Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light
IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY? Dr. Muhammad Doudah A scientic researcher; M.W. L., S.A. ([email protected])

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

The speed o f l i g ht in vacuum c is the same

The

fo r a l l fo rc e s including light a n d a l l o ther nd ther e l e c t ro m a g n e t i c w a ve s , . . . . . e.g. . .

radio and TV, and

ultraviolet, may be also the

infrared, gravity.

waves, e.g. ultraviolet, infrared, radio and TV, and may be also the gravity. It is the upper limit speed for the forces in the physical universe and it can't be reached by any matter due to the innite energy needed. Therefore, to describe this highest speed on the astronomical basis, the distance covered by which in a day as the shortest astronomical time is best compared to the astronomical distance

speed of light in vacuum c is the same for all forces including light and all other electromagnetic

It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the physical universe and it can't be reached by any matter due to the infinite energy needed. e.g. radio and TV, and may ultraviolet, be also the

infrared,

gravity.

It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the physical universe and it can't be reached by any

matter due to the infinite energy needed.

Speed of light

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

covered by the moon as the nearest celestial object and the easiest to dene its motion precisely. The lunar year is based on 12 cycles. Hence, the puzzle of monotheism books becomes a miracle; that "a day is comparable to or does not exceed a thousand year" (in distance), based on what moon's motion be recknoed, i.e. relative to vacuum as if earth is motionless as reckoned by earth observers, then isolated earth-moon system is achieved: "speed of light c = 12,000 moon's cycles per day (in the isolated system)'.

The physicist Stephen Hawking said:

"Light's velocity is dierrent from the speed of anything else. A bullet or moon or planet always has a speed that is relative to something else. The speed of light is relative to nothing; it is an absolute constant, always the same" (Hawking' universe, p.35). The motion of forces including light is "absolute" because it isn't aected by the observer motion; hence it is termed "The universal constant of motion", while the motion of all object is "relative" because it is aected by the observer motion.

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

The geocentric moon's motion as detected by the earth observers is not made from a motionless earth as reckoned by them. But to make a constant relation with the universal constant of motion c using pure parameters; the system of the moon's motion around earth should be isolated as if earth is motionless as reckoned by earth observers.

Based on the naked eye observation from the earth; the moon is reckoned circling the motionless eath, in a perfectly circular orbit, deviod from the variation ratio either in velocity or distance, as if the motion of the moon around the earth is in isolated system. This is because the moon's motion with the earth around the sun can not be detected except by an observer outside the solar system, and the variation ratio from the mean values can not be detected by the naked eye. The exclusion of this ration achieves the perfectly circular orbit exactly as it is reckoned.

10

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

The s peed o f l ig ht in va c u u m c is the s a m e

fo r a l l fo rc es inc l u ding l ig ht a nd a l l o ther e l e c t ro m a g n e t i c w a ves ,. . . . . e.g. . .

radio and TV, and

ultraviolet, may be also the

infrared, gravity.

It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the

The moon is in a synchronous motion around

the sun during its motion around the earth. It covers an angle around the sun each cycle.
e.g. radio and TV, and may

physical universe and it can't be reached by any matter due to the infinite energy needed. ultraviolet, be also the

infrared, gravity.

Hence, the moon's direction in space is changed with respect to the stars from the original one by the same angle each cycle around the earth.

It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the physical universe and it can't be reached by any

matter due to the infinite energy needed.

Speed of light

12

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

13

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

The "Velocity"
has a certain value and a certain direction (Vector), while the "mass" for example has only a certain value (Scalar). In the isolated earth-moon (e-m) system; the moon's velocity comes again to the original direction each cycle around the earth. But, actually its direction is changed with respect to the stars from the original one by an angle each cycle around the earth due to the simultaneous motion around the sun.
The moon covers an angle around the sun each cycle and its direction fo velocity is changed.

In respect to the starts the moon's velocity direction is changed each cycle due to the heliocentric motion during geocentric one

14

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

15

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Hence, the lunar orbit is an ellipse

instead of perfectly circular one, the parameters of motion are means instead of basic and xed ones, and either the mean velocity or the mean distance has a certain variation ratio.

