Oracle DBA Code Examples

Page 1 Oracle DBA Code Examples
Or acl e DBA Code Ex ampl es

Version Dat e: Dec 2010
Edit or: Ahmed Baraka

Document Pur pose
This document is edit ed t o be a quick reference of code examples used t o achieve specific
Oracle DBA t asks. No explanat ion on any subj ect is present ed.
The document is simply orient ed based on t he required t ask, t he code t o perform t he t ask and
any precaut ions or warnings when using t he code. Also, it will be specified if t he code is
version specific. The document mainly demonst rat es using SQL and PL/ SQL code t o achieve
any t ask. I t does not concent rat e on using OEM t o perform a t ask. However, if t here will be a
significant advant age, t here could be j ust some hint s on using OEM for some t asks.
Pr er equi si t es
The document assumes t hat t he reader has already t he knowledge of Oracle dat abase
administ rat ion.
How t o Use t he Document
1. Go t o Cont ent s sect ion
2. Search t he required t ask
3. Click on t he required t ask link
4. Read t he warnings and/ or usage guideline, if any.
5. Make any modificat ion in t he code t o mat ch your case.
Or acl e Dat abase Ver si ons
The code present ed in t he document is t o operat e on Oracle dat abase versions 10g and 11g. I t
will be st at ed, if t he code is version specific.
Obt ai ni ng Lat est Ver si on of t he Document
Lat est version can be obt ained from my sit e or by emailing me at info@ahmedbaraka. com
Usage Ter ms
Anyone is aut horized t o copy t his document t o any means of st orage and present it in any
format t o any individual or organizat ion for non- commercial purpose free.
No individual or organizat ion may use t his document for commercial purpose wit hout a
writ t en permission from t he edit or.
This document is for informat ional purposes only, and may cont ain t ypographical errors and
t echnical inaccuracies.
Ther e i s no w ar r ant y of any t y pe f or t he code or i nf or mat i on pr esent ed i n t hi s
document . The edi t or i s not r esponsi bl e f or any l oses or damage r esul t ed f r om
usi ng t he i nf or mat i on or ex ecut i ng t he code i n t hi s document .
I f any one wishes t o correct a st at ement or a t yping error or add a new piece of informat ion,
please send t he request t o i nf o@ahmedbar ak a. com


Document Par t s
Par t 1 Or acl e DBA Fundament al s _______________________ 34
Par t 2 Or acl e Dat abase Net Ser v i ces ___________________ 223
Par t 3 Or acl e Dat abase Back up and Recover y ____________ 232
Par t 4 Or acl e Dat abase Secur i t y ______________________ 292
Par t 5 Or acl e Dat abase Per f or mance Tuni ng _____________ 321
Par t 6 Or acl e Aut omat i c St or age Management ( ASM) ______ 373
Par t 7 Or acl e Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er __________________ 386
Par t 8 Or acl e War ehousi ng __________________________ 505
Par t 9 Or acl e Dat abase Ut i l i t i es _______________________ 510
Par t 10 Mi scel l aneous Or acl e Dat abase Topi cs _____________ 534
Par t 11 PL/ SQL Sampl es ______________________________ 544
Par t 12 Appendi x es _________________________________ 613


Cont ent s
Par t 1 Or acl e DBA Fundament al s _______________________ 34
DBA: Best Pr act i ces ____________________________________ 35
DBA: Best Pract ice Guidelines for St andalone and RAC Dat abases ___________ 35
Or acl e Dat abase I nst al l at i on Consi der at i on __________________ 36
Est imat ing Disk and Memoery Requirement s ___________________________ 36
Opt imal Flexible Archit ect ure _______________________________________ 36
Oracle Product s I nst alled wit h t he 11.1 Release _________________________ 37
I nst al l i ng Or acl e 10g R2 on Ent er pr i se Li nux 4 _______________ 38
I nst allat ion Environment ___________________________________________ 38
Required Soft ware _______________________________________________ 38
Used Hardware __________________________________________________ 38
I nst allat ion Plan _________________________________________________ 38
1. Preinst allat ion t asks __________________________________________________ 38
2. Oracle Dat abase 10g Soft ware I nst allat ion ________________________________ 42
3. Apply Pat chset 3 ( 10. 2. 0. 4) for Clust erware and Dat abase Soft ware ____________ 42
4. Configure List eners __________________________________________________ 43
5. Creat e Dat abase _____________________________________________________ 43
6. Post inst allat ion Tasks _________________________________________________ 43
I nst al l i ng Or acl e 11g R2 on Ent er pr i se Li nux 5 _______________ 45
Used Hardware __________________________________________________ 45
2. Oracle Dat abase 11g Soft ware I nst allat ion ________________________________ 51
3. Apply Pat chset ______________________________________________________ 51
4. Configure List eners __________________________________________________ 51
5. Creat e Dat abase _____________________________________________________ 51
6. Post inst allat ion Tasks _________________________________________________ 51

I nst al l i ng Or acl e 11g R2 on Ent er pr i se Li nux 5.5 w i t h ASM ______ 53
Used Hardware __________________________________________________ 53
2. Oracle Grid I nfrast ruct ure inst allat ion ____________________________________ 59
3. Oracle Grid I nfrast ruct ure Pat ching ______________________________________ 60
4. Oracle Dat abase 11g R2 Soft ware I nst allat ion ______________________________ 60
5. Oracle Dat abase 11g R2 Soft ware Pat ching ________________________________ 61
6. I nst all EM Agent in clust er nodes ( if required) ______________________________ 61
7. ASM Diskgroups Creat ion ______________________________________________ 61
8. Dat abase Creat ion ___________________________________________________ 61
9. Post inst allat ion t asks _________________________________________________ 61
10. General Useful Post inst allat ion Tasks in Linux _____________________________ 61
Managi ng Or acl e Dat abase I nst ance _______________________ 63
Product Release Number ___________________________________________ 63
Oracle Dat abase Release Number Format ___________________________________ 63
Obt aining License I nformat ion ______________________________________ 63
Managing t he I nst ance Archit ect ure __________________________________ 63
Obt aining I nformat ion about t he I nst ance Processes ___________________________ 63
Obt aining I nformat ion about t he SGA ______________________________________ 64
Clearing t he Buffer Cache ________________________________________________ 64
Dat abase Administ rat ion Aut hent icat ion _______________________________ 64
Using Operat ing Syst em Aut hent icat ion _____________________________________ 64
Using Password File Aut hent icat ion ________________________________________ 65
I dent ifying Users SYSDBA or SYSOPER Users ________________________________ 65
Dat a Dict ionary and Dynamic Performance Views ________________________ 65
Dat a Dict ionary Creat ion ________________________________________________ 65
St art up and Shut down ____________________________________________ 65
St art up Levels ________________________________________________________ 65
Shut down Levels ______________________________________________________ 65
Aut omat ically St art ing Dat abases__________________________________________ 65
Quiescing a Dat abase _____________________________________________ 70

Suspending a Dat abase ___________________________________________ 70
Dropping a Dat abase _____________________________________________ 70
I nit ializat ion Files ________________________________________________ 70
Managing I nit ializat ion Files ______________________________________________ 70
Managing Paramet ers in SPFI LE ___________________________________________ 71
Alert and Trace Files ______________________________________________ 71
Monit oring Alert and Trace Files ___________________________________________ 71
Managi ng Or acl e Dat abase Phy si cal St r uct ur e ________________ 73
Managing Cont rol Files ____________________________________________ 73
Obt aining Cont rol File informat ion _________________________________________ 73
Creat ing Addit ional Copies, Renaming, and Relocat ing Cont rol Files _______________ 73
Creat ing New Cont rol Files _______________________________________________ 73
Backing Up Cont rol Files _________________________________________________ 74
Manage t he Size of Cont rol Files __________________________________________ 74
Mult iplexing t he Cont rol File ______________________________________________ 74
Maint aining Online Redo Log Files ____________________________________ 75
Forcing Log Swit ches and Checkpoint s ______________________________________ 75
Adding Online Redo Log File Groups ________________________________________ 75
Adding Online Redo Log File Members ______________________________________ 75
Dropping Online Redo Log File Groups ______________________________________ 75
Dropping Online Redo Log File Members ____________________________________ 75
Relocat ing and Renaming Redo Log Members ________________________________ 75
Verifying Blocks in Redo Log Files _________________________________________ 76
Clearing a Redo Log File _________________________________________________ 76
Viewing Redo Log I nformat ion ____________________________________________ 76
Managing Archived Redo Logs_______________________________________ 76
Obt aining I nformat ion about Archive Log ____________________________________ 76
Changing t he Dat abase Archiving Mode _____________________________________ 77
Specifying Archive Dest inat ions and t heir Opt ions _____________________________ 77
Specifying t he Minimum Number of Successful Dest inat ions _____________________ 77
Cont rolling Archiving t o a Dest inat ion ______________________________________ 78
Cont rolling Trace Out put Generat ed by t he Archivelog Process ___________________ 78
Managing Tablespaces ____________________________________________ 78
Obt aining Tablespace I nformat ion _________________________________________ 78
Creat ing a Locally Managed Tablespace _____________________________________ 81

Specifying Segment Space Management ____________________________________ 81
Adding Space t o Tablespace ______________________________________________ 81
Specifying Nonst andard Block Sizes for Tablespaces ___________________________ 81
Using Bigfile Tablespace ( BFT) ____________________________________________ 81
Using Temporary Tablespace _____________________________________________ 82
Renaming a Tempfile ___________________________________________________ 82
Shrinking Temporary Tablespace __________________________________________ 82
Using Default Temporary Tablespace _______________________________________ 82
Using Temporary Tablespace Groups _______________________________________ 82
Suppressing Redo Generat ion for a Tablespace _______________________________ 83
Cont rolling Tablespaces Availabilit y ________________________________________ 83
Using Read-Only Tablespaces _____________________________________________ 83
Renaming Tablespaces __________________________________________________ 83
Default Permanent Tabelspace ____________________________________________ 83
Dropping Tablespaces___________________________________________________ 83
Managing t he SYSAUX Tablespace _________________________________________ 83
Diagnosing and Repairing Locally Managed Tablespace Problems _________________ 84
Verifying t he I nt egrit y of Segment s Creat ed in ASSM Tablespaces.________________ 84
Checking Consist ency of Segment Ext ent Map wit h Tablespace File Bit maps ________ 85
Verifying t he I nt egrit y of ASSM Tablespaces _________________________________ 86
Marking t he Segment Corrupt or Valid ______________________________________ 86
Dropping a Corrupt ed Segment ___________________________________________ 87
Dumping a Segment Header and Bit map Blocks ______________________________ 88
Marking a DBA Range in Bit map as Free or Used ______________________________ 88
Rebuilding t he Appropriat e Bit map _________________________________________ 88
Rebuilding Quot as for Given Tablespace ____________________________________ 89
Migrat ing from a Dict ionary- Managed t o a Locally Managed Tablespace ____________ 89
Fixing t he St at e of t he Segment s in A Tablespace _____________________________ 89
Scenario 1: Fixing Bit map When Allocat ed Blocks are Marked Free ( No Overlap) _____ 89
Scenario 2: Dropping a Corrupt ed Segment __________________________________ 89
Scenario 3: Fixing Bit map Where Overlap is Report ed __________________________ 90
Scenario 4: Correct ing Media Corrupt ion of Bit map Blocks ______________________ 90
Transport ing Tablespaces Bet ween Dat abases ________________________________ 90
Managing Alert Thresholds _________________________________________ 92
Get t ing t he Current Threshold Set t ing ______________________________________ 92
Set t ing Tablespace Alert Thresholds________________________________________ 93
Rest oring a Tablespace t o Dat abase Default Thresholds ________________________ 94
Modifying Dat abase Default Thresholds _____________________________________ 94

Viewing Alert s _________________________________________________________ 95
Managing Dat afiles and Tempfiles ____________________________________ 96
Creat ing Dat afiles ______________________________________________________ 96
Enabling and Disabling Aut omat ic Ext ension for a Dat afile ______________________ 96
Manually Resizing a Dat afile ______________________________________________ 96
Bringing Dat afiles Online or Taking Offline in ARCHI VELOG Mode _________________ 96
Taking Dat afiles Offline in NOARCHI VELOG Mode _____________________________ 96
Renaming and Relocat ing Dat afiles in a Single Tablespace ______________________ 96
Dropping Dat afiles _____________________________________________________ 97
Copying a File on a Local File Syst em_______________________________________ 97
Transferring a File t o a Different Dat abase___________________________________ 97
Dumping a Dat a Block __________________________________________________ 98
Managing Undo Tablespaces ________________________________________ 99
Obt aining I nformat ion on Undo ___________________________________________ 99
Enabling Aut omat ic Undo Management ____________________________________ 100
Creat ing an Undo Tablespace ____________________________________________ 100
Set t ing St art up Undo Tablespace _________________________________________ 100
Tuning Undo Ret ent ion _________________________________________________ 100
Using Undo Advisor ___________________________________________________ 100
Set t ing t he Undo Ret ent ion Period ________________________________________ 101
Enabling Ret ent ion Guarant ee ___________________________________________ 101
Dropping an Undo Tablespace ___________________________________________ 101
Using Oracle Managed Files (OMF) __________________________________ 101
Managi ng Schema Obj ect s ______________________________ 102
Chaching Small Tables in Memory ___________________________________ 102
Creat ing Virt ual Columns _________________________________________ 102
Creat ing Part it ioned Tables ________________________________________ 102
Part it ion Maint enance Operat ions ___________________________________ 107
Creat ing Mult iple Tables and Views in a Single Operat ion _________________ 108
Collect ing Obj ect St at ist ics ________________________________________ 108
Collect ing I ndex St at ist ics ______________________________________________ 108
Collect ing Table St at ist ics _______________________________________________ 109
Collect ing Schema St at ist ics _____________________________________________ 109
Validat ing Tables, I ndexes, Clust ers, and Mat erialized Views ______________ 110
List ing Chained and Migrat ed Rows of Tables and Clust ers ________________ 111

Truncat ing Tables or Clust ers ______________________________________ 111
Enabling and Disabling Triggers ____________________________________ 111
Managing I nt egrit y Const raint s _____________________________________ 112
Set t ing Const raint St at es and Deferabilit y __________________________________ 112
Modifying, Renaming, or Dropping Exist ing I nt egrit y Const raint s ________________ 112
Report ing Const raint Except ions _________________________________________ 113
Obt aining I nformat ion on Const raint s _____________________________________ 113
Renaming Schema Obj ect s ________________________________________ 113
Managing Obj ect Dependencies ____________________________________ 113
Manually Recompiling Views Procedures and Packages ________________________ 113
Swit ching t o a Different Schema ____________________________________ 113
Using DBMS_METADATA t o Display I nformat ion About Schema Obj ect s ______ 113
Specifying St orage Paramet ers at Obj ect Creat ion ______________________ 114
Managing Resumable Space Allocat ion _______________________________ 114
Enabling Resumable Space Allocat ion _____________________________________ 114
Det ect ing Suspended St at ement s ________________________________________ 115
Obt aining I nformat ion about Suspended St at ement s __________________________ 116
Reclaiming Wast ed Space _________________________________________ 116
Displaying I nformat ion About Space Usage for Schema Obj ect s _________________ 116
Segment Advisor _____________________________________________________ 120
Shrinking Dat abase Segment s Online _____________________________________ 121
Deallocat ing Unused Space _____________________________________________ 122
Capacit y Planning for Dat abase Obj ect s ______________________________ 122
Est imat ing t he Space Use of a Table ______________________________________ 122
Obt aining Obj ect Growt h Trends _________________________________________ 123
Using t he SQL Access Advisor ______________________________________ 124
Est imat ing t he Space Use of a Table ______________________________________ 124
Managi ng Tabl es _____________________________________ 130
Obt aining I nformat ion about Tables _________________________________ 130
Creat ing Tables wit h some Opt ions __________________________________ 130
DML Error Logging ______________________________________________ 131
Enabling Direct - Pat h I NSERT ______________________________________ 131
Aut omat ically Collect ing St at ist ics on Tables ___________________________ 132

Alt ering Tables _________________________________________________ 132
Performing Online Redefinit ion wit h DBMS_REDEFI NI TI ON ________________ 133
Redefining a Table ____________________________________________________ 133
Redefining a Single Part it ion ____________________________________________ 135
Migrat ing BasicFile LOBs t o SecureFiles ____________________________________ 136
Using Flashback Drop and Managing t he Recycle Bin ____________________ 137
Managing I ndex- Organized Tables __________________________________ 137
Managing Ext ernal Tables _________________________________________ 138
Managi ng I ndex es ____________________________________ 141
Using I ndexes __________________________________________________ 141
Using Bit map Join I ndexes ( BJI ) ____________________________________ 142
Part it ioned I ndexes ______________________________________________ 143
Managing Mat erialized Views ______________________________________ 143
Using Mat erialized Views _______________________________________________ 143
Using Query Rewrit ing _________________________________________________ 145
ReWrit e Hint s ________________________________________________________ 147
Using EXPLAI N_MVI EW Procedure: Viewing Mat erialized View Capabilit ies _________ 147
Regist ering a User- defined Table as Mat erialized View_________________________ 148
Managi ng Cl ust er s and Hash Cl ust er s _____________________ 149
Managi ng Vi ew s, Sequences, and Synony ms ________________ 151
Managi ng Tr ansact i ons ________________________________ 152
I mplement ing Oracles Concurrency Cont rol ___________________________ 152
Oracle I solact ion Levels ________________________________________________ 152
Oracle Lock Types ____________________________________________________ 152
I dent ifying Blocking Sessions ____________________________________________ 153
Using Aut onomous Transact ion _____________________________________ 153
Managing Long Transact ions wit h Workspace Manager ___________________ 154
Repai r i ng Cor r upt ed Dat a ______________________________ 162
Opt ions for Repairing Dat a Block Corrupt ion ___________________________ 162
Det ect ing Corrupt ions Met hods _____________________________________ 162

Using dbv ( DBVerify) Ut ilit y _______________________________________ 162
Set t ing t he I nit ializat ion Paramet ers for Det ect ing Corrupt ion _____________ 162
Verifying Block I nt egrit y in Real Time: DB_BLOCK_CHECKI NG __________________ 162
Verifying Block I nt egrit y in Real Time: DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM __________________ 163
Det ect ing lost writ e: DB_LOST_WRI TE_PROTECT ____________________________ 163
Set t ubg t he DB_ULTRA_SAFE Paramet er ( I n Oracle 11g) ______________________ 163
Using ANALYZE Command ________________________________________ 163
Using EXP t o Det ect Corrupt ion _____________________________________ 163
Using DBMS_REPAI R _____________________________________________ 164
DBMS_REPAI R Limit at ions and Rest rict ions _________________________________ 164
Evaluat e t he Cost s and Benefit s of Using DBMS_REPAI R _______________________ 164
Det ect and Report Corrupt ions using DBMS_REPAI R __________________________ 165
Managi ng Aut omat ed Dat abase Mai nt enance Task s __________ 167
Predefined Aut omat ed Maint enance Tasks ____________________________ 167
Predefined Maint enance Windows ___________________________________ 167
Obt aining I nformat ion about Predefined Maint enance Tasks _______________ 167
Enabling and Disabling Maint enance Tasks ____________________________ 168
Configuring Maint enance Windows __________________________________ 168
Managi ng Resour ces __________________________________ 170
Obt aining I nformat ion on Dat abase Resource Manager___________________ 181
Monit oring Oracle Dat abase Resource Manager ________________________ 183
Usi ng Or acl e Schedul er ________________________________ 185
Using Jobs _____________________________________________________ 185
Using Programs _________________________________________________ 191
Using Schedules ________________________________________________ 193
Using Job Classes _______________________________________________ 194
Using Windows _________________________________________________ 194
Using Window Groups ____________________________________________ 196
Using Event s Raised by t he Scheduler _______________________________ 197
Using Event s Raised by an Applicat ion ( Event s-Based Jobs) _______________ 200
Using Chains ___________________________________________________ 202

