Q1 - Define engineering drawing. Why drawing is called universal language of engineers?

Ans1:-A drawing drawn by an engineer having engineering knowledge for the drawing purposes is an engineering drawing. It is meant for communicating his ideas, thoughts and designs to others. Engineering drawing is a starting point of all engineering branches such as Mechanical, Production, Civil, Electrical, Electronics, Computer science, Chemical etc. It is spoken, read, and written in its own way. Engineering drawing has its own grammar in the theory of projections, its idioms in conventional practices, its punctuations in the types of lines, its abbreviations, symbols and its descriptions in the constructions. Q2 - Name different types of drawing instruments. Ans2 Drawing board, T-square, Set Square, Scales, Pencil and sand paper block, Drawing pins or cello-tape, Duster or handkerchief, eraser etc. Q3 Why pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line? Ans3 The pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line in order to get a line of uniform thickness throughout. Q4 How will you test the set square and T-square? Ans4 Testing of T-square (i) Check all screw heads and tighten, if necessary (ii) In order to check the T-square, first of all draw a horizontal line. Now reverse the T-square and again draw a horizontal line with working edge. If both the lines coincide with each other, then the working edge of Tsquare is alright. If there is a difference in two lines, then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error of the working edge. This error should be rectified by scraping the edge with a scraper or a sharp knife. Testing of set-squares The straightness of edges of the set-square can be checked by drawing a vertical line. Then reverse the set-square and draw again vertical line. If there is any difference between the two vertical lines then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error. This error can be removed by straightening the edges by means of a scraper or sand paper. Q5 What are the standard sizes of drawing sheets according to I.S.I. and which is suitable for drawing work? Ans5 The standard size of sheets according to I.S.I. are A0(1189 X 841), A1 (841 X 594), A2(594 X 420), A3(420 X 297), A4(297 X 210) and A5(210 X 148). Drawing sheet of size 594 X 420 i.e. A2 size is generally used by engineering students as it is very handy and easy for drawing work in class. Q6 What are the ways of sharpening a pencil for good and accurate work and which type of pencil is more suitable for drawing work? Ans6 There are two ways of sharpening a pencil (i) a small piece of sand paper of zero grade, pasted upon a piece of wood. (ii) Sharpeners. Usually hard pencils such as H, 2H etc are used for making the engineering drawing. Q7 Why cello-tape is used instead of drawing pins, now a day? Ans7 Now a days, cello tapes are used in place of drawing pins for its practical convenience as the drafter, Tsquare and set-squares can be moved easily over the tape. Q8 What is layout of drawing sheet? Ans8 The selection of suitable scale and allotment of proper space for margin, title block, parts list, revision panel, folding marks etc. on the drawing sheet is known as layout of drawing sheet. Q9 Why is the layout of sheet is necessary? Ans9 Layout of the drawing on the drawing sheet is necessary in order to make its reading easy and speedy. The title blocks, parts list etc will provide all the required information.

Q10 List out the contents of title block and material list Ans10 The title block should contain at least the following informations. (i) Name of the institution (ii) Name of title of drawing (iii) Name, Class and Roll no. of the student (iv) Scale (v) Drawing number (vi) Symbols denoting the method of projection Q11 What is the necessity of folding a drawing print? Ans11 Folding marks are made on the sheet to facilitate folding of prints for the purposes of filing and binding in the proper and easy manner. Q12 What do you mean by convention or code? Ans12 The representation of any matter by some sign or mark on the drawing is known as convention or code. The conventions make the drawing simple and easy to draw. Q13 What do you understand by thickness of lines? Ans13 There are three distinct thickness of lines used in engineering drawing. These lines are specified as thick, medium and thin lines. The line specified as thick is usually 3 times thicker and the line specified as medium is 2 times thicker than a thin line. Q14 Where and why a cutting plane is drawn in a drawing? Ans14 The section plane are generally perpendicular planes. The projection of a section plane, to which it is perpendicular, is a straight line. This line will be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the x-y line. The cutting plane is drawn in a drawing to show the inner details of an object. Q15 What is the necessity of convention breaks and convention of materials? Ans15 Long members of uniform cross-section such as rods, shafts, pipes etc. are generally shown in the middle by the conventional breaks so as to accommodate their view of whole length on the drawing sheet without reducing the scale. The exact length of the member is shown by the dimension. Q16 Why the conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing? Ans16 The conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing to save the unnecessary time or space on the drawing. Q17 What are the main requirements of lettering? Ans17:- 1) The knowledge of shape and proportion of each letter. 2) The knowledge of the order and direction of the strokes used in making letters. 3) The knowledge of the general composition of letters. 4) The knowledge of rules for combining letters into words and words into sentences. Q18 What is lettering? Ans18 The art of writing the alphabets A, B, C,.Z and numbers such as 1, 2, 30 etc. is known as lettering. Q19 What do you mean by composition of letters? Ans19 The composition means the composing of letters into words and words into sentences. The letters are so arranged that the open area between two letters of a word appears equal to the eye judgement.