The elliptical lunar orbit

Eccentricity (deviation form the circle) e=ae/a; Variation rationof velocity (V) or distance (R): 2e; Moon's near distance (perigee) P= a (1-e); Moon's far distance (apogee) A= a(1+e); Sem-major axis of the lunar orbit a =(A+P)/2=2R/ {1+(1-e2)0.5}; Semi-minor axis b= {a2- (ae)2}0.5; Mean distance R=(a+b)/2; orbit length L=2R=Vx Revolution period: T'; Meam velocity V=2R/T'; angle =360 (T'/ Y'), where Y' is the revolution period of the earth.

16

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

17

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Sidereal Year Y: 365 days, 6 hours, 9 min-

utes, 9.5 seconds (31558149.5 seconds = 365.25636 days). minutes, 11.5 seconds (2360591.5 seconds = 27.32166088 days): (sidereals year/synodic month) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal month). (sidereal year/synodic day) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal day).

Sidereal month T: 27 days, 7 hours, 43

Sidereal day t: 86164.09966 seconds:

The Deviation angle of the earthmoon system in relation to vacuum

(due to motion around sun every sidereal month) : 26.92847817 [ = 360T/Y], Cosine : 0.891572542289913397, 2e = 1- cosine = 0.108427457710086603, e = 0.0542137288550433015 (about 0.055).

= (3.1415926535898).

change speed,but in case of planet for example the regular change in direction reects acceleration also, therefore the direction change of the moon's velocity is acceleration., Hence, to achieve the pure geocentric moon's velocity V' in the isolated e-m system, it is plausible to exclude the eect of the heliocentric motion from the actual one. This can be done either by exclusion of the variation ratio 2e of the moon's mean velocity V from its mean value V'=V(1 -2e), or by analysis of the mean velocity V as a force to dene the value of its component in the original direction V' after one cycle: V' = V cosine .

It is known that "accelerate" means to

18

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

19

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

The Analysis of the lunar mean velocity in the original direction to dene the velocity value in the isolated earth-moon system.

Lunar velocity relative to earth is (V), but due to the acceleration the direction is changed every cycle by an angle , hence the lunar velocity relative to vacuum guided by stars is V Cos.

20

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

21

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

from a circle (eccentricity) can be dened precisely: e = 1 /2 (1- cosine ), as well as the pure distance (L'=V'T') covered by the pure geocentric motion of moon each month. All laws of motion are deined in isolated system to avoid the external eects and to reveal the constant relations. Therefore, it is essential to use the isolated e-m system to dene the costant speed of light value c by the pure nonvariable moon's motion parameters, and to unify the pure lunar orbit length L' and the earth rotation period t' in one constant relation:

Subsequently, the lunar orbit deviation

The perfectly circular orbit of the moon in the isolated earth-moon system is the projection of the astronomically based elliptical one.

22

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

23

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

c = 12000 L'/t' = 12000 V cos. T' /t'. For more precise calculation; the lunar heliocentric angle is (360 T'Y'): 26.92847817 (about 27 ), cosine is: 0.8915725423 (about 0.89), the variation ratio of the moon's mean distance or velocity 2e is (1-cosine ): 0.1084274577 (about 0.11), and the eccentricity of the moon's orbit e is (2e/2): 0.054213728852 (about 0.055).

with the earth around the sun with respect to the stars in 365.25636 mean days (The sidereal year Y'). The earth rotation period t' with respect to the stars is 86164.09966 seconds (The sidereal day), but with respect to the sun the (synodic) day t is 86400 seconds. The dierence in time is due to the earth revolution around the sun during its rotation around itself. These dierences make an extra rotation cycle t' each revolution: Y'/t = (Y't') - 1. Similarly, the moon's revolution period T' is 27.32166088 means days (The sidereal month). The pure period (t' and T') are considered in the isolated em system.

The moon completes a circle (360)

24

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

25

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

The moon's mean velocity was found

to be about 1.023 km. /sec. (Laros Astronomy, p.142), and the value 1.022794272 (about 1.023) km/ sec. achieves exactly the speed of light value in vacuum c, which is the most important value in Physics, and which is dened only recently since 1983: V = 1.022794272 km. / sec., Cosine = 0.8915725423, t' = 86164.09966 sec., T' = 27.321088 days = 2360591.5 sec., L' = V Cos. T' = 2152612.269 km. So: c = 12000 L't' = 299,792.458 (about 300,000) km. /sec. This is exactly the known value today for the speed of light c
(The Encyclopedia Britannica 2003, the Encarta encyclopedia 2003).

is the latest step in a long history of measurements, ending in the 1983 when it was accepted in the conference of Paris for the measurements, and beginning in the early 1600s with an unsuccessful attempt by Galileo to measure the speed of the lantern light. The rst evidence that the speed of light is nite was given in 1676 by Olas Romer.
Ole Christensen Roemer (1644-1710)

This precise value for speed of light

The value dened by him for the speed of light was about 227000 km. /sec.

