Chemistry -Constitution
    D.W. Van Krevelen (third edition 1993) Page 47

    Note 3 Can give erroneous results if coal shipments are a blend of low and high rank coals.
    Alain DELOYE - Technical Services Manager
    DST- BP 4114
    76020 Rouen Cedex - F
    4.1 Dulong's Formula:

    GCV(db) = 333xC(db) + 1442(H(db) - O(db) / 8) + 93xS(db)


    GCV is in (kJ/kg dry basis) - C, H, O, S as percent on a dry basis.

    Other calculations formulas related to CV:

    kcal/kg: Net CV = Gross CV - 50.6H - 5.85M - 0.191O


    MJ/kg: Net CV = Gross CV - 0.212H - 0.0245M - 0.0008O
    Btu/lb: Net CV = Gross CV - 91.2H - 10.5M - 0.34O

    - where M is % Moisture, H is % Hydrogen, O is % Oxygen (from ultimate analysis, also As Received).

    For typical bituminous coal with 10% M and 25% Volatile Matter, the differences between gross and
    net calorific values are approximately as follows:

    260 kcal/kg 1.09 MJ/kg 470 Btu/lb

    5. CO2 EMISSION FACTOR:

    t/CO2/TJ =
    C % As Received x 3.667 x [NCV/10000)] in kJ/kg =
    C % As Received x 3.667 x [NCV/2388.46/NCV] in kcal/kg

    Note 1 Coefficient is 3,664 for France.

    6. POWER GENERATION:

    1 MWh = 3,600 MJ
    1 MW = 1 MJ/s
    1 MW (thermal power) [MWth] = approx 1,000 kg steam/hour
    1 MW (electrical power) [MWe] = approx MWth / 3

    A 600 MWe coal-fired power station operating at 38% efficiency and 75% overall availability will
    consume approximately:

    - Bituminous coal (CV 6,000 kcal/kg NAR): 1.5 Mt/year


    - Brown coal (CV 2,250 kcal/kg NAR): 4.0 Mt/year
    Alain DELOYE - Technical Services Manager
    DST- BP 4114
    76020 Rouen Cedex - F

    7. MOISTURE:

    Two Stage Total Moisture Formula (Refer to ASTM / ISO)

    Two stage total moisture determination is used when the coal sample is too wet to divide or crush
    without the potential of loosing significant amounts of moisture.
    Tm ar, % = [Rm ad, % x (100 – Fm ad, %) / 100] + Fm ad %

    Tm = Total moisture; Fm = Free moisture; Rm = Residual moisture.

    8. FUEL RATIO:
    = Fixed Carbon / Volatile Matter

    9. HYDROGEN & OXYGEN

    In Coal: (Refer to ASTM 3180 / ISO 1170)

    Inasmuch as hydrogen and oxygen values may be reported on the basis of containing or not
    containing the hydrogen and oxygen in water (moisture) associated with the sample, alternative
    conversion procedures are defined below:

    Hydrogen and Oxygen Factors based on the atomic weight of H20:


    Hydrogen = Moisture X 0.1119
    Oxygen = Moisture X 0.8881

    Sources: GWC Coal Handbook, ASTM & ISO Standards & others.

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