Allocat ing Resources Among Jobs ___________________________________ 206
Administ ering Oracle Scheduler ____________________________________ 206
Configuring Oracle Scheduler ____________________________________________ 206
Monit oring and Managing t he Scheduler ___________________________________ 207
Enabling, Using and DisablingRemot e Ext ernal Jobs __________________________ 208
I mport / Export and t he Scheduler _________________________________________ 210
Scheduler Privileges ___________________________________________________ 210
Scheduler Dat a Dict ionary Views _________________________________________ 210
Using t he UTL_FI LE Package ____________________________________________ 211
Dat a Loadi ng and Tr ansf or mi ng Tool s _____________________ 213
Usi ng Dat abase Li nk s _________________________________ 214
Managi ng Di agnost i c Dat a ______________________________ 215
Set t ing t he Aut omat ic Diagnost ic Reposit ory Direct ory ___________________ 215
Using adrci Tool ________________________________________________ 215
General usage of adrci _________________________________________________ 215
Using adrci t o Package I ncident s _________________________________________ 216
Managing Dat abase Healt h Monit or __________________________________ 216
Managing Dat a Recovery Advisor ___________________________________ 218
Using SQL Test Case Builder _______________________________________ 219
Pat chi ng Or acl e Pr oduct s ______________________________ 220
Using Oracle Opat ch _____________________________________________ 220
Par t 2 Or acl e Dat abase Net Ser v i ces ___________________ 223
Connect i vi t y Nami ng Met hods ___________________________ 224
The Local Naming Met hod _________________________________________ 224
The Easy Connect Naming Met hod __________________________________ 224
The Ext ernal Naming Met hod ______________________________________ 224
The Direct ory Naming Met hod ______________________________________ 225
Dat abase Resident Connect ion Pooling ( DRCP) _________________________ 225
Or acl e and Java Dat abase Connect i v i t y ____________________ 227

Est ablishing Dat abase Connect ivit y __________________________________ 227
Mi scel l aneous Connect i v i t y Opt i ons _______________________ 229
Set t ing t he Default Connect St ring __________________________________ 229
I nst alling t he I nst ant Client _______________________________________ 229
Set t ing List ener Opt ions __________________________________________ 229
Set t ing Access Cont rols___________________________________________ 229
Changing Windows Host name ______________________________________ 230
Par t 3 Or acl e Dat abase Back up and Recover y ____________ 232
Back up Gui del i nes ____________________________________ 233
Causes of Unplanned Down Time ___________________________________ 233
Causes of Planned Down Time _____________________________________ 233
Oracles Solut ion t o Down Time ____________________________________ 234
Minimizing Unplanned Downt ime Guidelines ___________________________ 234
SLA Sample ___________________________________________________ 235
Planning a Backup St rat egy Guidelines _______________________________ 235
Ex ampl es of Back up Schedul es f or a Dat abase ______________ 236
User - Managed Back ups ________________________________ 237
Obt aining Dat abase File I nformat ion _________________________________ 237
Making Whole Closed Dat abase Backups ___________________________________ 237
Making a Whole Open Backup ___________________________________________ 237
Making Tablespace Backups _____________________________________________ 238
Obt aining Backup St at us I nformat ion ________________________________ 238
Checking Dat afiles Taken as Backup ________________________________ 238
Handling Crash Before User- Manged Backup Ends ______________________ 238
Backing up Cont rol File ___________________________________________ 239
Backing Up I nit ializat ion Files ______________________________________ 239
User - Managed Compl et e Recover y _______________________ 240
User- Managed Recovery in NOARCHI VELOG Mode ______________________ 240

User- Managed Recovery in NOARCHI VELOG Mode Wit hout Redo Log File _____ 240
User- Managed Complet e Recovery in ARCHI VELOG Mode _________________ 240
Re- Creat ing Lost Dat afiles Wit hout Backup ____________________________ 241
User - Managed I ncompl et e Recov er y ______________________ 242
Common Sit uat ions Requiring I ncomplet e Recovery _____________________ 242
User- Managed I ncomplet e Recovery St eps ____________________________ 242
Recovering from Lost Cont rol File by Re- Creat ing t he Cont rol File __________ 242
Fl ash Recover y Ar ea __________________________________ 246
Obt aining I nformat ion on Flash Recovery Area _________________________ 246
Configuring Flash Recovery Area____________________________________ 246
Backing Up t he Flash Recovery Area _________________________________ 246
Moving t he Flash Recovery Area ____________________________________ 247
Recov er y Manager ( RMAN) _____________________________ 248
Using A Media Management Layer ( MML) wit h RMAN ____________________ 248
Obt aining I nformat ion about and relat ed t o RMAN using Dict ionary Views ____ 248
St art ing RMAN _________________________________________________ 250
Using rlwrap Ut ilit y wit h RMAN in Unix-Based Syst ems ___________________ 251
Configuring t he RMAN Environment _________________________________ 251
RMAN Channel Commands ________________________________________ 252
Durat ion in days of RMAN informat ion in Cont rol File ____________________ 253
Monit oring RMAN Jobs____________________________________________ 253
Using RMAN BACKUP Command ____________________________________ 253
Backing Up Cont rol File and SPFile __________________________________ 254
Backing Up Archived RedLogs ______________________________________ 254
Backup in NOARCHI VELOG Mode ___________________________________ 255
Encrypt ing RMAN Backups ________________________________________ 255
Using Compression in RMAN Backups ________________________________ 255
Using Mult iplexed Backup Set s _____________________________________ 255
Using Parallelizat ion of Backup Set s _________________________________ 255

Using Duplexed Backup Set s ( Backupset Copies) _______________________ 256
Making I mage Copies ____________________________________________ 256
Validat ing Backup _______________________________________________ 257
I ncrement al Backup _____________________________________________ 257
Tags for Backups and I mage Copies _________________________________ 257
Creat ing Archival Backups_________________________________________ 257
Monit oring RMAN Backups ________________________________________ 258
RMAN Complet e Recovery ______________________________________ 258
Validat ing Backup Files _________________________________________________ 258
Previewing Backup Files Required by a Rest ore ______________________________ 259
I dent ifying Dat afiles Requiring Recovery ___________________________________ 259
Performing Complet e Recovery __________________________________________ 259
RMAN I ncomplet e Recovery _______________________________________ 260
Simplified Recovery Through Reset logs ______________________________ 260
Recovering from Lost Cont rol File using RMAN _________________________ 261
Block Media Recovery (BMR)_______________________________________ 261
Trial Recovery __________________________________________________ 261
Handling Specific Errors During Recovery _____________________________ 262
Configuring I nst ance Crash Recovery Time ( MTTR) _____________________ 263
Working wit h t he Dat a Recovery Advisor in RMAN ______________________ 263
RMAN Maint enance ______________________________________________ 264
Cross Checking Backups and Copies ______________________________________ 264
Delet ing Backups and Copies ____________________________________________ 264
Changing t he Availabilit y of RMAN Backups and Copies ________________________ 264
Exempt ing a Backup or Copy from t he Ret ent ion Policy ________________________ 265
The CATALOG Command _______________________________________________ 265
The CHANGE UNCATALOG Command ____________________________________ 265
RMAN Cat alog __________________________________________________ 266
Creat ing a Recovery Cat alog ____________________________________________ 266
RMAN Cat alog Report ing _______________________________________________ 266
Upgrading a Recovery Cat alog ___________________________________________ 266
I mport ing Recovery Cat alogs ____________________________________________ 267
Moving a Recovery Cat alog _____________________________________________ 267
Dropping a Recovery Cat alog ____________________________________________ 267

Virt ual Privat e Cat alogs ___________________________________________ 267
Using RMAN Script s______________________________________________ 268
Dupl i cat i ng ( Cl oni ng) a Dat abase ________________________ 270
Dat abase Duplicat ion ( Cloning) Met hods ______________________________ 270
Dat abase Duplicat ion Techniques ___________________________________ 270
Dat abase Duplicat ion Prerequisit es __________________________________ 270
Duplicat ing an Act ive Dat abase using RMAN ___________________________ 270
Duplicat ing a Dat abase wit hout Recovery Cat alog or Target Connect ion______ 272
Manually Duplicat ing a Dat abase ___________________________________ 274
Usi ng Or acl e Fl ashback Technol ogy _______________________ 278
Fl ashback Opt i ons ____________________________________ 279
Pr epar i ng Your Dat abase f or Fl ashback ____________________ 280
Usi ng Row Level Fl ashback Opt i ons _______________________ 281
Flashback Query ________________________________________________ 281
Flashback Versions Query _________________________________________ 281
Flashback Transact ion Query ______________________________________ 282
Flashback Transact ion (Backout ) ___________________________________ 282
Usi ng Tabl e Lev el Fl ashback Opt i ons ______________________ 284
Flashback Table ________________________________________________ 284
Flashback Drop _________________________________________________ 284
Flashback Dat a Archive ___________________________________________ 285
Usi ng Fl ashback Dat abase ______________________________ 289
When t o use Flashback Dat abase ___________________________________ 289
Flashback Dat abase Considerat ions _________________________________ 289
Using Flashback Dat abase_________________________________________ 289
Rest ore Point s __________________________________________________ 290
Par t 4 Or acl e Dat abase Secur i t y ______________________ 292

Or acl e Dat abase Secur i t y Management ____________________ 293
Secur i t y Gui del i nes ___________________________________ 294
Managi ng User s ______________________________________ 296
Dat abase Aut hent i cat i on _______________________________ 298
Managin Passwords ______________________________________________ 298
Ext ernal ( OS) Aut hent icat ion ______________________________________ 298
Proxy Aut hent icat ion _____________________________________________ 299
Logging I n As a Different User _____________________________________ 299
Killing User Sessions from OS ______________________________________ 299
Cont r ol l i ng Dat abase Access ____________________________ 301
Syst em and Obj ect Privileges ______________________________________ 301
I nvoker Right s and Definer Right s __________________________________ 301
Roles _________________________________________________________ 301
Users, Roles, and Privileges Views __________________________________ 302
Fine- Grained Dat a Access (Virt ual Privat e Dat abase VPD) ________________ 303
Audi t i ng Dat abase ____________________________________ 306
St andard Audit ing _______________________________________________ 306
Cust omizing Dat abase Audit ing wit h Triggers __________________________ 307
Audit ing t he Dat abase Using Syst em Trigger __________________________ 309
Using Fine Grained Audit ing _______________________________________ 312
Usi ng Dat a Encr y pt i on _________________________________ 315
Oracle Transparent Dat a Encrypt ion (TDE) ____________________________ 315
Tablespace Encrypt ion ___________________________________________ 316
Fi ne- Gr ai ned Access Cont r ol f or UTL_* Pack ages ____________ 318
Creat ing ACL ___________________________________________________ 318
Access Cont rol List s Maint enance ___________________________________ 319
Query Your Access Cont rol List _____________________________________ 320

Par t 5 Or acl e Dat abase Per f or mance Tuni ng _____________ 321
Managi ng Per f or mance St at i st i cs ________________________ 322
Managing OS St at ist ics ___________________________________________ 322
Managing Dat abase St at ist ics ______________________________________ 326
Syst em and Session St at ist ics ___________________________________________ 326
Time Model St at ist ics __________________________________________________ 327
Wait Event s _________________________________________________________ 328
Act ive Session Hist ory ( ASH) ____________________________________________ 330
Segment St at ist ics ____________________________________________________ 332
Handling I mport ant Oracle Wait Event s ______________________________ 332
Using OS Wat cher _______________________________________________ 333
Opt i mi zi ng Per f or mance i n Wi ndow s Ser v er ________________ 335
Opt imizing Performance in Windows Server 2003 _______________________ 335
Tuni ng t he Dat abase I nst ance ___________________________ 336
Tuning t he Shared Pool ___________________________________________ 336
Tuning t he Buffer Cache __________________________________________ 337
Tuning PGA ____________________________________________________ 339
Using Server Result Cache ________________________________________ 339
Obt aining I nformat ion about Obj ect Locks ____________________________ 342
Handling a Hanging Dat abase ______________________________________ 343
Accurat ely Measuring Process Size __________________________________ 343
Managi ng Aut omat i c Wor k l oad Reposi t or y ( AWR) ____________ 345
Managi ng Aut omat ed Mai nt enance Task s __________________ 346
Using Aut omat ic Dat abase Diagnost ic Monit or (ADDM) ___________________ 346
Using Aut omat ic SQL Tuning Advisor ________________________________ 348
I mpl ement i ng Aut omat i c Memor y Management _____________ 351
Conf i gur i ng DB_nK_CACHE_SI ZE ________________________ 352
Managi ng Opt i mi zer Oper at i ons _________________________ 353

Set t ing t he Opt imizer Mode _______________________________________ 353
Defining Access Pat hs and Joins for t he Query Opt imizer _________________ 353
Gat hering Opt imizer St at ist ics _____________________________________ 357
Gat hering Obj ect St at ist ics ______________________________________________ 357
Gat hering Syst em St at ist ics _____________________________________________ 358
Changing St at ist ics Preferences ____________________________________ 358
Managing Pending and Published St at ist ics ____________________________ 359
Managing Ext ended St at ist ics ______________________________________ 360
Mult iColumn St at ist ics _________________________________________________ 360
Expression St at ist ics ___________________________________________________ 361
A Si mpl e Appr oach t o Tuni ng SQL St at ement s _______________ 362
Usi ng Appl i cat i on Tr aci ng Tool s __________________________ 363
Using t he SQL Trace Facilit y and TKPROF _____________________________ 363
Using t he Event 10046 t o Trace SQL Code ____________________________ 363
Tracing End t o End Applicat ion _____________________________________ 364
Enabling and Disabling St at ist ic Gat hering for End t o End Tracing __________ 365
Wr i t i ng Ef f i ci ent SQL __________________________________ 367
I mpr ovi ng SQL Pr ocessi ng Techni ques ____________________ 370
Usi ng SQL Tuni ng Advi sor ______________________________ 371
Par t 6 Or acl e Aut omat i c St or age Management ( ASM) ______ 373
Managi ng Or acl e ASM _________________________________ 374
Obt aining I nformat ion about ASM I nst ance____________________________ 374
Creat ing an ASM I nst ance _________________________________________ 374
Managing Disk Groups and Disks in ASM _____________________________ 375
Fundement als of Managing Disk Groups and Disks ___________________________ 375
Managing Disk Groups At t ribut es _________________________________________ 376
Monit oring Long- Running Operat ions ________________________________ 378
Migrat ing a Dat abase t o ASM ______________________________________ 379

Moving a Tablespace t o ASM _______________________________________ 379
Accessing an ASM inst ance from DB Console __________________________ 380
Managing ASM Files _____________________________________________ 381
Using ASMCMD Ut ilit y ____________________________________________ 382
Using SYSASM Privilege and OSASM Group ___________________________ 384
Manually Upgrading Oracle AS from 10g t o 11g ________________________ 385
Par t 7 Or acl e Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er __________________ 386
Or acl e RAC Possi bl e I nst al l at i on Conf i gur at i ons _____________ 387
I nst al l i ng Or acl e 10g R2 RAC on Ent er pr i se Li nux 4 __________ 388
I nst allat ion Environment __________________________________________ 388
Required Soft ware ______________________________________________ 388
Used Hardware _________________________________________________ 388
I nst allat ion Plan ________________________________________________ 388
1. Preinst allat ion t asks _________________________________________________ 389
2. Oracle Clust erware inst allat ion _________________________________________ 396
3. Oracle Dat abase 10g Soft ware I nst allat ion _______________________________ 400
4. Apply Pat chset 3 ( 10. 2. 0. 4) for Clust erware and Dat abase Soft ware ___________ 401
5. I nst all EM Agent in clust er nodes ( if required) _____________________________ 402
6. Configure List eners _________________________________________________ 402
7. Perform ASM inst allat ion _____________________________________________ 403
8. Perform clust er dat abase creat ion ______________________________________ 403
9. Post inst allat ion t asks ________________________________________________ 405
10. Useful Post inst allat ion Tasks _________________________________________ 406
I nst al l i ng Or acl e 11g R2 RAC on Ent er pr i se Li nux 5 __________ 407
Main Changes in Oracle 11g Release 2 RAC ___________________________ 407
Used Hardware _________________________________________________ 407
2. Oracle Grid I nfrast ruct ure inst allat ion ___________________________________ 416

3. Oracle Grid I nfrast ruct ure Pat ching _____________________________________ 418
4. Oracle Dat abase 11g R2 Soft ware I nst allat ion _____________________________ 418
5. Oracle Dat abase 11g R2 Soft ware Pat ching _______________________________ 419
7. ASM Diskgroups Creat ion _____________________________________________ 419
8. RAC Dat abase Creat ion ______________________________________________ 420
9. Post inst allat ion t asks ________________________________________________ 421
10. General Useful Post inst allat ion Tasks in Linux ____________________________ 421
I nst al l i ng Or acl e 10g R2 RAC on Wi ndow s__________________ 423
I nst allat ion Met hods _____________________________________________ 423
Used Virt ual Hardware ___________________________________________ 423
2. Oracle Clust erware inst allat ion _________________________________________ 426
3. Apply Pat ch Set 3 ( 10. 2. 0. 4) on Clust erware soft ware ______________________ 428
4. Oracle ASM 10g Soft ware I nst allat ion ___________________________________ 429
5. Apply Pat chset 3 ( 10. 2. 0. 4) on ASM Soft ware _____________________________ 430
7. Configure List eners _________________________________________________ 430
8. Creat e ASM I nst ance ________________________________________________ 431
9. I nst all Oracle RAC Dat abase Home Soft ware ______________________________ 432
10. Apply Pat chset 3 ( 10. 2. 0. 4) on Oracle RAC Soft ware Home _________________ 433
11. Perform clust er dat abase creat ion _____________________________________ 433
12. Useful Post inst allat ion St eps _________________________________________ 435
Cl eani ng Up Cl ust er w ar e I nst al l at i on on Wi ndow s ___________ 436
Si ngl e I nst ance t o RAC Conver si on _______________________ 438
The Tools t o Convert a Single I nst ance DB t o RAC ______________________ 438
Conversion Prerequisit es for Oracle 10g R2 ___________________________ 438
Using rconfig Ut it lit y _____________________________________________ 438
Using DBCA ____________________________________________________ 439

Admi ni st er i ng RAC Dat abase ____________________________ 441
Admi ni st er i ng Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e Component s ______________ 442
Managing Cluserware Daemons and Processes _________________________ 442
Displaying Clust erware Processes_________________________________________ 442
St art ing, St opping, Enabling and Disabling crs St ack __________________________ 442
CSS Paramet ers ________________________________________________ 442
Administ ering Vot ing Disks in RAC __________________________________ 442
Mult iplexing Vot ing Disks _______________________________________________ 442
Dynamically Adding and Removing Vot ing Disks aft er I nst alling RAC _____________ 443
Backing up Vot ing Disks ________________________________________________ 443
Recovering Vot ing Disks ________________________________________________ 443
Administ ering t he Oracle Clust er Regist ry ( OCR) _______________________ 443
Replacing t he OCR ____________________________________________________ 444
Adding and Removing t he OCR __________________________________________ 444
Repairing t he OCR ____________________________________________________ 444
Making Physical Backups of t he OCR ______________________________________ 444
Recovering t he OCR using t he Physical Backups _____________________________ 445
Making Logical Backups of t he OCR ( Export ing) ______________________________ 445
Making Logical Backups of t he OCR ( I mport ing) _____________________________ 445
Diagnosing OCR Problems wit h t he OCRDUMP and OCRCHECK Ut ilit ies ____________ 446
Admi ni st er i ng St or age _________________________________ 447
Dat afile Access in Real Applicat ion Clust ers _________________________________ 447
Redo Log File St orage in Real Applicat ion Clust ers ____________________________ 447
Aut omat ic Undo Management in Real Applicat ion Clust ers______________________ 447
Administ ering ASM I nst ances wit h SRVCTL in RAC ______________________ 448
Admi ni st er i ng Cl ust er Dat abases _________________________ 449
Displaying Current I nst ance in SQL* Plus Prompt _______________________ 449
St art ing and St opping I nst ances and RAC Dat abases ____________________ 449
St art ing Up and Shut t ing Down wit h SQL* Plus ______________________________ 449
I nt ermit t ent Windows Shut down I ssue in RAC Environment s ___________________ 449
St art ing Up and Shut t ing Down wit h SRVCTL ________________________________ 449
Cust omizing How Oracle Clust erware Manages RAC Dat abases ____________ 450
Swit ching Bet ween t he Dat abase Aut omat ic and Manual Policies ___________ 450