26

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

27

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Realization:
In the equation (c=12000L't'); at present:

L' = 2 R' = V'T' = 2152612.269 km. ( = 3.1415926535898). Therefore: V'=0.9118952894 km/ sec., V =V/cosine =1.022794272 km/sec. (cos. = 0.8915725423), R' = 342,598.8832 km., R = R'cos. = 384,263.6095 km., semi-major axis a = 384546.3752 km., semi-minor axis b = 383980.8438 km., Perigee (the near distance) P = 363,698.6823 km., and apogee = 405, 394.0681 km.

astronomically dened ones based on the approximate value of the lunar orbit eccentricity (0.055) and the value 384,405 km. for the lunar orbit semimajor axis, with the following results (Astrophysics, Zeilik and Neilson, New York, p53): the near distance of the moon p = 363,263 km. and the far distance A = 405,547 km.

These values are in agreement with

28

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

29

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

In the equation (c = 12000 L't'); c is dealt with as a constant value, so the lunar orbit length L' should be related to the earth rotation period t' by a constant value:

A trial to explore the unication in origin

As long as the initial velocity in any system of motion is isolated without external eect; sum of which as a vector will be constant forever.

(L'/t'=299792.458 /12000 = 24.98270483)

which is achieved if the moon is on the earth periphery with similar earth rotation t' and moon's revolution T' periods (L't' = V'T'/t' = V'). Then, it should represent the rotation velocity of the initial earth: (24.98270483 km. /sec).

30

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

31

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

At meeting of moon and earth centers; R' = zero, so the value (R - R') must equal radius of initial earth re=41,664.7263 km. Hence, its rotation period t' must be 10,478.73711 sec., which is near expected value (2.5 hrs) if separation was from earth with the present mean radius (6371.3 km). The value R-R' equals 2e (2e=1-cos. H) relative to R; so at any time:
The dierence between the pure and the mean moon's distances (from the centre to the centre) is a ngerprint representing the initial earth radius length (R - R' =reo).

re/R = 2 e = 1 - cos. H.
The value 2e represents the ratio in the motion of the moon resulting from its motion around the sun. At contact of the moon with the earth:

re R = 2 e = 1 - cos. = 1.

32

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

33

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Therefore, the motion of the moon should be totally around the sun as a peripheral point. The angle was in its maximum 90 (cos.:Zero), making a tangential direction of the moon with the sun's centre conrming that it was a peripheral point of it. Due to Unitarian origin; earth and moon may be viewed as a twin plant. The value e = 0.5 reveals the maximum eccentricity at which the earth and moon were prone to escape. At contact of them with the sun; the earth revolution and the sun rotation periods were similar (Y' = T' 360/ = 4t').

A residual distance exists after the complete recession of the moon in the isolated e-m system which represents the initial earth mean radius re therefore, the actual moon's distance R of the initial lunar orbit was 2re. The lunar parameters at contact of the moon with the earth are reections to the initial lunar orbit; so its parameters can be dened provided that 2e = r/R = 0.5, and = 60 (cos. = 0.5). The angle 60 is the equilibrium angle because at which the sun and earth eects on the moon were equal. The doubling of the moon's distance means that the moon's mean orbital velocity V should be half of the rotation velocity of the initial earth 0.5 Ve. Hence, the pure lunar motion

34

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

35

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

that represents the escape velocity of earth can be dened (V' = V cosine =0.5 x 0.5 V e): 6.245676208 km/ sec. Then, the actual moon's revolution period (T') value was 4t' (V'T' = 4V't'). Because of the unied origin of the sun, earth, and moon, the escape velocity of any of them at contact depends either on the radius or the mass (r1/r2 = V1/ V2, M1/M2 = V13 /V23). Consider the present masses (sun: 1.99 x1030 kg, earth: 5.9736 x 1024 kg, moon: 7.35x1022 kg.), so th escape or rotation velocity and mean radius of the sun and moon can be dened; the sun escape velocity was 432.963991 km /sec. and its radius was 2888290.327

km., and the moon escape velocity was 1.441882483 km. /sec. and its mean radius was 9618.756561 km. Then, the unied mean density of either the sun, earth, or moon (3M/4 r3) was: 19.7170496 kg. /meter3.

