14 uoacj] 2011 ckyfnol ds volj ij us'kuy cqd VLV }kjk iVuk ds xka/kh eSnku esa us-cq-V- }kjk vk;ksftr

iqLrd esyk esa

^cPpksa dh iqLrdksa esa cpiu* fo"k; ij vk;ksftr xks"Bh esa i<+k x;k vkys[k

vkseizdk'k d';i
cPpksa dh iqLrdksa esa cpiu % ,d i`"BHkwfe
[bl fo"k; ds p;u ds fy, igys rks eSa ^us'kuy cqd VLV* dk vkHkkj O;Dr djuk pkgwaxk- ^cPpksa dh iqLrd esa
cpiu* fo"k; ftruk lkfgfR;d gS] mruk gh lekt&euksoSKkfud Hkh- izdVr% ;g cPpksa ds vf/kdkj ls tqM+k eqn~nk
gS- ysfdu vly esa ;g ns'k ds Hkfo";] lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr ls tqM+k lelkef;d fo"k; gS- blfy, t:jh gS fd
bl fo"k; ij jk"VO;kih cgl gks] ftlesa lkfgR;dkjksa ds vykok lektfoKkuh] lq/kh euksoskk] f'k{kk'kkL=kh vkSj
vfHkHkkodx.k Hkh viuh jk; j[ksavkseizdk'k d';i].
lkfgR;dkj vkSj cpiu ds fj'rs dks vkWfLV;kbZ dfo] ukVddkj ihVj gsaMds ds bu 'kCnksa ls le>k tk ldrk gS %
^tc dksbZ jk"V vius fdLlkxksa dks Hkqyk nsrk gS] rks og vius cpiu dks Hkh Hkwy tkrk gS-* 1 cPpksa dh iqLrdksa esa
cpiu dh [kkst 'kCnksa esa eklwfe;r dh [kkst gS- ;g ml {k.k dh [kkst gS tc ls ckyd dh Lora=k vfLerk dks
igpkuus dk pyu 'kq: gqvk- ml volj dh [kkst gS tc ;g ekuk tkus yxk fd ckyd Lora=k ukxfjd gS rFkk
cPpksa dh lf; ekStwnxh ds vHkko esa dksbZ jpuk muij Fkksih gqbZ jpuk dgh tkuh pkfg,- ckydksa dh Lora=k
f'k{kk dh vko';drk dks rks cgqr igys ls eglwl fd;k tkus yxk Fkk- Le`fr;ksa] czk.k xzaFkksa esa bl ij foLrkj ls
ppkZ gS- mifu"kn dk rks eryc gh xq# ds vkxs cSBdj KkuktZu djuk gS- izkphu xzaFkksa esa ,dyO;] ufpdsrk]
mieU;q] /kzqo] vfHkeU;q] vk#f.k mn~nkyd vkfn mn~kk ckypfj=kksa dk o.kZu gSa- muesa n'kZu gS] xq#HkfDr gS] R;kx
gS] leiZ.k gS- lwjnkl dh jpukvksa esa d`".k dh ckyyhykvksa dk euksgkjh o.kZu Hkh gS- ysfdu lc cM+kas }kjk cM+ksa ds
cM+s mn~ns'; lk/kus ds fufek fd;k x;k lkfgfR;d vk;kstu gS- cpiu dk eqDr mYykl ogka vuqifLFkr gSiwjc dh Hkkafr if'pe esa Hkh cPpksa dh f'k{kk dh ekax cgqr igys mBus yxh Fkh- igy djus okys Fks IysVks
vkSj mldk f'k"; vjLrq- ysfdu cpiu ds euksfoKku dks le>us dh okLrfod 'kq#vkr gqbZ lrjgoha 'krkCnh esabldk Js; vuqHkooknh nk'kZfud tku ykWd16321704 rFkk Lora=krkoknh fopkjd :lks dks tkrk gS- viuh
izfl) iqLrd ^,u ,sLls vkWu qeSu vaMjLVsafMax* esa ykWd us IysVks dh ml /kkj.kk dks pqukSrh nh] ftlesa mlus dgk
Fkk fd i<+uk vly esa fnekx esa igys ls gh fo|eku Kku&laink dks rjksrktk djus dh izf;k gS- ykWd ds iwoZorhZ
fopkjd jsus nsdkrZ dk Hkh ;gh ekuuk Fkk- vius iwoZokh fopkjdksa dk [kaMu djrs gq, ykWd us cPpksa ds efLr"d
dks ^dksjk dkxt* crk;k- ftlij eupkgh bckjr fy[kh tk ldrh gS- 2
ykWd dh e`R;q ds yxHkx ek=k vkB o"kZ ckn tUes :lks us cpiu dks y?kq vH;kj.; dh vof/k ekukviuh iqLrd ^,ekby* esa og iz'u djrk gS^vkf[kj og dkSu&lh voLFkk gS ftldh lkekU; xfrfof/k;ka d#.kk
vkSj ijksidkj ls Hkh c<+dj gSa\* mkj og Lo;a nsrk gS^cpiu!* viuh ckr dks vkxs c<+krs gq, og fy[krk

