Notes Hints Malaysian Studies

Sufinah Dahari (7536)

Chapter 1: The Early History

1. Original people (native) of Malay Archipelago

- concentrate on Perak – Tampan Fort, Ulu Perak (35, 000 years ago)
- early stone age (Palaeolithic):

Characteristics Area
- lived in caves 1. Tampan Estuary, Perak
- main activity: collecting forest 2. Niah Cave, Sarawak
products & hunting 3. Tingkayu, Sabah
- started using stone tools
- tools were simple & crude

- kingdom (famous for what, located?)

 name the early kingdom: Funan, Langkasuka (Patani), Old Kedah,
Srivijaya (before Malacca at Sumatera famous for Buddhism and use
Sanskrit), Majapahit (Java Hinduism from Indian Hinduism)

Kingdom Note
Funan, Kampuchea - 1st century
- influenced by Old Kedah Hindu Religion
- Kg. Sg. Emas (5th – 10th century)
- Pengkalan Bujang (10th -14th century)
Langkasuka, Patani - 2nd century
- important trade centre
- influenced by Hinduism & Buddism
- Merong Maha Wangsa History
Old Kedah - 5th century
- monarchy system
- strategic location & important entrepot
- influenced by Hinduism & Buddism
Srivijaya, Sumatera - 7th century
- well-known trade centre
- strong relationship with India & China
- centre of Buddism & Sanskrit
- owned several vassal states
Majapahit, Jawa - 13th century
- owned several vassal states
- trade centre
- strong relationship with China, India & Middle East

- Hinduism: Funan & Majapahit

- Buddism: Srivijaya
- Hinduism & Buddism: Old Kedah & Langkasuka
2. Modern era of peninsula Malaya from old sultanate Malacca (development has to
be seen)
- who’s the founder – Parameswara 1403
- what type of government:
 Ruler: head of state, Islamic religion & army
 Important officials: Finance Minister, Admiral, Chief of Defence, Chief of
Bursar, Harbour Master
- Law of Malacca: Malacca code of law & Malacca law of the sea
- why people came to Malacca (the role of Malacca)
 centre for maritime trade & spread of Islam
 strategic location midway along trade routes between India & China
- Chinese came to Malacca by Cheng Ho, founded by Parameswara, famous with Tun
Perak (great names)  what these people famous for?

3. Fall of Malacca Empire: how the role decline

- internal factors (politically):

Tun Perak died

 lack an efficient leader
 replaced by Tun Mutahir (weak leader)
 struggles for power
 Sultan Mahmud (weak ruler)
 defamation & bribing were rife
 high taxes
 merchants divert attention to other ports;

Weak administration of Tun Mutahir

 Malays hostile towards Indian Muslims
 Tun Mutahir & Tun Ali to be put to death
 by betrayal of Kitul (Malay) & Raja Mandaliar (Indian native)
 Tepok (Tun Perak’s son) appointed as Chief Minister
 Tepok too old
 ministers formed dissenting groups
 misunderstanding & disputes caused segregation
 Alfonso d’Albuquerque attacked 1511

- external factors (Cape of Good Hope):

Cape of Good Hope in South Africa: easier to sail from West to East

4. Colonial Era
- remember date of colonist duration

Colonist Duration
Portuguese 1511-1641 (130 years)
Dutch 1641-1824 (183 years)
British 1824-1942; 1945-1957 (130 years)
Siamese 1831-1909 (88 years)
Japanese 1942-1945 (3.5 years)
- chronology of British colonisation

Date Event
1976 Penang Island founded by Francis Light
1819 Singapore founded by Stamford Raffles
1824 Anglo-Dutch treaty
1826 Straits Settlement
1841 James Brooke took over Sarawak
1874 British intervention in Perak: Pangkor Agreement
1874 British intervention in Sungei Ujung
1878 Brunei Sultan handed over Sabah to British
1888 British intervention in Pahang
1896 Federated Malay States
1909 Bangkok Agreement
1914 Johor accepted British advisor
1945 British Military Administration (BMA) was established
1946 Malayan Union
1948 Federation of Malaya
1957 Independence of Malaya

- Anglo-Dutch treaty 1824: what for?