Q20 What do you mean by uniformity of letters? Ans20 The uniformity of lettering means keeping the height, inclination, spacing and strength of letters to be same. It is very essential for good lettering in engineering drawing. Q21 What do you mean by normal, compressed and extended lettering? Ans21 Normal lettering: - The normal lettering have normal height and width and are used for general purposes. The width of the normal letter is about 0.67 times of the height of the letter. Compressed lettering: - The compressed lettering are those which are written in the narrow space. These are used when the space is limited. The widths of the condensed letters are less than height. Extended lettering: - The extended lettering are those which are wider than noramal letters but of the same height. Q22 What are the guidelines and why they are necessary in lettering? Ans22:- The lines which are used to regulate the height and inclination to the letters and numerals are known as guidelines. These are to be drawn at random. The guidelines are used to regulate the uniformity of the letters. Q23 What do you mean by single stroke letters? Ans 23:- Single stroke letters means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. Single stroke letters are of two types. 1) Vertical 2) Inclined (75deg. With horizontal) Q24 What is the gothic and roman lettering? Ans24 Gothic lettering The lettering in which all the alphabets are of uniform width or thickness is known as gothic lettering. It can be divided into following groups. (i) Vertical or Upright vertical gothic lettering (ii) Inclined or Italic gothic lettering Roman lettering The lettering in which all the alphabets are composed of thick and thin elements is known as roman lettering and can either be vertical or inclined. Q25 What do you mean by freehand lettering? Ans25 The art of writing the alphabets without the use of drawing instrument is called freehand lettering. The freehand lettering is of the following types. (a) Vertical or upright freehand gothic lettering. (i) Single stroke vertical freehand gothic lettering. (ii) Lowercase vertical freehand gothic lettering. (b) Inclined or italic freehand gothic lettering. (iii) Single stroke italic freehand gothic lettering. (iv) Lower case italic freehand gothic lettering. Q26 What should be the grade of pencil used for lettering? Ans26 HB and H grade pencils sharpened to a conical point should be used for lettering. To keep the stroke of the letters uniform, the pencils should be rotated between the thumb and fingers while lettering. Hard pencils such as 2H or 3H should be used to draw guidelines. Q27 What is the importance of dimensioning? Ans27:-1) Dimensioning expresses all the sizes and other information necessary to define the object. 2) It must be done with due regard to manufacturing processes and inspection requirements.

3) The dimensioning also includes expression of tolerances necessary for the correct functioning of the part given to be assembled. Q28 What is dimensioning? Ans28 The art of writing the various sizes or measurements on the finished drawing of an object is known as dimensioning. Q29 What do you understand by the term notation of dimensioning? Ans29 The notation of dimensioning consists of dimension lines, extension lines, arrow heads, dimension figures, notes, symbols etc. Q30 What is a leader or pointer line? How a leader should be drawn? Ans30 A leader is a thin continuous line drawn from note of the figure to show where it applies. It is terminated by an arrow head or a dot. The arrow head touches the outline, whereas the dot is placed within the outline of the object. The leader is generally drawn at any convenient angle, usually 30, 45, and 60 but not less than 30. Q31 Explain with the help of a simple sketch (i) size dimensions (ii) location dimensions. Ans31 Size dimension The dimensions which indicate the various sizes of the object such as length, breadth, diameter etc. are known as size dimensions. These dimensions are represented by letter S. Figure. Location dimension The dimensions which locate the position of one feature w.r.t. the other feature are known as location dimensions. Distances between the centre lines of the holes from the edges are given by location dimensions. These dimensions are marked by letter L. Figure.

