(Surface Processes) (Surface Processes) : - P - XP - P - È
(Surface Processes) (Surface Processes) : - P - XP - P - È
| p
6 6 66
| xp6
| p
6
| [
|
(Weathering)
6
6 [
6 !
" "
#$!%
&
$
6 '"""
()!*
"
"
$
$ *&""
$
%6[ +""
6,- 6 '"
.
""*&
6 6 !%
/%6
+"
!
6 !6! 6' !0"
6
$
# $
#
6 $
6166
$$%+ 6 %
$$""
6
6 $ $$%$
66
6 '""
66 26 $$%$
/"" 6 !6 6
6%
63"""4&
6
6 !
!6
$$%6[( ! 6 /
! !6
3""
6 6
!6
6 66 !6
6 #6
"
6
6
#
$
!%
6
$
!
!
/! % "
$! 6 %
6 "PQRSTUVWXY"
"
1
%
+"PZR[\UVWXY""1
6 6 $!$ $!$
"$
66
6/%""
PbcdTUdeY"
6 +
""6
+
% % 6% "1
6
!6
""'f(
"
$
6 ! 3"
/%" 6/ 6$
!%
6
"4&!6 $
6
/"/%6""6 +
/ !
1
%* 16""
"
(
$
!%
6
"P
"PgdVhY"
gdVhY"
+ (
"P
"PiXdj[Y
iXdj[Y
# 6 '"
'"PPZXU\Wk[Y
ZXU\Wk[Y
("P
"Pl[m[kWkUdeY
l[m[kWkUdeY
"P
"PnU\[Y
nU\[Y
l
(Rock)
Rock)
$
!(
6
6 6
!6! 6
"
+06
$
! 6
/"! 6 !
"P
"Po[Vd\jdTUkUdeY""
o[Vd\jdTUkUdeY""(
(
"+
4!0"
#$
$
6
!"6
!/% 6"$
6
!&+
! 6 6""
6 6
6 %" 1+%
$
6! 6 (
6
"
(
"$
"6 66 !6!6
l (Slope)
Slope)
+ (
6"
6 6
/ %
6 %
+""$$%
6 "6
$"+
! 6 66
/% +
/
! 1
%* 16""!$
66
"*% + (
% "6 6 +
66
/%(% " $$%6 6 !6
* 66 6!"
66 +
!
(Climate)
Climate)
"+ %
"$
"+ (
"
3""
1!! 6
"
1p
q +r$
6 $$%
626 +"1 6
#6$
!%
(
66/%6 $
!$
"(
"! # 6 '%
(
l
(Vegetation)
Vegetation)
($
66
6 6
((
/(/!
6$
6
(#
+ (
[ ! 6
" $$%6
6
1+% +$
"$
6
'f$/%! "3"
!6**#6(!6"3"
6
0 "
6
6
0$$%6
/%
(Time)
Time)
6 6q6 %"
6
6"(
"
+
$
""+ *$
6 $$%
4&
/%" ! $
[( !
Weathering
Process
6
6
!6
t[VRWeUVWX"u[WkR[cUem
t[VRWeUVWX"u[WkR[cUem
}6 +"ZR[\UVWX"
u[WkR[cUem
u[WkR[cUem
/
(Mechanical / Physical
Weathering))
Weathering
+% "
"cdTk
cdTk
6
6 6 '
"&6
!6 *"
!6
! " $$%6
/
()
(Mechanical Weathering /
Physical Weathering)
Weathering)
$ #"
"n[\j[cWkvc[
n[\j[cWkvc[
+
+ %
! 6
$!"" $$%
$
!6 6
6 $
/%"
(
"/,/$%w 6.
!6
+ / 6
"
eXdWxUem
eXdWxUem
$
$
+
$
$
#
$!%
616/ #$
$
$!! "
6 +
/$ $
(
(
"6
$$%$
%
!6 6
"
/
()
(Mechanical Weathering /
Physical Weathering)
Weathering)
"6 6 &6$$"PZcSTkWX"
ycdzkRY""
ycdzkRY""
6 6
"
$$% (
/*"""(
""
6 !6
(
6
4"
6f6
!/
(
$$"""6&
$
! !6! 6
! (
""% $$%
$$ $$%!6 6 66
"
66 (!"
!"DVkU{UkS
DVkU{UkS
6
6 (
(Chemical Weathering)
Weathering)
6
6 $
$
26 6
[ !! "3"$
6 '"
""66
!
6 +(
$$"
26 +6/
$
$ ##"(% $
$ #$
"6
6 +""""
}
6
6 64(
}
6
6 /|14
}
6
6 6 6""
l
(Oxidation)
Oxidation)
%
%/%
6 $$ 66 64(
"
6
4&
6 $$
&
""4&+ (
!26
(Hydrolysis)
Hydrolysis)
+
"" $$%[ !6
6
(
$$""$
6
6
/|14"66$
( !0" $$%
$
!6 6
6 1 ""6 ""
6 6"P
6"PijR[cdUxWX
u[WkR[cUemY"
u[WkR[cUemY"
6
6
+r66$
!%
(
""1 6
6 '&6f
6[ "
(Hydrolysis)
Hydrolysis)
()
6 6 6"
6"PPDVUxUV"DVkUdeY""
/%6""6+ 0
+""4&6 66
!