 Dutch handed over Malacca to the British in exchange for Bencoolen
(Bangkahulu), agreed to eradicate pirate activities
 result in division of Malay Archipelago into 2 different geo-political areas
- states of straits settlement: Penang island, Malacca, Singapore
- states of federated Malay: Perak, Selangor, N.Sembilan, Pahang
- from Bangkok agreement 1909  unfederated Malays states: Kedah, Perlis,
Terengganu, Kelantan

Terms:
- old kingdom: sultan  sons of the soil
- sovereignty  daulat
- rescent  derhaka
- nusantara  whole of region (Javanese): encompasses Malay Kingdom

Chapter 2: Struggle of independence

1. Failure of Malayan Union

- what government is introduced by British: Malayan Union
- why the government is opposed:
 the granting of citizenship to non-Malays
 erosion of Malay rulers’ power & sovereignty
 Mac Michael’s treat in getting the rulers to sign agreement
- how the government failed:
 strong opposition from Malays
 no strong support from non-Malays
 wrong timing
  opposition from former British administrators in Malaya
- what replace the opposed government: Federation of Malaya
- why Malayan is opposed:
 AMCJA (All-Malaya Council of Joint Action): working committee did not
include any non-Malay
 PUTERA (Pusat Tenaga Rakyat) – radical Malay party: want Malaya as
republic
 AMCJA-PUTERA front: form People’s Constitution & launched hartal
(close shop strike)

2. Negotiation for Independence

- city council election (Georgetown 1951, KL 1952)  demand to British  general
election 1955  negotiation of independence  constitution
- names of association (MCA, UMNO  Alliance; PAS – Islamic Party of Malaya;
Parti Negara – National Party; Parti Buruh – Labour Party; Parti Progresif Rakyat –
People’s Progressive Party): function?
- name the community where Tun Abd Rahman and Gangs go to London (Feb 1956):
o 4 Malay Rulers representative  Datuk Panglima Gantang, Dato’ Ahmad
Kamil, Abdul Aziz Majid & Dato’ Mohd Seth
o The Alliance representatives  Tunku Abd Rahman, Dr. Ismail Abdul
Rahman, Dato’ Abdul Razak Hussein & Colonel H.S Lee
o British representative in Malaya
- Lord Lennox Boyd who?: Secretary of British Colonial Territories chaired the
negotiation from 18 Jan – 8 Feb, the day the Landon Agreement was signed
- British promised to grant independence on condition that a commission be formed to
outline and draw up Malaya’s new Constitution

4. Constitution of the Federation of Malaya

- when constitution is drew 1956
- Reid Commision: Lord Reid (Britain), Sir Ivor Jennings (Britain), Sir William
Mckell (Australia), B. Malik (India) & Judge Abdul Hamid (Pakistan)
- what fundamental principles of Malayan Constitution?:
o Yg Dipertuan Agong as the head of Malaya while the rulers are heads of
respective states
o The Malays are recognised as the ‘sons of the soil’ & special rights are
quaranteed in Constitution (Article 153)
o Malay language is national language: English however can still be used in
Legislative Council for 10 years period after independence (Article 152)
o Person born in Malaya on or after Independence is automatically a Malayan
citizen (Article 14-31)
o Islam is official religion of Federation of Malaya, but freedom of worship is
guaranteed for non-Muslim
Chapter 3: Formation of Malaysia

- formed on 1963 by Malaysia Agreement

- Lee Kuan Yew (Singapore) left Malaysia 1965
- MAPHILINDO  what?: Malaysia-Philippines-Indonesia
- who opposed Malaysia idea?:
o PAS  claimed Malays would lose out if Malaysia was established, prefer
MAPHILINDO idea
o Philippines  President Macapagal claimed Sabah as Filipino territory,
formation of Malaysia will complicate his effort to claim Sabah, Macapagal
broke off diplomatic ties between Philippines & Malaysia
o Indonesia  President Sukarno launched confrontation policy against Malaya
on 1963 because KL ignored Indonesia in Malaya’s plans to set up a new
country. Sukarno claimed Malaysia to be political structure that ignore
Indonesia’s interest & weaken the spirit of Malay Archipelago. Historian
view: Malaysia aborted Sukarno’s scheme to form greater Indonesian empire,
confrontation is a tactic to divert people’s attention away from various internal
problems afflicting Indonesia
- Cobbold commission 1962: survey opinions of people of Sabah & Sarawak 
survey confirmed more than 70% of people in two countries were in favour

Chapter 4: System of Government & National Administrative Structure

1. Powers in Malaysia
o Executive – power to govern: Yg Dipertuan Agong (Article 39)
o Legislative – power to draw up, amend & pass law: Yg. Dipertuan Agong,
Parliament  House of Representative & House of Senate
o Judiciary – power defend justice: Court, defend supremacy of Constitution &
balance other 2 powers
2. Power of Yg Dipertuan Agong (Article 20, [2])
o appoint Prime Minister (PM)
o not to consent dissolution of Parliament
o request for a meeting of Ruler’s Council
- king  PM  cabinet member
- if want to hold an election  ask the king, king decide
- why king must dissolve parliament?  for election