Realization: Intial mean density of:

Sun: 3x1.99x1030 / {4x3.1415926535898x(2888290327)3} = 19.71770496 kg./meter3. Earth: 3x5.9736x1024 /{4x3.1415926535898x(41664726.3)3} = 19.7170496 kg./meter3. Moon: 3x7.35x1022 /{4x3.1415926535898x(9618756.561)3} = 19.7170496 kg./meter3.

36

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

37

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

The mean density of the earth at present is 5520 kg/meter3, there the initial earth volume was about 280 times larger. Similarly, the initial volumes of the sun and the moon were respectively about 70 and 170 times larger based on the present densities (1409 and 3342 kg/ meter3). To compare the mean density of the solar system nebula; the density of the distilled water is: 1000 kg. meter3 (about 50 times larger), and the mean density of air at sea level is: 1.3 kg/meter3 (about 15 times smaller). This result is in agreement with the hypothesis that the nebula; from which our world was formed, was mainly a collection of gas and dust as a part of

our galaxy. Applying the projectiles law (v2 = 2MG/r; where V the escape velocity, M the projectile mass, G the gravity constant. r the earth radius); the gravity constant G nwhen our galaxy formed was: 1.36038342 x 10 -19 km3/kg/sec2; about 2 times the present one (6.67 x 10- 20 km3/kg/sec2), exactly as expected by Paul Dirac (19021983-) that G was larger in the past. Because of the minor external eects; consider the heliocentric motion of the earth is in isolated system. The present earth distance from sun Re should be related to the present equatorial sun rotation period ts according to the initial escape velocity of the sun Vso

38

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

39

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

(432.963991 km. /sec.) at whihc earth escaped in a similar relation to that of e-m system (Vso = 2 Re/ts).

The rotation and escape velocities of initial moon

or sun were similar. The initial Earth rotation velocity was 4 times larger than its escape velocity indicating that it was a whirl at the periphery of the initial sun. Initial moon rotaion period was also similar to its revolution period indicating that present ovoid-shaped moon with long axis towards earth may face it by the same face since beginning (2 rm/the lunar rotation velocity = 2 Rm/the mean lunar orbital velocity = 41914.9484 seconds). Because of the angular momentum conservation (MVR= constant); the lost moon's mass can be dened: M/M = VR / VR = 0.8329464537.

Realization:
Present equatorial sun rotation period is slightly larger than 25 mean days, and the value 25.12694896 mean days denes exactly the present earth distance from sun: 149,597,870 km. which is termed "The astronomical unit" because it is used in measure inside solar system.

40

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

41

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Therefore, it had lost a reasonable ratio of its original mass about 16.7%. The loss of most of its gases may be due to its low gravity in comparison with the sun that has 99.86% of the solar system mass in a gaseous state. The six successive days-like periods of universe creation in religious books can be divided into three main stages: one for what was happened before the earth separation as a part of our galaxy, one for the earth interior layers, and the last one for the earth crust and atmosphere that were established since about 0.25 billion years (Encyclopedia Britanica). The recent data is consistent with the religious books classication for the

universe creation, because the age of the universe was found to be about 12.5 (10 - 15) billion years and the age of the earth crust and atmosphere was found to be about 4.3 (4 -4.6) billion years. So, the age of earth and moon separation as parts of our galaxy should be about 8.4 billion years, at which the mechanics of the earth-moon-sun system was really started. The accumulated distance by the moon's recession is 300934.1569 km, hence, the annual moon's recession rate should be about: 3.6 cm / year, which is the exact known value today by laser telemetry since Apollo 11 mission in July 1969 where reectors were put on the surface of the moon. The same value of solar nebula age and

42

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

43

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

earth separation (about 8.4 billion years) can be obtained if we consider what the last monotheism book has mentioned that length of the calender year at the end of our world creation (since 0.25 billion years) is 12 of the mean length of present calendar months (29.530588 days), because the present length of calender year is 12.368267 months with an acccumulated extra value of 0.368267 in 0.25 billion years, so total length of present yeat is accumulated in a period of 8.4 billion years; the age of our galaxy . This indicates that dynamics of earth and moon was formed with our galaxy before their own formation.