gS^cpiu dks I;kj djks- mlds lkFk [ksy [ksyks- mlds lq[kkeksn esa 'kkfey gksdj mldh euksje izd`fr esa Mwc
tkvks----cpiu ds vkuane; fnuksa dks Nhuks er] ;s cgqr tYnh xqtj tkus okys gSa-* 3 blh iqLrd esa lar fi;js dh
ckr dks vkxs c<+krk gqvk og fy[krk gS^lar fi;js us O;fDr dks cM+k ckyd dgk gS- ge pkgsa rks ckyd dks
NksVk O;fDr Hkh dg ldrs gSa-*
cpiu dks lkfgfR;d foe'kZ ds dsanz esa ykus dh os ?kVuk,a vuk;kl ugha Fkha- muds ihNs yack flyflyk
gS- ftlls vkS|ksfxd fodkl vkSj e'khuhdj.k dh vusdkusd dgkfu;ka tqqM+h gSa- muesa cpiu dh djkg gS] vkalw gSa]
'kks"k.k vkSj la=kkl gS- vk/kqfud ckylkfgR; dks le>us ds fy, bl i`"BHkwfe ij ljljh utj Mkyuk t:jh gS;wjksi esa iangz oha 'krkCnh esa lq/kkjoknh vkanksyu pyk rks /kkfeZd lq/kkjksa dh ekax dj jgs fopkjdksa us ckyd dks
uSfrdrk dk izfr:i ekurs gq, mldh f'k{kk ij tksj fn;k- ysfdu ;g f'k{kk mruh Lora=k ugha Fkh ftruh visf{kr
Fkh- vf/kdka'k lq/kkjoknh tkWu dsfYou ds vuq;k;h Fks- /kkfeZd lq/kkjksa ds leFkZd dkWfYou dk ekuuk Fkk fd nqfu;k
esa ,slh dksbZ oLrq ugha tks euq"; ds fy, vuqi;ksxh vFkok mlds Hkksx ds fy, fuf"k) gks- vius le; ds fglkc
ls vk/kqfud gksdj Hkh dkWfYouoknh dgha u dgha ijaijkokfn;ksa dh ^deZ&vkpkj lafgrk* ls izHkkfor Fks- ftldk
lans'k Fkk^dfBu ifjJe] cqjkbZ ds fo#) ;q) esa gfFk;kj dh rjg MVs jguk-* 4 e'khuhdj.k dh vkM+ esa rsth ls
mHkj jgs iwathifr oxZ us bl dFku dks vius ykHk ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k- /kekZpk;ksZa rFkk ykyph m|ksxifr;ksa ds
iz;kl ls rRdkyhu lekt esa ,d laLd`fr fodflr gksus yxh ftldk fo'okl Fkk fd cPpksa dh vkRek dh 'kqf)
rFkk mUgsa iru dh jkg ij c<+us ls jksdus ds fy, mudks dke esa yxk, j[kuk vko';d gS- 5
;g ,d [krjukd vo/kkj.kk Fkh- ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vcks/k cPpksa dks dks;yk [knkuksa] dkj[kkuksa] [ksrksa
vkSj diM+k feyksa esa tksr fn;k x;k- muls ,sls dke fy, tkus yxs ftUgsa cM+s vkneh djus ls cprs Fks- vkFkZj
okysl dkYgksa18851979 us viuh iqLrd ^, lks'ky fgLVh vkWQ vesfjdu Qsfeyht* esa ,d jksaxVs [kM+s dj nsus
okys rF; dk [kqyklk fd;k gS- mlus fy[kk gS fd ;wjksi ls ysdj vesfjdk rd ckyJe bruk vke Fkk fd ;wjksi
ls vir cPpksa dks d`f"k&etnwj rFkk m|ksx etnwj ds :i esa vesfjdk ys tkdj csp fn;k tkrk Fkk-* 6 ;s gkykr
rc ds gSa tc vesfjdk esa nklizFkk ykxw Fkh- [krjukd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cPpksa ls vekuoh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
lksyg&lrjg ?kaVs izfrfnu fcuk fdlh foJke ds dke fy;k tkrk Fkk- cnys esa mUgsa ekewyh etnwjh nh tkrh Fkhchekj gksus ij muds bykt dk Hkh dksbZ bartke u Fkk- bl fLFkfr us ml le; ds laosnu'khy fopkjdksa] lekt
foKkfu;ksa] ys[kdksa vkSj lkfgR;dkjksa dks vkgr fd;k Fkk- tku ykWd] :lks] pkYlZ fMdsaUl] jkcVZ vksosu] dkyZ ekDlZ
vkfn us cPpksa dks 'kks"k.k ls mckjus ds fy, vuFkd ys[ku fd;k- vkanksyu pyk,- efgyk Lokra=;okfn;ksa ds la?k"kZ
dk ykHk Hkh cPpksa ds i{k esa [kM+s ys[kdksa rFkk fopkjdksa dks feykcPpksa ds i{k yxkrkj mB jgh vkoktksa dk ifj.kke ;g gqvk muds fy, LokF;dj ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk f'k{kk
dh ekax dh tkus yxh- ys[kdksa rFkk lkfgR;dkjksa us cPpksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj iqLrdsa fy[kuk vkjaHk fd;klksygoha 'krkCnh esa tku veksl dksfeu;l }kjk cPpksa ds fy, igyh fp=kkRed iqLrd ^vkjfc;l fiDpl~* rS;kj
dh xbZ] tks vkt dh Hkk"kk esa dgsa rks y?kq 'kCndks"k Fkh- ml le; rd vaxzsth yksdxkFkkvksa ds egkuk;d jkfcugqM
ds fdLls cPpksa vkSj cM+ksa esa mlh izdkj yksdfiz; Fks tSls Hkkjr esa lqYrkuk Mkdw dh dgkfu;ka dqN n'kd igys rd
?kj&?kj lquh&dgh tkrh Fkha- lrjgoha 'krkCnh esa pkYlZ isjV us ijhdFkkvksa dh ,d iqLrd rS;kj dh- ftlus cPpksa
vkSj cM+ksa nksuksa dks vkdf"kZr fd;k1744 esa tku ykWd ds fopkjksa ls izHkkfor ,d lefiZr izdk'kd tku U;wcsjh vkxs vk;k- mlus ikWdsV
cqDl lkbt esa ,d fp=kkRed iqLrd rS;kj dh- ftldks vk/kqfud jpukRed ckylkfgR; dh igyh iqLrd ekuk