3. Function of Yg Dipertuan Agong

- appoint members of House of Representatives (by acting on advice of PM: Article
40, [1])
- supreme head of Federation’s Armed Forces (Article 40)

4. Council of Rulers (Majlis Raja-raja): Article 38, [1]

- members: 9 rulers/states + Yg Dipertua Negeri of Malacca, Penang, Sabah &
Sarawak (Governor)
 - general functions are about interest of Malay Rulers & religion, and administrative
affairs of country
- Function (Article 38, [2]):
o election of Yg. Dipertuan Agong & Deputy Yg. Dipertuan Agong
o approves/disapproves any act, practice or religious ceremony that involves
Federation as a whole
o approves/disapproves any law & gives advice on whatever appointment, that
under Constitution, requires the approval of, or consultations with the Council
of Rulers
o appoint members of Special Court (Article 182, [1])
o grants pardon, postpones or commutes sentences (Article 42, [12])
o deliberate matters pertaining to national policy (such as amendments to the
immigration policy) and all other matters
- appointment of Yg. Dipertuan Agong: governor has no voting right & cannot be a
candidate

5. Cabinet
- cabinet (Article 43): minister with/without portfolio
- primary role: determine government’s policies & issue directives for the
implementation by the government administrative machinery at federal & state levels
- acting as an advisory to Yg. Dipertuan Agong

6. Legislative Body (Parliament)

- power to make law (call Act in federal level, Enakmen or Ordinan in state level)
- exercise of legislative powers by Parliament (Article 66)
o to inect law; the power of inect law shall follows procedure (Article 66, [1]):
i) Minister & officers of ministry frame bill with advice from Attorney
General’s Office
ii) Minister will get Cabinet to pass bill policy explaining in detail the
importance of presenting in Parliament
iii) After being agreed by Cabinet, with/without amendment the bill is printed
& presented to Parliament
iv) Bill is presented to House of Representatives/Senate involve 3 readings:
1st reading – Minister read bill
2nd reading – principle of bill are debate
3rd reading – if agreed by 2/3 majority of House, bill are discussed at level
of House Committee
v) Bill approved by both Houses is presented to Yg. Dipertuan Agong for
approval
vi) Before it is accepted & applied, the bill, approved by Yg. Dipertuan
Agong, will have to be stamped with Royal Seal
o Exceptions whereby bill can still be turn into law even though not pass by
either Houses (Article 68)  where a MONEYBILL pass by Parliament
passed to House of Senate, after 1 month, Senate did not agree/do nothing, the
bill can be handover by Parliament without agreement of Senate to Yg.
Dipertuan Agong
o Exeptions whereby any bill still is turn into law even though not get consent
from Yg. Dipertuan Agong (Article 66, [4])  If bill not assented by 30 days,
 by Yg. Dipertuan Agong, the bill will automatically become law as if it has
passed by both Houses (must passed by both Houses)
o Article 66, [2]: Subject to Article 67, a bill can be originated by either House
o Article 67: A bill or amendment of provision increase, decrease any tax,
abolishing tax, etc (MONEYBILL) which can only by originated by House of
Representative
o Article 66, [3]: When a bill has been passed by a House in which it originated,
it shall be passed to the other House & get the consent of Yg. Dipertuan
Agong after being passed by the other House subject to Article 67

7. Judiciary
- function of court
o power to interpret Constitution
o power to interpret Law
o power to proclaim/declare a written Federal or State law invalid
o power to declare a government action as invalid in the eyes of the law
- two-tier system (IMPORTANT):
superior  hear appeal cases & deal death penalty case
subordinate  limited power & cannot hear appeal case