"Verily, the count of the months (in a year) in the sight of God (according to his design) was twelve of the present months at the time of (full) creation of the heavens and the earth (our visible universe)" (9 / 36). In the isolated e-m system; the moon's distance R' and the day length t', as well as the moon's recession rate R' and the day length increase rate t' should have a constant relation: R'/t' = R'/t' = 3.976120966.

44

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

45

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

This relation can be expressed by the moon's velocity: V't' = constant (78572.6366), and can be expressed by the moon's distance instead of the earth rotational period: V'R' = constant. To avoid the mass M changes eect; it may be considered, hence the fundamental law in physics of the circular motion is achieved which is conservation of angular momentum (MVR = constant) conrming conserved dynamics of isolated e-m system.

The s peed o f l ig ht in va c u u m c is the s a m e

fo r a l l fo rc es inc l u ding l ig ht a nd a l l o ther e l e c t ro m a g n e t i c w a ves ,. . . . . e.g. . .

radio and TV, and

ultraviolet, may be also the

infrared, gravity.

It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the physical universe and it can't be reached by any matter due to the infinite energy needed. e.g. radio and TV, and may ultraviolet, be also the

infrared, gravity.

It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the physical universe and it can't be reached by any

matter due to the infinite energy needed.

Speed of light

46

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

47

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

A certain Order means One conscious Will beyond

Chaos never exists, but instead the whole physical world is in order according to certain laws, and the Unitarian origin of the earth and moon with the sun extends to cover the whole universe Unity in one beginning which reects One Will beyond. This is also what the British physicist Stephen Hawking said: 'The whole history of science has been the gradual realization that events do not

happen in an arbitrary manner, but that they reect a certain underlying order." (Brief history of Time, page 140) The Stephen Hawking conclusion was very clear and decisive, he said: "So long as the universe had a (Certain one beginning.. it had a (Certain one) Creator." (Brief history of Time, page 122). Subsequently, the Creator who made the order should not be divisble for visible but instead one and unique. This is the most probably aim of "the Monotheism books relation of ultimate unication"; particularly because this is the frequently declared aim as " the original belief'.

48

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

49

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

To know the fact don't forget this One thing

In the Bible; the relation is still clear although there are not details or a denite indication to the universal upper limit speed, and what is comparable to 1000 years is not xed to a day, hence the interpretation was only a philosophical one that the Creator is beyond the time, so a thousand years for him may be a day or only an hour; or even the reverse. Ps904/: "For a thousand years in your sight Are but as yesterday when it is past, As a watch in the night." 2Pt3/8: "But don't forget this one thing, beloved that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand

In the Knoran; there are three verses having the same keywords of the relation; "a day" and "a thousand years", but each context is particular. One gives the relation making it according to what earth observers reckon, hence the motion of moon around the earth on which the Arabic (lunar) years are based becomes in isolated system determining correct way used in all physical motion equations: "And verily, a day in the sight of your Lord is as a thousand years according to what you reckon" 2247/ (At your Lord; according to Islamic belief, doesn't mean except according to the design in the whole universe that has been created by the Lord).

50

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

51

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

The Koran second verse in not only emphasizing that this relation is constant; but also it gives many details indicating by analysis that this implied speed is universal and the upper limit for the traveling, space is not empty but it is full of what we call forces, all have a Unitarian upper limit speed and a curved path in the space, these forces and matter are unied in origin and fate (one essential building matter), the earth with its satellite and sun are unied in origin and mechanics as well as all celestial objects in the universe, and the whole universe should have a unied end at which everything will be vanished again exactly as it was at the unied beginning reecting an

indivisible One Great Will beyond lasting forever. "He (your Lord) manages everything, from the heaven to the earth (to be in order). Then (accordingly), there is what is traveling (forces) in a curved path (lling the space) until the end; (to cover) in a day a measure that cannot exeed a thousand years according to what you recknon" 32/5. The speed of light in vacuum can not be exceeded by any mass-bearing object and the upper-limit speed for the traveling forces in the universe; hence it is suitable speed by which the huge astronomical distances can be measured using the suitable unit of time. The

