Science Illustrated 2011 03 04 Mar Apr

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AND IN YOUR MICROSCOPE.

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Blza rre crocodi lians, from SuperCroc to PancakeCroc, once inhabited the Sahara.

Recent research could upend the longstand ing thea ry of Easter Island's demise.

GEOLOGY

- -

How a 30-year grassroots effort by cavers is uncovering Borneo's hidden underworld.

MIGRAIN( MVSTERlES ...

16Like other ancient groups of reptiles, crocodilians also evolved imposing giants. One of the largest was SuperCroc, a 40-foot .. long monster weighing nearly nine tons. " p.44

A behind-the-scenes look at the bui Idi ng of the new World Trade Center complex.

Researchers study blind patients to understand why light worsens migraine pain.

DATA VISUALIZATION

Supercomputers crunch data to produce the best visualizati.ons yet of our planet.

MARCH/APRIL2011 5 ClENCElllUSTRATED.COMI 3

Contents

Bull's-Eye

This month's gallery of amazing images: cola cascades, molten steel, inside an MRI machi ne, and a jaguar's wi Id feast.

Science Update

p.17

A traffic-straddling bus, the first tool users, how snakes digest, a supernova simulation, the world's biggest rat, and a symbolic shoe.

AskUs

p.2S

Does weight affect ski jumping? When was the first world map drawn? How long can birds fly? How do Geiger counters work?

By the Numbers

Vital statistics of the human brain.

p.68

Letters

Trivia Countdown Brain Trainers

p.6 p.72 p.76

Ple,se ret;yde thil magazine.

4 I SCIEN.CEILLUSTRATED.COM MARCH/APRIL 2011

p.8

ADVE RTI SEMENT

[email protected]

Finding ET

Carl Sagan estimated that there may be 70.000 sentient civilizations in our galaxy alone. Finding one or being found may precede "Catching a Ride on Radiation" to another star system ["Destination:

Alien Stars," JanuarylFebmary 2011]. I'd like to know the latest projections in the search for extraterrestrial life.

Hal Rothberg Ca la ba sas, Cal if.

EDITORS: Sagan stated that there could be anywhere from 10 to a few million intelligent civi lizations in the galaxy, SEll I nstitute senior astronomer Seth Shostak adds, 'If the truth is a number that is at least a few thousand or more, then the chances of a SETI signa I detection in the next few decades is quite considerable. We're examining star systems at radio frequencies never before used in SETI experiments, looking in special places (such as the center of the galaxy), and also looking at locales-such as hot stars and black holes-where biological life might not be happy but where artifida I intelligence might set up shop,"

Au Natural

Most of the benefits of culturing meat in the lab ["Meat (Minus the Animals)," Novembenliecember 20101 could also be attained by raising farm animals through a more traditional, organic form of farming, Not only is organic farming Earth-friendly, hygienic and antibiotic-free, studies have shown that it is also more efficient than conventional methods.

Zach Negin Via e-mail

Symbolic Argument

In "Why are snakes used to symbolize medicine?" [Ask Us, September' October 2010], you say that a snake wrapped around a staff is the symbol of Asclepius, the Greek and Roman demigod of medicine. But the 1992 parasitology text Parasitosis Humanas, by David Botero and Marcos Restrepo, states that the symbol may have its origin in the way dracunculiasis, or Guinea-worm disease, is treated: by gently rolling the nematode out of the body on a stick, ending up with a snakelike "worm" twisted on a stick,

Meinhard Bienst Via e-ma il

EDS: Accord i ng to Robert Wi lcox an Australian neurologist who co-authored a paper on the topic in the Annals of Internal Medicine, "This idea has had popular appeal in the medical community. It has no standing, however, in the light of historical a nd archaeological evidence. The Asclepian had its orig i ns in the strong association between ancient healing cults throughout preHellenic Mediterranean, North African and Eastern cultures:'

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How Saturn's Rings Formed

ASTRONOMY

Newsimulations may settle a question contemplated byastronomers fort he past 350 years:

How did Saturn's rings form? According to Robin Canup, an astronomer at the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado who reported the simulations in December, a large, icy moon once orbited Saturn.

As the moon gradually migrated inward, Saturn's tidal forces stripped away its outer layers and threw them into orbit, creating the icy rings

we observe today. The rocky core that remained eventually collided and combined with the larger planet. Measurements of the rings' mass and composition to be carried out by NASA's Cassini spacecraft and made available in 2017 could help confirm the theory, Canup says.

MARCH/APRIL 2011 SCIENCfILLUSTRATED.COMI 17

Tool Use Far Older Than Previously Known

PALEONTOLOGY

A team of researchers worki ng I n the A far reg io n of Ethiopia has found tool marks on two 3.39-million-yearold antelope bone fragments, upending the long-standing theory that tools originated 800,000 years later with Homo hobilis, nicknamed Handyman.

Australopithecus oioteras. the hom i nin species to which the Famous fossil "Lucy" belonged, populated the region at the time the bones were butchered. A member of this group most likely scraped the bones with sharp-edged stones and smashed them with blunt rocks to get at the marrow, says lead researcher Zeresenay Alemseged, a paleoanthropologist at the California Academy of Sciences in San Fra ncisco.

According to Alemseged, most researchers have accepted the marks on the bones as evidence of butchery, Skeptics of such early tool use, however, claim that the sharp teeth of prehistoric crocodiles could have created the marks. Others have suggested that they could have been the result of the trampling of animals. Alemseged counters that Austroiopithecu5 oforensis was at least as intelligent

as modem chimpanzees, which also use primitive tools. "Besides, it probably took hundreds of thousands of years to develop the tools that were well-established by the time of Homo hobilis," he adds. Excavations in the Afar reg ion are continuing. "Our goal is to find more of the cut marks and then excavate further to see if we can fi nd actua I too Is."

Andentpre·h u man spossibly used sharp·edged tools to scrape flesh from these ante lope bones .3.39 million years ago, leaving rut marks beh i nd.

18 I SCIENCEILLUSTRAfED •. COM MARCH/APRIL 201 J

Lucy's Species Used Tools

Antelope bones with butchery marks found in the Afar region of Ethiopia date to the time of AU5- tralopithecus afarensis.