Superior Court Subordinate Court Special Court

Federal Court: Session Court (District Juvenile Court (Court for
- consist Chief Justice of Court at Sabah/Sarawak) Children)
Federal Court, Chief - headed by sessions court - headed by Session Court
Justice of High Court, 4 judge judge
judges & no. of additional - highest subordinate court - hear offences commited by
judges - hear all criminal offences juvenile < 18 years of age
- decides on validity of other than except with death - offenders cannot be
laws made in Parliament or punishment sentence but sent to
State level - can impose jail sentence, rehabilitation centers such
- decides on disputes fine & whipping befitting Henry Gurney School until
between Federal & State the offence committed as 21
government permitted by the law
- decides on disputes - hear civil cases where
between 2 states amount disputed <
- advises Yg. Dipertuan RM250,000
Agong on Constitution - hear civil cases on landlord
& tenant
High Court: Magistrate Court Syariah Court
- headed by Chief Judge of - headed by magistrate - headed by religious head
High Court - hear light criminal & civil appointed by Ruler/Sultan
- has jurisdiction to hear cases where the maximum - examine cases of offences
cases which carry death imprisonment < 10 years or against Islamic religious law
penalty are punishable by fine < RM involving Muslims only
- has jurisdiction to hear 25,000 - administer & handle
civil cases; matrimonial - hear claims for repayment Islamic laws
cases, bankruptcy & of debts in the monetary
company cases, form
guardianship of disabled - can impose caning for
persons criminal cases
Penghulu Court Industrial Court
- headed by Penghulu/ Head - judges & settle employer-
of Mukim in Penghulu hall employee & trade union
- examine light criminal disputes
where fine < RM 25
- examine civil cases where
fine < RM 50
District Court (Native
Court)
- headed by District Officer
- exists in Sabah/Sarawak
- has authority to decide a
re-trial

- if appeal case: hear at Magistrate Court to bring to High Court

- Article 74, [9]: Powers in country divided into Federal (federal list) & State (state
list) & Joint list
- Federal: Defence, citizenship & foreign policies
- State: Religion, lent matters, forest tree & protected animals

Chapter 5: Parliamentary Democracy in Malaysia

1. Types of election
- general election for whole country
- by-election to constitutes the choosing of representative by public citizen:
representative seat is vacant by post stripped off or death

2. Voter & Conditions

- Article 119, [1]: Malaysian on reaching the age of 21 on the qualifying date &
resides in an election division on the qualifying date or if not residing is considered as
absentee voter.
- 3 categories of absentee voters:
o A Malaysian citizen who is working in Federation Armed Forces or
Commonwealth countries, who, with his wife lives in a residence provided by
Armed Forces authority on the date of application to register as a voter in the
electoral district (the district he registered)
o A Malaysian citizen living overseas with his wife but working with Federal or
State government or local or semi-government authority, who has applied to
register himself as a voter in the electoral constituency
o A Malaysian citizen (& wife) who is studying abroad, who applies to register
himself as a voter in electoral constituency
- Lost the right to vote:
On the qualifying date he is held as a person who does not have a fully sound mind or
is carrying out a jail sentence
A person is found guilty & is imposed the death sentence or jail exceeding 12 months
in any Commonwealth country

3. Duration as People’s Representative & Member of State Legislative Assembly

- until that date Parliament is dissolved by Yg. Dipertuan Agong or State Legislative
Assembly is dissolved by Sultan/Ruler or Yg. Dipertua Negeri
- voluntarily withdraw by writing officially to Yg. Dipertua of House of
Representative
- absent from meetings for six month without prior approval from the House
concerned (Article 52)
4. Duration in Office of Senator
- limited to 3 years
- resign from post by writing officially to Yg. Dipertua of Senate

Chapter 6: Supremacy of Constitution

- contains 15 sections, 183 clauses/articles & 15 schedules

- main features
o Malaysia is a federation
o Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy
o Malaysia is a country that practises parliamentary democracy
o Religious freedom with Islam as the official religion of Malaysia
o Supremacy of Constitution & rule of law
o Doctrine of separation of power
o Validity & transparency of Judiciary
o National language, special rights of Malays & the native tribes of Sabah &
Sarawak

Chapter 7: Important Provisions in Malaysia Constitution

1. Language (Article 152)

- Malay language as national language

2. Religion (Part I, Chapter 3)

- Islam is official religion of Federation; but other religions are allowed to be
practised in peace & harmony in any part of the Federation (Article 1)
- In states that have a ruler/sultan as head of state, the sultan/ruler is the head of Islam
in the state concerned (Article 2)
- For states without a sultan/ruler (Sabah, Sarawak, Malacca & Penang Island) & the
Federal Territories (KL, Labuan, Putrajaya), the head of Islam is Yg. Dipertuan
Agong (Article 3)

3. Citizenship (Part II)

- special rights of citizen
o right to vote in election
o right to take active part in politics
o right to fill a post that is exclusively for citizens only
o free to own landed property & to be considered for special terms relating to
property development
o right to receive no. of benefits & facilities in the country
o freedom of movement throughout the country (Article 9)
 o right not to be exiled
- way of acquiring citizenship (IMPORTANT!!):

Jus Soli (laws of birth place) Jus Sanguinis (laws of blood descent)

