INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering (ECM) & Department of Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

Koneru Lakshmaiah College of Engineering (KLCE)

Vaddeswaram

Name: D/o

Chaitanya.M

Name: Purnima.M Address: 29-25-

Address: S/o M. Rama rao 29-25-43A, 43a Vemurivari street, Vemurivari street,

Suryarao pet, pet, Vijayawada, Vijayawada Pin: 520 002. 520 002. Phone: 9885467088 2474381 E-mail: [email protected] purnimamandava [email protected] @rediffmail.com Phone:

Suryarao

Pin: 0866-

E-mail:

INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Contents:

1. Introduction 2. Need for the Intelligent systems
2.a. The automobile boom 2.b. Making use of advaced technologies 2.c. Saving the resources

3. What actually is the ITS? 4. User services provided by the ITS 5. How does the ITS work?
5.a. Data acquisition

5.b. Data transmission 5.c. Control 5.d. Vehicle equipment interaction

6. Components of the ITS 7. Importance of the wireless systems:

7.a. The GPS 7.b. RFID Tags 7.c. Cell phones (3G) & Sensor technology

8. Latest technologies
8.a. Telematics 8.b. X-by-wire

9. Distraction factors 10. Conclusion 11. Bibliography

1.Introduction:
It is a well documented fact that highway traffic congestion in the metropolitan areas of the world is becoming a major concern for governments, private sectors, transportation consulting firms, and international environmental organizations. Everybody, without exception, has experienced the frustration of being captured in a traffic jam. The traffic congestion is, to a great extent, responsible for the increased accident rates and their consequences human life losses, lost time, increased air pollution and expensive repairs. The relief from traffic congestion through the construction of highways has only been temporary, because new commercial and residential growth goes in parallel. The traditional solution has been to construct more and larger highways. However, due to the high

financial, social and environmental costs of such projects, that is no longer seen as a viable option Several solutions have emerged to solve this problem, but the concept of Intelligent Transportation System appears to be the most attractive one. The concept makes use of the modern electronic and communication technologies to create a modern transportation system. The program's overall objective is to apply information and control technologies to help solve transportation problems. More specific goals include increased transportation efficiency, greater safety, energy savings, and improved environmental quality. The program is designed to exploit the use of advanced computer, communications, and sensor technology to improve travel on highways and via mass transit.

2.Need for the Intelligent systems:

2.a. The automobile boom: Traffic congestion is not a new problem. The introduction of affordable mass-produced cars provoked a rapidly increasing population of drivers demanding paved city and rural roads. This fact quickly expanded the scope and intensity of the traffic problems. The increase of automobiles and trucks during several decades after the car boom has resulted in the construction of more and more highways. 2.b. Making use of advaced technologies: Many innovations have come to use in a more efficient way the existing infrastructure, such as: improved traffic-signal controllers, changeable highway signs, rerouting rush-hour traffic, creation of traffic control centers that monitor and display gross traffic conditions, use of preplanned alternative traffic solution based on repeated daily traffic patters, etc. The more efficient use of the existing road network using the emerging advancements in technology seems to be the most acceptable answer. However, there is not a consensus of how to face the problem. It is necessary to find a way to operate the existing system more effectively and efficiently, but this system does not respond dynamically to traffic congestion .It is unable to change traffic-handling rules rapidly in response to actual traffic conditions. In that sense, it is indispensable to create the basis for a new generation of vehicles and highways that will interact intelligently as a unit. This new concept to face

the growing traffic problems and its consequences is what the Intelligent Vehicle / Highway System(IVHS) or the Intelligent Transportation System. 2.c. Saving the resources: The scary prospect is that most local communities feel that road construction will never catch up with the traffic load. Financial constraints, political issues, and environmental impact studies slow and in some cases actually prevent new road construction. In general, traffic is going to get worse before it gets better. The goal of the ITS is to use technology to help increase the capacity of existing roads. While the primary objective of the ITS is to improve traffic flow, the system can significantly reduce emissions, too. Eliminating the need to stop and start the vehicle or to idle at red lights or toll booths has an enormous impact on the amount of pollution generated. Some tests illustrate how improved traffic signals and automatic toll collection can decrease emissions as well as reduce fuel consumption by as much as 14%.