Monastic Bats Discovered in Madagascar

BIOLOGY

Male and female sucker-footed bats

in Madagascar roost separately from each other, a recent study concludes, but just where the females of this so-called monastic spedes roost remains a mystery. Biologist Paul Racey, then at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. and a team of local scientists tracked 18 radio-tagged bats to 133 roosts over the past three years. Direct observation in five of the roosts revealed between five and 51 individuals but not a single female. Because juven ile male bats, which can't fly far at first, regularly appear in the roosts among older males, females must live nearby, Racey says

Supernovae Simulated

According to the first 3-D renderings of the ful/life cycle of supernovae, the heating of subatomic particles called neutrinos in an exploding star's core causes a shock wave that most strongly affects metallic elements. In the simulation, the wave sent enormous clumps of nickel [yellow} hurtling from the star's interior much faster than most oxygen [blue] and carbon [pink} atoms. This helps explain asymmetries in the structure of the explosions, German researchers say.

MARCH/APRIL 2011 SCIENCf1LLUSTRATED.COMI 19

Q) Science Update

Left:Jawbone of EastTi m or rat. Rjght: lawbone of the species Rattus rotnsJ,

or black rat

TheWorid's Biggest Rat

PALEONTOLOGY

Australian and American arrhaeologists recently dug up the skulls and bones of several giant rodents in a cave on the Southeast Asian island

of East Timor. The largest rat weighed 11 to 13 pounds, making it 45 times as heavy as todays black rat and the largest rat ever known to have lived. The broken and burned rodent bones, found among other food refuse, were most likely trash from a human meal. Humans settled the area at least 40,000 years ago and seem to have relied on the rats as a food source. Many of the fat species lived in trees, and the anatomy of their jaws suggests they ate fruit. The researchers are looking for living specimens of these Timorese rodents, but the search could be futilethe you ngest bone found in the cave is 1 ,500 years old.

20 I SCIENCEllWSTRAfED .. COM MARCH/APRIL 2011

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Ancient Shoe Was Most Likely Symbolic

The women's size-61f2 leather moccasin has been dated to around 3,500 B.C maki ng it one of the oldest shoes ever found. The cave's low hu mid ity

has preserved the shoe and the grass inside that held its shape since the Copper Age .. Clearly worn on a rig bt foot, the shoe consists of a single folded piece of leather tied with leather laces at the heel and on top,

In january another team of researchers announced the discovery in the same cave of the earliest known winemaking operation.

The cave where the shoe was fou nd al so conta i n ed the mysterious remains of th e rig ht s,ide of a wom an's body.

partial remains of a woman in a pot near a single shoe? That's the strange question a team of archaeologists led by Ron Pinhasi of University College Cork in Ireland are now asking about the 5,SOO-year-old footwear and other artifacts theyfound in 2008 in an Armenian cave. "We found the bone remains of the right side of a young woman inside a pot near the shoe, suggesting

a preference for the rig ht side; Pin hasi says. The team is currently investigating the symbolism of the finds.

Strategies in an Egg Anns Race

BIOLOGY

Zoologists at the University of Cambridge recently fou nd that African birds called tawny-flanked prinias use color, patterning and luminance to distinguish their eggs from those

of the cuckoo finch, a so-ca lied brood parasite that lays its eggs in prinia nests Claire Spottiswoode and her colleagues looked at the eggs from a blrd's-eye

view-birds see with four color cones rather than our three and can therefore see ultraviolet light-to pinpoint the traits that cause prinias to reject finch eggs, Spottiswoode fou nd that prin ias are attuned to differences in color and patterning butfor unknown reasons overlook the scri bble marks that are missing from cuckoo finch eggs.

22 I SCIENCEllWSTRAfED .. COM MARCHI APRIL 2011

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lWhatisa planetary

.. D.ebula? _

U Planetary nebulae are clouds of mostly hydrogen gas emitted by dying stars. When a star of up to eight times the sun's mass uses up the majority ofthe hydrogen and helium in its core, it swells into a red giant. It then ejects much of

its gaseous matter and collapses, becoming a white dwarf. The

gas that surrou nds the star is illuminated by ultraviolet radiation From the white dwarf The nebu 121 expands until, after about 20,000 years, it is no longer vi sible as such. It becomes part of the dilute i nterstellar medium that eventually collapses under its own gravity to form new stars, Astronomers have identified about 2,000 planetary nebulae in our galaxy, including the stunning Cat's Eye nebula. located in the constellation Draco,

Fi n nish ski ju mpe r Ha rri Olli, winner ()f multiple W()rld (ups, weighed in at just 128 pounds at the 2010 Winter Olympics.


P.tolemy's descri[:1tions.

Arab cartograRhers late~ combined

PerhaRS the most famous ancient Arab

world map is that of al-Idrisi. drawn

•

26 I. SCIEN.CEILLUSTRATEO.tOM MARCH/APRll2011

I-WbV-do_w_e_need-CUlariecLcliet?,-------:,

m Late last year, a study conducted in 10 European countries showed that eating a variety of fru its and vegetables reduces lung-cancer risk by as much as 23 percent. That's just the most recent evidence that diverse diets are ideal. Our bodies require, among other thi ng s, ami no acids, fats and vitami ns to function. We can get vitamin C

for example-which assists in biochem ical reactions, helps heal wounds, and acts as an antioxidant-from many fruits and vegetables .. Fats, a main source of energy, are found in nuts, fish and oils And animal products, legumes and grains provide nine am ino acids vital for build i ng proteins, the structural components of our cells.

Who ..•

..• invented the cellphone?

Martin Cooper, then an engineer at Motorola, invented the first handheld cellphone in 1973. His initial model weighed over two pounds. Standing on

a Manhattan sidewalk, he made his first call to his rival, Joel Engel, whose team was trying to invent a mobile phone for Bell Labs .

... was the original John Doe?

In the 13005, a chief justice in the British courts used John Doe and Richard Roe to refer to the plaintiff and defendant, respectively,

in a hypothetical ruling about land possession. The trad ition of using those names for hypothetical or unidentified people stuck.

Leafy 9 ree ns (ontain vitamin A, a ne(essity fo r eye and skin health.


® AskUs

Where •••

... was soccer invented?

In England, where villagers were playing the sport informally before medieval times. Later, in the mid-1800s, students at the University of Cambridge standardized the rules so that students from different parts of England could play together .

Radiation

... did pigeons originate?

The familiar birds that populate cities worldwide are rock pigeons, which can be traced to southern Asia, where they arose several million years ago .

... is California going?

