Morphology of Premolars
Morphology of Premolars
Morphology of Premolars
of
Premolars
Oral Histology
Dent 205
Summer semester
2005/2006
Introduction
❧ Posterior (cheek) teeth
❧ Premolars
● Eruption 10 – 12 years
❧ Premolars/bicuspids
● Although some have
more than 2 cusps
❧ Class traits
● At least 2 cusps
● Single buccal cusp
with one or more lingual
cusps
● Molars must have at least
2 buccal cusps
Landmarks related to posterior teeth
❧ Cusp ridge
❧ Triangular ridge
❧ Transverse ridge
❧ Oblique ridge
❧ Pit
❧ Developmental groove
❧ Supplemental groove
❧ Triangular fossa
❧ Central fossa
Maxillary premolars
❧ Arch traits
● 1st & 2nd are much more a like while
they are different in mandibular
● Have 2 major cusps approximately
equal in size & prominence
● Wider BL than MD
while in mandibular BL = MD
Maxillary premolars
❧ Arch traits (cont’d)
● Slight lingual inclination of the
crown while mandibular have
strongly lingually inclined crowns
● In maxillary, lingual Height Of
Contour (HOC) is in the middle 1/3,
while it is in the occlusal 1/3 in
mandibular
Maxillary 1st premolar
❧ Buccal aspect
● Similar to that of max. canine
• slightly smaller
● Similar to that of 2nd premolar
• slightly larger
● Tip of buccal cusp is distal
to the MD midline
● Sloping cusp ridges
• M is long & straight
• D is short & convex
Maxillary 1st premolar
❧ Buccal aspect
● Proximal outlines and HOCs
• M is slightly concave with HOC
just occlusal to the halfway point
• D is straight, HOC is more
occlusally located than in M
● Overhanging MO & DO angles
(type traits)
● A small part of the M margin of
the L cusp can occasionally be
seen
Maxillary 1st premolar
❧ Buccal aspect
● 3 lobes
● MB & DB depressions
and labial ridge
● CL has a slight convexity
toward root apex
● Root is conical similar to
that of canine but smaller
Maxillary 1st premolar
❧ Lingual aspect
● Entire buccal outline is
visible (type trait)
● L cusp tip is mesial to the
midline of the crown
● No protuberances, ridges or
depressions
● Root
• 2 apices are visible
• Interradicular groove is visible
Maxillary 1st premolar
❧ Mesial aspect
● Buccal cusp is higher than lingual
● Triangular ridges incline at 45 degrees
● Mesial Marginal ridge
• Prominent
• Mesial marginal groove just lingual to the
midportion
● Buccal HOC within cervical 1/3 from
which a slight lingual inclination toward
cusp apex
● Lingual outline is convex with HOC within
middle 1/3
● Cervical line CL is convex toward occlusal
Maxillary 1st premolar
❧ Mesial aspect
● Mesial interradicular groove
• From the cervical 1/3 down to root
bifurcation
• In line with mesial marginal groove
● Occlusal table is centered over root
trunk
(arch trait)
● Root(s)
• Commonly 2 roots
• bifurcate at the junction between
middle & apical 1/3s
Maxillary 1st premolar
❧Distal aspect
● Similar to mesial aspect except
• More of the occlusal surface may
be seen
• No marginal groove
• No concavity in the cervical 1/3
• Distal interradicular is shallower
Maxillary 1st premolar
❧ Occlusal aspect
● Hexagonal (type trait)
● Buccal profile is inverted V
● Sharp MB & DB (type trait)
● Slightly convergent M & D profile
(type trait)
● L profile is strongly convex
● Buccal ridge & depressions are visible
● Occlusal table formed by cusp &
marginal ridges
● Apex of lingual cusp is mesial to the
midline
Maxillary 1st premolar
❧ Occlusal aspect
● Triangular ridges
• B & L are separated by the central groove
• Buccal flanked by supplemental grooves on
either sides
● Central groove terminates M & D in
● Triangular fossae
• Bounded by MR & B/L Triangular ridges
• M is larger & deeper
• Each fossa contains
– A pit
– B & L grooves (MB, ML, DB & DL)
● Mesial MR is shorter & interrupterd
by marginal groove
Maxillary 1st premolar
❧ Pulp
● In Xsection at cervix
• Kidney shaped
• Wide BL & narrow MD
● In BL section
• 2 pulp horns
• Buccal is larger
● In MD section
• Similar to that of canine
15
Maxillary 2 premolar
nd 14
❧ Buccal aspect
● Similar to maxillary 1st premolar
● Type traits
• Smaller in breadth & height
• MO & DO angles are less prominent
15 14
• Buccal ridge & depressions are
seldom seen
❧ Lingual aspect
● Buccal profile is seldom seen
because B & L cusps are identical
in dimensions
Maxillary 2nd premolar
15 14
❧ Mesial aspect
● B & L cusps are equal in height
● No mesial marginal groove
● No concavity in the crown
portion
of the mesial surface
15 14
● A single root
❧ Distal aspect