3. What actually is the ITS?

It is an Intelligent transportation system, in which vehicles and highways will exchange information through a two-way communication system. The automated highways will have a set of lanes on which vehicles with specialized sensors and wireless communications systems could travel under computer control at closely spaces intervals. This type of arrangement is called Platoons. The vehicles could continuously exchange information with other vehicles and traffic-control centers about speed, acceleration, braking, obstacles, road conditions, etc. Sensor data can be processed and sent back to each vehicle guaranteeing a continuous exchange of information. The highway system will know the destinations and planned routes of individual vehicles. In that way the system can coordinate traffic flow more efficiently, reduce speed fluctuations, monitor unsafe vehicle operation and traffic shock waves, maximize highway capacity and minimize avoidable traffic congestion. In addition, the system will respond to changing highway conditions. The vehicles might use several types of devices to sense its environment, such as magnetometers, visual sensors, infrared sensors, laser sensors, accelerators, etc. Each vehicle has to have a powerful computer to process sensory data and the information that comes from the traffic-control centers.

4.User services provided by the ITS:

The Department of Transport (DOT) has helped define a group of user services that have been standardized by the International Standards Organization (ISO). These are divided into eight major categories: Automated Traveler Information Systems (ATIS): The objective is to provide as much information as possible about traffic and road conditions to help drivers plan the fastest and most efficient routes. Pretrip information would be made available by phone or computer link at home or the office. Additional information can be obtained during the trip through digital radio or cell phone. These systems also include an on-board navigational system. By combining GPS and route maps, drivers can receive information on a screen about their location to minimize the possibility of getting lost or taking a clogged or inefficient route. Automated Traffic Management Systems (ATMS): This part of the infrastructure is designed to optimize traffic flow and reduce traffic congestion by sensing traffic conditions through sensors and video monitors. An ATMS takes the information that it gathers and provides adaptive traffic signal control, ramp metering, and updated traffic message signs. In addition to the traffic signs, a radio-based in-vehicle system would be available to provide further information about weather and road conditions, depending upon the driver's location. The ATMS assumes the presence of some central monitoring and control facility where all of the related information is analyzed, updated, and communicated. Automated Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS): A long-term and perhaps even idealistic objective of ITS, AVCS would allow the autonomous operation and/or remote control of the vehicle. In these systems, the driver is partially taken out of the driving loop. Such a system includes vision enhancement and distance-warning systems using short-range radar, IR, or video, which would be tied to an adaptive cruise control to adjust vehicle speed and/or the brakes. The distance-measuring systems would produce either a warning to the driver or it might automatically handle vehicle speeds by engine or brake control. AVCS could also include other measures, like automatic steering, that use sensors embedded in the road for collision avoidance and safety. Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO): This facilitates interstate trucking. CVO provides for electronic systems to deal with clearance paperwork, automated safety

inspections, weighing trucks at highway speeds, and monitoring operations to improve safety, fuel efficiency, and emissions. Far more development has already taken place in the CVO area than any of the others in the ITS program. Trucking companies have developed and used navigation and truck tracking and monitoring systems by satellite and other wireless systems for many years. Automated Public Transport Systems (APTS): This part of the ITS program relates to public transportation systems involving buses, light rail, and the like. These systems provide route information to users as well as the monitoring and tracking of the various vehicles. APTS will provide a way to monitor ridership and enhance the safety of public transportation too. Emergency Management: The whole purpose of this segment of the ITS is to ensure rapid notification of accidents for prompt response to wrecks, vehicle breakdowns, hazardousmaterial spills, and other emergencies. Electronic Payment: Becoming more common, these facilities automate payments for tolls, parking, entrance, or fees. Such payments stop or slow down traffic more and more each year. Automated payment systems use RFID to permit automated payment through subscriptions and smart cards. Safety: Most of the other systems help ensure the safety of drivers. Additional safety systems primarily improve safety for pedestrians. This can be accomplished by providing systems for drivers to detect and avoid pedestrians, by controlling walk-signal duration to minimize pedestrian accidents, and by implementing systems to more efficiently deal with handicapped and elderly persons.

5. How does the ITS work?

As mentioned earlier, for the ITS to become a reality, it will take not only smart highways and an attendant infrastructure, but also a smart vehicle that can work in conjunction with the system. To make these two work together, the ITS equipment must perform several basic functions, including data acquisition, data transmission, control, and vehicle equipment interaction.