tkrk gS- iqLrd esa vaxzsth o.kZekyk dks vk/kkj cukdj NksVh&NksVh dfork,a Fkha- viuh iqLrd dks yksdfiz; cukus
ds fy, U;wcsjh us dq'ky foi.ku rduhd viukbZ- xzkgd ;fn yM+dk gks rks izR;sd iqLrd ds lkFk ,d xsan vkSj
yM+dh gks rks mls ,d fiudq'ku HksaV esa fn;k Fkk- U;wcsjh dh iqLrd dks baXysaM esa O;kid yksdfiz;rk feyh- mlls
cPpksa ds ekSfyd iqLrdksa dh jpuk dk flyflyk vkjaHk gks x;k- ysfdu cPpksa dks dsanz esa cukdj dkyt;h ekSfyd
d`fr;kas dh jpuk muhloha 'krkCnh esa gh laHko gks ldh- ckylkfgR; ds {ks=k esa ;qx&ifjorZudkjh ;ksxnku jgk gsujh
,aMjlu18051875 dh- lgh ek;us esa iqLrdksa ds cpiu ds djhc vkus dh og igyh ?kVuk Fkh- pkYlZ fMdsal
ls izHkkfor ,aMjlu us 'krkfCn;ksa ls lquh&lqukbZ tk jgh ijhdFkkvksa dks u, ;qx dh Hkkouk ds vuqdwy fy[kuk
vkjaHk fd;k- mudh dgkfu;ka fdLlkxksbZ rFkk jksekap ls Hkjiwj Fkha- cgqr tYnh ,aMjlu ds dFkkpfj=k ?kj&?kj
yksdfiz; gksus yxs- mlds rqjar ckn yqbZl dSjksy18321898 us ^,fyl ,MosapjlZ bu oaMjysaM*1865] yqbZl
LVhosalu18501894 dh ^VstlZ vkblysaM*1883] #M;kMZ fdifyax18651936 dh ^fn taxy cqd1894
tSlh dkyt;h d`fr;ka lkeus vkbZa- ftlesa cpiu dh eklwfe;r Fkh] f[kyanM+kiuk Fkk- pqukSfr;ksa ls Vdjkus dk
tTck Fkk vkSj bu lcls c<+dj Fkk] nqfu;k ds lHkh thoksa] NksVs cM+ksa ds fy, I;kj rFkk uSfrdrkoknh
n`f"Vdks.k- ;gka ftu lkfgR;dkjksa ds uke dk mYys[k geus fd;k x;k mudh [;kfr dFkk lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa gSdfork ds {ks=k esa Hkh bl nkSj esa ,d ls c<+dj ,d dfork,a fy[kh xbZa- muhloha 'krkCnh esa tUeh
dfo;=kh18961966 MksFkhZ ,fYMl dh NksVh&lh dfork 7 esa ,d ckyd dh LokHkkfod vkdka{kk dks bl izdkj
n'kkZ;k x;k gS] HkkokFkZ nsf[k,
gj dksbZ dgrk gSeSa viuh eka dh rjg fn[krk gwagj dksbZ dgrk gSesjs psgjs ij fc;k vkaVh dh >yd gSgj dksbZ dgrk gSesjh ukd firkth dh ukd tSlh gSysfdu eSa rks flQZ vkSj flQZ vius tSlk fn[kuk pkgrk gwaftl fo"k; ij vkt dh ppkZ dsafnzr gS] mldks okLrfod lEeku feyk chloha 'krkCnh esa- fQfyi ,fjl
us ^lsUP;qfjth vkWQ pkbYMgqM* fy[kdj ckydksa dh 'krkfCn;ksa ls gks jgh mis{kk dh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k- mu
fnuksa ekfj;k ekaVsljh }kjk [kksys x, Ldwyksa dh /kwe eph gqbZ Fkh- is'ks ls euksoSKkfud ekfj;k cPpksa ds dqnjrh gquj
dks fu[kkjdj mudh izfrHkk dks rjk'kus esa fo'okl j[krh Fkh- ekfj;k dks igyh lQyrk ml le; feyh tc
mlds ekufld :i ls fodykax dbZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa us jkT; Lrjh; ijh{kk u dsoy ikl dh] cfYd vkSlr fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls
vf/kd uacj ykdj ml le; ds f'k{kkfoKkfu;ksa dks pfdr dj fn;k Fkk- dqN o"kZ igys vkbZ vkfej [kku dh
pfpZr fQYe ^rkjs tehu ij* ds n'khZy lQkjh dk pfj=k dk dkalsIV ekfj;k ds Nk=kksa ls fy;k x;k gS- cgjgky
ekfj;k ekaVsljh dh ubZ f'k{kk iz.kkyh rFkk ,sfjl dh iqLrd ls vaxzsth lekt esa ,d cgl dk vkjaHk gqvk- ftldks
nwljs fo'o;q) ds ckn dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls cy feyk- bl lc dk lq[kn ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd 1954 esa la;qDr
jk"V vesfjdk us gj lky 20 uoacj dks varjjk"Vh; ckyfnol euk, tkus dh ?kks"k.kk dh- ckyJe ij jksd
yxkus] cPpksa dh vfuok;Z f'k{kk ds fy, varjjk"Vh; pkVZj esa ekdwy bartke fd, x,fganh dh ckr djsa rks yxHkx Ms<+ lkS o"kZ ds fganh ckylkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa cpiu dk izos'k cgqr ckn dh ?kVuk
gS- vkjafHkd lkfgR;dkjksa esa vf/kdka'k dk ekuuk Fkk fd cPpksa ds fy, ikB~;skj iqLrdksa dh vko';drk flQZ mUgsa
laLdkfjr djus ds fy, gS- muds euksjatu rks [ksydwn ls gks gh tkrk gS- tks deh jg tkrh gS mldks yksdlkfgR;