Cust omizing Resource Paramet ers (like AUTO_START) ___________________ 450
Handling I nit ializat ion Paramet er Files in RAC __________________________ 451
Set t ing Server Paramet er File Paramet er Values for Real Applicat ion Clust ers ______ 451
Paramet ers Used in RAC Dat abases _______________________________________ 451
Paramet ers t hat Must Have I dent ical Set t ings on All I nst ances __________________ 451
Paramet ers That Must Have Unique Set t ings on All I nst ances ___________________ 452
Paramet ers t hat Should Have I dent ical Set t ings on All I nst ances ________________ 452
ASM I nst ance I nit ializat ion Paramet ers and RAC _____________________________ 452
Dropping a RAC Dat abase _________________________________________ 452
Wor k l oad Management i n RAC ___________________________ 453
Types of Workload Dist ribut ion _____________________________________ 453
Connect ion Load Balancing ________________________________________ 453
Client -Side Load Balancing and Failover ____________________________________ 453
Server- Side Load Balancing _____________________________________________ 453
Fast Applicat ion Not ificat ion ( FAN) __________________________________ 454
Using Fast Applicat ion Not ificat ion Callout s ____________________________ 454
Configuring t he Server-Side ONS ___________________________________ 456
Administ ering Load Balancing Advisory _______________________________ 456
Monit oring Load Balancing Advisory _________________________________ 457
Transparent Applicat ion Failover (TAF) _______________________________ 458
TAF Basic Configurat ion wit hout FAN ( From Client Side) _______________________ 458
TAF Basic Configurat ion wit h FAN (Server- Side) _____________________________ 458
TAF Preconnect Configurat ion____________________________________________ 458
Verifying TAF Configurat ion _____________________________________________ 459
Enabling Dist ribut ed Transact ion Processing for Services _________________ 459
Admi ni st er i ng Ser v i ces ________________________________ 460
Service At t ribut es _______________________________________________ 460
Administ ering Services wit h DBCA __________________________________ 460
Administ ering Services wit h PL/ SQL _________________________________ 460
Administ ering Services wit h SRVCTL _________________________________ 462
Cont rolling t he Preferred and Available I nst ances _______________________ 462
Using Services wit h Client Applicat ions _______________________________ 463

Services and t he Scheduler ________________________________________ 463
Measuring Performance by Service Using t he AWR ______________________ 464
Service Thresholds and Alert s ______________________________________ 466
Service Performance Views ________________________________________ 467
Rest rict ed Session and Services ____________________________________ 467
Conf i gur i ng Recov er y Manager and Ar chi v i ng _______________ 468
Backup Possible Dist ribut ions in RAC ________________________________ 468
RMAN Rest ore Scenarios for Real Applicat ion Clust ers ___________________ 468
Clust er File Syst em Rest ore Scheme ______________________________________ 468
Non- Clust er File Syst em Rest ore Scheme __________________________________ 468
RMAN and Oracle Net in Real Applicat ion Clust ers ______________________ 468
Connect ing t o Specific Node _______________________________________ 468
I nst ance Recovery in Real Applicat ion Clust ers _________________________ 469
Single Node Failure in Real Applicat ion Clust ers ______________________________ 469
Mult iple- Node Failures in Real Applicat ion Clust ers ___________________________ 469
Configuring t he RMAN Snapshot Cont rol File Locat ion____________________ 469
Configuring t he RMAN Cont rol File and SPFI LE Aut obackup Feat ure _________ 469
Configuring Channels for RMAN in Real Applicat ion Clust ers _______________ 469
Configuring Channels t o use Aut omat ic Workload Balancing ____________________ 469
Configuring Channels t o Use a Specific I nst ance _____________________________ 469
Node Affinit y Awareness of Fast Connect ions __________________________ 470
Archived Redo Log File Convent ions in RAC ___________________________ 470
Archive Redo Log Configurat ion Scenarios ____________________________ 470
Aut omat ic St orage Management and CFS Archiving Scheme ____________________ 470
Non- Clust er File Syst em Local Archiving Scheme _____________________________ 470
Changing t he Archiving Mode in Real Applicat ion Clust ers ________________ 471
Delet ing Archived Redo Logs aft er a Successful Backup __________________ 471
Monit oring t he Archiver Processes __________________________________ 471
Log_Archive_Dest _1 Set To Default Even When DB_Recovery_File_Dest I s Set
( Bug 6373164) _________________________________________________ 471
Media Recovery in Real Applicat ion Clust ers ___________________________ 473
Parallel Recovery in Real Applicat ion Clust ers __________________________ 473

Using a Flash Recovery Area in RAC _________________________________ 473
Managi ng Back up and Recov er y _________________________ 474
Admi ni st r at i ve Opt i ons ________________________________ 475
Using Ent erprise Manager Grid Cont rol t o Discover Nodes and I nst ances _____ 475
Addit ional I nformat ion About SQL* Plus in RAC _________________________ 475
How SQL* Plus Commands Affect I nst ances _________________________________ 475
Displaying Running I nst ances____________________________________________ 475
Displaying Connect I dent ifier ____________________________________________ 475
Quiescing RAC Dat abases _________________________________________ 476
Quiesced St at e and Cold Backups ________________________________________ 476
Transparent Dat a Encrypt ion and Wallet s in RAC _______________________ 476
Administ ering Syst em and Net work I nt erfaces wit h oifcfg ________________ 476
Defining Net work I nt erfaces wit h oifcfg ____________________________________ 476
Synt ax and Commands for t he oifcfg Command- Line Tool ______________________ 476
Changing Public or I nt erconnect I P Subnet Configurat ion _________________ 477
Changing VI P Addresses __________________________________________ 477
Addi ng Nodes and I nst ances on UNI X- Based Sy st ems ________ 479
Adding Nodes t o a RAC Environment ________________________________ 479
Cloning Oracle Clust erware and RAC Soft ware in Grid Environment s ________ 479
Quick-St art Node and I nst ance Addit ion Procedures _____________________ 480
Adding an Oracle Clust erware Home t o a New Node __________________________ 480
Adding an Oracle Home wit h RAC t o a New Node ____________________________ 481
Det ailed Node and I nst ance Addit ion Procedure ________________________ 481
St ep 1: Connect ing New Nodes t o t he Clust er _________________________ 481
St ep 2: Ext ending Clust erware and Oracle Soft ware t o New Nodes _________ 481
St ep 3: Preparing St orage on New Nodes _____________________________ 481
St ep 4: Adding Nodes at t he Oracle RAC Dat abase Layer _________________ 482
St ep 5: Adding Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes ______________________ 482
Del et i ng Nodes and I nst ances on UNI X- Based Sy st ems _______ 483
Opt ion 1: Quick-St art Node and I nst ance Delet ion Procedures _____________ 483

Delet ing an Oracle Home wit h RAC from an Exist ing Node _____________________ 483
Delet ing an Oracle Clust erware Home from an Exist ing Node ___________________ 484
Opt ion 2: Det ailed Node and I nst ance Delet ion Procedure ________________ 485
St ep 1: Delet ing DB I nst ances from Real Applicat ion Clust ers Dat abases _____ 485
Using Ent erprise Manager t o Delet e Dat abase I nst ances from Exist ing Nodes ______ 485
Using DBCA in I nt eract ive Mode t o Delet e Dat abase I nst ances from Exist ing Nodes __ 485
Using DBCA in Silent Mode t o Delet e I nst ance from Exist ing Nodes ______________ 486
St ep 2: Delet ing Nodes from Real Applicat ion Clust ers Dat abases __________ 486
ASM I nst ance Clean-Up Procedures for Node Delet ion ___________________ 487
Addi ng and Del et i ng Nodes and I nst ances on Wi ndow s- Based
Sy st ems ____________________________________________ 488
Cloning Oracle Clust erware and RAC Soft ware in Grid Environment s ________ 489
Quick-St art Node and Dat abase I nst ance Addit ion and Delet ion Procedures ___ 489
Adding an Oracle Clust erware Home t o a New Node __________________________ 489
Adding an Oracle Home wit h RAC t o a New Node ____________________________ 489
Delet ing an Oracle Home wit h RAC from an Exist ing Node _____________________ 489
Delet ing an Oracle Clust erware Home from an Exist ing Node ___________________ 489
Det ailed Node and Dat abase I nst ance Addit ion and Delet ion Procedures _____ 489
Overview of Node Addit ion Procedures _______________________________ 489
St ep 1: Connect ing New Nodes t o t he Clust er _________________________ 489
Making Physical Connect ions ____________________________________________ 489
I nst alling t he Operat ing Syst em __________________________________________ 489
Verifying t he I nst allat ion wit h t he Clust er Verificat ion Ut ilit y ____________________ 489
Checking t he I nst allat ion _______________________________________________ 489
St ep 2: Ext ending Oracle Soft ware t o New Nodes at t he Oracle Clust erware __ 489
St ep 3: Preparing St orage on New Nodes _____________________________ 489
Raw Device St orage Preparat ion for New Nodes _____________________________ 489
St ep 4: Adding Nodes at t he Oracle RAC Dat abase Layer _________________ 489
St ep 5: Adding Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes ______________________ 489
Using Ent erprise Manager t o Add Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes _____________ 489
Using DBCA in I nt eract ive Mode t o Add Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes_________ 489
Using DBCA in Silent Mode t o Add Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes _____________ 489
Connect ing t o iSQL* Plus aft er Adding a Node _______________________________ 489
Adding Nodes t hat Already Have Clust erware and Oracle Soft ware t o a Clust er 490

Overview of Node Delet ion Procedures _______________________________ 490
St ep 1: Delet ing I nst ances from Real Applicat ion Clust ers Dat abases________ 490
Using Ent erprise Manager t o Delet e Dat abase I nst ances from Exist ing Nodes ______ 490
Using DBCA in I nt eract ive Mode t o Delet e Dat abase I nst ances from Exist ing Nodes __ 490
Using DBCA in Silent Mode t o Delet e I nst ance from Exist ing Nodes ______________ 490
St ep 2: Delet ing Nodes from Real Applicat ion Clust ers Dat abases __________ 490
St ep 3: ASM I nst ance Clean- Up Procedures for Node Delet ion _____________ 490
Moni t or i ng Per f or mance _______________________________ 491
RAC Common Tuning Tips _________________________________________ 491
I nst ance Recovery and RAC _______________________________________ 491
Global Cache Wait Event s _________________________________________ 491
Monit oring Performance in Ent erprise Manager _________________________ 492
Using t he Clust er Dat abase Performance Page_______________________________ 492
Using t he Clust er Dat abase I nst ance Performance Page _______________________ 492
Using t he Clust er Performance Page ______________________________________ 493
Using t he Clust er I nt erconnect s Page ______________________________________ 493
Mak i ng Appl i cat i ons Hi ghl y Av ai l abl e Usi ng Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e _ 494
Making an Applicat ion Highly Available Examples _______________________ 494
Example1: Making an Applicat ion Highly Available ___________________________ 494
Example2: Making an Applicat ion Highly Available ___________________________ 496
Managing Aut omat ic Oracle Clust erware Resource Operat ions for Act ion Script s ____ 498
Displaying Clust erware Applicat ion and Applicat ion Resource St at us I nformat ion ____ 498
Unregist ering Applicat ions and Applicat ion Resources _________________________ 499
RAC Tr oubl eshoot i ng __________________________________ 500
Diagnosing t he Oracle Clust erware High Availabilit y Component s ___________ 500
Debugging Recommnedat ion ____________________________________________ 500
Clust erware Log Files and t he Unified Log Direct ory St ruct ure __________________ 500
Dynamic Debugging ___________________________________________________ 500
Component Level Debugging ____________________________________________ 500
Oracle Clust erware Shut down and St art up __________________________________ 501
Enabling and Disabling Oracle Clust erware Daemons _________________________ 501
Diagnost ics Collect ion Script ____________________________________________ 501
The Oracle Clust erware Alert s ___________________________________________ 501

Resource Debugging ___________________________________________________ 501
Checking t he Healt h of t he Clust erware ____________________________________ 501
Troubleshoot ing t he Oracle Clust er Regist ry ________________________________ 501
Troubleshoot ing Host name Changes and CSS _______________________________ 501
Enabling Addit ional Tracing for Real Applicat ion Clust ers High Availabilit y _________ 502
Diagnosing Oracle Real Applicat ion Clust ers Component s ______________________ 502
Where t o Find Files for Analyzing Errors ____________________________________ 502
Using I nst ance- Specific Alert Files in Real Applicat ion Clust ers __________________ 502
Enabling Tracing for Java- Based Tools and Ut ilit ies in Real Applicat ion Clust ers _____ 502
Resolving Pending Shut down I ssues ______________________________________ 502
Using t he Clust er Verificat ion Ut ilit y _________________________________ 502
Clust er Verify Locat ions ________________________________________________ 502
Clust er Verify St ages __________________________________________________ 502
Clust er Verify Component s ______________________________________________ 503
CVU Component Verificat ion Examples ____________________________________ 503
Underst anding CVU Commands, Help, Out put , and Nodelist Short cut s ____________ 504
Performing Various CVU Test s ___________________________________________ 504
Known I ssues for t he Clust er Verificat ion Ut ilit y______________________________ 504
Par t 8 Or acl e War ehousi ng __________________________ 505
Or acl e War ehouse Bui l der ( OWB) ________________________ 506
Oracle Warehouse Builder Archit ect ure _______________________________ 506
St art ing and St oping t he Service ___________________________________ 506
Configuring t he Reposit ory and Workspaces ___________________________ 506
St eps of Using Warehouse Builder __________________________________ 507
Mapping Operat ors ______________________________________________ 508
Par t 9 Or acl e Dat abase Ut i l i t i es _______________________ 510
Usi ng SQL* Pl us ______________________________________ 511
Using SQL* Plus Command- Line Opt ions ______________________________ 511
St art ing SQL* Plus Session ________________________________________ 511
Cont rolling User Privileges in SQL* Plus _______________________________ 511
Set t ing t he SQL* Plus Environment wit h t he SET Command _______________ 512
Set t ing SQL* Plus Preferances ______________________________________ 512

Logging SQL* Plus Errors __________________________________________ 513
Key SQL* Plus "Working" Commands_________________________________ 513
Creat ing Command Files in SQL* Plus ________________________________ 513
Copying Tables wit h t he COPY Command _____________________________ 513
Creat ing Web Pages Using SQL* Plus _________________________________ 514
Using SQL t o Generat e SQL _______________________________________ 514
Enabling AUTOTRACE for a User ____________________________________ 514
Using rlwrap Ut ilit y wit h SQL* Plus in Unix-Based Syst ems ________________ 514
Usi ng SQL* Loader Ut i l i t y _______________________________ 516
I nvoking SQL* Loader ____________________________________________ 516
Using SQL* Loader Cont rol File _____________________________________ 516
Loading Excel File int o a Table using SQL* Loader _______________________ 522
Loading Large Fields int o a Table ___________________________________ 522
Using Direct Load Opt ions _________________________________________ 523
Dat a Pump Ex por t and I mpor t ___________________________ 524
Dat a Pump Component s __________________________________________ 524
Dat a Pump Export I nt erfaces ______________________________________ 524
Export Modes Paramet ers _________________________________________ 524
I nvoking Export Dat a Pump Examples _______________________________ 524
Export Filt ering Paramet ers________________________________________ 525
Export Remapping Paramet ers _____________________________________ 525
Sampling Export Dat a ____________________________________________ 525
Export Encrypt ion Paramet ers ______________________________________ 525
Export Est imat ing Paramet ers ______________________________________ 526
Export Net work Link Paramet er ____________________________________ 526
I mport Modes Paramet ers _________________________________________ 526
File- and Direct ory- Relat ed Paramet ers ______________________________ 526
Using TABLE_EXI STS_ACTI ON Paramet er _____________________________ 526
I mport Filt ering Paramet ers _______________________________________ 526
I mport Remapping Paramet ers _____________________________________ 526

I gnoring Nondeferred Const raint s ___________________________________ 527
I mport Net work Link Paramet er ____________________________________ 527
I mport Flashback Paramet ers ______________________________________ 527
Monit oring a Dat a Pump Jobs ______________________________________ 527
LogMi ner ___________________________________________ 529
Types of Supplement al Logging ____________________________________ 529
Levels of Supplement al Logging ____________________________________ 529
Disabling Dat abase- Level Supplement al Logging _______________________ 529
LogMiner Dict ionary Opt ions _______________________________________ 530
Redo Log File Opt ions ____________________________________________ 530
OPTI ONS possible values in DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR: ____________ 530
Obt aining LogMiner Operat ional I nformat ion___________________________ 530
Examples of Using LogMiner _______________________________________ 531
Wit hout Sepecifying t he Redo Files _______________________________________ 531
Wit Sepecifying t he Redo Files ___________________________________________ 532
Par t 10 Mi scel l aneous Or acl e Dat abase Topi cs _____________ 534
Managi ng Or acl e Dat abase Cont r ol _______________________ 535
Configuring and Using t he Dat abase Cont rol ___________________________ 535
I mplement ing EM Dat abase Cont rol Aut o St art up _______________________ 535
I nst al l i ng Or acl e 10g R5 ( 10. 2) Ent er pr i se Manager Gr i d Cont r ol f or
Li nux x 86___________________________________________ 537
Used Hardware _________________________________________________ 537
I nst allat ion St eps _____________________________________________________ 537
Not e: A reference t o t he requirement s is Not e I D 419646. 1.____________________ 537
Remot e Di agnost i c Agent ( RDA) _________________________ 543
Using Remot e Diagnost ic Agent ( RDA) _______________________________ 543
Par t 11 PL/ SQL Sampl es ______________________________ 544

PL/ SQL Basi cs _______________________________________ 545
PL/ SQL Dat a Types ______________________________________________ 545
Cont rolling Compile- Time Displayed Warnings _________________________ 546
Cat ching Ret urned Errors _________________________________________ 547
Hiding Code ___________________________________________________ 547
Cont rolling Program Flow _________________________________________ 547
Usi ng Cur sor s _______________________________________ 550
Usi ng Recor ds _______________________________________ 554
Usi ng Tabl e Funct i ons _________________________________ 556
Usi ng Col l ect i ons _____________________________________ 558
Using VARRAYS _________________________________________________ 558
Using Nest ed Tables _____________________________________________ 561
Using Associat ive Arrays __________________________________________ 562
Using Collect ion API _____________________________________________ 564
Handl i ng Er r or s ______________________________________ 569
Predefined Except ions ____________________________________________ 569
Using User- Defined Except ions _____________________________________ 569
Using RAI SE_APPLI CATI ON_ERROR _________________________________ 570
Aut onomous Tr ansact i ons ______________________________ 572
Some St or ed Subpr obr ams Concept s ______________________ 573
Serially Reusable Packages ________________________________________ 573
St ored Subprograms and Roles _____________________________________ 574
I nvokers vs. Definers Right s ______________________________________ 574
Pinning an Programunit in t he Shared Pool ____________________________ 575
Usi ng Tr i gger s _______________________________________ 576
Rest rict ions on Triggers ________________________________________________ 576
Using DML Triggers ______________________________________________ 576

Using I nst ead- of Triggers _________________________________________ 577
Using Syst em Triggers ___________________________________________ 578
Handling Mut at ing Tables in Triggers ________________________________ 582
Dropping and Disabling Triggers ____________________________________ 583
Usi ng Dy nami c SQL ___________________________________ 584
Working wit h Nat ive Dynamic SQL __________________________________ 584
Using DBMS_SQL _______________________________________________ 587
Cal l i ng Jav a f r om PL/ SQL ______________________________ 596
Conf i gur i ng Or acl e Dat abase t o Use Ex t er nal Rout i nes ________ 597
Usi ng Lar ge Obj ect s ( LOBs) _____________________________ 600
Creat ing LOB ___________________________________________________ 600
Using SQL wit h I nt ernal LOBs ______________________________________ 600
Using LOBs in PL/ SQL ____________________________________________ 601
Performance Considerat ions _______________________________________ 610
Using Ret urning Clause ________________________________________________ 610
Using CONTEXT I ndex _________________________________________________ 611
Migrat ing from LONGs t o LOBs _____________________________________ 612
Par t 12 Appendi x es _________________________________ 613
Pr ogr am Uni t s and Scr i pt s Used i n t he Document ____________ 614
Ret urn Paramet er Value for Normal User _____________________________ 614
Applying Random Load on Dat abase Sample 1 _________________________ 615
Set up ______________________________________________________________ 615
Using t he Load Generat or Script s _________________________________________ 621
Applying Random Load on Dat abase Sample 2 _________________________ 622
Set up ______________________________________________________________ 622
Using t he Load Generat or Script s _________________________________________ 630
SQL Usage Sampl es ___________________________________ 631
Merge Command ________________________________________________ 631