- automatic citizenship for people born in - relies on citizenship status of father

Malaysia between 31st August 1957 – - is citizen if father is a citizen
October 1962 - if child is born outside (either or):
- if born after 1962 (either or):  father born in Malaysia
 mother/father is citizen at time of  father holds post in Public Service
birth at Federal/State level
 at time of birth, mother/father  birth was registered at Malaysian
residing in country Consulate/Malaysian government
 at time of birth, not a citizen of any within 1 year after birth
country
Marriage Naturalization (Article 19)

- right to a foreign woman married to - to residents not born in Malaysia to be

Malaysian citizen Malaysian citizen
- conditions (must): - conditions (must):
 if husband citizen in October 1962  aged 21 & above
with marriage still binding  live in Federation at least 10 out of
 lived in Federation for 2 years before 12 years from & up to date of
application, has intention to continue application
living in federation & is of good  have intention to live permanently
conduct  of good conduct
 sufficient knowledge of Malay
language

- applicant required to take oath of allegiance to the Federation & able to speak Malay
language

Chapter 8: Ethnic composition of Malaysian population

- remember main inhabitants of Malaysia:

Malay Peninsular Malaysia Sabah Sarawak

Chinese Indian Indigenous
(aborigines)
* Banjar Hokkien * Malayali * Negrito * Bajau * Bidayuh
* Boyan * Chuan- * Punjabi * Senoi * Dusun * Bisaya
* Bugis Chew * Ceylonese * Melayu * Murut * Iban
* Jawa * Chin-Chew * Tamil Asli * Bisaya * Kayan
* Kampar * Eng-Hua * Telegu * Kadayun * Kedayan
* Kerinci * Eng-Choon * Org. Sg. * Kelabit
* Mendaling * Hok-Chew * Org. Laut * Kenyah
* Minangkabau * Brunei * Melanau
* Rawa Kwantung * Malays
* Johor-Riau * Kanton * Murut
* Teochew * Penan
* Hakka * Punan
* Hailam

- Malayan of Indonesian origin

Community Background
Javanese - from Jawa Island
- concentrate in Johor (Muar, Pontian, Batu Pahat),
Selangor (Klang, K. Selangor, K. Langat), Perak (Hilir
Perak, Krian, Parit Buntar)
Banjar - from Banjarmasin, Kalimantan
- concentrate in Perak (Kerian, Parit Buntar), Selangor
(Sabak Bernam) & Johor (Batu Pahat)
Bugis - from Sulawesi Island
- business group
- concentrate in Johor (Benut, Kukup, Rengit), Selangor
(Langat Valley)
Boyanese - from Boyan Island
- migrated to Singapore, Ipoh, KL, JB, Penang Island
- experts in horse-rearing
Minangkabau - from Sumatera
- concentrate in N. Sembilan & Malacca
- known for Adat Perpatih
- involves in business & agriculture

- based on 1995 population distribution: Bumiputera = 11.95 mil, Chinese = 5.29 mil,
Indian = 1.5 mil.
- 1995, most populated states: Selangor, Johor & Sabah + Labuan
- domination to sectors & ethnic groups 1995

Malay Chinese Indian

* agriculture * trading, hotel & restaurant * other services
* mining * construction
* electricity, gas, water
* transportation,
communication
* finance, insurance, property

- domination to occupation & ethnic group 1995

Malay Chinese
* professional & technical * administration &
* teacher & nurse management
* clerical worker

- domination in professions 1995, more Chinese & Indians than Bumiputeras

 Malay Chinese
* doctor * accountant
* veterinarian * architect
* surveyor * dentist
* engineer
* lawyer

- average household income in 1995

Malay Chinese Indian

RM 1,600 RM 2,895 RM 2,153

Chapter 9: Unity & National Integration

1. Process to get integration (IMPORTANT!!):

- unity: process of uniting groups with different backgrounds into one entity
- integration: unity bound by common norms, values & interest

Low integration High integration

Segregation Accomodation Acculturation Assimilation Amalgation
- no integration - ethnic aware of - known as - known as - culture/race
- split of ethnics each other’s cultural structural mixes form
- occurs by law norms & value assimilation assimilation types of new
(de jure): - safeguard own - minority accept - entry to culture & race
apartheid at living culture majority’s dominant - inter-
South Africa - live harmony norms, values & society through marriage
- occurs not base & respect culture friendship &
on law (de facto) - example: - borrow/accept close
Switzerland cultural elements connection
(consist without
Germans, French changing the
& Italians) original cultural
elements