iwjh dj nsrk gS- cPpksa ds laLdkjhdj.k ds fy, tks iqqLrdsa rS;kj dh tkrh Fkha] mudk mn~ns'; ,d gh gksrk Fkk]
;su&dsu&izdkjs.k cM+ksa dh dkcZu dkih rS;kj djus esa enn djuk- vDlj fdlh egkiq#"k dk uke ;k mldh dgkuh
lqukdj cPps dks crk;k tkrk fd ns[kks ^ns[kks] rqEgsa buds tSlk cuuk gS-* dksbZ muls ugha dgrk Fkk fd mUgsa vius
tSlk cuuk gS- tks os pkgrs gSa] oSlk cuuk gSfganh ckylkfgR; cpiu dh nLrd dk Js; izsepan dks fn;k tkuk pkfg,- mudh dgkuh ^bZnxkg* igyh
ekbyLVksu dgkuh gS] ftlesa ckyd viuh iwjh ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd ftEesnkjh ds lkFk mifLFkr gS- mldk
nkf;Rocks/k bruk l?ku gS fd mlds fy, og dqN nsj ds fy, vius cpiu dks Hkh fcljk nsrk gS- ^bZnxkg* ds
vykok izsepan us ^nks cSyksa dh dFkk*] ^xqYyh&MaMk*] ^u'kk*] cM+s HkkbZ lkgc* tSlh mRd`"V dgkfu;ka Hkh fy[khaftuds ik=k cpiu dks NksM+dj fd'kksjkoLFkk dh ngyht ij c<+ pqds gSa- muds ckn dh ih<+h ds jpukdkjksa esa
lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku] Lo.kZ lgksnj] fo|kHkw"k.k foHkq] tgwjc['k] eLrjke diwj] jke/kkjh flag fnudj] jkeujs'k
f=kikBh] fujadkj nso lsod vkfn us cpiu dks dsanz cukdj [kwclwjr vkSj euksje lkfgR; dh jpuk dh- lqHknzk
dqekjh pkSgku dh dfork ^esjk cpiu* dfork cpiu dks ;kn djrh laHkor% lcls rktxh Hkjh dfork gSogka ,d eka csVh dh ckylqyHk hM+kvksa dks ns[krs gq, Lo;a vius cpiu esa pyh tkrh gS
eSa cpiu dks cqyk jgh Fkh cksy mBh fcfV;k esjh
uanu ou&lh Qwy mBh ;g NksVh&lh dqfV;k esjh
^eka vks* dgdj cqyk jgh Fkh feh [kkdj vk;h Fkh
dqN eqag esa dqN fy;s gkFk esa eq>s f[kykus yk;h Fkh
eSaus iwNk] ^;g D;k yk;h\* cksy mBh og ^eka] dkvks*
gqvk izQqfYyr n; [kq'kh ls eSaus dgk ^rqEgha [kkvks*cpiu dks ysdj ;g fganh dfork vius vki eas vuwBh] csfelky gS- ;gka cPph vcks/k gS] blfy, og eka
dh LokHkkfod ekStwnxh esa gS- ysfdu cPps rks cPps gSa] volj feys rks uV[kViu ls dSls ckt vk,a- chloha 'krh
vkrs&vkrs cPpksa esa ;g gkSlyk vk pqdk Fkk fd os 'kku ls dg ldsa fd ^gka* ge uV[kV gSa- Lo.kZlgksnj cpiu ds
bl mYykl dks dqN bl izdkj O;Dr djrs gSa
^uV[kV ge gka] uV[kV ge
djus fudys [kViV ge
vk, x, yM+ds vk x, ge
canj ns[k yqHkk x, ge
canj dks fcpdk,a ge
canj nkSM+k Hkkxs ge
uV[kV ge gka uV[kV ge
cp x, yM+ds cp x, geLo.kZlgksnj] uV[kV ds xhr] i`"B&1
dforvksa ds lkFk&lkFk dgkfu;kas vkSj miU;klksa esa Hkh cpiu dk [kqyk c;ku fganh lkfgR;dkjksa us fd;k
gS- gfjd`".k nsoljs] izzdk'k euq] tgwj c['k] tkfdj vyh jtuh'k] ,sls vusd fganh ckydFkkdkj gSa] ftudh