Mult it able I nsert s _______________________________________________ 631
Parallel I nsert __________________________________________________ 632
Delet ing Duplicat e Rows in a Table __________________________________ 632
Mor e DBA Scr i pt s _____________________________________ 633
Compare Table Sizes in Two Dat abases ______________________________ 633
Usi ng Li nux f or Or acl e _________________________________ 634
Verifying t he Kernel _____________________________________________ 634
Checking for a Taint ed Kernel ______________________________________ 634
Support ed Hardware _____________________________________________ 634
Using Oracle Relink Ut ilit y _________________________________________ 634
Cert ified and Support ed File Syst ems ________________________________ 635
Ent erprise Linux Runlevels ________________________________________ 635
Using / et c/ orat ab File and dbst art Ut ilit y _____________________________ 635
Aut omat ing Jobs ________________________________________________ 636
Using cron __________________________________________________________ 636
Using anacron ________________________________________________________ 637
Using at command ____________________________________________________ 637
Using bat ch command _________________________________________________ 638
Task Scheduler _______________________________________________________ 638
Configuring Linux Memory for Oracle ______________________________________ 638
Using Linux Performance Monit oring Tools ____________________________ 638
About Linux Tools _____________________________________________________ 639
Using Linux Tools _____________________________________________________ 639
Checking Some General Guideline on Truning Oracle in Linux _____________ 640
Troubleshoot ing Oracle Dat abase in Linux ____________________________ 641
Using OS Wat cher ( OSW) _______________________________________________ 641
Using OS Wat cher Graphs( OSWg) ________________________________________ 643
Using t he On- Board Monit or ( LTOM) ______________________________________ 643
Using st race _________________________________________________________ 644


Par t 1 Or acl e DBA Fundament al s

DBA: Best Pr act i ces
DBA: Best Pr act i ce Gui del i nes f or St andal one and RAC Dat abases
Use SPFI LE
Use t emporary t ablespaces
Regist er all inst ances wit h remot e list eners
Use Dat abase Resource Manager
Use resumable space allocat ion
Use Aut omat ic Segment Space Management
Use locally managed t ablespaces
Use Aut omat ic Undo Management
Enable block checking
Enable Flashback Dat abase
Enable ARCHI VELOG mode and use a flash recovery area
Use aut o- t une checkpoint ing
Log checkpoint s t o t he alert log
Mult iplex product ion and st andby redo logs
Set CONTROL_FI LE_RECORD_KEEP_TI ME long enough
Creat e t wo or more cont rol files

Or acl e Dat abase I nst al l at i on Consi der at i on
Est i mat i ng Di sk and Memoer y Requi r ement s
Make sure t he st orage vendor is list ed in t he Oracle St orage Compat ibilit y Program
( OSCP) .
Allocat e swap space t hat is about t wo t o t hree t imes your Oracle RAM allocat ion.
On Est imat ing t he RAM:
o OS RAM: 20 percent of t ot al RAM for MS-Windows, 10% of RAM for UNI X
o Each Oracle connect ion consumes t wo megabyt es of RAM + sort _area_size +
hash_area_size
o I f dynamic memory sizing is not used:
Shared_pool_size: I f all t he SQL st at ement s t hat sent t o ORACLE are using bind
variable adequat ely, t hen 300M is enough in most cases
Large_pool_size: For dedicat ed Oracle server: 20- 30M
Java_pool_size= 10M
Dat a buffer: All t he rest RAM should be allocat ed t o Dat a buffer.
Opt i mal Fl ex i bl e Ar chi t ect ur e
The OFA is a set of recommendat ions from Oracle Corporat ion aimed at simplifying
management of complex soft ware and dat abases oft en running under mult iple versions of
soft ware.
OFA Guidelines
o Arrange at least four mount point s t hat have names like / u01, / u02, / u03, and so
on.
o I f t he Oracle soft ware owner is "oracle", make / u01/ app/ oracle your ORACLE_BASE
# mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle
# chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oracle
# chmod -R 775 /u01/app/oracle
o Make Oracle_HOME $ORACLE_BASE/ product / version/ { db| client | companion} _[ n] .
Examples:
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/client_1
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0.2.0/db_1
o I nst all Flash Recovery Area in $ORACLE_BASE/ flash_recovery_area in a mount point
different from db files.
o Administ rat ive Files are t o be creat ed in ORACLE_BASE/ admin/ dbname
o St ore Oracle DB files in t he mount ed point s.
# mkdir /mount_point/oradata
# chown oracle:oinstall /mount_point/oradata
# chmod 775 /mount_point/oradata
/u01/oradata/prod1/control01.ctl
/u05/oradata/prod1/control02.ctl
/u02/oradata/prod1/redo01.log
/u04/oradata/prod1/redo02.log
dat a file has t his format :
/u20/oradata/prod/system01.dbf

Or acl e Pr oduct s I nst al l ed w i t h t he 11.1 Rel ease
The following product s are inst alled by default wit h dat abase server 11g:
o Oracle Applicat ion Express
o Oracle Warehouse Builder
o Oracle Configurat ion Manager: Tool t hat collect s and uploads configurat ion
informat ion t o t he Oracle configurat ion reposit ory
o Oracle SQL Developer
o Oracle Dat abase Vault : Tool t hat enables you t o secure business dat a


I nst al l i ng Or acl e 10g R2 on En t er pr i se Li nux 4
I nst al l at i on Envi r onment
Emulat ion soft ware: VMWare Server 2 on for Windows
OS: Oracle Linux Ent erprise 4. 5 for x86: kernel 2. 6.9
Requi r ed Sof t w ar e
Oracle Dat abase 10g Release 2 for Linux x86 32-bit
Used Har dw ar e
I n t he VMWare: creat e one virt ual machine ( oradb1) wit h t he following specs:
o 2 GB RAM
o an et hernet card
o one local hardisk wit h 20 GB
I nst al l at i on Pl an
1. Preinst allat ion t asks:
o Hardware requirement s
o Soft ware requirement s
o Environment configurat ion
2. Oracle Dat abase 10g Soft ware I nst allat ion
3. Apply Pat chset 3 ( 10. 2. 0. 4) for Clust erware and Dat abase Soft ware
4. Configure List eners
5. Creat e Dat abase
6. Post inst allat ion t asks

1. Pr ei nst al l at i on t ask s
I nst all Oracle Ent erprise Linux in t he first local hardisk. I nst all not hing in t he remaining
disks.
Not e: for a product ion syst em, consider becoming an Oracle Unbreakable Linux cust omer
and regist er your server on t he Unbreakable Linux Net work.
o Give t he et hernet card I P 192.168.4.21 and t he host name oradb1.mydomain.com.
Define a gat eway. I f it does not exist , make it same as t he host I P address.
o I nsall t he following packages:
Deskt op Environment s
o GNOME Deskt op Environment

Deskt op
o X Window Syst em
o Gnome
Applicat ions
o Graphical I nt ernet ( opt ional)
Servers
o Do not select anyt hing in t his group.
Development
o Development Tools
Syst em
o Administ rat ion Tools
o Syst em Tools
Add t he package ' sysst at ' by clicking on t he Det ails link
and select ing "sysst at - The sar an iost at syst em
monit oring commands. " from t he Opt ional Packages list .
Miscellaneous
Complet e t he inst allat ion
I nst all furt her packages:
# to know distribution and version of Linux
cat /etc/issue
# to know kernel version (and its errata level)
uname -r

# from CD 3
rpm -Uvh libaio*
rpm -Uvh openmotif21-2.1.30-11.RHEL4.6.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh openmotif-2.2.3-10.1.el4.i386.rpm

# those packages downloaded from http://rpm.pbone.net
rpm -e compat-libstdc++-296-2.96-132.7.2
rpm -Uvh compat-libstdc++-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh compat-libstdc++-devel-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh compat-gcc-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh compat-gcc-c++-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm

# confirm the required packages are installed:
rpm -qa|grep gcc-
rpm -qa|grep glibc-
rpm -qa|grep compat-db-
rpm -qa|grep compat-gcc-
rpm -qa|grep compat-gcc-c++-
rpm -qa|grep compat-libstdc++-
rpm -qa|grep compat-libstdc++-devel-
rpm -qa|grep control-center-2.8.0
rpm -qa|grep openmotif21-
rpm -qa|grep setarch-

# SELINUX must be disabled

cat /etc/selinux/config | grep SELINUX=
vi /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled
shutdown -h now -r
Check t he hardware requirement s
# Hardware Requirements
# At least 2 GB of physical memory
grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo

# swap space: twice the amount of physical memory
grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo
# if you don't have enought swap,
# you can add swap space by creating a temporary swap file.
# let's say about 500MB:
dd if=/dev/zero of=tempswap bs=1k count=500000
chmod 600 tempswap
mke2fs tempswap
mkswap tempswap
swapon tempswap

# 400 MB disk space in /tmp
df -k /tmp
# 4 GB of disk space for Oracle software
df

The size of the shared memory should be at least the greater of
MEMORY_MAX_TARGET and MEMORY_TARGET for each Oracle instance on the computer.
To determine the amount of shared memory available, enter the following
command:
df -h /dev/shm/
# to adjust the shared memory file system size:
umount tmpfs
mount -t tmpfs shmfs -o size=1200m /dev/shm
Creat e t he required net work configurat ion:
# Network names Resolution
# configure /etc/hosts if no domain server is used
cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain oradb1.mydomain.com localhost
oradb1
Creat e and configure t he required OS users and groups
# inventory group
groupadd -g 501 oinstall
groupadd -g 502 dba
# oracle software owner user
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 200 -g oinstall -G dba oracle
passwd oracle
# make sure nobody user exists (if not there, create it useradd nobody)
id nobody

# The oracle User Environment
# in /home/oracle/.bash_profile
# export DISPLAY if required
export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
if [ $USER = "oracle" ]; then

if [ $SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then
ulimit -p 16384
ulimit -n 65536
else
ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
fi
umask 022
fi
export EDITOR=vi
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/10.2.0/db_1
export ORACLE_PATH=$ORACLE_BASE/common/oracle/sql:.:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin
export ORACLE_SID=ora10g
export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.WE8ISO8859P1
export NLS_DATE_FORMAT="mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss"
export PATH=.:${PATH}:$HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$ORA_CRS_HOME/bin
export PATH=${PATH}:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/local/bin
export PATH=${PATH}:$ORACLE_BASE/common/oracle/bin
export ORACLE_TERM=xterm
export TNS_ADMIN=$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
export ORA_NLS10=$ORACLE_HOME/nls/data
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/oracm/lib
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib
export CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/JRE
export CLASSPATH=${CLASSPATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/jlib
export CLASSPATH=${CLASSPATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib
export CLASSPATH=${CLASSPATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/network/jlib
export THREADS_FLAG=native
export TEMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=/tmp

# User Shell Limits
# memlock is used to increase the per-process max locked memory
vi /etc/security/limits.conf
oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536
oracle soft memlock 3145728
oracle hard memlock 3145728
Configure kernel paramet ers and shell limit s
Not e: I f you make a mist ake wit h a paramet er set t ing and your syst em does not st art , t hen
you must st art Linux in t he single- user runlevel ( runlevel 1) . At t his runlevel, t he
/ et c/ sysct l. conf file is not run.
# Configuring kernel parameters and shell limits
# they can be tuned for a production db
# Append the following to the /etc/sysctl.conf file as the root user:
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
# maximum size may be given to SGA (max 4GB)
# kernel.shmmax = 536870912 (512 M)
# following is 1 GB
kernel.shmmax =1073741824
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
net.core.rmem_default = 4194304
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304

net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 262144
# to take immediate effect
/sbin/sysctl -p
Configure hangcheck- t imer kernel module:
# check hangcheck-timer Module Configuration
# with this module, if the kernel hangs, the machine will reboot
# verify the module is loaded
/sbin/lsmod | grep -i hang

# if not loaded, load it
vi /etc/modprobe.conf
options hangcheck-timer hangcheck_tick=30 hangcheck_margin=180
# execute and add in the file
vi /etc/rc.local
/sbin/modprobe hangcheck-timer
Creat e t he required direct ories for t he Oracle dat abase soft ware:
# to know if there is an existing oracle inventory
# from its output, ORACLE_BASE will be parent of oraInventory
more /etc/oraInst.loc
# to identify existing Oracle home directories
more /etc/oratab

# in the example above, /u01 should be owned by the root user
# and writable by group oinstall
cd /
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01
chmod -R 775 /u01/oracle
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1
mkdir /u01/stage
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oracle
chmod -R 775 /u01/oracle
chown oracle:oinstall /u01/stage
As oracle, copy soft ware inst allat ion int o / u01/ st age10g/ db
Disable screensavers on host & guest machines.
o I n Oracle Linux: Applicat ions- > Preferences- > Screen Saver- > Mode: Disable Screen
Saver
o Do t he same aft er logging off and logging on again as oracle user.
Rest art t he machine.
2. Or acl e Dat abase 10g Sof t w ar e I nst al l at i on
-- start OUI
su - oracle
cd /u01/stage10g/db
./runInstaller

Follow the steps.
Install database software only.
3. Appl y Pat chset 3 ( 10.2. 0. 4) f or Cl ust er w ar e and Dat abase Sof t w ar e
# extract 10g Release 2 (10.2.0.4) Patch Set 3 for Linux x86 to

/u01/stage10g/patch10.2.0.4/Disk1
mkdir /u01/stage10g/patch10.2.0.4

cd /u01/stage10g/patch10.2.0.4/Disk1
./runInstaller
Select path of ORACLE_HOME ->Next
4. Conf i gur e Li st ener s
cd /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/bin
./netca &
Add a new listener

-- optionally, use net manager to manually register the database:
./netmgr
5. Cr eat e Dat abase
./dbca &
follow the steps to create a customized database of SID "ora10g" and Global
nmae "ora10g.oradb1".
Do not use specific templates (non-Custom).

The DBCA may pop up the following message in the end of db creation:
"Error securing Database control, Database Control has been brought up in non-
secure mode. To secure the Database Control execute the following commands:
... "

# check the Oracle processes:
ps -eo pid -o command | grep ora_ | grep -v grep
6. Post i nst al l at i on Task s
Verify OEM:
# verify that OEM is working
http://oradb1:1158/em
# restart the dbconsole if required
emctl status dbconsole
emctl stop dbconsole
emctl start dbconsole
Verify iSQL* Plus:
# in the browser
http://oradb1:5560/isqlplus

# if not running:
isqlplusctl start
Consider implement ing aut omat ic dat abase st art up. See: Aut omat ically St art ing Dat abases
Consider implement ing aut omat ic EM Dat abase Cont rol st art up. See: I mplement ing EM
Dat abase Cont rol Aut o St art up
Consider using rlwrap ut ilit y wit h SQL* Plus and RMAN:
o Using rlwrap Ut ilit y wit h RMAN in Unix- Based Syst ems
o Using rlwrap Ut ilit y wit h SQL* Plus in Unix- Based Syst ems
For easy Oracle Home access:

echo "alias db='cd $ORACLE_HOME'" >> /home/oracle/.bashrc

I nst al l i ng Or acl e 11g R2 on En t er pr i se Li nux 5
Not e: for any inst allat ion, you should check t he Release Not es documenat ion before t aking
any pract ical st ep.
Emulat ion soft ware: VMWare Workst at ion 7 for Windows
OS: Red Hat Ent erprise Linux 5.2 for x86
Used Har dw ar e
I n t he VMWare: creat e one virt ual machine wit h t he following specs:
o 2. 0 GB RAM
o One et hernet cards: can be configured as bridged or host - only in VMware.
o One local hardisk wit h 32 GB on SCSI 0: 0. I t will be used for soft ware inst allat ion.
o One local hardisk wit h 20 GB on SCSI 1: 0. I t will be used for Oracle Dat abase dat a
files.
o One local hardisk wit h 20 GB on SCSI 1: 1. I t will be used for Oracle Dat abase flash
recovery.
o CPU Count : 2 ( opt ional)
3. Apply Pat chset
5. Creat e Dat abase
6. Post inst allat ion t asks

disks.

o Give t he et hernet card I P 192.168.4.100 and t he host name srv100.mydomain.com.
Define a gat eway. I f it does not exist , make it same as t he host I P address.
Applicat ions
o Edit ors ( opt ional)
Development
o Development Libraries
o Development Tools
Servers
Base Syst em
o Syst em Tools
Add t he package 'sysst at ' by clicking on t he Det ails link
X Window Syst em
RHEL 5 Bug: Aft er t he I nst allat ion compelet s, RHEL 5.2 and below will hang on boot ing
when it reaches t o "st art ing udev" line. To solve t his problem, shut down t he Vmware
machine and change t he CPU count and Core Count t o only one. I mplement t he changes
below, t hen shut down t he machine, set CPU count back t o 2 and st art up t he machine.
put t he kernel command line paramet ers at t he end of t he "kernel" line:
vi /boot/grub/grub.conf
add divider=10 clocksource=acpi_pm
For example: kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18 .. clock=acpi_pm divider=10
For Vmware machines, inst all VMWare t ools.
# to know distribution and version of Linux (Red Hat Ent. 5.2 used)
cat /etc/issue
# to know kernel version (and its errata level) (2.6.18-92 or newer)
uname -r

# to list missed packages:
rpm -q --qf '%{NAME}-%{VERSION}-%{RELEASE} (%{ARCH})\n' binutils \
compat-libstdc++-33 \
elfutils-libelf \
elfutils-libelf-devel \
gcc \

gcc-c++ \
glibc \
glibc-common \
glibc-devel \
glibc-headers \
ksh \
libaio \
libaio-devel \
libgcc \
libstdc++ \
libstdc++-devel \
make \
sysstat \
unixODBC \
unixODBC-devel

# for missed packages, install them:
rpm -Uvh libaio-devel-0.3.106-3.2.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh unixODBC*

SELINUX=disabled
shutdown -h now -r
# Hardware Requirements (in cluster nodes)
# At least 1.0 GB of physical memory

# swap space: same as the amount of physical memory

# to display swap and memory in one command:
free

chmod 600 tempswap
mke2fs tempswap
mkswap tempswap
swapon tempswap

# 1 GB disk space in /tmp
df -h /tmp
df

command:
df -h /dev/shm/

umount tmpfs
ping srv100
ping srv100.mydomain.com

# configure /etc/hosts if no domain server is used
cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 srv100.mydomain.com srv100 localhost.localdomain
localhost
# all group and user ids on all the nodes must have identical id
# Grid Infrastructure (GI) and the Oracle RDBMS home will
# be installed using different users:
# oracle inventory group
/usr/sbin/groupadd -g 501 oinstall
/usr/sbin/groupadd -g 502 dba

# set passwords
passwd oracle

id nobody

# define the env variables for oracle user
vi /home/oracle/.bash_profile
# Oracle evn vars
export EDITOR=vi
export TMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=$TMP
export ORACLE_HOSTNAME=srv100.mydomain.com
export ORACLE_SID=ora11gr2
export PATH=/usr/sbin:$PATH
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib
export CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/JRE:$ORACLE_HOME/jlib:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib

# shell startup file
vi /etc/profile
if [ $USER = "oracle" ] || [ $USER = "grid" ]; then
ulimit -p 16384
ulimit -n 65536
else
ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
fi
umask 022

fi

# for C shell
vi /etc/csh.login
if ( $USER = "oracle" || $USER = "grid" ) then
limit maxproc 16384
limit descriptors 65536
endif
vi /etc/sysctl.conf

# kernel.shmmax not stated in 11g R2 (max: 4GB) (169706.1)
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
fs.file-max = 6815744

/sbin/sysctl -p

# User Shell Limits

vi /etc/pam.d/login
session required pam_limits.so
Creat e t he required direct ories for t he Oracle dat abase soft ware:
more /etc/oratab

# Oracle Inventory Directory
# as a root
mkdir -p /u01/app/oraInventory
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oraInventory
chmod -R 775 /u01/app/oraInventory

# Oracle Base Directory
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle
#needed to ensure that dbca is able to run after the rdbms installation
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs
chmod -R 775 /u01/app/oracle

# Oracle RDBMS Home Directory
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1
chmod -R 775 /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1

# staging area to hold software installation
mkdir -p /u01/stage11g/db
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/stage11g/db
chmod -R 775 /u01/stage11g/db
Part it ion and mount t he disks:
#define the disks to partition
fdisk -l | grep '^Disk'

# as a root, for the disks /dev/sdb and /dev/sdc
#partition the disks:
fdisk /dev/sdb
# answers: "n", "p", "1", "Return", "Return", "p" and "w"
Note: if the following message appears after the "w" command:
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or
resource busy, then you can avoid restarting the machine by the following
command: partprobe

# to make sure partions are created
ls -lX /dev/sd*

# format the paritions
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdc1

# Mount the new disk
mkdir /u02
mount /dev/sdb1 /u02
mkdir /u03
mount /dev/sdc1 /u03
df -H

# Update /etc/fstab
vi /etc/fstab
/dev/sdb1 /u02 ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/sdc1 /u03 ext3 defaults 1 2