Most of California west of the San Andreas Fault, including Los Angeles, San Diego and Santa Barbara, lies on the Pacific Plate, unlike the rest of the continental U.S., which lies on the North American Plate. The Pacific Plate is sliding northwest at a rate of one to two inches a year, and if the current rate continues, southwestern California could be where Alaska is now in another 80 million years.

ASKUS ANDWINA SCIENCE ILLUSTRATED I-SHIRT!

Send yu ur q uestion to our editors. If we answer it in an ssu e, we'll send you this cool l-shi rt. E-mail your questions to [email protected]

28 I SCIENCEILLUSTRAfED •. COM MARCH/APRIL 2011

ADVERTI SEMENT

There is one aspect of life that unites, controls, and affects all people. That one aspect of life is the collection of natural laws . They unite, control, and affect human life no matter what people's race, gender, or creed or where on this planet they live. Consider that the creator of the laws of physics also created a law to unite, control, and affect people's relationships with one another.

Richard W Wetherill /906-/989

The problem being addressed here relates to the fact that people unknowingly unite against one another and seek a kind of control that affects not only their health and well-being but culminates in death.

If you are a new reader of this subject matter, be prepared for a pleasant shock.

Whoever or whatever is the creator revealed nature's law of right action to the mind of Richard W. Wetherill in 1929. The law calls for people to be rational and honest not only regarding the laws of physics but also to be rational and honest in their thinking and behavior toward one another.

After decades of rejection, the behavioral law is as viable and effective as when created, whereas people's behavior, in general, seems to be getting more and more blatantly irrational and dishonest.

Despite the fact that compliance to every law of physics requires its specific right action to succeed, people's behavior toward one another, whether noble or ignoble, was deemed to be a matter of personal choice.

Wetherill used words to describe the elements of nature's law of behavior such as rational, logical, honest, appropriate, moral, and true to the facts. He also cautioned that the law, itself, is the final arbiter of what is right behavior. The law states: Right action gets right results whether it relates to laws of physics or the law of behavior, whereas wrong results in either case indicate the failure to comply.

There is one requirement of the behavioral law that people need to give careful attention. Rational and honest responses in their relationships with one another must be made specifically to satisfy the law and not to satisfy their particular expectations.

Ordinarily people conduct their relationships to satisfy their purposes, none of which qualify according

to natural law. Such behavior, however, does explain why the earth's population is not being peacefully united and controlled nor favorably affected.

Do people intentionally refuse to accommodate the requirements of gravity for instance? No, they do their best to keep their balance or recover it when needed.

Behavioral responses require that same attitude.

Do not act for personal reasons; act because a selfenforcing natural law requires people's obedience.

Those who are familiar with the accounts of creation in scriptures will realize that the first wrong act of the created beings was to disobey. That wrong behavior ended the perfect situation that had existed, and it brought about the predicted wrong results.

Whether those accounts are actual or symbolic, they illustrate the problem.

For ages people have controlled their behavior and have suffered myriad troublesome resu1ts. Nature's law of behavior when obeyed unites people, allowing them to enjoy the benefits that then control and favorably affect their lives.

Visit our colorful Website www.alphapub,com where essays and books describe the changes called for by nature's law of absolute right. The material can be read, downloaded, and/or printed FREE.

If you lack access to the Website, our books are also available in print at low cost. For an order form, write to The Alpha Publishing House, 677 Elm St, Ste 1]2, PO Box 255, Royersford, PA 19468.

This public-service message is from a self-financed, nonprofit group of former students of Mr. Wetherill.





Rebuilding Ground Zero

The new skyscrapers at Ground Zero will reshape lower Manhattan's skyline, One World Trade Center, which is slated to open in 2013, will soar to 1,776 feet, making it taller than Chicago's Willis Tower,

Architecture

One World Trade Center at a Glance

The building will be the tallest in the lf.S, with 108 stories that house office space, observation decks, mechanical floors, and more.

"'"""----- Spire

Including lts spire, the building will reach 1,776 feet, a reference to the year the Declaration of Independence was signed.

Observati on Decks There are two, on the lOOt hand 1 01st floors.

- Restaurant The Skyline Restaurant will be on the 102ndfloor.

Mechanical floors Fourseclions lie under the roof(A}, between the 90th a nd 99th floors (B), over the lobby (C) and just below street level (D).

Elevators --..::....-~J The building will have a total of 69 elevators, both local and express. A ride from the 10 bby to the restaurant will take just SO seconds.

Glass facade 11,331 extra-strong glass panels will protect the building against extreme weather and explosions.

Office floors The 70 floors of office space will amouot to more than two million squarefeelaboul the area of 34 soccer fields.

Stairwells To ensure thai safe exit is possible in a crisis, the stai'ytells

have been "lade ex,ra.wi~e.

The ~rr(OntainL_ -= II 1110re than 200rOOO.(ubic- - II yards of con'lE'te that is_II

a least three times ar :1

strong as standard_ II

conaete. -:

Museum

A memorial to the 9/11 victims, as well as informative displays on the rebuilding, will be housed here.

It's hot and crowded in the el-

e. vat. or 0. f. 0 -. ne World T. rade Center. As it slowly rises up the side of

the building, now 26 stories tall, the rest of the construction site-the eventual home of five skyscrapers and a memorial plaza =comes into view through the steel cage, We are over Ground Zero on the southern tip of Manhattan in the summer of 2010.

A handful of construction workers wearing hard hats, fluorescent-green vests and heavy boots make small talk over the noise from the countless machines. The elevator stops and the doors open. Three sweating workers back in carrying a couple of thick planks, and the elevator continues. We stop with a jolt on the 12th floor. The noise is even more intense, but we can hear the workers shouting through the dust and sparks from the welding torches. Most of their cries are warnings to each other. "Safety first" is the motto here-not just at One World Trade Center, the pro} ect's crown jewel, but throughout

the enormous building site.

Security is key in both the design and construction of the buildings that will make up the new World Trade Center. Several architectural and construction firms are working at the site, which will include office buildings, memorial spaces,

a museum and a transit hub. A

team of more than 40 architects from the firm of Skidmore, Ow-

ings & Merrill (SOM) is leading the work on One World Trade Center, which will be the tallest and most prominent of the WTC buildings when it opens in 2013 .. The same firm designed Dubai's Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building, which opened last year at a height of2,717 feet. One World Trade Center won't reach that height, but at 1,776 feet, it will surpass SOM's 1,4.50·foot-

tall Willis Tower (the former Sears Tower) in Chicago. which has held the record for the tallest building in the U.S. since 1974. The new build-

ing's height is a reference to the year the Declaration of Independence was signed, a nod to the national pride that swelled in the "Yak€: of the September 11, 2001, attacks that destroyed the towers.