dgkfu;ksa esa cpiu dh gj Hkafxek dh >yd ns[kh tk ldrh gS- dfo;ksa esa Jhizlkn] MkW- jk"Vca/kq] jes'k rSyax us
cpiu dks mrkjus dk vnHkqr dke fd;k gS- vius gh 'kgj ds dUgS;kyky ek eq>s bl volj ij ;kn vkrs gSauUgs cPpksa ds fy, vn~Hkqr yksfj;ka mUgksaus fy[kh gSa- fxtq HkkbZ iVsy us cpiu dks laokjus ds fy, og dk;Z fd;k]
tks if'pe esa ekfj;k ekaVsljh us fd;k Fkktgka rd lkfgfR;d d`fr;ksa dk loky gS] ogka cpiu dks iwjk lEeku feyk gS- ysfdu fQj Hkh dbZ {ks=k gSa
tgka dke fd;k tkuk ckdh gS- tSls xkao ds cPpksa dks ysdj dke djus dh cgqr xqatkb'k gS- 'kgjh thou esa Hkh
gkf'k;s ds dqN ik=k gSa ftudk cpiu misf{kr gS- NksVs&NksVs <kckas] dkj[kkuksa] jsyos LVs'kuksa ij dke djus okys]
dckM+ chudj xqtkjk djus ckys cPpksa dks ysdj xaHkhj dke fd, tkus dh vko';drk gS- rHkh ge jk"V ds
cpiu dks lEeku ns ldrs gSa- var esa eSa fczfV'k ukVddkj VkWe LVkiMZ dh mfDr dks nksgjkuk pkgwaxk- mlus dgk
Fkk fd ;fn vki vius cpiu dks lkFk ysdj vkxs c<+rs gSa rks dHkh cw<+s ugha gks ldrs- 8 bls ge ,sls Hkh dg
ldrs gSa fd tks jk"V vius cpiu dk [;ky j[krk gS] mldk oSHko dHkh Qhdk ugha iM+rkvks eizd k'k d';i