# create folder for the db data
mkdir -p /u02/oradata/
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u02/oradata/
chmod -R 775 /u02/oradata/

# create folder for the flash area
mkdir -p /u03/oraflash/

chown -R oracle:oinstall /u03/oraflash/
chmod -R 775 /u03/oraflash/
As or acl e, copy soft ware inst allat ion int o / u01/ st age11g/ db
-- start OUI
su - oracle
cd /u01/stage11g/db
./runInstaller

Follow the steps.
3. Appl y Pat chset

./netca &
Add a new listener
Add Naming mtehods: Local Naming, EZConnect
5. Cr eat e Dat abase
./dbca &
follow the steps to create a database with sid: ora11gr2

... "
6. Post i nst al l at i on Task s
Verify OEM:
https://srv100.mydomain.com:1158/em

# check Oracle processes:
Consider implement ing aut omat ic dat abase st art up. See: Aut omat ically St art ing Dat abases
Consider implement ing aut omat ic EM Dat abase Cont rol st art up. See: I mplement ing EM
Dat abase Cont rol Aut o St art up
For easy Oracle Home access:

echo "alias db='cd $ORACLE_HOME'" >> /home/oracle/.bashrc

I nst al l i ng Or acl e 11g R2 on En t er pr i se Li nux 5. 5 w i t h
ASM
OS: Oracle Ent erprise Linux 5. 5 for x86 64- bit
Oracle Dat abase 11g Release 2 Grid I nfrast ruct ure ( 11. 2. 0. 1. 0) for Linux x86 64-bit
Used Har dw ar e
o 2. 5 GB RAM
o One et hernet card configured as bridged or host - only in VMware
o CPU Count : 2
o Disk1: 34 GB on SCSI 0: 0 used t o inst all t he OS and soft ware
o Disk2: of 12 GB. I t will be used for + Dat a. Set it on cont roller SCSI 1: 1
o Disk3: of 6 GB. I t will be used for + Flash. Set it on cont roller SCSI 1: 2
1. Preinst allat ion t asks
Hardware requirement s
Soft ware requirement s
Environment configurat ion
2. Oracle Grid I nfrast ruct ure inst allat ion
3. Oracle Grid I nfrast ruct ure Pat ching
4. Oracle Dat abase 11g R2 Soft ware I nst allat ion
5. Oracle Dat abase 11g R2 Soft ware Pat ching
6. I nst all EM Agent in clust er nodes ( if required)
7. ASM Diskgroups Creat ion
8. Dat abase Creat ion
9. Complet e post inst allat ion t asks

10. Useful post inst allat ion t asks

disks.
o Configure t he swap area in t he local hardisk t o have 6 GB disk space.
o Give t he et hernet card I P 192.168. 4. 105 t he host name srv07
Applicat ions
Development
o Development Tools
Servers
Base Syst em
o Syst em Tools
X Window Syst em
cat /etc/issue
# to know kernel version (and its errata level) (2.6.18-194.el5)
uname -r

elfutils-libelf \
gcc \
gcc-c++ \
glibc \
glibc-common \
glibc-devel \

glibc-headers \
ksh \
libaio \
libaio-devel \
libgcc \
libstdc++ \
libstdc++-devel \
make \
sysstat \
unixODBC \
unixODBC-devel

rpm -Uvh elfutils-libelf-0.137-3.el5.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh elfutils-libelf-devel-static-0.137-3.el5.i386.rpm elfutils-libelf-
devel-0.137-3.el5.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh kernel-headers-2.6.18-194.el5.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh glibc-headers-2.5-49.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh glibc-devel-2.5-49.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh glibc-devel-2.5-49.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh libgomp-4.4.0-6.el5.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh gcc-4.1.2-48.el5.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh gcc-c++-4.1.2-48.el5.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh libstdc++-devel-4.1.2-48.el5.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh gcc-c++-4.1.2-48.el5.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh libaio-devel-0.3.106-5.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh libaio-devel-0.3.106-5.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh unixODBC-2.2.11-7.1.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh unixODBC-2.2.11-7.1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh unixODBC-devel-2.2.11-7.1.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh unixODBC-devel-2.2.11-7.1.x86_64.rpm

# Oracle ASM Libaray and drivers can be downloaded from here
# to know the kernel verion: uname -rm
# In this case we need:
# library and tools
rpm -Uvh oracleasm-support-2.1.3-1.el5.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh oracleasm-2.6.18-194.el5-2.0.5-1.el5.x86_64.rpm
rpm -Uvh oracleasmlib-2.0.4-1.el5.x86_64.rpm

SELINUX=disabled
shutdown -h now -r
# At least 1.5 GB of physical memory but practically 1.5 is not fine


free

chmod 600 tempswap
mke2fs tempswap
mkswap tempswap
swapon tempswap

df -h /tmp
df

command:
df -h /dev/shm/
umount tmpfs
ping srv07

cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 srv07 localhost.localdomain localhost

Not e: When I t ried using differenct OS users and groups for Grid I nfrast rucut re and ASM,
I got error lat er in DBCA.
/usr/sbin/groupadd -g 504 asmadmin
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 502 -g oinstall -G dba,asmadmin oracle

# set passwords
passwd oracle

id nobody


# Oracle Settings
export EDITOR=vi
TMP=/tmp; export TMP
TMPDIR=$TMP; export TMPDIR
ORACLE_HOSTNAME=srv07; export ORACLE_HOSTNAME

ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle; export ORACLE_BASE
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1; export ORACLE_HOME
ORACLE_SID=oradb; export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_TERM=xterm; export ORACLE_TERM
PATH=/usr/sbin:$PATH; export PATH
PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH; export PATH
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib; export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/jdk/jre/lib/:$ORACLE_HOME/jlib:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib;
export CLASSPATH

vi /etc/profile
ulimit -p 16384
ulimit -n 65536
else
ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
fi
umask 022
fi

# for C shell
vi /etc/csh.login
limit maxproc 16384
endif
Not e: I f you make a mist ake wit h a paramet er set t ing and your syst em does not st art ,
t hen you must st art Linux in t he single- user runlevel ( runlevel 1) . At t his runlevel, t he
# Kernel Parameters
# to tune thme, refer to metalink document 169706.1
vi /etc/sysctl.conf

kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128

/sbin/sysctl -p

# User Shell Limits



vi /etc/pam.d/login
Creat e part it ions in t he disks:
Not e: On a real life st orage, you would creat e a single whole- disk part it ion wit h exact ly 1 MB
offset on each LUN t o be used as ASM Disk. I n fdisk: u ( t o change unit s from cylinder t o
sect ors) , n, p, 1, 2048, w.
# as a root, for the disks /dev/sdb .. /dev/sdd
# confirm they are seen:
ls /dev/sd*
fdisk /dev/sdb
command: partprobe

ls -lX /dev/sd*
Configure ASM drivers:
# as root (to be done in all nodes)
oracleasm configure -i

Default user to own the driver interface []: oracle
Default group to own the driver interface []: asmadmin
Start Oracle ASM library driver on boot (y/n) [n]: y
Fix permissions of Oracle ASM disks on boot (y/n) [y]: y
Writing Oracle ASM library driver configuration: done

# Load the kernel module using the following command:
/usr/sbin/oracleasm init
# If you have any problems, make sure you have the correct
# version of the driver (may require Internet connection):
/usr/sbin/oracleasm update-driver

# mark the shared disks: (one node)
/usr/sbin/oracleasm createdisk DISK1 /dev/sdb1
/usr/sbin/oracleasm createdisk DISK2 /dev/sdc1

# check the disks are marked and seen:
/usr/sbin/oracleasm listdisks

#If you need to unmark a disk that was used in a createdisk command:
/usr/sbin/oracleasm deletedisk DISK1
Creat e t he required direct ories for t he Oracle soft ware:

more /etc/oratab

# as a root
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oraInventory

# Grid Infrastructure Home Directory
mkdir -p /u01/11.2.0/grid
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/11.2.0/grid
chmod -R 775 /u01/11.2.0/grid


mkdir /u01/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs

2. Or acl e Gr i d I nf r ast r uct ur e i nst al l at i on
# software staging folder
mkdir -p /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2gridinfra
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2gridinfra
chmod -R 775 /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2gridinfra

mkdir -p /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2db
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2db
chmod -R 775 /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2db

# as oracle: copy Grid software files to /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2db

# as root:

# lunch OUI from the clusterware ( as oracle)
cd /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2gridinfra
./runInstaller

Installation Option
>Select radio button 'Install and Configure Grid Infrastructure for a
Standalone Server'
>Next

Product Language
>Accept 'English' as language'
>Next
Creat ASM Disk Group
>Disk Group Name: Data (12GB disk: DISK1)

>Redundancy: external
>Next
NOTE: If you see an empty screen for you candidate disks it is likely that
ASMLib has not been properly configured or installed. Try reconfigure them.
If you are sure that ASMLib has been properly configured click on 'Change
Discovery Path' and provide the correct destination.

ASM Password
>Specify and conform the password you want to use
>Next

Privileged OS Groups
>Assign the correct OS groups for OS authentication (mostly default is OK)
>Next

Installation Location
>ORACLE_BASE: /u01/app/oracle
Software location: /u01/11.2.0/grid
>Next

Create Inventory
>Specify the locations: /u01/app/oraInventory
>Next

Perform Prerequisite Checks
>Check that status of all checks is Succeeded
>Next

Summary
>Finish

Execute Configuration Scripts
>Run the scripts as instructed in the screen
>OK

>Next

Message: The installation of the Grid Infrastructure was successfull.
>Close
3. Or acl e Gr i d I nf r ast r uct ur e Pat chi ng
Apply patch set, if there is any.
4. Or acl e Dat abase 11g R2 Sof t w ar e I nst al l at i on
# as oracle: copy DB software files into /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2db

# as root:

-- start OUI
su - oracle
cd /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2db
./runInstaller

Follow the steps.

When executing root.sh, select "y" for ovewriting questions.
5. Or acl e Dat abase 11g R2 Sof t w ar e Pat chi ng

6. I nst al l EM Agent i n cl ust er nodes ( i f r equi r ed)

7. ASM Di sk gr oups Cr eat i on
# as grid user: start the ASM Configuration Assistant (ASMCA)
su - oracle
cd /u01/11.2.0/grid/bin
./asmca

>Disk Groups tab
>Create button
>Disk Group Name: FLASH
>Redundancy: External
>DISK2
>OK
>Exit
>Yes
8. Dat abase Cr eat i on
# as oracle
./dbca

follow the steps to create a database with sid: oradb

... "

9. Post i nst al l at i on t ask s
# backup the root.sh script
cp /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/root.sh ~/root.sh.bak

cont>>
10. Gener al Usef ul Post i nst al l at i on Task s i n Li nux
/* Make crs_stat -t more readable */
/* copy the following script into ~/scripts/crstat.sh */

#!/usr/bin/ksh
#
# Sample 10g CRS resource status query script
#
# Description:
# - Returns formatted version of crs_stat -t, in tabular
# format, with the complete rsc names and filtering keywords
# - The argument, $RSC_KEY, is optional and if passed to the script, will
# limit the output to HA resources whose names match $RSC_KEY.
# Requirements:
# - $ORA_CRS_HOME should be set in your environment
# suggested scrip name: crstat.sh

RSC_KEY=$1
QSTAT=-u
AWK=/usr/bin/awk # if not available use /usr/bin/awk

# Table header:echo ""
$AWK \
'BEGIN {printf "%-45s %-10s %-18s\n", "HA Resource", "Target", "State";
printf "%-45s %-10s %-18s\n", "-----------", "------", "-----";}'

# Table body:
$ORA_CRS_HOME/bin/crs_stat $QSTAT | $AWK \
'BEGIN { FS="="; state = 0; }
$1~/NAME/ && $2~/'$RSC_KEY'/ {appname = $2; state=1};
state == 0 {next;}
$1~/TARGET/ && state == 1 {apptarget = $2; state=2;}
$1~/STATE/ && state == 2 {appstate = $2; state=3;}
state == 3 {printf "%-45s %-10s %-18s\n", appname, apptarget, appstate;
state=0;}'

# then add the following in the .bashrc of oracle user
# if the file was saved in ~/scripts/crstat.sh
alias crstat='~/scripts/crstat.sh'

/* Easy Acces to crs and db homes */
# it is common to access bin directories in clusterware and db homes

# add the following to .bashrc of oracle user
alias db='cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/bin'

# add the following to .bashrc of grid user
alias crs='cd /u01/app/oracle/crs/bin'

Managi ng Or acl e Dat abase I n st ance
Pr oduct Rel ease Number
Or acl e Dat abase Rel ease Number For mat
SELECT * FROM PRODUCT_COMPONENT_VERSION;
SELECT * FROM V$VERSION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5
1 Maj or dat abase release number
2 Maint enance release number
3 applicat ion server release number
4 component specific release number
5 plat form specific release number
Obt ai ni ng Li cense I nf or mat i on
-- Number of users and CPU/Processors
select L.SESSIONS_MAX, L.SESSIONS_WARNING, L.SESSIONS_CURRENT,
L.SESSIONS_HIGHWATER,
L.USERS_MAX, L.CPU_COUNT_CURRENT, L.CPU_SOCKET_COUNT_CURRENT,
L.CPU_COUNT_HIGHWATER,
L.CPU_CORE_COUNT_CURRENT, L.CPU_CORE_COUNT_HIGHWATER,
L.CPU_SOCKET_COUNT_HIGHWATER
from v$license l;

-- Database Edition
select banner from v$version where BANNER like '%Edition%';

-- Oracle Partitioning installed
select decode(count(*), 0, 'No', 'Yes')
from dba_part_tables
where owner not in ('SYSMAN', 'SH', 'SYS', 'SYSTEM') and rownum = 1;

-- Oracle Spatial installed:
from all_sdo_geom_metadata where rownum = 1;

-- Oracle RAC installed:
from v$active_instances where rownum <= 2;
Managi ng t he I nst ance Ar chi t ect ur e
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on about t he I nst ance Pr ocesses
ps ef | grep ora

select name, description from V$BGPROCESS order by 1;

Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on about t he SGA
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='MEMORY_TARGET';
select value/1024/1024 mb
from v$parameter where upper(name) = 'SGA_MAX_SIZE'

-- size taken by a memory component
select pool, round(sum(BYTES)/1024/1024) MB
from V$SGASTAT
group by pool

select name , value/1024/1024 MB
from v$parameter
where upper(name) in (
'DB_CACHE_SIZE','DB_RECYCLE_CACHE_SIZE','DB_KEEP_CACHE_SIZE', '
DB_2k_CACHE_SIZE', 'DB_8k_CACHE_SIZE', 'DB_16k_CACHE_SIZE')

-- 10g
SELECT COMPONENT , CURRENT_SIZE/1024/1024 MB
FROM V$SGA_DYNAMIC_COMPONENTS
WHERE CURRENT_SIZE <>0

-- Oracle 11g
SELECT COMPONENT, ROUND(CURRENT_SIZE/1024/1024) CURRENT_SIZE ,
ROUND(MIN_SIZE/1024/1024) MIN, ROUND(MAX_SIZE/1024/1024) MAX
FROM V$MEMORY_DYNAMIC_COMPONENTS;
-- To know how Oracle has modified the memory area sizes by time
select START_TIME, END_TIME, STATUS, COMPONENT, OPER_TYPE, OPER_MODE,
PARAMETER, INITIAL_SIZE/1024/1024 INITIAL_SIZE_MB,
TARGET_SIZE/1024/1024 TARGET_SIZE_MB, FINAL_SIZE/1024/1024 FINAL_SIZE_MB
from V$MEMORY_RESIZE_OPS
order by START_TIME, END_TIME
Cl ear i ng t he Buf f er Cache
ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH SHARED_POOL;
ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH BUFFER_CACHE ;
Dat abase Admi ni st r at i on Aut hent i cat i on
Usi ng Oper at i ng Syst em Aut hent i cat i on
Following are t he st eps t o creat e an Oracle administ rat or using OS aut hent icaion. Creat ing
normal user who is capable of using OS aut hent icat ion is a bit different . See Ext ernal ( OS)
Aut hent icat ion.
1. Creat e an operat ing syst em account for t he user.
2. Add t he account t o t he OSDBA or OSOPER operat ing syst em defined groups.
Unix User Groups: dba, oper
Windows: ORA_DBA, ORA_OPER
3. login t o OS as t he creat ed user
4. I n SQL* Plus
CONNECT / AS SYSDBA
CONNECT / AS SYSOPER

Usi ng Passw or d Fi l e Aut hent i cat i on
5. Creat e t he password file
6. orapwd FI LE= filename PASSWORD= password ENTRI ES= max_users
7. alt er syst em set REMOTE_LOGI N_PASSWORDFI LE = EXCLUSI VE scope= SPFI LE;
8. CONN / AS SYSDBA
9. GRANT SYSDBA TO GRANTEDUSER
10. CONN GRANTEDUSER/ USERPASSWORD AS SYSDBA
I dent i f y i ng User s SYSDBA or SYSOPER User s
SELECT * FROM V$PWFILE_USERS
Dat a Di ct i onar y and Dynami c Per f or mance Vi ew s
Dat a Di ct i onar y Cr eat i on
sql.bsq creat es base t ables
catalog.sql creat es dat a dict ionary views
catproc.sql runs script s required for server- side PL/ SQL
t hey run as SYSDBA
t hey are locat ed in \ rdbms\ admin
St ar t up and Shut dow n
St ar t up Lev el s
STARTUP [FORCE] [RESTRICT] [PFILE=filename] [OPEN [RECOVER] [database] |MOUNT
|NOMOUNT]
ALTER DATABASE { MOUNT | OPEN }
ALTER DATABASE OPEN [READ WRITE| READ ONLY]
ALTER SYSTEM ENABLE | DISABLE RESTRICTED SESSION;
Shut dow n Level s
SHUTDOWN [NORMAL | TRANSACTIONAL | IMMEDIATE | ABORT ]
Aut omat i cal l y St ar t i ng Dat abases
For Oracle 10. 1, refer t o Not e 222813. 1
/* Example 1 */
# compatible with Note 281912.1 (and Note 760051.1)
#(1) login as root
#(2) Set it to Y in /etc/oratab
mydb:/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1:Y

#(3) Create dbora script in the directory /etc/init.d
# fix ORA_HOME and ORA_OWNER values as required
vi /etc/init.d/dbora


#!/bin/bash
#
# description: Start/Stop the Databases..
#
# chkconfig: 2345 99 10
#
# processname: oracle
# config: /etc/oratab
# pidfile: /var/run/oracle.pid

# Source function library.
. /etc/init.d/functions

RETVAL=0
ORA_OWNER="oracle"
ORA_HOME="/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1"

prog="oracle"

start() {
echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
su - $ORA_OWNER -c "$ORA_HOME/bin/dbstart"
su - $ORA_OWNER -c "$ORA_HOME/bin/lsnrctl start"
RETVAL=$?
echo
[ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && touch /var/lock/subsys/dbora
return $RETVAL
}

stop() {
echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
su - $ORA_OWNER -c "$ORA_HOME/bin/dbshut"
su - $ORA_OWNER -c "$ORA_HOME/bin/lsnrctl stop"
RETVAL=$?
echo
[ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && rm -r /var/lock/subsys/dbora
return $RETVAL
}

restart() {
stop
start
}

case "$1" in
start)
start
;;
stop)

stop
;;
restart)
restart
;;
*)
echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}"
exit 1
esac

exit $?