Q32 What are the aligned system and unidirectional system of dimensioning? Or What are the different methods of dimensioning? Ans32:-1) Aligned Method: - In aligned system, the dimensions shall be placed parallel to and above the dimension lines, preferably in the middle and not by interrupting the dimension lines. Here the dimensions can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing. Figure. 2) Unidirectional Method: - In this system dimensions shall be horizontally placed so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet. Here the dimension lines may be interrupted preferably near the middle for the insertion of dimensions. Figure. Q33 What are the general rules of dimensioning? Ans33:-1) Every dimension must be given, but no single dimension should be repeated. 2) Dimensions should be placed outside the views. 3) Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines wherever possible. 4) Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the drawing. 5) Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended. Q34 Explain with simple sketches, the methods of dimensioning (i) circles (ii) radii (iii) angles (iv) spherical shapes (v) holes. Ans34

Q35 Explain with the help of sketches (i) chain dimensioning (ii) parallel dimensioning and (iii) combined dimensioning. Ans35 Chain Dimensioning In this system, dimensions are arranged in a straight line. Figure. Parallel dimensioning In this arrangement, all the dimensions are given from common base line. The smaller dimensions are placed nearer the view and the larger further away so that the extension lines do not cross dimensions lines. Figure. Combined dimensioning Combined dimensioning is the result of the simultaneous use of chain and parallel dimensioning. Figure. Q36 What is a scale? Ans36:-A scale is defined as the proportion by which we either reduce or increases the actual size of the object on a drawing. 1) Full size scale:-The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are drawn to same size on the drawing is known as full size scale. 2) Reducing scale: - The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are reduced to some proportion is known as reducing scale. 3) Enlarging scale: - The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are increased to some proportion is known as enlarging scale. Q37 What is the representative fraction (R.F.) or scale factor (S.F.)? Ans37:-The ratio of the drawing size of an object to its actual size is called the Representative fraction. R.F. = Dimension of an object on sheet / Actual dimension of an object Q38 What are the main uses of scale? Ans38 The following are the main uses of scale in engineering practice. (i) The scales are used to prepare reduced or enlarged size drawings. (ii) The scales are used to set off dimensions. (iii) The scales are used to measure distances directly. Q39 What are the information necessary for scale? Ans39 To construct a scale, the following informations are necessary. (i) The representative fraction (R.F.) of the scale. (ii) The units to be presented either in metric or British measures. (iii) The maximum length of the scale. Q40 What is difference between plane scale and diagonal scale? Ans40:-Plain Scale:-A plain scale is simply a line which is divided into a suitable number of equal parts, the first of which is further sub-divided into small parts. It is used to represent either two units or a unit and its fraction such as km and hm, m and dm, etc. Diagonal Scale:- A diagonal scale is used when very minute distances such as 0.1 mm etc. are to be accurately measured or when measurements are required in three units; for example dm, cm, and mm. Q41 What is the principle of a diagonal scale? Ans41: - The principle of diagonal scale is to divide a short line into any number of equal parts by following the diagonal divisions method of construction.