2. Obstacles to National Integration

- Prejudice: attitude towards other groups based on common generalization
(stereotype)
- Racism (communalism): attitude of favouring one’s own ethnich community
- Ethnocentrism: belief that one’s own culture is superior to that of other

3. Efforts
- political
- economic
- social & cultural

4. Basis of racial unity in Malaysia

- sharing political power
- democratic government
- sound economic growth
- cultural compromise

Chapter 10: Rukun Negara: The national ideology

1. 13 May 1969:
- what the cause:
 misunderstanding in Kg. Baru, KL when DAP won election
 supporters of opposition political party too enthusiastic in celebration of
party’s victory
 actions beyond confines of law & social ethics
 behaviour annoyed the supporters of governing coalition
 opposition predominantly Chinese, governing purely Malay party
 confrontation & local quarrel flared into a
- what the effect:
 racial clash between Chinese & Malay
 National Operation Council/NOC (MAGERAN) took over country
 Special Peace & Development bodies formed
 Rukun Negara was formed
- what kind of government introduced to deal with chaotic country: MAGERAN
- function of the government:
 formulate normative guidance & set of values for unity

2. Principle of Rukun Negara (remember the order)

- belief in God
- loyalty to King & Country
- upholding Constitution
- rule of law
- decorum & morality

Chapter 11: Development Plan & Vision

1. Outline Perspective Plan 1 (OPP1) = New Economic Policy (NEP)

- introduced after 13 May 1969
- period of 20 years (1971 – 1990)
- 4 years Malaysia plans (MP2 – MP5)
- to bring back once more racial integration through national economic development

2. Outline Perspective Plan 2 (OPP2) = National Development Policy (NDP)

- to create a fairer & more united Malaysian society
- period 10 years (1991 – 2000)
- 1st phase to achieve Vision 2020
- to bring balanced development (generates rapid socio-economic growth by income
distribution)

3. Outline Perspective Plan 3 (OPP3) = National Vision Policy (NVP)

- period of 10 years (2001 – 2010)
- 2nd phase to achieve Vision 2020
- to bring balanced development (agricultural sector, small to medium industries to
industries based on high technology & information technology)

4. Vision 2020
- not a concrete policy
- slogan/motto to empower citizens to transform Malaysia into a developed nation
- consist 9 challenges of Vision 2020

Terms:
- esprit de corps: pride & loyalty to unite members of group
- K-economy: economic growth based on knowledge

Chapter 12: Malaysia’s Main Policies

1. Purpose
- to fulfil socio-economic needs (economic growth, income distribution & welfare)

2. Economy Based- Policy

- National Agriculture Policy (NAP)
 why? relative rapid overall economic growth effect
 to transform agricultural sector to be more modern, commercialised &
sustainable
 to increase country’s export commodities
- National Incorporation Policy
 joint venture between private & public sectors
 to create close, meaningful, effective cooperation between public & private
sector
 to improve national earnings
- National Privasation Policy
 support National Incorporation Policy
 transform government sector functions & activities to private sector
 to raise productivity quality & administrative efficiency
- National Development Policy (from Chapter 11)
 NEP
 NDP
 NVP
- National Industrialization Policy
 to intensify industrial growth through manufacturing
 to optimise the use of country’s natural resources
 to upgrade local research & development of local technology
 involve Malaysian Industrial Policy Study (MIPS): to asses/amend existing
industrial policies & to review investment incentives & export promotion
policies
 involve Industrial Master Plan (IMP): to formulate general industrial
development objectives & strategies for small sectors with potential

3. Socially-Based Policies
- National Integration Policy
- National Cultural Policy
- Policy of Applying Islamic Values in Administration
- National Women’s Policy

4. National Education Policy

- replaced colonial education system: to elevate the spirit of Malaysians after
Independence
- born from Tun Razak Report 1956
- Education Ordinance 1957
- reviewed in 1960  Rahman Talib Report 1960  1961 Education Act
- emphasis to help NDP to eliminate poverty & restructure society
- programme: KBSR, KBSM

5. Educational Reforms
- improve educational system’s conditions & quality
- create an updated system of education that is universal standard
- programme: modernisation, manpower development Science & technology
programme

6. Smart School
- to produce young dynamic Malaysians in line with world education development but
adapted to norms & values of Malaysian way of life
- programme: smart - learning, curriculum, assessment, teaching, management