From the Ground! up When construction on the complex is done, New York will have a different skyline. But many of the designs at the new World Trade Center aim to balance a vision of the future with an acknowledgment of the site's past.

The base of One World Trade Center measures 200 feet by 200 feet, the same

size as the footprint of each

of the Twin Towers. Each of the four sides of the facade will rise in the form of two opposed triangles, meeting in the middle of the building to form an octagon before returning to a square shape, rotated at the top 4.5 degrees from the base. The upper floors will house a restaurant and observa-

tion decks, capped by stainless-steel parapets spanning between 1,362 and 1,368 feet-the heights of the Twin Towers. A beacon at the top of the building's spire will flash the letter

N in Morse code. for New York.

The part of the complex that will attract the most attention. both from New Yorkers and tourists, is likely to be the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. The eight-acre memorial plaza, designed by architect Michael Arand! and landscape architect Peter Walker, will be located in the center of the site. Paved with stones and shaded by 400 oak trees, the plaza will include two reflecting pools situated in the footprints of the Twin Towers. The pools. with water cascading down their sides. will be sur" rounded by bronze parapets engraved with the names of the 2,982 victims killed at the World Trade Center, the Pentagon and the site of the plane

crash in Pennsylvania in 2001. as well as those killed in the February 26, 1993, bombing of the Twin Towers. The plaza is scheduled for a ceremonial opening on September 11 of this year, the tenth anniversary of the attack. By then. the reflecting pools will be cornplete and most of the trees planted.

The museum itself, slated to

open next year, will be located in

the plaza. Here visitors will be able

to see photos and artifacts from 9/11 and read eyewitness accounts of the attacks. Among the largest items in the museum will be the "Survivors' Staircase," two flights of concrete-andgranite stairs weighing more than.50 tons. These steps served as an escape route for hundreds of people from

the \"'orld Trade Center and were the last structures to remain standing aboveground after the attacks.

Safety Reaches New Heights

One World Trade Center will also

set new standards for skyscrapers in Manhattan, using innovative tech" nologies, stronger materials and green design, with a focus on keeping the building and its occupants safe.

The safety features are based in part on the original Twin Towers. At the time of their design and ccnstruction-s


beginning with the unveiling of lead architect Minoru Yamasaki's design in 1964 and ending with their opening nearly 10 years later, in 1973~the towers represented a major feat in skyscraper construction. At 110 stories each, they were the tallest buildings in the world and were supported by a steel-and-concrete core at the center and steel columns around the perimeter. The light construction meant the towers were more flexible than most, and they sometimes swayed

in the high-altitude winds. To alleviate the problem, engineers designed special dampers to help absorb the energy of

the wind. But it was

the events that befell

the towers years later-« the terrorist attacks on 9/11 and the bombing

in 1993-that most motivated the SOM team.

Some of the new features were inspired in part by images that became famous after the attacks. Photos and eyewitness accounts of crowded stairwells, with firefighters rushing up the stairs as civilians made their way down, led architects to recon-

40 I SCIENCEILLUSTRAfED,.COM MARCH/APRIL 2011

sider the emergency exit system. Unlike the Twin Towers, One World Trade Center will contain a stairwell reserved solely for rescue workers, with separate stairwells for occupants' use in an emergency. There will also be refuge points where people who need assistance can wait for help

and extra exits leadi ng directly outdoors on all sides of the building.

To make the building as safe as possible, architects also relied on drafts of the

National Institute of Standards and Technology'S report on the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings. as well as meetings with security experts and members of the New York City police and fire departments. "J remember the fire chiefs coming into our conference room," says Kenneth A. Lewis, SOM's project manager for One World Trade Center. "All the senior chiefs could comewe wanted their participation."

The reports and meetings revealed

several unanticipated weaknesses in the towers. Tanks containing water for fighting fires were located at the top of the building and were cut off from the floors below when the planes hit. The water mains beneath the building were destroyed in the collapse. further cutting off the water supply. Reports indicated that fireproofing material may have been knocked off some of the buildings' steel beams even before the attacks, leaving them vulnerable to the flames and heat. Rescue workers also reported that radio communications were disrupted during the attacks. in part because of damage to communications equipment inside the towers, making it difficult to relay information about fires and injuries.

To help prevent a similar situa-

tion, the SOM design team proposed an increase in the amount of water that could be stored in the building itself by 20 to 30 percent and planned for standpipes on opposite sides of the building to serve alternating floors, decreasing the likelihood that the water supply to an entire section of the building could be cut off Mechanical engineers devised a plan to prevent damaged pipes from draining water from standpipes and storage tanks:

If the sprinkler system detects water flowing out at a higher rate than required, a cutoff valve will stop the flow and redirect it to other sections of the system. Improved ventilation systems with extra filtration and higher air inta!<es have been included in the plans, which could help in

a chemical or biological attack

All of One World Trade Center's safety features, including stairwells, sprinkler standpipes. ventilation shafts and antennas for emergency communication, will be housed in the thick walls of its concrete core-one of the first such cores in a Manhattan building. The walls will decrease from eight feet thick at the bottom to two feet thick at the top and will be built from concrete about three times as strong as that used in sidewalks and roads and

-i

almost twice as strong as that used in most other high-rise buildings.

Outside the core, steel pillars and a glass-curtain wall will further protect the building. The 24 pillars are made of smaller sections that have been welded and bolted together. and they will allow the building to remain stable if even any two are compromised. The curtain wall, made from one-inchthick laminated glass, held together with steel-reinforced connectors, and attached to the building by flexible joints, can provide protection from explosions, hurricanes or earthquakes,

But architects can do only so

much to make the building safe. "What we can deal with is what happens inside the building," Lewis says. "We leave the control of the airspace and the areas around the building to the government."

Security at the Site

One government agency that is tasked with protecting the site is the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The Port Authority, which owns the land on which the complex sits, will act as landlord for the completed

One World Trade Center. (The agency currently oversees the construction

MARCH/APRIL 2011 SCIENCf1LLUSTRATED.COMI 41

of the other buildings, as well as the new transit facility belowground.)