52

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

53

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

moon is about 1 second far, the sun is about 8 minutes, the nearest star (Alpha Century) is 4.3 years, and the nearest galaxy (Andromeda) is about 2 million years. To dene the upper-limit distance or the radius of the universe on the astronomical basis; the suitable unit of time is the maximal one we can dene, which is the sun's year, or the period of a circle covered by the sun around the centre of our galaxy (Milky way), it is about 250 million years. The beam of light covers universe radius in its age which was found to be about 12.5 (1015) billion years, or 50 by feasible time units (Sun's years). Excluding the keywords indicative to the universal constant of motion

("a day" and "a thousand years"); still a keyword (50) in the third verse contextually indicative to the maximal astronomically observable distance by maximal speed and the units of time feasible for measure (sun's years). "The (non-physical messengers) Angels and the Spirit are traveling in (the universe) curved paths until the end (covering a huge expansion); of a measure of fty (feasible units of time); thousand years in a day" 704/. Amazingly; maximal astronomical distance in last monotheism book is denied as "a measure of fty; thousand years in a day" that contextually means: "50 (feasible time units) by the 1000 years per day speed". This distance can't

54

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

55

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

be measured by traveling of any physical being due to the time barrier during traveling in the dynamic universe by a limited speed. The plausible conclusion of these scientically based measures is that prophets message is one, and what is incomplete and distorted by time is detailed and corrected in the last one; with evidences of Divine Inspiration conrming that Creator is unique, invisible and indivisible, but only One. The Koran tells us that it has been revealed by the Great God himself by the same message (Monotheism) of the previous book, but with more details describiing obscure facts about the physical world and absence of change or

distortation, so the Koran is dominating over it, and should not be rejected: "We (An expression of Greatness) have revealed to you the Book truthfully conrming what was in the previous book; but dominating over it."5/48

56

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Basic Data:

Sidereal Year Y: 365 days, 6 hours, 9

minutes, 9.5 seconds (31558149.5 seconds = 365.25636 days).

Sidereal month T: 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11.5 seconds (2360591.5 seconds = 27.32166088 days): (sidereals year/synodic month) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal month). Sidereal day t: 86164.09966 seconds:
(sidereal year/synodic day) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal day).

The Deviation angle of the earthmoon system in relation to vacuum

(due to motion around sun every sidereal month) : 26.92847817 [ = 360T/Y], Cosine : 0.891572542289913397, 2e = 1- cosine = 0.108427457710086603, e = 0.0542137288550433015 (about 0.055).

= (3.1415926535898).

58

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

59

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES:
1. A E Shapiro, The graudal acceptance of Newton's theory of light and color, 1672-1727, Perspect. Sci. 4 (1) (1996), 59-140. A I Sabra, Theories of light : From Descartes to Newton (Cambridge-New York, 1981). A Ziggelaar, How did the wave theory of light take shape in the mind of Christiaan Huygens?, Ann. of Sci. 37 (2) (1980), 179-187. Anderson, L.W. Light and Color, rev. ed. (Raintree, 1987). Asimov, Isaac. How Did We Find Out About the Speed of Light? (Walker, 1986). Bhattacharyya, G., and R. Johnson, Statistical Concepts and Methods, (1977), John Wiley and Sons, New York. Bova, Ben. The Beauty of Light (Wiley, 1988). Broekel, Ray. Experiments with Light (Chil9.

dren's 1986). C Hakfoort, Nicolas Beguelin and his search for a crucial experiment on the nature of light (1772), Ann. of Sci. 39 (3) (1982), 297-310. C. Grebogi, E. Ott, and J. \ Yorke, Chaos, strange attractors, and fractal basin boundaries in nonlinear dynamics, Science 238, pp. 632-638 (1987). Crow E. L., F. A. Davis, and M. W. Maxwell, Statistics, (1978) Coles Publishing, Toronto. D. K. Arrowsmith and C. M. Place, An introduction to dynamical system (Cambridge University Press; New York, 1990). E J Atzema, All phenomena of light that depend on mathematics : a sketch of the development of nineteenth-century geometrical optics, Tractrix 5 (1993), 45-80. E. A. Jackson, Perspectives of nonlinear dynamics, Vol. 1-2 (Cambridge University Press: New York, 1990).