The data-acquisition system for the intelligent highway will use different types of sensors to detect the presence and quantity of traffic and weather conditions. Induction loop detectors are widely used today at intersections to provide control to signal lights. These will remain in use, but other types of sensors will be installed at intersections and along roadways. Radar sensors have successfully been installed on overhead structures to detect traffic on multilane highways. Additionally, video cameras in a closed-circuit television (CCTV) system will be employed. All of the sensor data and video will then be transmitted by wireless means to a control center for the analysis and compilation for its ultimate use. The ITS also envisions using probe or floating vehicles that are sent out into the traffic to further sense both traffic and road conditions. Once the data has been collected, analyzed, and formatted, it will again be transmitted by wireless means. Traffic and road-condition data can be transmitted by standard broadcast AM, FM, and TV stations, or by radio data systems (RDSs), the new digital satellite radios. The ITS control center would be set up to acquire, process, and communicate the collected information. The system would verify the information's accuracy, reconcile conflicting data, and prepare a set of traffic-condition data for transmission. The control center would additionally monitor critical areas of roadways and intersections with CCTVs, as well as display this information. Large traffic maps of the complete area covered would be maintained so operators could continuously observe the status of major roadways. Emergency and rescue operations could be initiated and coordinated. Control centers would develop wireless messages for transmission to display signs or to supply adaptive control to traffic signals and other control methods. Ultimately, control centers may even transmit commands to provide remote control of individual vehicles.

Of course, considerable data acquisition will take place inside the vehicle too. A variety of sensors will determine vehicle speed and location. An on-board global positioning satellite (GPS) system will provide the driver with current location information that also can be transmitted to a control or emergency center. Sensors might signal the number of passengers in the car, vehicle orientation (tilted, upside down, and so forth), or engine and chassis data that helps assess and diagnose the physical condition or maintenance status of the vehicle. Data transmission from the vehicle will occur via cellular telephone. With the data transmission capabilities of the newer and forthcoming 3G cell phones, this seems like the most practical, realistic, and economical method of sending vehicle data. As for the vehicle equipment, it will consist of sensors, processors, and communications equipment that will interact with the infrastructure systems. Most of this equipment has already been developed and is being deployed in upscale automobiles. Generally known as telematics, this subsystem consists of a built-in cell phone with sensors and control capability. A key part of the system will be the GPS receiver. It will supply location information that can be transmitted via the cell phone. Additionally, the GPS system will be implemented in conjunction with a processor and digitized maps that will provide on-

screen maps for driver navigation. The GPS location information also can be transmitted for the purpose of locating the vehicle in the event of an accident. Furthermore, most new telematic systems automatically dial emergency services when an airbag deploys.

6. Components of ITS:
An Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is comprised of many functional areas. The areas vary from remote camera surveillance of highways to direct contact with the traveling public. Courtesy Patrol: Assisting motorists is a public service provided at no direct cost to the traveler on area freeways. Courtesy Patrol teams are equipped with the necessary tools to assist with minor incidents such as flat tires, stalled vehicles, and minor accidents. Their objective is to help move disabled vehicles from the main lanes and ultimately get them operating or off the facility completely. The teams follow scheduled routes during peak traffic periods. The teams are also alerted to accidents by emergency response dispatchers. The Courtesy Patrol in the Dallas-Fort Worth area is operated by TxDOT and logs in excess of 40,000 miles of travel per month. Dynamic Message Signs: Dynamic message signs (DMS) are located on major freeways and provide important information to travelers. Messages can be changed by ITS control center operators to reflect the current conditions, route traffic, inform of construction schedules, ozone warnings, etc. Most message signs are permanently mounted along freeways, while others are portable and can be used at construction sites, during special events, and in the event of a major traffic accident. Closed Circuit TV: Closed circuit TV (CCTV) is used to identify the exact location and severity of incidents to improve response and provide accurate information to other motorists. It is also used to assist in dispatching Courtesy Patrol vehicles to render aid to disabled vehicles. The CCTV images and video are not recorded or used in law enforcement.