Chapter 13: Malaysia’s Policy on Regional & World Affairs

1. Malaysia & Regional Relations

- ASA 1961(South Asia Organisation): Philippines & Malaysia failed
- MAPHILINDO 1963 failed: Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia
- ASEAN 1967:
 set up because failure of ASA & MAPHILINDO
 to build up strength of regional unity
 programme (IMPORTANT!!):
* APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)
* EAEC (ASEAN Economic Ministers’ Conference)
* Kuala Lumpur Declaration 1971  proclaim ZOPFAN (Zone of
Peace, Freedom & Neutrality)
- Bangkok Declaration 1967  ASEAN (Association of Asian Nations): remember
the full name
- remember 10 members of ASEAN: Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines,
Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar (Burma) & Laos
- contributes towards economic, social & political development
- example of case solved by ASEAN solidarity policy:
 Malaysia-Thai (1977): maritime zone between south Thailand & state of
Kelantan
Malaysia-Indonesia: area in South China Sea & eastern Sabah
 • Malaysia-Indonesia Memorandum of Understanding 1973:
Malaysia give Natuna & Anambas islands to Indonesia
 Singapore claim on Batu Putih Island (Singapore win)
 Vietnam claim on Spratley Island

2. Malaysia & World Affairs

- Commonwealth Organisation: organisation of former, independent British colonies
 49 members with former British protectorates: Australia, New Zealand,
Canada, India & Sri Lanka
- South-South cooperation:
 strengthening ties among members of NAM (Non-Aligned
Movement/Movement of Non-aligned Countries)
 1st time in Asia Africa Conference in Bandoeng 1955: proclaimed the
importance of economic development & cooperation among member
countries
 comprehensive framework of common agreement: Group 77 Conference
Caracas, Venuzela 1981
 South Commision (question can come out to choose which one is not South
Commision member):
Tanzania, India, Egypt, Brazil, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, West Samoa,
Argentina, Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Jamaica, Philippines, Mexico, Nigeria,
Ivory Coast, Yugoslavia, Venuzuela, China, Guyana, Cuba, Pakistan,
Senegal, Indonesia, Algeria, Malaysia
- OIC (Organisation of Islamic Countries) 1971
 known as Islamic Commonwealth/Islamic Secretariat
 43 countries
 made at Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers in Jeddah (1970)
- United Nations Organisation (UN): base for forging international linkages with
member countries in economic, social & political development
- UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation):
remember the full name
 set up in Paris, 1946 with 61 members today from 28 members initially
 focused on continent of Africa & Latin America (because of backwardness
& poverty)
- important objectives

OIC UNESCO
* forge closer unity & cooperation among * develop knowledge particularly science
member economically, socially & * have close cooperation to eliminate
culturally & in field of science illiteracy
* firm up cooperative efforts to protect * improve level of cooperation in
honour, independence & national rights education & culture to create world unity
* solve problems dispute involving & welfare
Islamic nations
* eliminate any oppression & colonialism
to bring universal peace

- important programme for all policy (IMPORTANT!!)

 Policy Programme Strategy
Commonwealth * Colombo Plan (question Colombo plan implementation:
Organisation can come out to choose * supply training & research
which strategy is under experts
Colombo Plan) * prepare places of training in
universities for those that need
them
* prepare equipment for
research & help
* finance physical development
projects
* aid in health, agriculture &
marketing
* opposition against apartheid
* make Antarctica an agenda
for United Nations
Organisation
South-South Cooperation * Group 15 (G-15) &
Malaysia as pioneer in
programmes for investment
data exchange, & South-
South Trade & Technology
OIC * International Islamic * support Islamic Development
University of Malaya Bank activities (IDB) & set up
IDB in Malaysia in 1995
Fighting Drug Abuse * International Conference
Internationally on Drug Abuse & Illegal
Trafficking in Vienna,
Austria - 1987
UNESCO * focus on development in
Africa

Chapter 14: Development & Environment

1. Management of Natural Resources Protection & Conservation (IMPORTANT!!)

Resource programme Strategy

Water * control of development of highland areas,
* management & control of water water catchment areas & water supply
catchment areas & river water
* guidelines on water utilization
Forest * improve effectiveness of enforcing
* increase in forest reserve reforestation
* reforestation projects & establishing * protect forest & biological diversity
forest estate especially involving logging
* National Forestry Act 1984 * method of logging that reduces negative
* Malaysian Peer System & Selection effects to environment
* replanting forest trees * provision of log supply
* management system * improve forest product industry
* forest cultivation to improve economy * 3rd national forest inventory in West
of local people Malaysia
* forest control using Geographical * improve research & development
Information System (GIS) programmes especially the management of
forest uses, census & control of resources,
silviculture, reforestation & rehabilitation
2. Education & training programmes
- emphasizes values of protecting environment
- remember SIRIM (Industrial Standard & Research Institute)