To keep the site safe, agents from the Port Authority's security offices constantly monitor activity. Access

to the construction site is strictly controlled. Everyone who enters must go through a thorough background check, and those who are approved receive a Port Authority-issued ID, which is scanned whenever they enter or exit the site. This can be a daunting task: On a typical day, there can be hundreds of workers inside the fence, with trucks arriving at

the entrances every minute or two.

Like many construction workers in Manhattan, those at the World Trade Center must attend a safety and firstaid course before they are approved to work there. So far, the Port Authority's emphasis on safety and security seems to have paid off, with no major incidents having occurred at the site.

Financing Problems Caused Delays

Of course, anyone following the decade-long struggle to build a new World Trade Center knows that

the process has been far from smooth, Of the five skyscrapers planned as part of the new complex,


only 7 World Trade Center is complete and open to tenants as of press time.

One World Trade Center is going up at

a rate of a story a week and is sched-

uled to open in 2013. Only seven ofa planned 64 stories have been completed on Tower 4, while work on Towers 2 and 3 remains belowground, and it is unclear whether the site of the former Tower 5 will be built on at all.

Construction has been hampered mostly by financial issues. Real-estate developer Larry Silverstein, who

won the lease to the World Trade Center in early 2001, has wrangled with insurance companies to gain additional funding for rebuilding since the attacks, and he and the Port Authority have squabbled over

plans for several of the buildings. (Silverstein eventually ceded the rights to rebuild One World Trade Center to the

Port Authority in 2006.) Both parties have also faced plenty of criticism regarding the delays in construction,

the plans for the new buildings and even the decision to rebuild at all. For their part, the ar-

chitects at SOM say they don't pay too much attention to the politics. "Of course there are politics on the site," says Nicholas Holt, who served as the technical lead on 7 World Trade Center. "We just did our job and waited for

the politics to come around." _

:;;: o

EE

Extinct (roes Lay Hidden beneath the Desert Sands

Modern crocodilians live in low-lying tropical locales worldwide. The amphibious reptiles share a relatively common shape: short legs and long tails. with a long body and snout. But

Paul Sereno an d his tea m uncover ala rge skull of Sorcosuchus, or Su perCro(,. in 2000.

many ancient crocs did not resemble their modern cousins. Around 100 million years ago, when the Sahara was still a maze of rivers and swamps, eroes had long legs situated under their bodies. Paul Sereno, a paleontologist

at the University of Chicago, has been studying extinct crocodilians since 1997. "Crees have adapted their lifestyles in extraordinary ways," Sereno says. Many of the prehistoric species filled niches that today are typically dominated by mammals. The largest crocodilian species sat at the top of the food chain, whereas the smallest may have sought food on the forest floor.

DUCI(CROC

One of the most striking reptiles discovered by Sereno is DuckCroc, a raccoon-size specimen with an elongated body and legs. The animal's name comes from its snout, which resembles a duckbill. Its skull indicates the presence of air pockets surrounding the brain, which Sereno believes may have aided in hearing. Signs of soft tissue in DuckCroc's sensitive snout hint at a well-developed sense of smell. With its typical pointed crocodilian teeth, DuckCroc was clearly a predator. Given its small size, three feet long, it could

not have hu nted large animals; its claws and small, curved teeth may have enabled ltto catch

frogs, small fish and worms in shallow water.

Soft tlrn!es covering Dudc:Croc'ssnout indicate that the anlm al had a highly deve loped sense of sme II.


\ \

Anatosuchus minor LIVED: 110 million years ago DISCOVERED: Niger, 2000 CHARACTERISTiC FEATURE:

Duckbill-like snout

LENGTH: Three feet

DIET: Possibly small fish, frogs and worms

Paul Sereno looks dosely at BoarCroc's teeth. Arranged in three rows, they were most likely designed to slash large prey.

MARCH/APRIL 2011 SCIENCEILLUSTRATED.COM I 41

PANCAKE CROC

Laganosuchus thaumastos LIVED: 95 million years ago DISCOVERED: Niger, 2000

(a related species was discovered in Morocco)

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE: Long, flattened skull

LENGTH: 20 feet

DIET: Fish

Pancake<roc may have laid in wait for h ou rs for u n su specting prey.

Sereno nicknamed one remarkable specimen PancakeCroc for its unusually large, flat headthe reptile's jaws alone accounted for at least three feet of its 20-foot body. Yet its long, thin, hoop-shaped jaws were fragile compared with those of its croc cousins. This highly specialized croc was a "sit-and-wait predator," Sereno says, lying motionless underwater until a fish swam close enough to be snapped up in its jaws.


The Croc's Crushing Bite

In 2001 a team of American and Chinese scientists working in the Xinjiang region of northwestern China discovered an evolutionary step toward killer crocs in Junggarsuchus sloani, a small CTOCO" dilian that lived 161 million years ago. J. sloani was only about three feet long, but its skull bones were already beginning to knit together into a box that could withstand the pressure from powerful jaw muscles. The finding "tells us how the croc skull changed from being fairly loose, with movable joints, to being extremely finn and immovable," says lead researcher James Clark of George Washington University. Crees' solid skulls, coupled with their enlargedjaw muscles, account for their strong bite.

The ~kullof a Junggarsuchrss

RATCROC

RatCroc's name comes from the two large front teeth in its lower jaw, which somewhat resembled the oversize front teeth typical

of rodents. At about three feet long, RatCroc was similar in size to DogCroc and was also

an herbivore. But ratherthan eating leaves, RatCroc probably used its forward-projecting teeth to pull up roots and tubers, Sereno says.

Araripesuchu5 rattoides LIVED: 95 million years ago DISCOVERED: Niger, 2000

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE: Two large front teeth LENGTH:Three feet

DIET: Plant roots

50 I SCIENCEllWSTRAfED •. COM MARCH/APRIL 2011


52 I SCIENCEILWSTM.no.COMMARCHfAPRIL 2011

MARCH/APRIL 2011 5CIENCEILLUSTRATED.COM I 53



56 I SCIENCEllW5TRAfED .. COM MARCH/APRIL 2011


Blinding Ught, gPain

•

n

People with migra.ines often retreat to dark rooms when headaches strike.

__ Until now, it had been unclear why even a slight bit of light worsened their 11

suffering, but a Harvard research team has found tlie explanation

Migra lne s ufferers oth! n have to avoid a.11 I ight during ana rks.