66s 4+ 0
/ 6/40"
$
6 ' $$%66+ 0
+""
/$4&6/$
$
" *
26 /%"6$
#
$
# +
4+ 0
!"" $$%666
""
66f #'* "$
6"
$
% ""6
6 !
"PZWc~deWkUdeY
6 "+
"+ 0
(
"P
(Hydrolysis)
Hydrolysis)
()
6 $
"P
"PidXvkUdeY"""
6 66 (
*
/%$
1!"(
"4" $$%
626 +66$
[( !""
!6 $
&$$%66 #
6/%"
6+!
6
" * 26 /%6
[ !
6 !6
6 "P
"PbdXUWkUdeY""
6f6 !6 $
6
6
616 $$%
$
6
! 6 6
% $
6f 6%&
6 6
6 "3""" +
6 6 !6
6"$
6
6 $
"
()
6 !6
6"P
6"PXdVhY""6
XdVhY""6 6
$
6 6
6 + 6
6
6
6 # /,"""$
6 $!$
$
$
!""$
6 $!!6
6%
"
##6 '60
$"
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have
to delete the image and then insert it again.
()
6 !6
6%
$"
$"
PiRWkk[cY""
iRWkk[cY""
6 !6 $
!
&6 [ !6 #$
$
"$
!
&6
$
[ !6/%"
/6! 6
6 !
*6!/%$
($
# '
"" &'% "(%#" )
# )%$)
#(*# &'%
"
" %#
(Karsts Landscape)
Landscape)
6
6 +"PZR[\UVWX"
u[WkR[cUemY"
u[WkR[cUemY"
$$%66+ 0
+"4&
6 !
6+ 0
/ 6/40"
6"4& * $
#
/%"
$$%6+4+ 0
!""$
$
#
""
! #!
* "
"$
%
PikWXWVkUk[Y""
ikWXWVkUk[Y""
6
6 ""
""$
6 PPikWXWm\Uk[Y""
ikWXWm\Uk[Y""
$
6$
% " + 6 ! 6
""6 ""
"" $
% PPZdXv\eY""
$
6 6
+%
""
6 ""
""
$
#
PPuWXXY""
6
uWXXY""
6 6
!
(Karst landscape)
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your
computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
Sink Hole
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
)(Mass Wasting
)Wasting
" PiXdj[Y
"iXdj[Y
) (
"" PuWk[cY
""uWk[cY
) (
" Pl[m[kWkUdeY
"l[m[kWkUdeY
) (
"" PgdVhT"ikcvVkvc[Y
"" P[x
"gdVhTY
"gdVhTY
) (
PbWckRvWh[Y""
bWckRvWh[Y""6
6
" $$%
*
6
"P
"P[{[XUem"
VRWem[Y"
VRWem[
Y"(
(
"! 6 64 !
.q
.
"P
.
"PgWUe"WXXY""
gWUe"WXXY"".
!6
.
!6 6"
!
" $$% !"61+
/$
66! "3"
f0"(
"6 !/%
w "6 $
"6
Mass Wasting
Processes
PWXXY""""""""""""""""""
WXXY""""""""""""""""""
"PiXUx[Y
"" PXdzTY"iXUx[Y
XdzTY""
, -
,,
,
,,
,,
, ,
(Soil
Creep)
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
(Earthflow)
Earthflow)
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then
insert it again.
)(Solifluction
)Solifluction
) (Mudflow
)(Landslide
Translational slide
)( Slump
" PiXv\j
"cdkWkUdeWX"TXUx[Y
"cdkWkUdeWX"TXUx[Y
) (Rockfall
)Rockfall
)(Debris Avalanche
) (
" Pg[kWUeUem"uWXXY
"g[kWUeUem"uWXXY
" Pikc[W\"Wex"gU{[cY
"[ PivcWV
"zWk[cY
"zWk[cY
PbcdTUdeY"
bcdTUdeY"
""""""""" PncWeTjdckWkUdeY
"""""""""ncWeTjdckWkUdeY
Po[jdTUkUdeY"
o[jdTUkUdeY"
)( Source
)( Divide
)(channel
(River
)Valley
) (Tributary
)(Distributary
)Distributary
) (Mouth
(River
)System
" PQ[c\We[ek -
"ikc[W\Y
" Pek[c\Ukk[ek }
ikc[W\Y
Drainage Pattern
(Dendritic Drainage
)Pattern
(Trellis Drianage Pattern
" PWvXkY
"" PdUekY
(Rectangular
)Drainage Pattern
(Radial Drainage
)Pattern
(Deranged Drainage
)Pattern
(Parallel Drainage
)Pattern
(Annular Drainage
)Pattern
l
(Laminar
)Flows
) (
)(Turbulent Flows
-
e
e
ee
e
e
e
e
e e
(bcdTUde -
bcdTUdeaa
(o[XWkUde-
o[XWkUdeaa
(o[jdTUkUde-
o[jdTUkUdeaa
PbcdTUdeY"
PSxcWvXUV"
DVkUdeY"
DVkUdeY"
- ( ZdccWTUde
ZdccWTUdeaa
- ( ZdccdTUe
ZdccdTUeaa
- ( DkkcUkUde
DkkcUkUdeaa
)(Corrasion
)Corrasion
)(Corrosin
)Corrosin
"
"PZWc~deUVY
ZWc~deUVY"
)(Attrition
"PvWccSUemY
"vWccSUemY
)(Deflation
e
e
""""""""""""""""""""""""PPiWXkWkUdeY
""""""""""""""""""""""""iWXkWkUdeY
e
"" PivTj[ex[x"dWxY
""ivTj[ex[x"dWxY
)(Deposition
)(
)(Deposition
PZRWee[XY
ZRWee[XY
)(Channel
) (Gorge
Pl
iRWj[Y""
""iRWj[Y
)l (Canyon
) (Rapid
PZWkWcWVkY"
ZWkWcWVkY"
-
40 - 0
)(Pothole
)(Stream Terrace
6 66 !6!6
* !*
(Alluvian Fan)
*6
#
6 /$
6$ (
#
#
$
$
$ !