● B & L cusps are equal in height
● A singe root
Maxillary 2nd premolar
❧ Occlusal aspect
● Ovoid rather than hexagonal
● Less convergence of M & D outlines
● Because B cusp very nearly = L in MD
width
● More rounded MB & DB corners
● Apex of L cusp is in the midline
● Shorter occlusal groove
● More numerous supplemental groove
● No mesial marginal grooves
Maxillary 2nd premolar
❧ Pulp
● Cigar shaped Xsection at cervix
● Pulp horns of almost equal height
● Usually a single pulp canal
Mandibular 1st premolar
❧ Buccal aspect
● Long pointed buccal cusp in the
occlusal profile
● Mesial cusp ridge is shorter than distal
● Cusp tip is a little mesial to the tooth
midline
● HOCs are at the same level just
occlusal to the halfway of the crown
● M & D outlines are markedly converging
● CL is flat MD compared to that of canine
● Buccal ridge & depressions
● Root is conical with pointed apex
Mandibular 1st premolar
❧ Lingual aspect
● Entire buccal profile and occlusal surface
are visible (type trait)
● Occlusal surface, buccal triangular ridge
and marginal ridges tilt lingually & cervically
in relation to the long axis of the tooth
● Buccal triangular ridge crosses midportion of the
occlusal surface
● Lingual cusp is a minor elevation in height &
pointed cone in shape
• It may be centric or eccentric in relation with buccal
cusp
● Root is narrower from lingual aspect & has a
blunt apex
Mandibular 1st premolar
❧ Mesial aspect
● Occlusal plane tilted lingually
& cervically
● Transverse ridge that may or may
not be separated by central groove
● ML groove: MR with ML cusp ridge
(type trait)
● Buccal profile shows highly lingual
inclination
● Lingual profile is straight & then
convex up to the cusp tip
Mandibular 1st premolar
❧ Mesial aspect
● Tip of lingual cusp is in line with
L outline of the root
● Lingual HOC within occlusal 1/3
● M contact area is in line with apex
of B cusp
● Root is broad BL
❧ Distal aspect
● D MR is more prominent & less L & C
inclined
● No DL groove
● Contact area is more extensive
Mandibular 1st premolar
❧ Occlusal aspect
● Diamond in shape
● Inverted V shaped B profile
● M & D profiles converge
lingually
● D profile is more convex
● L profile is ½ MD length of B
profile
● 2/3 of buccal surface with ridge
& depressions are visible
Mandibular 1st premolar
❧ Occlusal aspect
● Occlusal table is triangular
● Tip of B cusp is near the midline
of the crown
● ML cusp ridge with MR is straight
● DL cusp ridge with MR is convex
● M MR is shorter & less prominent
with ML groove
● M & D fossae, each contains
• A pit
• A groove extending BL parallel to MR
• M contains ML groove running in a
ML direction from M pit
Mandibular 1st premolar
❧ Pulp
● ML section
• Similar to that of canine
● BL section
• A large B horn &
a small L horn
● X section
• Ovoid
Mandibular 2nd premolar 45 44
❧ Buccal aspect
● Similar to Mandibular 1st premolar
❧ Lingual aspect
● MD diameter = that from B aspect (type
trait)
● Occlusal surface cannot be seen (type
trait)
● Occlusal plane is perpendicular to tooth 45 44
axis
● 2 lingual cusps (most commonly)
• ML – major, 2/3 MD diameter, same height
as B
• DL – minor
● Lingual groove
Mandibular 2 premolar
nd 45 44
❧Mesial aspect
● Triangular ridges of B & ML
cusps don’t form a
continuous crest 45 44
❧Distal aspect
● Both lingual cusps are seen
Mandibular 2nd premolar
❧Occlusal aspect
● Square profile (type trait)
● M & L profiles are parallel
● > ½ B surface is visible
● B ridge is less prominent than
that of mandibular 1st premolar
(type trait)
● M & D MRs are equal in length
Mandibular 2nd premolar
❧ Occlusal view
● Grooves (Yshape meet at the
central pit)
• M separates B & ML triangular ridges
– runs obliquely
• L separates lingual cusps
• D separates B & DL triangular ridges
● M & D triangular fossae
each contains
• A pit
• MB & DB grooves
Mandibular 2nd premolar
❧Pulp
● BL section
• Pulp chamber is
wider
• Pulp horns are of
equal height
● X – section
Premolars – size & eruption
Crown MD crown BL crown Tooth Age at
Tooth
height diameter diameter length eruption
14
8.5 mm 7.0 mm 9.0 mm 23.5 mm 9 yrs
24
15
8.5 mm 7.0 mm 9.0 mm 22.5 mm 10 yrs
25
34
8.5 mm 7.0 mm 7.5 mm 22.5 mm 9 yrs
44
35
8.0 mm 7.0 mm 8.0 mm 22.5 mm 10 yrs
45
Curves of occlusion
❧ Curve of Spee
❧ Curve of Wilson
❧ Sphere of Monson
Molar Occlusal relationship
❧Angle’s Class I
❧Angle’s Class II
❧Angle’s Class III
Arch
Occlusal
relationship