Statues Represent Sacred Ancestors

Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, is a 63-square--mile landmass located in Chilean territory in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Sometime between 1200 and 1600, the island's inhabitants carved about 900 now-famous giant statues, known as moal, out of rock from the Rano Raraku volcano.


Anthropology

THEORY 1 HABITAT DESTRUCTION'; --- ~- _~ _~_~ _-_ -_ -- - --I

Today, ruins of gia nt statues dotthe grasslands that replaced the once-dense giant-pa I m forests on Easter Island.

Deforestation Wiped Out Invaluable Resources

As the island's growing population cleared palm forests for timber and agriculture, irreversible changes to the ecosystem doomed the group

According to Jared Diamond, a University of California at Los Angeles biogeographer and the author of Col/apse, the first inhabitants of Easter Island-an estimated 50 Polynesian settlers who arrived as early as AD, 800-easily subsisted on native animals, "Fruits

and nuts, as well as crops they introduced, including bananas, yams and sugarcane. But as the population exploded, possibly reaching 15,000 sometime after the 14005, the growing pressure on the island's resources became unsustainable.

Around 1200 the inhabitants started cutti ng down large n umbers of trees to clear land for agriculture, heat their homes, and build canoes At about the same time, they began carving the massive stone

mOOI~ which were probably transported and erected using the long trunks of giant-palm trees, the forest's dominant species. Pollen records show that by 1650 almost all of

the forests had been cleared. Deforestation caused soil erosion, which in turn inhibited crop growth and depleted wildlife habitats.

Timber for heating homes and for vital tools, such as harpoons and canoes, became sparse. By t he time Roggeveen arrived

in the 17005, the changes to the island's ecosystem had led to widespread starvation, interclan violence and near-cultural collapse, Diamond asserts.

THEORY'S STRENGTHS Pollen records indicate that palm trees covered the island for more than 30,000 years, but by 1650 grassland had almost completely replaced the forests, Field experiments have shown that the most likely method for statue transportation and erection involved palm logs.

THEORY'S WEAKNESSES Evidence of agricultural advancements may indicate that the islanders were adaptlnq to their changed environment when Roggeveen arrived, not dying off His later log entries call the island 'exceedingly fruitful," contradicting his first im pression of it as barren.

THE BonOM LINE

This theory, which has reigned for decades, is now losing ground to the idea that Easter Island's population crashed only afterthe arrival of the Eu ropea ns,


An Invasive Species Changed the Landscape

Non-native rats hungryfor palm seeds, combined with slash-and-burn agriculture, turned forests into grasslands, but the inhabitants were able to adapt-and were actually thriving when Roggeveen arrived

Rats brought to the island either as stowaways or as a source of protei n thrived on the nuts of the abundant laboeo palm trees, and their numbers exploded. Anthropologists Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii and Carl Lipo of Cal iforn la State University say that by chewi ng on the nuts, the rats destroyed the seeds' abi I ity to germinate, halt-

i ng most forest regeneration on the island. Anthropologists have also found evidence that the island's inhabitants burned the

62 I SCIENCEllWSTRAfED •. COM MARCH/APRIL 201 J

forests to make room for fields and gardens.

Hunt and Lipo argue that the combination of slash-and-burn agriculture and invasive rats caused the shift from forest

to grassland. They believe, however, that evidence of adjusted farming practices, such

as stone mulching to augment soil nutrients and steady increases in the num ber of habitation sites through the 1700s, indicate that Easter Island's population was still thriving when the Europeans arrived.

Palm seeds found onEaster 1~land gnawed by rats

THEORY'S STRENGTHS Archaeological digs have unea rthed thousa nds of rat skeletons and gnawed palm nuts scattered across the island. Palm deforestation also occurred on other Pacific islands at the same time that rat numbers on those islands were increasing, lending weig:ht to the theory that the rodents contributed to ecosystem changes.

THEORY'S WEAKNESSES Diamond argues that the theory disregards evidence of cut-and-burned palm stumps, which indicates the felling oftrees for harvesting wood (farml'and would have been cleared of stumps). And invasive rats on other Polynesian islands did not completely wipe out forests there Hunt counters, however, that these ecosystems weren't as vu lnerable as Easter Island's.

THE BOTTOM LINE

Most scientists are receptive to the idea that rats, along with many other complex factors, contributed to the shift in Easter Island's ecosystem, but there's less

ag reement on whether environmental changes caused the cultural collapse.

Anthropology

THEORY 3 DISEASE, VIOLENCE AND SLAVERY

European Influence Killed Off the Islanders

Easter Island's population collapse began only after Europeans arrived, as a result of the introduction of non-native diseases and destructive livestock, as well as murder and the slave trade

Dutch, Spanish, English and French expedition records catalog the rapid decline

of the island's native population from approximately 3,000 in 1722 to Just 111 in 1877. Benny Peiser, a social anthropologist at liverpool John Moores University in England, and Paul Rainbird, an honorary archaeology fellow at the University of Exeter, are among the many researchers to document the European introduction of several fatal diseases, to which the natives

had no immunity. These included syphilis, cholera, smallpox and leprosy Europeans also introduced grazing animals to Easter Island in the late 18th century, which would have further depleted the remaining palm ecosystem, contributing to soil erosion and inhibiting crop output.

There was also a more direct toll on the islander's numbers: An unknown number

of inhabitants were killed in conflict with non-natives. Ou ri ng their fi rst day on Easter.

Island, Roggeveen's men opened fire on

a group of natives, killing as many as 12 becau se they were making "threateni ng gestures." And according to Peruvian slaveport records from the 18005, Europeans sold

, an estimated 1,500 islanders into the slave 'trade there.

The question then is, did the decline

of Easter Island's society begin before European arrival or after? In 2006, Claudio ristino and Patricia Vargas Casanova ofthe

University of Chile reported that the num-

THEORY'S STRENGTHS Habitation sites, extrapolated for population, show that Easter Islander numbers didn't decrease until after European arrival. The effect of European disease and the slave trade on native populations has been heavily documented.

64 I SCIENCEllWSTRAfED,.COM MARCH/APRIL 201 J

ber of homes on the island actually steadily increased until the mid-170Gs, indicating that the group's numbers were growing when Roggeveen arrived. In fact, there is

no physical evidence that a population of 15,000 ever lived on the island. The number is purely an estimate based on population projections. Lipo asserts that when the Europeans landed there in 1722, they did not encounter the dwindling survivors of a large culture, but instead a small, stable society that had never achieved any great size.