Q42 What is the difference between a quadrilateral and a polygon? Ans42 Quadrilateral A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight lines and containing four angles. Polygon A polygon is a plane figure bounded by more than four straight lines and containing more than four angles. Q43 What is the difference between a parallelogram and a rhombus? Ans43 Parallelogram A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the opposite sides are equal and parallel. Rhombus A rhombus is a quadrilateral in which all the sides are equal and the angles are not right angles. However, in this case the opposite angles are equal. Q44 What is the difference between regular and irregular polygons? Ans44 Regular polygon A regular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are equal. Irregular polygon An irregular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are not equal. Q45 Name the principal planes of projections. Ans45:-There is two planes employed for projection and are known as reference planes or principle planes of projections. These planes intersect at right angles to each other. These are 1) Vertical plane: - The plane which is vertical is called vertical plane and is denoted by V.P. Vertical plane is also known as Frontal Plane as front view is projected on this plane. 2) Horizontal plane:-The plane which is horizontal and at right angle to the V.P is called Horizontal Plane and it is denoted by H.P. Q46:- What is the principle of projection? Ans46:-If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contours of an object to meet a plane, the object is said to be projected on that plane. The figure formed by joining in correct sequence the points at which these lines meet the planes is called the projection of the object. Q47 What is ground line (G.L.) or intersection or reference line? Ans47:-The line of intersection of two principle planes of projections i.e. VP and HP is called reference or intersection or ground line and is denoted by x-y line. Q48 What is an auxiliary view? Ans48:-The view obtained on the auxiliary plane which is parallel to the inclined surface of an object is called auxiliary view. Q49 What do you understand by missing lines? Ans49 The lines which are added in the given orthographic projection in order to complete the drawing of an object are called missing lines. Q50 What do you understand by missing views? Ans50 The view which is added in the given orthographic projections in order to complete the drawing of an object is called missing views. Q51 What is a sectional view? Why sectional views are used in drawing? Ans51 The view obtained after cutting the object in order to show the inner details by an imaginary cutting plane is known as sectional view. Sectional views are used in drawing to show the interior details of the object, which are not visible to the observer from outside.

Q52 What is a cutting plane or section plane? Ans52:- The imaginary plane by which the object is assumed to be cut is called the cutting plane or sectional plane. They may be perpendicular or parallel to one of the principle planes and either perpendicular or inclined to the other plane. These planes are represented by their traces. Q53 What are section or hatching lines? Ans53 The lines used to represent the material which has been cut by the cutting plane are called section lines. They are also called hatchings or crosshatchings. These are equally spaced lines inclined at 45 to the horizontal. Q54 What do you mean by sections of solids? Ans54 the solids which are cut by the section planes to visualize the internal constructional details of the invisible features are known as section of solids. Q55 What is apparent section? Ans55:- The projection of the section on the plane to which it is inclined is called as apparent section. Q56 What is true section? Ans56:- The projection of the section on a plane parallel to the plane will show the true shape of the section. Q57 How will you classify sections of solids? Or What are the different positions of a section plane w.r.t. two reference lines? Or What are the types of sections of solids? Ans57:- 1) Section of solids obtained by horizontal planes. 2) Section of solids obtained by vertical planes. 3) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary inclined planes. 4) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary vertical planes. 5) Section of solids obtained by profile plane. Q58 What do you understand by V.T. and H.T. of section plane? Ans58 Horizontal trace (H.T) H.T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the H.P. Vertical trace (V.T.) V.T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the V.P. Q59 What do you mean by Frustum? Ans59 When the section plane is parallel to the base plane of a cone or pyramid, it will form a frustum. Q60 What do you mean by truncated? Ans60 When the section plane is inclined to the base plane of a solid, it will form a truncated. Q61 What do you understand by intersection of surfaces? Ans61 The lines or curves which are formed when surfaces of two solids intersect with each other are known as intersection of surfaces or interpenetration of solids. Q62 What are the lines or curve of intersection or interpenetration? Ans62:- When a solid penetrates into another solid, their surfaces meet in a line called the line or curve of intersection or interpenetration. Q63 Give the practical applications of the intersection of surfaces or interpenetration of solids.