6/
6% $$%6
$$%+
6
66 !6!6
* !6
6
#
&
$
$
!6
#
#
# +% 6
6% $$r
!6
*6
#
6
(
6
6 66f6
[
66 !6
*! ( ".
".
#!6
6 +
1+
1+
""6
6 ""
1+
1+! PPikc[W\"
t[Wex[cY
/ $6 64 ( .q
.q
1
.q
.
q
*#664 $$
$$%6
%6
( .q
.q!
!
(
"
"PPZvk"~WehY"
Zvk"~WehY"%%
!6
%% 66
*6
!6
6
( .q
.q
6 ""
""PPQdUek"~WcY"
QdUek"~WcY"
!6
!6
*
6/$
"6
6 ""
!6
$
$ "
"PPQdUek"~Wc"x[jdTUkY"
QdUek"~Wc"x[jdTUkY"
6f
66 * !6
%
%
$
* 6
6 6
! /
6
6
1+
1+
!"64
6
1+
+
!
! "6
"6
6
6
6
! 6
PZvkdY""6
ZvkdY""6
*#6
6
6
6
6 /$
/! "
"
6$$
$$
$
6
6 *#6
!6
*$$
*$$#&
6 66
6 * !6
!
! 3"
$
" 1+
1+
4&
6 *$
!
/
3$
/$/
6f6
6
"$
&*#664 6/
* 6
$
&
6 6
6 6
6 66
*$
6
.
.
"
"
!6
6
!6*
.
.
$
6# 6
&
""6 "
$
6 * !6
6
+
6
( .
./
/
6
/!6
$
!6*!6
6
!6
!6
*$
"!
"! /"*
/"*
$ 6 ! 6 !6
* !6
66
66 6
!6
6
( .
.6
66
" $
6
6
&
""""
$
!
!$
$
#
!6!
!6!
$ 6
#1+%
$ 6
#
!
6
$ 6
#
$
6 !
!
[" $
$
4&
4&
!
6 "16f
$
6)
6)
$
6 '&6f
/
/
"
"
""+
"
"P
"PdvkRY"
("P
"PtWkvcUkSY"
qq
p
p""PPXxY
(Youth)
6"1[
/$
/$
$ (
&6"+""""""""
"+""""""""
#
!"+
+
(
66 66
6
$
&6 $$
$$
6+ !6!
!6!
+ #"( .
.
$$r
$$r
/
/
*#664
!66
!66
6&
6 /
/ 62
62
*&
1+
1+!!
!
$"
l
(Maturity)
6f
+ (
+
"""6
"""6 "
$ $
"6 6
6
&
"
#
#$
!
!
"6
!
!
3"! 6 "6
"6
!6
1+
1+!
/
*&!
!
/
6
6
6
66
64
"
(Old)
66 64
!
!
$$
$$+ !6!
!6!
6f #'"
'"
$
6 !6
6 " 6&
"
+ (
6
##" #
'6
$$r
$$r
/
/
!66
!66 6!
! /!
/!
1+
1+!" # 6
6&
"6
*&
$
!
$
!(
(
6
6""
6""
3"
4&
4&6&
#6"!
!
$
"+
! 6 66
6
/
/
6
$
6
6
& $$
$$
6
6/
/1 6 6/
/+! 2
6
"
66
$
$
6 $$
$$
!
6
6 $$
$$
6
6 "
6 +
PPg[v{[eWkUdeY"
g[v{[eWkUdeY" $!
[ !
!
!
6 (!"
f
6
6 "6 !*
f
!!
!1 66 #
6
"""" $
!
! 3
""""""
"""""" 1(
1(
$ ' "
*6
*6 /
/
1""
1(
1(
6 /
/
6 +
+
+
+r"6 $(
$(1(
1(
!
$
6 !!
! ""+
""+
+
+ "$(
"$(