Engli~h navigator J am as (00 k vi~ited Easter 1~1 andi n 1774. HiHtew (arried d lseases that ravage d the native population.

THE BOTTOM LIN E

THEORY'S WEAKNESSES Rapa Nui oral traditions that descnbeinterdan warfare-possibly caused by shona.ges in natural resources-and the use ofrefuge caves to escape attack indicate social instability before European arrival.

Research ers agree that the influx of Etnopea ns brought devastation to Easter Island. But whether th e colla pse began after their arrival is still hotly contested.


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State zip codes turn up cash for residents

Valuable uncut sheets of never circulated $2 bills are actually being released to the first 10,537 callers who find their zip code on the distribution list to the right and beat the 7-day deadline to get Vault Stacks full of real money

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By Ke.ith Berrymore UNf v ERSAL MEDIA SYNDICATE

UMS - State residents who find their zip code an the Distribution List will feel like they just won the lottery.

That's because for the next 7 days, full uncut sheets of never circulated $2 bills are being released by the World Reserve not to banks, not to dealers and not just to the rich and famous, but directly to state residents who beat the order deadline.

The only thing residents need to do is look for their zip code on the Distribution List printed in this issue of Science Illustrated magazine. If their zip code appears on the list, they need to immediately call the Distribution Hotline before the 7-day deadline to get the Vault Stack containing three protective bankers portfolios each loaded

with its own full uncut sheet of never circulated $2 bills. But only the first 10,537 residents whose zip code appears on the Distribution List can even get the Vault Stacks containing three protective bankers portfolios full of real money.

"The Gov't shut down printing of $2 bills in September 2006 and likely won't print more next year. So the money is being released until our last remaining $2 bills are completely gone," said Jefferson Marshall, Executive Director of the private World Reserve.

"That's wby we've set up a Toll Free Distribution Hotline to make sure residents get them now," he said.

"But everything in our vault may soon be gone. So residents who want to get the uncut sheets of never circulated $2 bills

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Those who get in on this now will be the really smart ones. Just think what they could be worth someday.

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a real steal," Marshall said.

"You would expect to only see uncut money sheets on display in the Oval Office or under guard at the Smithsonian," he said.

"In fact, they are so seldom seen, banks don't even have them. That's why I've issued a directive to release a limited number of never circulated uncut sheets of valuable $2 bills from our private vault reserve to residents across the United States. Residents whose zip code

is not on the Distribu- uncut sheets of never tion List can't have our circulated bills.

Vault Stacks of these full "We're bracing for all uncut sheets of $2 bills," the calls. With just hours Marshall said. left, we're doing our best

"These full uncut sheets to make sure residents of $2 bills will be highly get through. But, it is imsought after and are ex- portant that residents tremely popular to hand find their zip code on out as gifts for friends and the Distribution List and family," he said. call the Toll Free Hotline

Most people have nev- right away to beat the er even seen a single $2 deadline. Because when bill featuring President our release is over, it's Thomas Jefferson on the over," he said.

front and the signing of "We're allowing resithe Declaration of lnde- dents whose zip code appendence on the back let pears on the Distribution alone one of these full List to claim as many as

10 Vault Stacks. But, since you can't get these Vault Stacks containing three protective bankers portfolios full of uncut sheets of money at banks, credit unions or even the Federal Reserve the limits wiII be strictly enforced," Marshall said.

"So, residents who want these full uncut sheets of real money need to call right now. If lines are busy keep trying, we promise to answer all calls," he said .•

On the worldwide web: www.Uncut2Dollar.com

How to get the money
The Toll Free Distribution Hotline opens at 8:30am today for state
residents only. The World Reserve has authorized the release of full un-
cut sheets of never circulated $2 bills to residents who beat the 7-day
deadline. If lines are busy, keep trying all calls will be answered. If you
miss the deadline you'll be turned away from this offer and forced to
wait for future announcements in this issue of Science Illustrated mag-
azine or others, if any.
The only thing readers need to do is find their zip code on the Distri-
but ion list below and be one of the first 10,537 residents who call and
beat the order deadline to get the Vault Stack containing three protec-
tive bankers portfolios, each loaded with its own full uncut sheet of
never circulated $2 bills for just $48 per portfolio and shipping. There is
a strict limit of 10 Vault Stacks per household. To get yours call the Toll
Free Hotline number below.
Zip Code Distribution List:
If the first 2 numbers of your state Zip Code
appear below immediately call toll free:
1-888-823-6603 (with Dept. Code UC102)
Alabama Indiana Nebraska South Carolina
35,36 46,47 68,69 29
Alaska Iowa Nevada South Dakota
99 5051 52 8889 57
Arizona Kansas New Hampshire I Tennessee
_____!!Q, 86 66 67 03 3738
Arkansas Kentucky New Jersey Texas
71 72 40,41 42 n7,_08 75,16, 77, 78. 79J!!l
Cal:ifomia louisiana New Mexico , Utah
_No_U_vailaPle 7Q31 8.I._as 84
Colorado Maine New York Vermont
__ 80_,81 03 04 00, 1,0,_11 ,J2. 1J,J.§ Not avai labl e
Con necti cut Maryland N orlh Ca rolina Virginia
06 20,21 .27,28 20, 22, 23, 24 _
Delaware Ma ssa ehusetts North Dakota 1 Washington
19 Not avai labl e 58 98,99
Florida Michigan Ohio I West Virginia
Not available 48 49 41 43.44.45 24 25 26
Georgia Minnesota Oklahoma I Wisconsin
30 31 39 55 56 73,74 53,54
Hawaii Mississippi. Oregon Wyoming
96 38 39 97 82 83
Idaho Missouri Pennsylvania Washington DC
83 63,64.&5 Nol.ID'ai@ble~ __ 20 __
Illinois Montana Rhode Island
60,61,62 59 02
THE WORLD RESERVE MONETARY EXCHANGE,INC. IS NOT AFFIL-
IATED WITH THE US GOVERNMENT, A BANK OR ANY GOVERN-
MENT AGENCY. THE INCREASE IN COLLECTIBLE VALUE OF CER-
TAIN PRIOR ISSUES OF US COINS DOES NOT GUARANTEE THAT
CURRENT ISSUES WILL ALSO INCREASE IN VALUE. OH AND FL
R E51 DENT TRANSACTIONS REQUI R E TH E REM ITTANCE OF APPLI~
CABLE SALES TAX. SORRY NO SHIPMENTS TO MA, CA. PA AND VT
RESIDENTS. ADVERTISEMENT FOR WORLD RESERVE MONETARY
EXCHANGE, INC. 8000 FREEDOM AVE., N. CANTON OH 44720.
eaon WRME P5543A QFl370SR'1 • FULL UNCUT SHEETS: Above is one of the valuable full uncut sheets of never circulated $2 bills that are actually being released to state residents. These crisp seldom seen uncut sheets of real money are being. released on a first come, first served basis. That's why residents whose zip code appears on the Distribution List need to call 1-888-823-6603 right away with Dept. Code UCI02 to get the Vault Stacks containing three protective bankers portfolios full of real money since they're only being released by the World Reserve for the next 7 days.

