Piping Codes, Standards, and Specifications 1
Piping Codes, Standards, and Specifications 1
Piping Codes, Standards, and Specifications 1
List of Figures xiii List of Tables xvii Foreword xix Preface xxi
viii Contents
1.4.11 Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association 43 1.4.12 Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry 43 1.4.13 National Association of Corrosion Engineers 45 1.4.14 National Fire Protection Association 45 1.4.15 Pipe Fabrication Institute 46 1.4.16 Society of Automotive Engineers 48
Piping Components................................................
49
2.1 Introduction to Piping Components 50 2.2 Pipe 51 2.2.1 Pipe Sizes 62 2.2.2 Pipe Ends 67 2.3 Pipe Fittings 70 2.3.1 Butt-Weld End Fittings 72 2.3.2 Socket-Weld and Threaded-End Fittings 73 2.3.3 Flanged Joints 74 2.4 Valves 80 2.4.1 Valve Codes and Standards 82 2.4.2 Classification of Operation Valves 87 2.4.3 Valve Classification 92 2.4.4 Valve Components 94 2.5 Bolts and Gaskets (Fasteners and Sealing Elements) 101 2.5.1 The Process of Joint Integrity 102 2.5.2 Flange Joint Components 103 2.5.3 The Flanged Joint System 111
Contents ix
3.4 Types of Steel 125 3.4.1 Mild (Low-Carbon) Steel 125 3.4.2 Medium-Carbon Steel 125 3.4.3 High-Carbon Steel 125 3.4.4 High-Tensile Steel 125 3.4.5 Stainless Steel 126 3.5 Steel Heat-Treating Methods 131 3.5.1 Annealing 131 3.5.2 Normalizing 132 3.5.3 Hardening 132 3.5.4 Tempering 132 3.6 Nonferrous Metals in Alloying 132 3.7 Material Specifications 133 3.7.1 American Society for Testing and Materials 133 3.7.2 Unified Numbering System of Ferrous Metals and Alloys 135
137
x Contents
4.6.3 Instrument Engineering 155 4.6.4 Civil Engineering 155 4.6.5 Structural Engineering 155
Projects ................................................................
5.1 Project Types 157 5.2 Project Phases 160 5.2.1 Feasibility Phase 160 5.2.2 Conception Phase 160 5.2.3 Front-End Engineering Development Phase 5.2.4 Detailed Engineering Phase 162 5.2.5 Construction Phase 166 5.2.6 Precommissioning and Commissioning Phase 169 5.2.7 Startup and Handover to the Owner 169
157
161
171
Systems 184
6.7.3 Pipe Cladding
186
Contents xi
6.8 Assembly and Erection 186 6.8.1 Alignment 186 6.8.2 Flanged Joints 188 6.8.3 Threaded Joints 188
........................................
191
7.1 Piping Codes 191 7.2 Types of Examination 196 7.2.1 Visual Examination 197 7.2.2 Liquid Penetrant Examination 197 7.2.3 Magnetic Particle Examination 198 7.2.4 Radiographic Examination 199 7.2.5 Ultrasonic Examination 200 7.3 Testing of Piping Systems 200 7.3.1 Some Limitations on the Pressure Testing of Piping Systems 201 7.3.2 Special Provisions for Testing 202 7.3.3 Preparation for Leak Test 202 7.4 Leak-Testing Methods 202 7.4.1 Hydrostatic Leak Test 202 7.4.2 Pneumatic Leak Test 204 7.4.3 Combination Hydrostatic-Pneumatic Leak Test 204 7.4.4 Initial Service Leak Testing 205 7.5 Choice of Testing Medium 205 7.6 Test Pack 206 7.7 Punch List 206
209
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