2. 3.

10.

11. 12.

4. 5. 6.

13.

7. 8.

14.

60

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

61

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

15. 16.

F. Moon, Chaotics vibrations (John Wiley: New York, 1987). Fisher, Chaos: The ultimate asymmetry, MOSAIC 16 (1), pp. 24-33 (January/February 1985). Froome, K. D. and Essen, L., The velocity of Light and Radio Waves, Academic Press, London, 1967. G. L. Baker and J.P. Gollub, Chaotic dynamics (Cambridge University Press: New York, 1990). H Nakajima, Two kinds of modication theory of light : some new observations on the Newton-Hooke controversy of 1672 concerning the nature of light, Ann. of Sci. 41 (3) (1984), 261-278. Hecht, Je Optics: Light for a New Age (Scribner, 1987). Hill, Julian and Hill, Julie. Looking at Light and Color (David & Charles, 1986).

22.

I Newton, A new theory about light and colors, Amer. J. Phys. 61 (2) (1993), 108112. J Eisenstaedt, Dark bodies and black holes, magic circles and Montgolers : light and gravitation from Newton to Einstein, in Einstein in context (Cambridge, 1993), 83-106. J Stachel, Einstein, light-quantum hypothesis, or why didn't Einstein propose a quantum gas a decade-and-a-half earlier?, in Einstein : the formative years, 1879-1909 (Boston, MA, 2000), 231-251. J Z Buchwald, Kinds and the wave theory of light, Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. 23 (1) (1992), 39-74. J Z Buchwald, The rise of the Wave theory of light : Optical theory and experiment in the early nineteenth century (Chicago, IL, 1989). J. Gleick, Chaos: Making a new science (Viking: New York, 1987).

23.

17.

24.

18.

19.

25.

26.

20. 21.

27.

62

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

63

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

28.

J. P. Crutcheld, J. D. Farmer, N. H. Packard, and R. S.\ Shaw, Chaos, Sci. Am. 255(6), pp. 46-57 (1986). J. Thompson and H. Stewart, Nonlinear dynamics and chaos (John Wiley: New York, 1986). J. -P. Eckmann, Roads to turbulence in dissipative dynamical systems, Rev. Mod. Phys. 53 (4), pp. 643-654 (1981). Jean Meeus, "Astronomical Algorithms", 2000, 2nd edition, Willmann-Bell Inc, Virginia. J-P Caubet, The great fugue of the Brownian theory of light, Stochastic Anal. Appl. 3 (2) (1985), 119-151. The Cambrige Atlas of Astronomy, 2nd ed., edited by Jean Audouze and Guy Israel, Cambrige university press, 1986. L Rozenfel'd Gravitational eects of light (Russian), in Einstein collection, 1980-1981

"Nauka" (Moscow, 1985), 255-266; 335. 35. M N Mahanta, Nordstrom's theory in the light of the dualistic gravitation theory, Internat. J. Theoret. Phys. 26(1) (1987), 63-70. M Suczy'nski, Velocity of light, in Isaac Newton's Philosophiae naturalis princtpia mathematica, Lublin, 1987 (Singapore, 1988), 69-71. Marcuse, Dietrich. Light Transmission Optics, 2nd ed. (Krieger, 1989). N Kipnis, History of the principle of interference of light (Basel, 1991). P Langlois and A Boivin, Thomas Young's idea on light diraction in the context of electroimagnetic theory, Canad. J. Phys. 63 (2) (1985), 265-274. P. Berge, Y. Pomeau, and C. Vidal, Order within chaos (John Wiley: New York, 1984). P. Eckmann and D. Ruelle, Ergodic theory of

29.

36.

30.

31.

37. 38. 39.

32.

33.

40. 41.

34.