TOF10

The Brainiest

Beasts to Walle I the Earth

Among land animals, the human brain is second in size only to the elephant's.

1. Elephant

2. Human

3. Camel

4. Giraffe

6. Horse

7. Gorilla

8. Polar bear

9. Cow

10. Chimpanzee

40 milliseconds How long it takes the brain to register the pain of stubbing a toe

400 milliseconds The maximum time ittakes to become conscious of information processed by the brain

150 milliseconds The time it takes the brain to decode and understand

a spoken word

600 milliseconds The speed at which the brain translates a thought into words

300 milliseconds How long it takes the b rai n to switch its

Sea Camp at Texas A&M University at Galveston is a little like taking a weeklong science class in a bathing suit. Sea Campers, ages 1 0-18, study on research vessels, beaches, and in marshes. So,

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Ea rn more poi nrs by u SI n 9 fewer clues to answer each question.

5 points

1 point

This active volcano formed arou nd 200,000 years ago.

It is approximately 4,200 feet high, although its height varies greatly after major eruptions.

2 points

Vineyards, orchards and stands of chestnut and oak trees grow in its fertile soil during dormant periods.

It is located just over five and a half miles from Naples, Italy.

Its eruption in A.D.

79 buried the cities of Pompeii and Stabiae under ash.

Each of the compounds These substances can They accumulate in the They are by-products of The name for these
in this family has damage the nervous food chai n when in- disinfectants or herbi- compounds comes
two benzene rings and muscular systems, qested by animals. Most cides like Agent Orange, from the Latin
connected by a pair of cause genetic mutations human exposure results a defoliant used by the prefix di, meaning
oxyge nato ms. and birth defects, and from eating tainted meat U.S. military during the "two," and oxy, from
increase ca ncer r isk. and dairy products. Vietnam War. "oxygen."
This very large family, Va rleties grow on every Members of this family Cereals such as wheat, The name is some-
with the Latin name continent at nearly account for about 24 rice a nd corn make times used as slang
Poaceae, incl u des every altitude and in percent of all plants this family the world's for marijuana.
more than 10,000 habitats ranging from on Earth. most important
known species. freshwater and marine food source.
to desert.
Its brightest stars are NASA nameda It is one of 12 ronstel- It sits between Cancer The constellation is
Castor and Pollux. series of 12 two-person lations located in the andIaurus in the north- known by its Latin
spacecraft, launched path of Ea rth's orbit ern sky and is one of the name, which
between 1964 and around the sun. 12 signs of the zodiac. means "twins."
1966, after it. This whiskey is made from a distilled mash of corn, malt and rye.

Its high corn content and the new charredoak barrels in which itis aged distinguish it from other whiskeys.

It is served either straight or mixed in a cocktail, the most popular of which include

the mint julep and the old-fashloned,

It is the namesake of the A well-known

Kentucky county where it was first produced.

nightclub-lined street in New Orleans's French Quarter shares its name.

Your score: 24-30 Genius 9-16 Passing grade

17-23 Top of the class 0-8 Hit the books Answers appear on page 74


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Several cats are brought aboard a ship to eliminate a rat infestation. Each cat ki lis exactly the same number of rats, and that number

is larger than the number of cats. If a total of 1,1 11 rats are killed, how many cats are there?

Ii

Which figure comes next in the series?

,

•

A

C D

E

Which number does not belong?

26550 1782 28122

Fill in the blanks in the parentheses.

63(5942)71' 59(7163)42 94(4259)28

( ----)

Which four pieces below complete the jigsaw puzzle?

~ Headbreakers

The police interrogarefive murder suspects. Only one is the killer. The suspects make the statements below, exactly three of which are true. Which suspect is the killer 7

ALICE:

BOB:

CARL:

DIANE:

"Diane is tell-"Eve lies when "Alice is notthe "I am notthe

ing the truth." she says that I am kilfer." killer."

the killer."

II

At a craft fair in another country, you meet a tile-maker who does not speak English You point to your phone to ask for his number-and he immediately arranges eig ht tiles as shown. What is his seven-digit phone number?

EVE:

"Bob is the killer."

Which figure does not belong?

Color in some of the empty squares so that the number of colored squares touching each square containing a number is equal to that number.

SCIENCE ILWSTIlATED (VOLUME 4, ISSUE 21 (ISSN 18~·7539, USPS 0748200888~IIS PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY.IIF. MIA, Mil, JIA, SlO AND NID, BY BONNIER CORPORATION, 2. PARK AVENUE. NEW YORK, 'NY 10016, PERIODICALS POSTAGE PAID AT NEWYORK, NY. AND ADDfTWNAL MAILING OFFICES. 'NO PART OFTHIS MAGAZINE MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUHHE EXPRESS WRInEN PERMISSION OF SCIENCE ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE, POSTMASTEr!; SEND "'DDRESS CH;ANGES TO SCIENCE IlWSTRATW, P,O. BOX 420235, PALM COAST, FL 32142-0235, SUBSCRIPTIONS: IN THE us, $24 PER YEAR; ADD $6 PER YEAR FOR DElIV,ERYTO CANADA AND $16 PER YEAR FOR DELI VE RYTO ALL OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES. ALL PAYMENTS IN u.s. FUNDS ONLY. FOR SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION, CALL 86&429'0139INTiHE us. AND 38&597-4388 FROM CANADA AND INTERNATIONALLY, PUBLICATION AGREEMENT NUMBER 4061'2608. CANADA RETURN MAIL: PITNEY BOWES P.O_ BOX 25541, LONDON, ON N6C 6B2.


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