#(4) as root:
chgrp dba /etc/init.d/dbora
chmod 750 /etc/init.d/dbora

cd /sbin
chkconfig --add dbora
chkconfig --list | grep ora

# to test, restart or:
/etc/init.d/dbora start

/* Example 2 */
-- have been tested on an Oracle 10g Db on Linux 4
#(1) login as root

# fix ORACLE_HOME value as required

#!/bin/sh
#
# /etc/rc.d/init.d/dbora
# Description: Starts and stops the Oracle database and listeners
#
case "$1" in
start)
echo -n "Starting Oracle Databases: "
echo "------------------------------------" >> /var/log/oracle
date +"! %T %a %D : Starting Oracle Databases as part of system up."
>> /var/log/oracle
su - oracle -c dbstart >> /var/log/oracle
echo "Done."
echo -n "Starting Oracle Listeners: "
su - oracle -c "lsnrctl start" >> /var/log/oracle
echo "Done."
echo ""
date +"! %T %a %D : Finished." >> /var/log/oracle

touch /var/lock/subsys/oracle
;;
stop)
echo -n "Shutting Down Oracle Listeners: "
date +"! %T %a %D : Shutting Down Oracle Databases as part of system
down." >> /var/log/oracle
su - oracle -c "lsnrctl stop" >> /var/log/oracle
echo "Done."
rm -f /var/lock/subsys/oracle
echo -n "Shutting Down Oracle Databases: "
su - oracle -c dbshut >> /var/log/oracle
echo "Done."
echo ""
;;
restart)
echo -n "Restarting Oracle Databases: "
date +"! %T %a %D : Restarting Oracle Databases as part of system up."
>> /var/log/oracle
su - oracle -c dbstop >> /var/log/oracle
su - oracle -c dbstart >> /var/log/oracle
echo "Done."
echo -n "Restarting Oracle Listeners: "
su - oracle -c "lsnrctl stop" >> /var/log/oracle
su - oracle -c "lsnrctl start" >> /var/log/oracle
echo "Done."
echo ""
touch /var/lock/subsys/oracle
;;
*)
echo "Usage: oracle {start|stop|restart}"
exit
esac

# (4) set file group and permissions
chgrp dba dbora
chmod 750 dbora

# (5) Create the symbolic links: In Linux,
ln -s /etc/init.d/dbora /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/K01dbora
ln -s /etc/init.d/dbora /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/S99dbora

/* Example 3 */
#(1) login as root

# fix ORACLE_HOME value as required
vi /etc/init.d/dbora

#!/bin/bash
#
# oracle Init file for starting and stopping
# Oracle Database. Script is valid for 10g and 11g versions.
#
# chkconfig: 35 80 30
# description: Oracle Database startup script


. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions

ORACLE_OWNER="oracle"
ORACLE_HOME="/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1"

case "$1" in
start)
echo -n $"Starting Oracle DB:"
su - $ORACLE_OWNER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbstart $ORACLE_HOME"
echo "OK"
echo -n "Starting Oracle Listeners:"
su - $ORACLE_OWNER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/lsnrctl start"
echo "OK"
;;
stop)
echo -n $"Stopping Oracle DB:"
su - $ORACLE_OWNER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbshut $ORACLE_HOME"
echo "OK"
echo -n "Stopping Oracle Listeners:"
su - $ORACLE_OWNER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/lsnrctl stop"
echo "OK"
;;
*)
echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop}"
esac

# (4) set file group and permissions
chgrp dba /etc/init.d/dbora
chmod 750 /etc/init.d/dbora

# (5) Create the symbolic links: In Linux,

# (6) configuring execution for specific runlevels
chkconfig --add dbora --level 0356

Qui esci ng a Dat abase
Users will remain logged in, and t hey can cont inue t o execut e t heir request s t hat are in
progress, while t he dat abase is in t he quiesced st at e. The dat abase, however, will block all
new t ransact ional request s except t hose made by t he users SYS and SYSTEM (not DBA
grant ees).
ALTER SYSTEM QUIESCE RESTRICTED;
ALTER SYSTEM UNQUIESCE;
SELECT instance_name, status, shutdown_pending, active_state FROM v$instance;
Suspendi ng a Dat abase
All reads from and writ es t o t he dat afiles and cont rol files are suspended.
ALTER SYSTEM SUSPEND;
ALTER SYSTEM RESUME;
SELECT instance_name, status, shutdown_pending, active_state FROM v$instance;
Dr oppi ng a Dat abase
Dat afiles, redo log files, and cont rol files are removed aut omat ically. Alert log and
paramet er file are not delet ed.
CONNECT sys/sys_passwd AS SYSDBA
SHUTDOW IMMEDIATE
STARTUP RESTRICT MOUNT
SELECT name FROM v$database;
DROP DATABASE;
I ni t i al i zat i on Fi l es
Managi ng I ni t i al i zat i on Fi l es
During st art up, in $ORACLE_HOME/ dbs ( for UNI X/ Linux) Oracle will look for t he correct
init ializat ion file t o use, in t he following order:
o spfile$ORACLE_SI D.ora
o spfile.ora
o init $ORACLE_SI D.ora
# currently used SPFiles (if null, pfile was used)
select * from v$parameter where name = 'spfile'
# create pfile
CREATE SPFILE='/u01/oracle/dbs/test_spfile.ora' FROM
PFILE='/u01/oracle/dbs/test_init.ora'
# use pecific spfile during startup
STARTUP PFILE = $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initDBA1.ora
# PFILE can indicate to use SPFILE
SPFILE = /database/startup/spfileDBA1.ora
I n Oracle 11g

# write current values of instance parameters
CREATE PFILE FROM MEMORY;
CREATE SPFILE FROM MEMORY;
Managi ng Par amet er s i n SPFI LE
-- display current value of a parameter
select * from v$parameter where name = 'spfile'
-- parameter values set in SPFILE
select NAME, ISSPECIFIED from V$SPPARAMETER where name like '%dest%';
-- in SQL Plus
show parameter target

-- set parameter value
alter system set parameter=value scope=SPFILE|MEMORY|

BOTH
-- delete a parameter from SPFILe
ALTER SYSTEM RESET undo_suppress_errors SCOPE=BOTH SID='node01';

-- Only sessions started after the statement is executed are affected
-- this option is a must for the parameters whose ISSYS_MODIFIABLE column
-- in V$PARAMETER is DEFERRED. You cannot use it, if the column value is
FALSE
ALTER SYSTEM SET parameter_name DEFERRED;

-- undocumented parameters
SELECT
a.ksppinm parameter, a.ksppdesc description,
b.ksppstvl session_value, c.ksppstvl instance_value
FROM x$ksppi a, x$ksppcv b, x$ksppsv c
WHERE
a.indx = b.indx
AND a.indx = c.indx
AND SUBSTR (a.ksppinm,1,1) = '_'
ORDER BY a.ksppinm;
Al er t and Tr ace Fi l es
Moni t or i ng Al er t and Tr ace Fi l es
# to obtain the Location of Trace Files
column NAME format a35
column VALUE format a35
select name, value from v$parameter
where name in ('background_dump_dest','user_dump_dest')

# to set maximum size of trace files (excluding the alert file)
# in number of block unless you sepcify K or M

select * from v$parameter where upper(name )= 'MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE'
alter session set MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE='100M'

Managi ng Or acl e Dat abase Phy si cal St r u ct ur e
Managi ng Cont r ol Fi l es
Obt ai ni ng Cont r ol Fi l e i nf or mat i on
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)= 'CONTROL_FILES'
select * from v$controlfile;
select * from v$controlfile_record_section
Cr eat i ng Addi t i onal Copi es, Renami ng, and Rel ocat i ng Cont r ol Fi l es
1. Shut down t he dat abase.

2. Copy an exist ing cont rol f ile t o a new locat ion, using operat ing syst em commands.

3. Edit t he CONTROL_FI LES paramet er
CONTROL_FILES="D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\CONTROL01.CTL","D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA1
1G2\CONTROL02.CTL";
4. Rest art t he dat abase.
Not e: if you are using SPFI LE, STARTUP NOMOUNT t hen use ALTER SYSTEM SET ..
SCOPE= SPFI LE command.
Cr eat i ng New Cont r ol Fi l es
1. Make a list of all dat af iles and redo log f iles of t he dat abase.
2. Shut down t he dat abase.
3. Back up all dat af iles and redo log f iles of t he dat abase.
4. STARTUP NOMOUNT
5. Use t he CREATE CONTROLFILE st at ement :
CREATE CONTROLFILE
SET DATABASE prod
LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/u01/oracle/prod/redo01_01.log',
'/u01/oracle/prod/redo01_02.log'),
GROUP 2 ('/u01/oracle/prod/redo02_01.log',
'/u01/oracle/prod/redo02_02.log'),
GROUP 3 ('/u01/oracle/prod/redo03_01.log',
'/u01/oracle/prod/redo03_02.log')
RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS
DATAFILE '/u01/oracle/prod/system01.dbf' SIZE 3M,
'/u01/oracle/prod/rbs01.dbs' SIZE 5M,
'/u01/oracle/prod/users01.dbs' SIZE 5M,
'/u01/oracle/prod/temp01.dbs' SIZE 5M
MAXLOGFILES 50
MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
MAXLOGHISTORY 400
MAXDATAFILES 200
MAXINSTANCES 6
ARCHIVELOG;
Specify t he RESETLOGS clause if you have lost any redo log groups in addit ion t o cont rol files.
I n t his case, you will need t o recover from t he loss of t he redo logs (st ep 8). You must specify
t he RESETLOGS clause if you have renamed t he dat abase. Ot herwise, select t he
NORESETLOGS clause.


Caut i on: The CREATE CONTROLFI LE st at ement can pot ent ially damage specified dat afiles and
redo log files. Omit t ing a filename can cause loss of t he dat a in t hat file, or loss of access t o
t he ent ire dat abase.

6. St ore a backup of t he new cont rol file on an offline st orage device.
7. Edit t he CONTROL_FI LES init ializat ion paramet er
8. I f you are renaming t he dat abase, edit t he DB_NAME paramet er in your inst ance paramet er
file.
9. Recover t he dat abase if necessary.
I f t he new cont rol file was creat ed using t he NORESETLOGS clause, you can recover t he
dat abase wit h complet e, closed dat abase recovery.
I f t he new cont rol file was creat ed using t he RESETLOGS clause, you must specify USI NG
BACKUP CONTROL FI LE in your RECOVER command.

10. I f you did not perform recovery, open t he dat abase normally.
ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
I f you specified RESETLOGS when creat ing t he cont rol file:
ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS;

Handl i ng Er r or s Dur i ng CREATE CONTROLFI LE
I f Oracle Dat abase sends you an error ( usually error ORA- 01173, ORA- 01176, ORA- 01177,
ORA- 01215, or ORA- 01216) when you at t empt t o mount and open t he dat abase aft er creat ing
a new cont rol file, t he most likely cause is t hat you omit t ed a file from t he CREATE
CONTROLFI LE st at ement or included one t hat should not have been list ed.

Check i ng f or Mi ssi ng Fi l es af t er Cr eat i ng Cont r ol Fi l es
Check t he alert log t o see if t he dat abase has det ect ed inconsist encies bet ween t he dat a
dict ionary and t he cont rol file.

I f a dat afile exist s in t he dat a dict ionary but not in t he new cont rol file, t he dat abase creat es
a placeholder ent ry in t he cont rol file under t he name MI SSI NGnnnn, where nnnn is t he file
number in decimal. MI SSI NGnnnn is flagged in t he cont rol file as being offline and requiring
media recovery.
o I f t he act ual dat afile corresponding t o MI SSI NGnnnn is readonly or offline normal,
t hen you can make t he dat afile accessible by renaming MI SSI NGnnnn t o t he name
of t he act ual dat afile.

o I f MI SSI NGnnnn corresponds t o a dat afile t hat was not read-only or offline normal,
you must drop t he t ablespace cont aining t he dat afile.
Back i ng Up Cont r ol Fi l es
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO '/oracle/backup/control.bkp';
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO TRACE;

Manage t he Si ze of Cont r ol Fi l es
I t is affect ed by MAXDATAFI LES, MAXLOGFI LES, MAXLOGMEMBERS, MAXLOGHI STORY, and
MAXI NSTANCES paramet ers in t he CREATE DATABASE st at ement . Also it is affect ed by
CONTROL_FI LE_RECORD_KEEP_TI ME
Mul t i pl ex i ng t he Cont r ol Fi l e
1. Alt er t he SPFI LE:
ALTER SYSTEM SET control_files
='$HOME/ORADATA/u01/ctrl01.ctl','$HOME/ORADATA/u02/ctrl02.ctl' SCOPE=SPFILE;

2. Shut down t he dat abase
3. Creat e addit ional cont rol files:
cp $HOME/ORADATA/u01/ctrl01.ctl $HOME/ORADATA/u02/ctrl02.ctl
4. St art t he dat abase:
startup
Mai nt ai ni ng Onl i ne Redo Log Fi l es
For ci ng Log Sw i t ches and Check poi nt s
# Forcing a log switch
ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;
# forcing checkpoints in seconds
FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET = 600
ALTER SYSTEM CHECKPOINT;

Addi ng Onl i ne Redo Log Fi l e Gr oups
# GROUP n is optional
ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE GROUP 3
('/ORADATA/u01/log3a.rdo', '/ORADATA/u02/log3b.rdo')
SIZE 1M;
Addi ng Onl i ne Redo Log Fi l e Member s
ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE MEMBER
'/ORADATA/u04/log1c.rdo' TO GROUP 1,
'/ORADATA/u04/log2c.rdo' TO GROUP 2,
'/ORADATA/u04/log3c.rdo' TO GROUP 3;
Dr oppi ng Onl i ne Redo Log Fi l e Gr oups
SELECT GROUP#, ARCHIVED, STATUS FROM V$LOG;
ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;
ALTER DATABASE DROP LOGFILE GROUP 3;
Dr oppi ng Onl i ne Redo Log Fi l e Member s
ALTER DATABASE DROP LOGFILE MEMBER '$HOME/ORADATA/u04/log3c.rdo';
Rel ocat i ng and Renami ng Redo Log Member s
SHUTDOWN
Copy the redo log files to the new location.
STARTUP MOUNT
ALTER DATABASE
RENAME FILE '/diska/logs/log1a.rdo', '/diska/logs/log2a.rdo'
TO '/diskc/logs/log1c.rdo', '/diskc/logs/log2c.rdo';

Ver i f y i ng Bl ock s i n Redo Log Fi l es
# it defaults to TURE
alter system set DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM=true ;
Cl ear i ng a Redo Log Fi l e
# if DB stops becuase log file is corrupted
ALTER DATABASE CLEAR LOGFILE GROUP 2;
# the redo log file will be available even if not archived
ALTER DATABASE CLEAR UNARCHIVED LOGFILE GROUP 2;
Vi ew i ng Redo Log I nf or mat i on
SELECT * FROM V$LOG;
# STATUS: INVALID (inaccessible), STALE (incomplete), DELETED, Blank (in use)
SELECT * FROM V$LOGFILE;
SELECT * FROM V$LOG G, V$LOGFILE M where G.GROUP#=M.GROUP# order by M.GROUP#
Managi ng Ar chi ved Redo Logs
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on about Ar chi v e Log
-- in SQL*Plus
ARCHIVE LOG LIST
-- to know archivelog mode of the database
select LOG_MODE from V$DATABASE

-- historical archived log information from the control file
select
RECID,
NAME,
DEST_ID,
THREAD#,
SEQUENCE#,
RESETLOGS_CHANGE#,
RESETLOGS_TIME,
RESETLOGS_ID,
FIRST_CHANGE#,
FIRST_TIME,
NEXT_CHANGE#,
NEXT_TIME,
BLOCKS * BLOCK_SIZE/1024/1024 MB ,
CREATOR,
ARCHIVED,
DELETED,
STATUS,
COMPLETION_TIME,
END_OF_REDO,
BACKUP_COUNT,
ARCHIVAL_THREAD#,
IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE,
COMPRESSED,
FAL,

BACKED_BY_VSS
from V$ARCHIVED_LOG;

-- information about archive log destinations and their status
select * from V$ARCHIVE_DEST

-- information about ARCn processes
select * from V$ARCHIVE_PROCESSES

-- information about any backup made on archived log files
select * from V$BACKUP_REDOLOG

-- online groups and which one to be archived
select * from V$LOG

-- log history information
select * from V$LOG_HISTORY
Changi ng t he Dat abase Ar chi v i ng Mode
select log_mode from v$database ;

CONN / AS SYSDBA
SHUTDOWN
Back up the database
see Specifying Archive Destinations ( next section )
STARTUP MOUNT
ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG; -- or NOARCHIVELOG
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
Speci f y i ng Ar chi v e Dest i nat i ons and t hei r Opt i ons
-- to local destinations
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1 = 'LOCATION=/disk1/archive'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1 = 'LOCATION=USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST'

-- default is OPTIONAL, REOPEN in seconds (default 300)
-- if REOPEN is omitted, ARCn will never open a destination after a failure
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2 = 'LOCATION=/disk2/archive MANDATORY REOPEN=600'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_3 = 'LOCATION=/disk3/archive OPTIONAL'

-- to a standby db
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_4 = 'SERVICE = standby1'

-- control file format
LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=t%t_s%s_r%r.arc
Speci f y i ng t he Mi ni mum Number of Successf ul Dest i nat i ons
alter system set LOG_ARCHIVE_MIN_SUCCEED_DEST=1

Cont r ol l i ng Ar chi v i ng t o a Dest i nat i on
alter system set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2 = DEFER
alter system set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2 = ENABLE
Cont r ol l i ng Tr ace Out put Gener at ed by t he Ar chi v el og Pr ocess
LOG_ARCHI VE_TRACE t akes combinat ion of:
0 Disable archivelog t racing. This is t he default .
1 Track archival of redo log file.
2 Track archival st at us for each archivelog dest inat ion.
4 Track archival operat ional phase.
8 Track archivelog dest inat ion act ivit y.
16 Track det ailed archivelog dest inat ion act ivit y.
32 Track archivelog dest inat ion paramet er modificat ions.
64 Track ARCn process st at e act ivit y.
128 Track FAL ( fet ch archived log) server relat ed act ivit ies.
256 Support ed in a fut ure release.
512 Tracks asynchronous LGWR act ivit y.
1024 RFS physical client t racking.
2048 ARCn/ RFS heart beat t racking.
4096 Track real- t ime apply

-- LOG_ARCHIVE_TRACE defaults to 0
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='LOG_ARCHIVE_TRACE';
-- database must be mounted but not open.
ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_TRACE=12;

Managi ng Tabl espaces
Obt ai ni ng Tabl espace I nf or mat i on
-- tablespace size usage report
BREAK ON REPORT
COMPUTE SUM OF tbsp_size ON REPORT
compute SUM OF used ON REPORT
compute SUM OF free ON REPORT
COL tbspname FORMAT a20 HEADING 'Tablespace Name'
COL tbsp_size FORMAT 999,999 HEADING 'Size|(MB)'
COL used FORMAT 999,999 HEADING 'Used|(MB)'
COL free FORMAT 999,999 HEADING 'Free|(MB)'
COL pct_used FORMAT 999 HEADING'% Used'

SELECT df.tablespace_name tbspname,
sum(df.bytes)/1024/1024 tbsp_size,
nvl(sum(e.used_bytes)/1024/1024,0) used,
nvl(sum(f.free_bytes)/1024/1024,0) free,
nvl((sum(e.used_bytes)*100)/sum(df.bytes),0) pct_used
FROM DBA_DATA_FILES df,
(SELECT file_id,
SUM(nvl(bytes,0)) used_bytes
FROM dba_extents
GROUP BY file_id) e,
(SELECT MAX(bytes) free_bytes, file_id
FROM dba_free_space
GROUP BY file_id) f

WHERE e.file_id(+) = df.file_id
AND df.file_id = f.file_id(+)
GROUP BY df.tablespace_name
ORDER BY 5 DESC
-- *************************************************************

-- tablespace info from control file
select TS#,NAME,INCLUDED_IN_DATABASE_BACKUP,
BIGFILE,FLASHBACK_ON,ENCRYPT_IN_BACKUP
from V$TABLESPACE;
-- descriptions of tablespaces
select TABLESPACE_NAME,BLOCK_SIZE,INITIAL_EXTENT,
NEXT_EXTENT NEXT_EXTENT_SIZE,MIN_EXTENTS,MAX_EXTENTS,
PCT_INCREASE,MIN_EXTLEN,STATUS,
CONTENTS,LOGGING,FORCE_LOGGING,
EXTENT_MANAGEMENT,ALLOCATION_TYPE,PLUGGED_IN,
SEGMENT_SPACE_MANAGEMENT,DEF_TAB_COMPRESSION,RETENTION
from DBA_TABLESPACES

-- segments contained in tablespaces
select OWNER,SEGMENT_NAME,PARTITION_NAME,SEGMENT_TYPE,S.TABLESPACE_NAME,
HEADER_FILE,HEADER_BLOCK,S.BYTES/1024/1024 SEGMENT_SIZE_MB,
D.BLOCKS SEGMENT_BLOCKS,EXTENTS,S.INITIAL_EXTENT,S.NEXT_EXTENT
NEXT_EXTENT_SIZE, S.MIN_EXTENTS,S.MAX_EXTENTS,S.PCT_INCREASE,
FREELISTS,FREELIST_GROUPS,D.RELATIVE_FNO, D.FILE_NAME
from DBA_SEGMENTS S, DBA_TABLESPACES T, DBA_DATA_FILES D
where S.TABLESPACE_NAME = T.TABLESPACE_NAME AND T.TABLESPACE_NAME =
D.TABLESPACE_NAME
AND S.RELATIVE_FNO = D.RELATIVE_FNO
AND T.TABLESPACE_NAME NOT IN ('SYSAUX','SYSTEM')
order BY S.TABLESPACE_NAME