Ans63:- It is used in (i) sheet metal shop (ii) pipe fittings (iii) boiler fittings (iv) aeroplane construction (e.g. wings, fuse lags etc.) (v) Automobile layout works (e.g. body wheel house, chairs etc.) Q64 Name the methods of plotting the lines of intersection or inter-penetration of solids? Ans64:- 1) Line method or piercing point method 2) Cutting plane method Q65:- How will you classify the intersecting surfaces? Ans65:-1) the intersection of plane surfaces 2) The intersection of two curved surfaces 3) The intersection of a plane surface and a curved surface Q66 What do you mean by development of surfaces? Ans66:- A layout of the complete surface of a three dimensional object on a plane surface is called its development or pattern. Q67:- What is stretch out or girth line? Ans67:- The stretch out or girth line is the length of the pattern or development and is given by the perimeter of the object measured in a plane at right angles to the axis. This term is used in patterns of objects having a constant cross section for their full length. e.g. prisms and cylinders. Q68 What is the principle of development? Ans68 The development is based on the principle which indicates that every line on the development must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object for which development is required. Q69 What are the different methods of development of surfaces? Ans69:- 1) Parallel line development 2) Radial line development 3) Triangulation development 4) Approximate method Q70 Why the true lengths of slant edges are determined? Ans70 The true length of slant edges are determined because every line on the development must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object to be developed. Q71 What are the applications of development of surfaces? Ans71:- It is used in the fabrication of simple to highly complicated shapes from flat surfaces in sheet metal shops, in the construction of boilers, pattern making, tunnels, buckets, chimney etc. Q72 What is a point? Ans72 A point is that which has simply position but no magnitude. It is generally represented by a very small circle or dot. Q73 What do you mean by octants? Ans73 When the three planes i.e. H.P., V.P. and P.P. divide the entire space into eight quadrants, then these quadrants are known as octants. Q74 What is the difference between first angle and third angle projection? Which angle projection is recommended by B.I.S. now a days? Or

What are the types of orthographic projections? Ans74:-First angle projection:-In this projection the object is assumed to be situated in first quadrant, i.e. in front of V.P and above HP the projections obtained on these planes is called first angle projection. The symbol for the first angle projection is Figure. Third angle projection: - In this Projection the object is assumed to be situated in the third quadrant that is below HP and behind VP .The front view comes below the XY line and the top view above it. The symbol for the third angle projection is Now a day we are working with first angle projection because it is recommended by the B.I.S and it is adopted by almost all the countries of the world since 1983. Figure. Q75 Why the projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants? Ans75 The projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants because the overlapping will take place. It will become very difficult to understand the views. Q76 When the auxiliary planes are used? Ans76 The auxiliary planes are used in order to view the true shape of an inclined surface. The projection drawn on the auxiliary plane is known as the auxiliary view and gives the true shape of the inclined surface. Q77 What are the types of auxiliary planes? Ans77:-The plane placed at any angles to the principle planes is called auxiliary plane. Auxiliary planes are of two types. 1) Auxiliary vertical plane (A.V.P.):-It is perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the VP. Projection on an AVP is called auxiliary front view. 2) Auxiliary inclined plane (A.I.P.):-It is perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP. Projection on AIP is called auxiliary top view. Q78 Define a straight line. Ans78 A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between the two points. Q79:- What is true length of a line? Ans79:-When a straight line is inclined to one plane and parallel to the other, its projections on the plane to which it is parallel will show its true length. Q80 What do you mean by projections of a straight line? Ans80:-To draw the front view, top view and side view of a straight line is called projection of a straight line. Q81:- What is inclination of a straight line? Ans81:-It is defined as the angle which the line makes with the plane. As such a line has two inclinations i.e. inclination with the HP is represented by an angle and inclination of a line with VP is represented by an angle . Q82 What are the apparent angles of inclinations? Ans82 The angle made by the front view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination . The angle made by the top view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination . Q83 Name the methods to determine the true length and true inclinations of a straight line.