7. Importance of the wireless systems: *7.a.

With the Global Positioning System (GPS) for civilian purposes, the world of communications changed dramatically. GPS is a Satellite Navigation System funded and controlled by the U. S. Department of Defense (DOD). GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity, and time. The introduction of the GPS system and the recent advances in mapping and tracking make it possible to locate a cars position via a computer model of all roads. Navigational assistance is a reality and it is implemented in some high-end car models all over. By enabling the Selective Ability (SA) in the GPS system it is now possible to detect a vehicle accurately to less than 5 meters. * 7.b. A major part of the ITS, its radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag and its related system, permits a vehicle and/or driver to identify itself automatically. RFID systems are employed for automatic data collection. They use low-power, short-range transmitters and receivers to communicate identification numbers. This kind of device permits automatic toll taking and automatic payment for parking, gasoline, fast food, or any other goods or services.The availability of very small unobtrusive and inexpensive RFID sensors makes it possible to implement a variety of automatic billing and identification functions necessary for a fully intelligent highway and vehicle. A tag contains a 154-bit reprogrammable memory. The 154 bits of data stored there includes the following fields: a 9-bit header, an 8-bit customer number, 104 bits (13 bytes) of user data, a 16-bit checksum, and 17 zero bits between the various fields and data bytes. This information is transmitted back to the reader at a 70-kbit/s rate using a Manchester-encoded signal that amplitude-modulates the 13.56-MHz carrier. *7.c. A feature of the 3G Cell Phones is location notification. These phones have the capability to announce their location either by an embedded GPS receiver or a proprietary location system developed by the cell-phone carrier. Some carriers use their cell sites and triangulation to pinpoint the position of a cell-phone user actively online. This permits fast and easy location of a person to report accidents or other problems. The 3G phones also promise much faster Internet access with e-mail and instant messaging. Higher data speeds allow video as well. Obviously the 3G phones will seriously upgrade the telematics systems.

* Sensors of wide varieties monitor all types of vehicle data. In addition to location and speed, things such as engine speed, temperature, transmission gear, fuel and oil levels, and tire pressure can be measured and transmitted or stored. Advanced systems will include sensors for longitudinal or lengthwise distance measurements with radar, laser, or infrared (IR) detectors. This distance information can provide a warning to the driver, or in closed-loop systems it can provide automatic operation of a cruisecontrol or braking system to increase the gap between vehicles should spacing become too close or the closing rate between vehicles become too great. Ultrasonic sensors or video also can be implemented to detect people, objects, or vehicles in the front or back. The availability of such data will make it possible to install a "black box" which will record the data necessary to determine a vehicle's status before and after an accident.

8. Latest technologies:
8.a. Telematics is the convergence of computing, information, wireless connectivity, and
GPS location technologies in a mobile platform which enables various Location-based and Multimedia communication services for the mobility market. Applications such as dynamic GPS navigation, real-time traffic reports, automated crash and theft notifications, location tracking, and remote diagnostics are some examples of Telematics. 8.b. X-by-wire is an amazing technology which brings into existence a fully automatic guided vehicles. X-by-wire systems effectively replace the mechanical links existing between the driver's controls and the mechanism that actually performs the function. The most common functions being designed are X-by-wire for steering, brakes, and throttle control. X-by-wire would eliminate the conventional steering systems where theres a direct link between the steering wheel and the steering components in the front end by way of gears and hydraulic assists. A transducer, like a potentiometer attached to the steering wheel, will send steering-position input signals electrically to a servo system in which electric motors on the steering components provide the power to turn the wheels. The same scenario applies with brakes. A brake switch or variable transducer activated by the driver's foot will send an electrical signal to the brake system. The mechanical link between the gas pedal and the fuel-injection system will similarly be replaced by a remote control device using a servo actuator.

9. Distraction factors:

The number of accidents resulted due to the heavy use of cell phones has risen over the past several years. In addition the intelligent automobile is about to take us to a whole new level of distraction. The new additional features may put us at risk. The ultimate distraction will be the Internet. The telematic and 3G cell phones have data capability with access to the web, e-mail and e-commerce sites. Given the capability many drivers will use these features just for coolness factor. In addition the in-lash LCD navigation screens, the new digital radios having LCD screens with music information and traffic data to read showing up in many cars are a major distraction factor.

10. Conclusion:
The solution lies in good design, plus voice recognition and text-to-speech. Good design dictates non-distracting ergonomics or even lock-out features that prevent usage unless the vehicle is stopped. Voice recognition will solve many of the problems, as most people can actually speak and drive at the same time. Modern speech-recognition systems are very capable and easily permit phone dialing, making radio or CD changes, and accessing e-mail. The text-to-speech feature will give drivers data in verbal form, further minimizing distractions. We need to factor all these safety measures ourselves for the implementation of this great new technology.