64

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

65

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

chaos and stange attractors, Rev. Mod. Phys. 57 (3), pp. 617-656 (1985). 42. P. K. Seidelmann, "Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac", ed., 1992, University Science Books, USA. R Baierlein, Newton to Einstein (Cambridge, 1992). R W Home, Leonhard Euler's "anti-Newtonian" theory of light, Ann. of Sci. 45 (5) (1988), 521-533. R. Abraham and C. Shaw, dynamics-The geometry of behavior, vol. 1-4 (Aerial Press: Santa Cruz, CA, 1988). R. Shaw, Strange attractors, chaotic behavior, and information ow, Z. Naturforsch. 36a, pp. 80-112 (1981). Riley, Peter. Light and Sound (David & Charles, 1986). S D'Agostino, Absolute system of units 50. 49.

43. 44.

and dimensions of physical qualities : a link between Weber's electrodynamics and Maxwell's eclectromagnetic theory of light, Aspects of mid to late nineteenth centuryelectromagnetism, Physis Riv. Internaz. Storia Sci. (N.S.) 33 (1-3) (1996), 5-51. S D'Agostino, Experiment and theory in Maxwell work. The measurements for absolute electromagnetic units and the velocity of light, Scientia (Milano) 113 (5-8) (1978), 469-480. S D'Agostino, Maxwell's dimensional approcah to the velocity of light, Centaurus 29 (3) (1986), 178-204. S Sakellariadis, Descartes' experimental proof of the innite velocity of light and Huygens' rejoinder, Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 26 (1) (1982), 1-12. S. Rasband, Chaotic dynamics of nonlinear systems (John Wiley: New York, 1990).

45.

46.

51.

47. 48.

52.

66

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Speed of light

67

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

53.

Settereld, Barry and Norman, Trevor, The Atomic Constants Light and Time, Special Research Report prepared for Lambert Dolphin, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA., August 1987. Stewart, Does god play dice? The mathematics of chaos (Basil Blackwell: Cambridge, MA, 1989). T Parker and L. Chua, Chaos: A tutorial for engineers, Proc. IEEE 75 (8), pp. 982-1008 (1987). Thomas Rackham, "Moon in Focus", 1971, Academic Press, New York. Troitskii, V. S. Physical Constants and Evolution of the Universe, Astrophysics and Space Science, 139, (1987) pp. 389-411. Van Flandern, T. C.; Is the Gravitational Constant Changing? Precision Measurements and Fundamental Constants II, B.N. Taylor and W.D. Phillips (editors), National Bureau

of Standards Special Publication 617,1984. 59. W Tobin, Toothed wheels and rotating mirrors: Parisian astronomy and mid-nineteenth century experimental measurements of the speed of light, Vistas Astronom. 36 (3) (1993), 253-294. Waldman, Gary. Introduction of Light (Prentice, 1983). Webb, Angela. Light (Watts, 1988). Wiggins, Introduction of applied nonlinear dynamical systems and chaos (Springer-Verlag: New York, 1990). X Chen, Dispersion, experimental apparatus, and the acceptance of the wave theory of light, Ann. of Sci. 55 (4) (1998), 401-420. X Chen, The debate on the "polarity of light" during the optical revolution, Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 50 (3-4) (1997), 359-393. Zeilik and Gregory, "Introductory Astronomy

54.

60. 61. 62.

55.

56. 57.

63.

58.

64.

65.

68

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

and Astrophysics", 1998, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia. 66. Zeilik and Smith, Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2nd ed., Saunders College Publishing-1987 Philadephia, p53. Encyclopedia Britannica 2003, ultimate reference suite, CD-Rom. Oxford Interactive Encyclopedia, CD-Rom. Compton's Encyclopedia 1998 Deluxe, CDRom. Encarta Reference Library 2004, CD-Rom.

67. 68. 69. 70.

the s a m e fo r a l l fo rc es inc l u ding l ig ht a nd a l l o ther electromagnetic w a ves ,. . . . . . .

e.g. radio and TV, and may ultraviolet, be also the infrared, gravity.

The s peed o f l ig ht in va c u u m c is

It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the physical universe and it can't be reached by any matter needed. e.g. radio and TV, and may ultraviolet, be also the due to the infinite energy

infrared, gravity.

It is the upper lkimit speed for the forces in the physical universe and it can't be reached by any

matter due to the infinite energy needed.

Speed of light

70

Speed of light

IN MONOTHESIM BOOKS, WHY?

Contents
5 28 46 56 58
The speed of light in vacuum c . . . . A trial to explore the unication in origin A certain Order means One conscious Will beyond Basic Data Scientic References