Ans83:-The following methods are used when the line is inclined to both the reference planes. 1) Rotation method 2) Auxiliary plane method 3) Trapezoid method. Q84 What are skew lines? Ans84:-Any two lines that are not parallel with each other and do not intersect are called skew lines. Q85 What is the trace of a straight line? Ans85:-When a straight line is inclined to a plane, it will meet that plane, produced if necessary. The point in which the line or line produced meets the plane is called its trace. 1) Horizontal trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the HP is called the horizontal trace. 2) Vertical trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the VP is called the vertical trace. Q86 Define a plane. Ans86:-A flat surface generated by moving a straight line in space is called a plane. A plane fig. has only two dimensions i.e. length and breadth. Q87 What is the difference between a plane and a lamina? Ans87:-Plane:-A plane has no boundary and it extends to infinity in all directions. Lamina:-The plane which has limited extent is also known as lamina. Q88 What are the types of planes? Ans88:-There are two types of planes. 1) Perpendicular planes:-The planes which are perpendicular to one or both the reference i.e. VP and HP are called perpendicular planes. 2) Oblique planes:-The planes which are inclined to both the reference planes i.e. VP and HP are called oblique planes. Q89 What is the trace of a plane? Ans89:-The lines in which the planes meet the reference planes i.e. HP and VP are called the traces of the planes. There are two types of traces of planes. 1) Horizontal trace:-The intersection of a plane with the horizontal plane is called the horizontal trace. 2) Vertical trace:-The intersection of a plane with the vertical plane is called the vertical trace. Q90 What is a solid? Ans90 An object having three dimensions i.e. length, breadth and height is called a solid. E.g. Prisms, Pyramids, cone, cylinder etc. Q91 What are different types of solids? Ans91:- Solids may be divided into two main groups. 1) Polyhedra or polyhedron: - A polyhedra is defined as a solid bounded by planes called faces. Which meet in straight lines called edges? 2) Solids of revolution: - The solids which are formed by the revolution of plane figures are known as solids of revolution. e.g. Cylinders, cones, sphere etc. Q92:- What are right solids? Ans92:- A solid is said to be a right solid if its axis is perpendicular to its base or its end faces. Q93 What are oblique solids?

Ans93:- If the axis of a solid is inclined at an angle other than 90 to its base or end faces, it is called as an oblique solid. Q94:- What are regular solids? Ans94:- If all the edges of the base or the end faces of a solid are equal in length and form regular plane figures, it is said to be a regular solid. Q95 What is the difference between prism and pyramid? Ans95:- 1) Prism:- A prism is a polygon having two equal and similar end faces, called bases, parallel to each other and joined by other side faces which are rectangles or parallelograms. 2) Pyramid: - A pyramid is a polyhedron, having a polygon as its base and a number of triangular faces, equal to the number of sides of the base polygon, meeting at a common point called the apex or vertex. Q96 What are the various positions which a solid can take w.r.t. the reference planes? Ans96 The following are the different positions which a solid can take w.r.t. the reference planes. (i) The solid resting on base on H.P., with its axis perpendicular to H.P., and parallel to V.P. (ii) The solid resting on face on H.P., with its axis perpendicular to V.P., and parallel to H.P. (iii) The solids resting on face on H.P., with its axis parallel to H.P. and V.P. (iv) The solid with its axis inclined to one plane and parallel to the other. (v) The solid with its axis inclined to both the reference planes i.e., H.P. and V.P. Q97:- What is an isometric view? Ans97:- If the projection of an object is so drawn that all the three axis of the object are equally inclined to the plane of projection then it is called an isometric view. Q98:- What is an isometric scale? Ans98:- The proportion by which the actual length is converted to isometric length is called as isometric scale. Q99 What are isometric axis? Ans99 The three lines OA, OB and OC meeting at a point and making 120 angles with each other are termed as isometric axis. Q100:- What are isometric and non isometric lines? Ans100:- The lines which are parallel to isometric axis are called as isometric lines. The lines which are not parallel to isometric axis are called non isometric lines. Q101 What are iso-metric planes? Ans101 The planes representing the faces of an isometric view of the cube as well as the other planes parallel to these planes are called isometric planes. Q102 Give the various positions of isometric axis. Ans102 The various positions of isometric axis are as follows. Figure.