3. Non-Governmental Organisation programmes

- remember campaigns:
 Love Our Rivers
 Tree Planting Campaign
 Clean & Beautiful Campaign
 Haze Awareness Campaign

4. International & Regional Agreement

- in fostering commitment on the environment, Malaysia involved in;
 Framework of Climatic Change Convention (FCCC)
 Biological Diversity Convention
 Basel Convention On the Movement & Disposal of Dangerous & Toxic
Wastes Across Boundaries
 RAMSAR Convention
 Desertification Convention
- sustain protection of environment through;
 General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT)
 Group for Environmental Measures & International Trade 1994
World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Chapter 15: Human Development

1. Special governmental human development programmes

- through various ministries
 Ministry of Youth
 Ministry of National Unity & Social Development
 Ministry of Human Resource
- to create a defence to fight against negative social ills
- Ministry of Human Resource
 protecting interest of workers through concept of harmonious relations
between organisation & coordinating the planning development
programmes for skilled, productive & disciplined workers
- human development through prime agenda, core programmes & Ministry of Youth
& Sports’ National Social Services
Programme Strategy
Prime agenda to enforce youth * to mobilize efforts to create a younger
development generation that is: dynamic, creative, with
vision, entrepreneurship & culture
 * founded upon knowledge, skills, technology
& up-to-date information system
* highlight youth activities through informal
training that emphasizes awareness of lifelong
education in line with Malaysian & eastern
religious & moral norms
* to sustain efforts in creating a frontline of
dynamic & capable leaders
* to reinforce integrated cooperation between
government, private & non-government
organisations
* promote culture of peace through thoughts &
activities that have as roots, the esteem local
culture

Core Programmes * Prime Leadership Programmes

* programmes for development of
entrepreneurs
* programme for developing personality
* implement Young Comrades (Rakan Muda)
Programme

- social development through national integration & development of human resources

Programme Strategy
Ministry of Unity & Social Development * foster unity among races
* National Integration * reduce economic development imbalance
* Social & Community Development between states & urban & rural areas
* Natural Disaster Aid * inculcate values & spirit of cooperation &
* Moral Reform Centers (for adolescents) responsibility to overcome problems through
* Tunas Bakti (Young Potentials) schools community projects; rehabilitation centers,
* Reform homes welfare homes & Prime Welfare Brigade
* Development * inculcate spirit of mutual help for unfortunate
& poor families
* give help & moral support to adolescents
faced with social problems so that they will
change for the better & can contribute to
national development
* strengthen institution of family to produce
responsible citizens
* promote & determine methods/techniques to
create strong families

- Ministry of Education (MOE) programme for human development

Programme Strategy
Philosophy of National Education * integrated & overall development of potential
of an individual
* create human beings who are balances &
harmonious intellectually, spiritually,
 emotionally & physically, guided by their
belief in & obedience to God
* produce Malaysian citizens who are,
 knowledgeable
 resourceful
 noble in character
 responsible
 capable of achieving personal well-being
 contribute towards social & national
harmony & prosperity

Islamic Education (Muslim students) * build up potential of self for forming good
morals, behaviour & attitudes following God’s
teachings
* inculcate behaviour as underlined in Koran &
Sunnah
* develop human beings who can lead society
to a peaceful & happy life
* encourage & form quality knowledge to
strive for excellence in life

- development of world standard knowledge (MSC – Universal Standard IT)

Aim
* to know & identify all advantages & disadvantages of universal explosion of
information technology
* to develop the endurance to prepare oneself for constructing the best mechanism to
choose & to adapt information obtained from within & outside country to the way of
life o people
* make use of smart city, that is Putrajaya, as launching pad for world standard IT
development
Programme Strategy
Electronic government * government administration center that
uses the concept of sophisticated
multimedia
* computerised information network that
links with various organisations through
the electronic method;
 video conferencing meetings
 sharing of database
 line for sharing information with
businessman & public
Smart School
Telemedicine
Research & development complex
(R&D)
National card for diverse uses (I-Card)
Borderless marketing center
Web

- government’s concern in family development programmes

Programme Strategy
* Child protection Act 1991 * provide protection for the safety &
* counselling services health of children through legal system
* National Action Plan for life, protection * formation of children’s teams at state &
& development of children 1994 district level
* plan for welfare, education & health
development
* concern & love for parents & senior
citizens
* protection & welfare for senior citizens
* non-governmental bodies have built
132 senior citizen homes