1.

If a nation loses its storytellers, it loses its

childhood.
(Peter
Handke
(b. 1942), Austrian
author, playwright, poet. Independent (London,
June
9, 1988)

2.
ekuo efLr"d dks ^[kkyh lysV* vFkok ^dksjk dkxt* dh vo/kkj.kk ykWd dh viuh ugha Fkh- igyh ckj ;g vfHkdYiuk
vjch miU;kldkj&nk'kZfud bCu
rqQSy vFkok vcqcslj }kjk ckjgoha 'krkCnh esa vius miU;kl ^gs; bCu ;kdtka* (Hayy
ibn Yaqzan) esa dh xbZ Fkh- miU;kl esa mlus jsfxLrkuh
dchys ds taxyh cPps dk fp=k.k fd;k Fkk] tks vius lekt ls
iwjh rjg fcNM+
pqdk gS- bl miU;kl dk ykfruh vuqokn fQykslksfQ;l vkWVksMsDVl 'kh"kZd
ls ,MoMZ ikWdksd }kjk 1671 esa
fd;k x;k Fkk- mlh ls izsj.kk ysrs gq, ykWd us viuh izfl) iqLrd ^,u ,Lls dulfuZax g~;qesu vaMjLVsafMax* esa fd;k Fkk3.
What wisdom can you find that is greater than kindness?
Love

childhood, indulge its

sports, its pleasures, its delightful
instincts. Who has not sometimes regretted that
age when laughter
was ever on the lips, and
when the heart was ever at peace? Why rob
these innocents of the joys which pass
so
quickly,
of
that
precious gift which they
cannot abuse? Why fill with bitterness the
fleeting days of early childhood, days which
will no more return for
them than for you?
Fathers, can you tell when death will call
your children to him? Do not lay up sorrow for
yourselves
by
robbing them of the short
span which nature has allotted to them. As soon
as
they are aware of the joy of life, let them
rejoice in it, go that
whenever God calls them
they may not die without having tasted the
joy of life.- Emile, or on education).
4.
."work ethic," which valued hard work as a
weapon in the battle
against Evil.-Factors
Influencing The Development of The Idea of
Childhood in Europe and America by Jim
Vandergriff.
5.
the culture had come to believe that
children needed to be kept
occupied in
productive things in order to save their souls,
and
believed that work per se was good.
Industry easily accommodated

this
6.

7.

view.-Ibid.
In fact, child labor was so prevalent that
children were kidnapped
in Europe and sold
as factory workers and laborers in America.Calhoun, Arthur W., A Social History of the
American Family: The
Colonial Period (Vol.
New York: Barnes and Noble. 1945, pp. 2856).
Everybody says
I look just like my mother.
Everybody says
I'm the image of Aunt Bee.
Everybody says
My nose is like my father's
But I want to look like ME!by Dorothy Aldis, in Everything and Anything.

8.
If you carry your childhood with you, you never
Stoppard.

become

older.

Tom