-- extents contained by tablespaces
SELECT EXTENT_ID, E.BLOCK_ID,E.BYTES/1024 EXTENT_SIZE_KB,
E.OWNER,E.SEGMENT_NAME,E.PARTITION_NAME,
E.SEGMENT_TYPE,D.FILE_NAME, S.TABLESPACE_NAME,HEADER_FILE,
HEADER_BLOCK SEG_HEADER_BLOCK,S.BYTES/1024/1024 SEGMENT_SIZE_MB,D.BLOCKS
SEGMENT_BLOCKS, EXTENTS SEG_EXTENTS
FROM DBA_EXTENTS E, DBA_SEGMENTS S, DBA_DATA_FILES D
WHERE E.OWNER=S.OWNER AND E.SEGMENT_NAME = S.SEGMENT_NAME
AND NVL(E.PARTITION_NAME,'0') = NVL(S.PARTITION_NAME,'0')
AND E.SEGMENT_TYPE = S.SEGMENT_TYPE
AND E.FILE_ID = D.FILE_ID
AND S.TABLESPACE_NAME NOT IN ('SYSAUX','SYSTEM')
ORDER BY E.SEGMENT_NAME, E.OWNER, E.PARTITION_NAME,E.EXTENT_ID

-- free extents within tablespaces
SELECT F.TABLESPACE_NAME,F.FILE_ID,F.BLOCK_ID,
F.BYTES/1024/1024 FREE_MB, D.FILE_NAME
FROM DBA_FREE_SPACE F, DBA_DATA_FILES D
WHERE F.FILE_ID = D.FILE_ID
UNION
SELECT F.TABLESPACE_NAME, TO_NUMBER('') AS FILE_ID, TO_NUMBER('') AS BLOCK_ID,
SUM(F.BYTES/1024/1024) FREE_MB, TO_CHAR('') AS FILE_NAME
FROM DBA_FREE_SPACE F
GROUP BY F.TABLESPACE_NAME, TO_NUMBER('') , TO_NUMBER('') ,TO_CHAR('')
ORDER BY TABLESPACE_NAME

-- data files (from control file)
SELECT FILE#,T.NAME TABLESPACE_NAME,D.NAME FILENAME,
CREATION_CHANGE#,CREATION_TIME, RFILE#,STATUS,

ENABLED,CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#,CHECKPOINT_TIME,
UNRECOVERABLE_CHANGE#,UNRECOVERABLE_TIME,LAST_CHANGE#,
LAST_TIME,OFFLINE_CHANGE#,ONLINE_CHANGE#,
ONLINE_TIME,BYTES/1024/1024 FILESIZE_MB,BLOCKS,
CREATE_BYTES,BLOCK_SIZE,
PLUGGED_IN,BLOCK1_OFFSET,AUX_NAME
FROM V$DATAFILE D, V$TABLESPACE T
WHERE D.TS# = T.TS#
ORDER BY TABLESPACE_NAME, D.RFILE#

-- data files
select FILE_NAME,FILE_ID,T.TABLESPACE_NAME,
F.STATUS FILE_STATUS,
RELATIVE_FNO,
AUTOEXTENSIBLE,
ROUND(BYTES/1024/1024,2) FILESIZE_MB,
ROUND(MAXBYTES/1024/1024,2) MAXSIZE_MB,
ROUND((INCREMENT_BY*T.BLOCK_SIZE)/1024/1024,2) AUTOEXTENSION_SIZE_MB,
ROUND(USER_BYTES/1024/1024,2) AVAILABLE_FOR_DATA_MB -- remaining size used
from DBA_DATA_FILES F, DBA_TABLESPACES T -- for storing metadata
where F.TABLESPACE_NAME = T.TABLESPACE_NAME
order BY TABLESPACE_NAME, F.RELATIVE_FNO

-- tempfiles included in tablespaces
select M.NAME TEMPFILE,FILE#,T.NAME TABLESPACE_NAME,
CREATION_TIME,M.TS#,RFILE#,
STATUS,ENABLED,BYTES,
BLOCKS,CREATE_BYTES,BLOCK_SIZE
from V$TEMPFILE M, V$TABLESPACE T
where M.TS# = T.TS#
order by T.NAME

select FILE_NAME,FILE_ID,T.TABLESPACE_NAME,
F.STATUS FILE_STATUS,
RELATIVE_FNO,
AUTOEXTENSIBLE,
ROUND(BYTES/1024/1024,2) FILESIZE_MB,
ROUND(MAXBYTES/1024/1024,2) MAXSIZE_MB,
ROUND((INCREMENT_BY*T.BLOCK_SIZE)/1024/1024,2) AUTOEXTENSION_SIZE_MB
from DBA_TEMP_FILES F, DBA_TABLESPACES
where F.TABLESPACE_NAME = T.TABLESPACE_NAME
order BY TABLESPACE_NAME, F.RELATIVE_FNO

-- extents in all locally managed temporary tablespaces
SELECT E.TABLESPACE_NAME,E.FILE_ID,
BLOCK_ID BEGIN_BLOCK#,
ROUND(E.BYTES/1024,2) EXTENT_SIZE_KB,
E.BLOCKS,OWNER
FROM V$TEMP_EXTENT_MAP E

-- tablespace groups
select GROUP_NAME, TABLESPACE_NAME
from DBA_TABLESPACE_GROUPS
order BY TABLESPACE_NAME

-- user qoutas
SELECT
USERNAME,TABLESPACE_NAME, BYTES/1024 SIZE_KB,
DECODE(MAX_BYTES,-1,-1,MAX_BYTES/1024/1024) MAX_MB
FROM DBA_TS_QUOTAS
ORDER BY USERNAME


-- user temporary usage
-- SEGTYPE: SORT,HASH,DATA,INDEX,LOB_DATA,LOB_INDEX
SELECT USERNAME,SESSION_NUM SESSION_SN,
SQLADDR,SQLHASH,SQL_ID,
TABLESPACE,
SEGTYPE,SEGFILE# INIT_EXTENT_FILE#,SEGBLK#
INIT_EXTENT_BLK#,EXTENTS,BLOCKS,SEGRFNO#
FROM V$TEMPSEG_USAGE
Cr eat i ng a Local l y Managed Tabl espace
CREATE TABLESPACE lmtbsb DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/data/lmtbsb01.dbf' SIZE 50M
EXTENT MANAGEMENT AUTOALLOCATE;
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL UNIFORM SIZE 128K; -- default 1MB
Speci f y i ng Segment Space Management
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO; -- though it's the default
-- the other option is MANUAL
Addi ng Space t o Tabl espace
ALTER TABLESPACE test01 ADD DATAFILE '..' SIZE 1000M;
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '' RESIZE 500m;
Speci f y i ng Nonst andar d Bl ock Si zes f or Tabl espaces
-- must be 2KB, 4KB, 8KB, 16KB, or 32KB.
-- requirement
set DB_CACHE_SIZE, DB_nK_CACHE_SIZE
select value/1024 KB from v$parameter where name='db_block_size';
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL UNIFORM SIZE 128K BLOCKSIZE 8K;
Usi ng Bi gf i l e Tabl espace ( BFT)
Oracle recommends t hat you change t he ext ent allocat ion policy from AUTOALLOCATE,
which is t he default , t o UNI FORM and set a very high ext ent size.
select TABLESPACE_NAME, BIGFILE from DBA_TABLESPACES order by BIGFILE;
-- use BigFile tablespaces only with ASM or RAID volume manager.
-- it can take up to 4G blocks. with 8K blocks = 32 terabyte datafile
CREATE BIGFILE TABLESPACE bigtbs -- the other option SMALLFILE
DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/data/bigtbs01.dbf' SIZE 50G -- T is acceptable
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL UNIFORM SIZE 65536K; -- default 1m
ALTER TABLESPACE bigtbs RESIZE 80G;
ALTER TABLESPACE bigtbs AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 20G;
-- with this sitting, by default all tbs created later will be BFT
CREATE DATABASE SET DEFAULT BIGFILE tablespace -- the other option SMALLFILE
ALTER TABLESPACE SET DEFAULT BIGFILE TABLESPACE;
SELECT property_value FROM database_properties
WHERE property_name='DEFAULT_TBS_TYPE';


Usi ng Tempor ar y Tabl espace
Oracle recommends creat ing t emporary t ablespaces wit h mult iples- of- 64KB ext ent sizes.
For large dat a warehousing, make it 1MB.
select * from V$TEMPFILE;
select * from DBA_TEMP_FILES;
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE lmtemp TEMPFILE '/u02/oracle/data/lmtemp01.dbf'
SIZE 20M REUSE
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL UNIFORM SIZE 16M; -- default is 1M (AUTOALLOCATE not
allowed)
CREATE BIGFILE TABLESPACE bigtbs
TEMPFILE '/u02/oracle/data/bigtbs01.dbf' SIZE 50G
ALTER TABLESPACE lmtemp ADD TEMPFILE '/u02/oracle/data/lmtemp02.dbf' SIZE 18M
REUSE;
-- doesn't apply on default temporary tablespace
ALTER TABLESPACE lmtemp TEMPFILE OFFLINE;
ALTER TABLESPACE lmtemp TEMPFILE ONLINE;
ALTER DATABASE TEMPFILE '/u02/oracle/data/lmtemp02.dbf' OFFLINE;
ALTER DATABASE TEMPFILE '/u02/oracle/data/lmtemp02.dbf' ONLINE;
ALTER DATABASE TEMPFILE '/u02/oracle/data/lmtemp02.dbf' RESIZE 18M;
-- the tablespace though isn't dropped
ALTER DATABASE TEMPFILE '/u02/oracle/data/lmtemp02.dbf' DROP INCLUDING
DATAFILES;
Renami ng a Tempf i l e
ALTER DATABASE TEMPFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORCL\TEMP02.DBF' OFFLINE;
ren C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORCL\TEMP02.DBF TEMP03.DBF
ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORCL\TEMP02.DBF' TO
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORCL\TEMP03.DBF';
ALTER DATABASE TEMPFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORCL\TEMP03.DBF' ONLINE;
Shr i nk i ng Tempor ar y Tabl espace
ALTER TABLESPACE temp SHRINK SPACE KEEP 1000M;
ALTER TABLESPACE temp SHRINK SPACE TEMPFILE tempfile
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/prod1/temp02.dbf' KEEP 100m;
SELECT file#, name, bytes/1024/1024 mb FROM v$tempfile;
Usi ng Def aul t Tempor ar y Tabl espace
ALTER DATABASE DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temptbs02; -- can be temp tbs grp
SELECT PROPERTY_NAME, PROPERTY_VALUE
FROM database_properties
WHERE property_name='DEFAULT_TEMP_TABLESPACE';
Usi ng Tempor ar y Tabl espace Gr oups
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE lmtemp2 TEMPFILE '/u02/oracle/data/lmtemp201.dbf'
SIZE 50M TABLESPACE GROUP group1;
ALTER TABLESPACE lmtemp TABLESPACE GROUP group2;
-- remove it from a group
ALTER TABLESPACE lmtemp3 TABLESPACE GROUP '';
-- Assigning a Tablespace Group as the Default Temporary Tablespace
ALTER DATABASE mydb DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE group2;

select GROUP_NAME, TABLESPACE_NAME
from DBA_TABLESPACE_GROUPS
order BY TABLESPACE_NAME
Suppr essi ng Redo Gener at i on f or a Tabl espace
CREATE TABLESPACE .. NOLOGGING;
Cont r ol l i ng Tabl espaces Av ai l abi l i t y
-- NORMAL, TEMPORARY, IMMEDIATE (not possible in NOARCHIVELOG)
ALTER TABLESPACE users OFFLINE NORMAL;
-- media recovery required if it was offline using TEMPORARY or IMMEDIATE
ALTER TABLESPACE users ONLINE;
Usi ng Read- Onl y Tabl espaces
-- backup the tablespace after making it read only
-- it waits for all transactions started before
ALTER TABLESPACE flights READ ONLY;
-- to list blocking transactions:
SELECT SQL_TEXT, SADDR
FROM V$SQLAREA,V$SESSION
WHERE V$SQLAREA.ADDRESS = V$SESSION.SQL_ADDRESS
AND SQL_TEXT LIKE 'alter tablespace%';
-- all transactions on top of SADDR retuned by previous statement
-- are blocking transactions
SELECT T.SES_ADDR, T.START_SCNB, S.USERNAME, S.MACHINE
FROM V$TRANSACTION T, V$SESSION S
WHERE T.SES_ADDR = S.SADDR
ORDER BY START_SCNB;
-- back to read write
ALTER TABLESPACE flights READ WRITE;
Renami ng Tabl espaces
ALTER TABLESPACE users RENAME TO usersts;
Def aul t Per manent Tabel space
SELECT property_value FROM database_properties WHERE
property_name='DEFAULT_PERMANENT_TABLESPACE';
ALTER DATABASE DEFAULT TABLESPACE users;
Dr oppi ng Tabl espaces
DROP TABLESPACE users INCLUDING CONTENTS;
DROP TABLESPACE test01 CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
DROP TABLESPACE users INCLUDING CONTENTS CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
DROP TABLESPACE users INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES;
Managi ng t he SYSAUX Tabl espace
A t ypical syst em wit h an average of 30 concurrent act ive sessions may require approximat ely
200 t o 300 MB of space for it s AWR dat a.

-- to monitor is occupants
-- to know which procedure to use to move an occupant
SELECT OCCUPANT_NAME , OCCUPANT_DESC , SCHEMA_NAME ,MOVE_PROCEDURE
,MOVE_PROCEDURE_DESC ,SPACE_USAGE_KBYTES FROM V$SYSAUX_OCCUPANTS
Di agnosi ng and Repai r i ng Local l y Managed Tabl espace Pr obl ems
Ver i f y i ng t he I nt egr i t y of Segment s Cr eat ed i n ASSM Tabl espaces.
Use DBMS_SPACE_ADMI N. ASSM_SEGMENT_VERI FY.
I f ASSM is disabled, use SEGMENT_VERI FY.
Aft er execut ion, check sid_ora_process_I D. t rc in USER_DUMP_DEST.
The paramet er verify_opt ion t akes one of t he following const ant s:
o SEGMENT_VERI FY_DEEP ( 9)
o SEGMENT_VERI FY_BASI C ( 10) default
o SEGMENT_VERI FY_SPECI FI C ( 11) t hen t he at t rib paramet er is considered.
at t rib t akes one of t he following const ant s:
o HWM_CHECK ( 12) checks whet her high wat er mark informat ion is accurat e.
o BMB_CHECK ( 13) checks whet her space bit map blocks have correct backpoint ers t o
t he segment header.
o SEG_DI CT_CHECK ( 14) checks whet her dict ionary informat ion for segment is
accurat e.
o EXTENT_TS_BI TMAP_CHECK ( 15) checks whet her ext ent maps are consist ent wit h file
level bit maps.
o DB_BACKPOI NTER_CHECK ( 16) checks whet her dat ablocks have correct backpoint ers
t o t he space met adat a blocks.
o EXTENT_SEGMENT_BI TMAP_CHECK ( 17) checks whet her ext ent map in t he segment
mat ch wit h t he bit naps in t he segment .
o BI TMAPS_CHECK ( 18) checks whet her space bit map blocks are accurat e.
declare
v_segname varchar2(100) := 'EMPLOYEES';
v_segowner varchar2(100) :='HR';
v_segtype varchar2(100) :='TABLE';
v_tbs varchar2(100);
begin

select tablespace_name
into v_tbs
from dba_segments
where segment_name=v_segname and owner=v_segowner
and segment_type=v_segtype;

DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.ASSM_SEGMENT_VERIFY (
segment_owner =>v_segowner,
segment_name =>v_segname,
segment_type =>v_segtype,
partition_name =>'',
verify_option => DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.SEGMENT_VERIFY_DEEP
);
end;

/

-- Check sid_ora_process_ID.trc in USER_DUMP_DEST
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='USER_DUMP_DEST'

declare
v_segtype varchar2(100) :='TABLE';
begin

select tablespace_name
into v_tbs
from dba_segments
where segment_name=v_segname and owner=v_segowner
and segment_type=v_segtype;

DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.ASSM_SEGMENT_VERIFY (
segment_owner =>v_segowner,
segment_name =>v_segname,
segment_type =>v_segtype,
partition_name =>'',
verify_option => DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.SEGMENT_VERIFY_SPECIFIC,
attrib => DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.BMB_CHECK
);
end;
/

Check i ng Consi st ency of Segment Ex t ent Map w i t h Tabl espace Fi l e Bi t maps
Use ASSM_SEGMENT_VERI FY t o segment residing in a t ablespace wit h aut omat ic segment
space management enabled and SEGMENT_VERI FY when it is disabled.
conn sys as sysdba
declare
v_fno number ;
v_rfno number;
v_hdr number;
begin
-- retreive tablespace name, absolute file number
select tablespace_name, header_file, header_block
into v_tbs, v_fno, v_hdr
from dba_segments
where segment_name=v_segname and owner=v_segowner;

select relative_fno
into v_rfno
from dba_data_files where tablespace_name = v_tbs and file_id=v_fno;

DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.SEGMENT_VERIFY(
tablespace_name =>v_tbs,

header_relative_file =>v_rfno,
header_block =>v_hdr,
verify_option =>dbms_space_admin.SEGMENT_VERIFY_EXTENTS_GLOBAL --
default SEGMENT_VERIFY_EXTENTS
);
end;
/
Ver i f y i ng t he I nt egr i t y of ASSM Tabl espaces
Use DBMS_SPACE_ADMI N. ASSM_TABLESPACE_VERI FY
I f ASSM is disabled, use TABLESPACE_VERI FY
The paramet er t s_opt ion t akes one of t he following const ant s:
o TS_VERI FY_BI TMAPS ( 19) ( Default ) The bit maps are verified against t he ext ent s. This
will det ect bit s t hat are marked used or free wrongly and will also det ect mult iple
allocat ion of ext ent s. The file met adat a will be validat ed against file$ and cont rol file.
o TS_VERI FY_DEEP ( 20) verifies t he file bit maps as well perform checks on all t he
segment s.
o TS_SEGMENTS ( 21) This opt ion is used t o invoke SEGMENT_VERI FY on all t he
segment s in t he t ablespace.
segment _opt ion: when t he TABLESPACE_VERI FY_SEGMENTS or
TABLESPACE_VERI FY_DEEP is select ed, t he SEGMENT_OPTI ON can be specified opt ionally.
When TS_VERI FY_SEGMENTS is specified, segment _opt ion can be one of t he following:
o SEGMENT_VERI FY_BASI C ( 9)
o SEGMENT_VERI FY_DEEP ( 10)
The value of segment _opt ion is NULL when TS_VERI FY_DEEP or TS_VERI FY_BASI C is
specified.
Aft er execut ion, check sid_ora_process_I D. t rc in USER_DUMP_DEST
conn sys as sysdba

select name from v$tablespace order by name;

begin
DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.ASSM_TABLESPACE_VERIFY(
tablespace_name =>'EXAMPLE',
ts_option => DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TS_VERIFY_DEEP,
segment_option =>NULL);
end;
/

Mar k i ng t he Segment Cor r upt or Val i d
corrupt _opt ion t akes one of t he following:
o SEGMENT_MARK_CORRUPT (default )
o SEGMENT_MARK_VALI D

conn sys as sysdba

declare
v_fno number ;
v_rfno number;
v_hdr number;
begin
from dba_segments

select relative_fno
into v_rfno
from dba_data_files
where tablespace_name = v_tbs and file_id=v_fno;

DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.SEGMENT_CORRUPT (
corrupt_option =>DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.SEGMENT_MARK_CORRUPT);
end;
Dr oppi ng a Cor r upt ed Segment
Use SEGMENT_DROP_CORRUPT t o drop a segment current ly marked corrupt ( wit hout
reclaiming space) . The space for t he segment is not released, and it must be fixed by
using t he TABLESPACE_FI X_BI TMAPS Procedure or t he TABLESPACE_REBUI LD_BI TMAPS
Procedure.
I f t he segment st at e is valid, t he procedure ret urns ORA- 03211 error.
conn sys as sysdba

declare
v_segname varchar2(100) := 'EMP';
v_fno number ;
v_rfno number;
v_hdr number;
begin
from dba_segments

select relative_fno
into v_rfno
from dba_data_files

DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.SEGMENT_DROP_CORRUPT(
header_block => v_hdr);

end;
Dumpi ng a Segment Header and Bi t map Bl ock s
Use DBMS_SPACE_ADMI N. SEGMENT_DUMP
The dump file named sid_ora_process_id.t rc is generat ed in t he locat ion specified in t he
USER_DUMP_DEST
conn sys as sysdba
declare
v_segname varchar2(100) := 'NAMES';
v_fno number;
v_rfno number;
v_hdr number;
begin
from dba_segments

select relative_fno
into v_rfno
from dba_data_files

DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.SEGMENT_DUMP(
dump_option => DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.SEGMENT_DUMP_EXTENT_MAP);
end;
Mar k i ng a DBA Range i n Bi t map as Fr ee or Used
The procedure TABLESPACE_FI X_BI TMAPS marks t he appropriat e DBA range ( ext ent ) as
free or used in bit map.
The BEGI N and END blocks should be in ext ent boundary and should be ext ent mult iple.
fix_opt ion t akes one of t he following
o TABLESPACE_EXTENT_MAKE_FREE
o TABLESPACE_EXTENT_MAKE_USED
conn sys as sysdba
DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TABLESPACE_FIX_BITMAPS (
dbarange_relative_file =>4,
dbarange_begin_block =>33,
dbarange_end_block =>83,
fix_option =>DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TABLESPACE_EXTENT_MAKE_FREE);
Rebui l di ng t he Appr opr i at e Bi t map
conn sys
begin
DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TABLESPACE_REBUILD_BITMAPS (

bitmap_relative_file =>NULL, -- all files
bitmap_block =>NULL); -- Block number of bitmap block to rebuild
-- NULL = all blocks
end;
Rebui l di ng Quot as f or Gi v en Tabl espace
conn sys
exec DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TABLESPACE_REBUILD_QUOTAS('USERS');
Mi gr at i ng f r om a Di ct i onar y - Managed t o a Local l y Managed Tabl espace
-- This operation is done online, but space management operations are blocked
-- ASSM won't be active on migrated objects
conn sys
EXEC DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TABLESPACE_MIGRATE_TO_LOCAL ('USERS');

-- another way requiring table lock (better)
ALTER TABLE emp MOVE TABLESPACE tbsp_new;
ALTER INDEX emp_pk_idx REBUILD TABLESPACE tbsp_idx_new;

Fi x i ng t he St at e of t he Segment s i n A Tabl espace
Use TABLESPACE_FI X_SEGMENT_STATES t o fix t he st at e of t he segment s in a t ablespace in
which migrat ion was abort ed.
conn sys
EXECUTE DBMS_SPACE_ADMIN.TABLESPACE_FIX_SEGMENT_STATES('TS1')
Scenar i o 1: Fi x i ng Bi t map When Al l ocat ed Bl ock s ar e Mar k ed Fr ee ( No Ov er l ap)
The TABLESPACE_VERI FY procedure discovers t hat a segment has allocat ed blocks t hat are
marked free in t he bit map, but no overlap bet ween segment s is report ed.
I n t his scenario, perform t he following t asks:
1. Call t he SEGMENT_DUMP procedure t o dump t he ranges t hat t he administ rat or allocat ed t o
t he segment .
2. For each range, call t he TABLESPACE_FI X_BI TMAPS procedure wit h t he
TABLESPACE_EXTENT_MAKE_USED opt ion t o mark t he space as used.
3. Call TABLESPACE_REBUI LD_QUOTAS t o fix up quot as.
Scenar i o 2: Dr oppi ng a Cor r upt ed Segment
You cannot drop a segment because t he bit map has segment blocks marked "free". The
syst em has aut omat ically marked t he segment corrupt ed. I n t his scenario, perform t he
following t asks:
1. Call t he SEGMENT_VERI FY procedure wit h t he SEGMENT_VERI FY_EXTENTS_GLOBAL opt ion.
I f no overlaps are report ed, t hen proceed wit h st eps 2 t hrough 5.
2. Call t he SEGMENT_DUMP procedure t o dump t he DBA ranges allocat ed t o t he segment .
3. For each range, call TABLESPACE_FI X_BI TMAPS wit h t he
TABLESPACE_EXTENT_MAKE_FREE opt ion t o mark t he space as free.
4. Call SEGMENT_DROP_CORRUPT t o drop t he SEG$ ent ry.
5. Call TABLESPACE_REBUI LD_QUOTAS t o fix up quot as.

Scenar i o 3: Fi x i ng Bi t map Wher e Ov er l ap i s Repor t ed
The TABLESPACE_VERI FY procedure report s some overlapping. Some of t he real dat a must be
sacrificed based on previous int ernal errors. Aft er choosing t he obj ect t o be sacrificed, in t his
case say, t able t 1, perform t he following t asks:
1. Make a list of all obj ect s t hat t 1 overlaps.
2. Drop t able t 1. I f necessary, follow up by calling t he SEGMENT_DROP_CORRUPT procedure.
3. Call t he SEGMENT_VERI FY procedure on all obj ect s t hat t 1 overlapped. I f necessary, call
t he TABLESPACE_FI X_BI TMAPS procedure t o mark appropriat e bit map blocks as used.
4. Rerun t he TABLESPACE_VERI FY procedure t o verify t he problem is resolved.
Scenar i o 4: Cor r ect i ng Medi a Cor r upt i on of Bi t map Bl ock s
A set of bit map blocks has media corrupt ion. I n t his scenario, perform t he following t asks:
1. Call t he TABLESPACE_REBUI LD_BI TMAPS procedure, eit her on all bit map
blocks, or on a single block if only one is corrupt .
2. Call t he TABLESPACE_REBUI LD_QUOTAS procedure t o rebuild quot as.
3. Call t he TABLESPACE_VERI FY procedure t o verify t hat t he bit maps are consist ent .

Tr anspor t i ng Tabl espaces Bet w een Dat abases
Limit at ions on Transport able Tablespace Use
The source and t arget dat abase must use t he same charact er set and nat ional charact er
set .
Obj ect s wit h underlying obj ect s ( such as mat erialized views) or cont ained obj ect s ( such as
part it ioned t ables) are not t ransport able unless all of t he underlying or cont ained obj ect s
are in t he t ablespace set .
You cannot t ransport t he SYSTEM t ablespace or obj ect s owned by t he user SYS. This
means t hat you cannot use TTS for PL/ SQL, t riggers, or views. These would have t o be
moved wit h export .
You cannot t ransport a t able wit h a mat erialized view unless t he mview is in t he t ransport
set you creat e.
You cannot t ransport a part it ion of a t able wit hout t ransport ing t he ent ire t able.

1. Check endian format of bot h plat forms.
For cross-plat form t ransport , check t he endian format of bot h plat forms by querying t he
V$TRANSPORTABLE_PLATFORM view.
You can find out your own plat form name:
select platform_name from v$database

2. Pick a self- cont ained set of t ablespaces.
The following st at ement can be used t o det ermine whet her t ablespaces sales_1 and sales_2
are self- cont ained, wit h referent ial int egrit y const raint s t aken int o considerat ion:
DBMS_TTS.TRANSPORT_SET_CHECK( TS_LIST =>'sales_1,sales_2', INCL_CONSTRAINTS
=>TRUE, FULL_CHECK =>TRUE)
Not e: You must have been grant ed t he EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE role ( init ially signed t o SYS)
t o execut e t his procedure.

You can see all violat ions by select ing from t he TRANSPORT_SET_VIOLATIONS view. I f t he set
of t ablespaces is self- cont ained, t his view is empt y.
3. Generat e a t ransport able t ablespace set .
3. 1.Make all t ablespaces in t he set you are copying read-only.
3. 2.Export t he met adat a describing t he obj ect s in t he t ablespace(s)
EXPDP system/password DUMPFILE=expdat.dmp DIRECTORY=dpump_dir
TRANSPORT_TABLESPACES = sales_1,sales_2
TRANSPORT_FULL_CHECK=Y
3. 3.I f you want t o convert t he t ablespaces in t he source dat abase, use t he RMAN
RMAN TARGET /
CONVERT TABLESPACE sales_1,sales_2
TO PLATFORM 'Microsoft Windows NT'
FORMAT '/temp/%U'
4. Transport t he t ablespace set .
Transport bot h t he dat afiles and t he export file of t he t ablespaces t o a place accessible t o
t he t arget dat abase.
5. Convert t ablespace set , if required, in t he dest inat ion dat abase.
Use RMAN as follows:
RMAN> CONVERT DATAFILE
'/hq/finance/work/tru/tbs_31.f',
'/hq/finance/work/tru/tbs_32.f',
'/hq/finance/work/tru/tbs_41.f'
TO PLATFORM="Solaris[tm] OE (32-bit)"
FROM PLATFORM="HP TRu64 UNIX"
DBFILE_NAME_CONVERT=
"/hq/finance/work/tru/", "/hq/finance/dbs/tru"
PARALLELISM=5
Not e: The source and dest inat ion plat forms are opt ional.
Not e: By default , Oracle places t he convert ed files in t he Flash Recovery Area, wit hout
changing t he dat afile names.
Not e: I f you have CLOB dat a on a small- endian syst em in an Oracle dat abase version before
10g and wit h a varying- widt h charact er set and you are t ransport ing t o a dat abase in a big-
endian syst em, t he CLOB dat a must be convert ed in t he dest inat ion dat abase. RMAN does
not handle t he conversion during t he CONVERT phase. However, Oracle dat abase
aut omat ically handles t he conversion while accessing t he CLOB dat a.
I f you want t o eliminat e t his run- t ime conversion cost from t his aut omat ic conversion, you
can issue t he CREATE TABLE AS SELECT command before accessing t he dat a.
6. Plug in t he t ablespace.
IMPDP system/password DUMPFILE=expdat.dmp DIRECTORY=dpump_dir
TRANSPORT_DATAFILES=
/salesdb/sales_101.dbf,
/salesdb/sales_201.dbf
REMAP_SCHEMA=(dcranney:smith) REMAP_SCHEMA=(jfee:williams)
I f required, put t he t ablespace int o READ WRITE mode.
Usi ng Tr anspor t abl e Tabl espaces: Scenar i os
Tr anspor t i ng and At t achi ng Par t i t i ons f or Dat a War ehousi ng
1. I n a st aging dat abase, you creat e a new t ablespace and make it cont ain t he t able you
want t o t ransport . I t should have t he same columns as t he dest inat ion part it ioned t able.
2. Creat e an index on t he same columns as t he local index in t he part it ioned t able.
3. Transport t he t ablespace t o t he dat a warehouse.
4. I n t he dat a warehouse, add a part it ion t o t he t able.
ALTER TABLE sales ADD PARTITION jul98 VALUES LESS THAN (1998, 8, 1)

5. At t ach t he t ransport ed t able t o t he part it ioned t able by exchanging it wit h t he new
part it ion:
ALTER TABLE sales EXCHANGE PARTITION jul98 WITH TABLE jul_sales
INCLUDING INDEXES WITHOUT VALIDATION
Publ i shi ng St r uct ur ed Dat a on CDs
A dat a provider can load a t ablespace wit h dat a t o be published, generat e t he t ransport able
set , and copy t he t ransport able set t o a CD. When cust omers receive t his CD, t hey can plug
it int o an exist ing dat abase wit hout having t o copy t he dat afiles from t he CD t o disk st orage.
Not e: I n t his case, it is highly recommended t o set t he READ_ONLY_OPEN_DELAYED
init ializat ion paramet er t o TRUE.
Movi ng Dat abases Acr oss Pl at f or ms Usi ng Tr anspor t abl e Tabl espaces
You can use t he t ransport able t ablespace feat ure t o migrat e a dat abase t o a different
plat form.
However, you cannot t ransport t he SYSTEM t ablespace. Therefore, obj ect s such as
sequences, PL/ SQL packages, and ot her obj ect s t hat depend on t he SYSTEM t ablespace are
not t ransport ed. You must eit her creat e t hese obj ect s manually on t he dest inat ion dat abase,
or use Dat a Pump t o t ransport t he obj ect s t hat are not moved by t ransport able t ablespace.

Managi ng Al er t Thr eshol ds
Get t i ng t he Cur r ent Thr eshol d Set t i ng
List of support ed met rics can be found in t he document at ion "PL/ SQL Packages and Types
Reference": 10g, 11g or link or from t he query below:
SELECT METRIC_ID, METRIC_NAME, METRIC_UNIT,
GROUP_ID, GROUP_NAME
FROM V$METRICNAME
ORDER BY METRIC_NAME

-- current threshold settings
select * from DBA_THRESHOLDS;

set serveroutput on
DECLARE
V_WOPERATOR BINARY_INTEGER;
V_WVALUE VARCHAR2(50);
V_COPERATOR BINARY_INTEGER;
V_CVALUE VARCHAR2(50);
V_OBS_PERIOD BINARY_INTEGER;
V_CON_PERIOD BINARY_INTEGER;
FUNCTION GET_OPERATOR_NAME( P_OPER IN BINARY_INTEGER) RETURN VARCHAR2
IS
BEGIN
IF P_OPER =0 THEN
RETURN 'GT';
ELSIF P_OPER =1 THEN
RETURN 'EQ';
RETURN 'LT';
RETURN 'LE';

RETURN 'GE';
RETURN 'OPERATOR_CONTAINS';
RETURN 'NE';
RETURN 'OPERATOR_DO_NOT_CHECK';
END IF;
END GET_OPERATOR_NAME;
BEGIN
DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.GET_THRESHOLD(
metrics_id =>DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.TABLESPACE_PCT_FULL,
warning_operator =>V_WOPERATOR ,
warning_value =>V_WVALUE,
critical_operator =>V_COPERATOR,
critical_value =>V_CVALUE,
observation_period =>V_OBS_PERIOD,
consecutive_occurrences =>V_CON_PERIOD,
instance_name =>NULL,
object_type => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.OBJECT_TYPE_TABLESPACE,
object_name =>NULL);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Warning Op.: '|| GET_OPERATOR_NAME(V_WOPERATOR));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Warning Val: '||V_WVALUE);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Critical Op.: '|| GET_OPERATOR_NAME(V_COPERATOR));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Critical Val: '||V_CVALUE);
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
IF SQLCODE='-13799' THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No threshold was found with the specified threshold
key.(ORA-13799)');
ELSE
RAISE;
END IF;
END;
/
Set t i ng Tabl espace Al er t Thr eshol ds
warning_operat or t akes one of t he following ( not all applicable for all met rics) :
o OPERATOR_EQ GE GT LE LT NE
o OPERATOR_CONTAI NS
o OPERATOR_DO_NOT_CHECK ( disables t he alert for t he specified met ric)
-- set the free-space-remaining thresholds in the USERS tablespace to 10 MB
(warning)
-- and 2 MB (critical), and disable the percent-full thresholds.
BEGIN
DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.SET_THRESHOLD(
metrics_id => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.TABLESPACE_BYT_FREE, -- Tablespace FREE
space in KB
warning_operator => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.OPERATOR_LT, -- GT is not applicable
here
warning_value => '10240',
critical_operator => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.OPERATOR_LT,
critical_value => '2048',
observation_period => 1, -- computation period (1-60 min)
consecutive_occurrences => 1, -- violation times before alert
instance_name => NULL, -- NULL= 'database_wide'. Passed value is not checked

object_name => 'USERS'); -- if NULL -> All Tablespaces

metrics_id => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.TABLESPACE_PCT_FULL, -- tablespace USAGE by
%
warning_operator => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.OPERATOR_DO_NOT_CHECK,
critical_operator => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.OPERATOR_DO_NOT_CHECK,
observation_period => 1,
consecutive_occurrences => 1,
instance_name => NULL,
object_name => 'USERS');
END;
/

SELECT *
FROM dba_thresholds
where object_name = 'USERS' and object_type='TABLESPACE';
Rest or i ng a Tabl espace t o Dat abase Def aul t Thr eshol ds
You can rest ore t he met ric t hreshold values t o revert t o t he dat abase default s by set t ing
t hem t o NULL in t he DBMS_SERVER_ALERT. SET_THRESHOLD.
BEGIN
metrics_id => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.TABLESPACE_PCT_FULL, -- tablespace USAGE by
%
warning_operator => NULL, -- do not use ''
warning_value => NULL,
critical_operator => NULL,
critical_value => NULL,
object_name => 'USERS');
END;
/

SELECT *
FROM dba_thresholds
Modi f yi ng Dat abase Def aul t Thr eshol ds
set t he obj ect _name t o NULL
BEGIN
metrics_id => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.TABLESPACE_PCT_FULL, -- redo with
TABLESPACE_BYT_FREE
warning_operator => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.OPERATOR_GT,
critical_operator => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.OPERATOR_GT,

object_name => NULL);
END;
/

SELECT *
FROM dba_thresholds
Vi ew i ng Al er t s
-- outstanding alerts (to be cleared)
SELECT
SEQUENCE_ID,OWNER,
OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_TYPE,SUBOBJECT_NAME,
REASON_ID, REASON,TIME_SUGGESTED,
SUGGESTED_ACTION,ADVISOR_NAME,METRIC_VALUE,
MESSAGE_TYPE,MESSAGE_GROUP,MESSAGE_LEVEL,
HOSTING_CLIENT_ID,MODULE_ID,PROCESS_ID,
HOST_ID,HOST_NW_ADDR,INSTANCE_NAME,
INSTANCE_NUMBER,USER_ID,EXECUTION_CONTEXT_ID,CREATION_TIME
FROM DBA_OUTSTANDING_ALERTS

-- history of alerts that have been cleared
SELECT
SEQUENCE_ID,OWNER,
OBJECT_NAME,SUBOBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_TYPE,
REASON_ID, REASON,TIME_SUGGESTED,
SUGGESTED_ACTION,ADVISOR_NAME,METRIC_VALUE,
MESSAGE_TYPE,MESSAGE_GROUP,MESSAGE_LEVEL,
HOSTING_CLIENT_ID,MODULE_ID,PROCESS_ID,
HOST_ID,HOST_NW_ADDR,INSTANCE_NAME,INSTANCE_NUMBER,
USER_ID,EXECUTION_CONTEXT_ID,CREATION_TIME
FROM DBA_ALERT_HISTORY
ORDER BY SEQUENCE_ID

-- list of all metrics
SELECT METRIC_ID, METRIC_NAME, METRIC_UNIT,GROUP_ID, GROUP_NAME
FROM V$METRICNAME
ORDER BY METRIC_NAME

-- system-level metric values in memory
SELECT BEGIN_TIME,END_TIME,INTSIZE_CSEC,
GROUP_ID,ENTITY_ID,ENTITY_SEQUENCE,
METRIC_ID,METRIC_NAME,VALUE,METRIC_UNIT
FROM V$METRIC - also V$METRIC_HISTORY
ORDER BY BEGIN_TIME, VALUE DESC

-- alert types
select
INST_ID,REASON_ID,OBJECT_TYPE,TYPE,GROUP_NAME,SCOPE,INTERNAL_METRIC_CATEGORY,
INTERNAL_METRIC_NAME
from GV$ALERT_TYPES
order by OBJECT_TYPE,TYPE

Managi ng Dat af i l es and Tempf i l es
Cr eat i ng Dat af i l es
CREATE TABLESPACE
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE ge 8-9
ALTER TABLESPACE ... ADD DATAFILE
ALTER TABLESPACE ... ADD TEMPFILE ge 8-9
CREATE DATABASE
ALTER DATABASE ... CREATE DATAFILE
Enabl i ng and Di sabl i ng Aut omat i c Ex t ensi on f or a Dat af i l e
ALTER TABLESPACE users
ADD DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/rbdb1/users03.dbf' SIZE 10M
AUTOEXTEND ON
NEXT 512K
MAXSIZE 250M;
Manual l y Resi zi ng a Dat af i l e
-- if there is space in the datafile
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/rbdb1/stuff01.dbf' RESIZE 100M;
Bringing Datafiles Online or Taking Offline in ARCHIVELOG Mode
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/rbdb1/stuff01.dbf' ONLINE;
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/rbdb1/stuff01.dbf' OFFLINE;
Br i ngi ng Dat af i l es Onl i ne or Tak i ng Of f l i ne i n ARCHI VELOG Mode
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE ... {ONLINE|OFFLINE}
-- all datafiles will be affected in the following code
-- this is different from ALTER TABLESPACE...ONLINE|OFFLINE which controls
tablespace availability
ALTER TABLESPACE ... DATAFILE {ONLINE|OFFLINE}
ALTER TABLESPACE ... TEMPFILE {ONLINE|OFFLINE}
Tak i ng Dat af i l es Of f l i ne i n NOARCHI VELOG Mode
Use it when you want t o drop t he dat afile.
-- datafile cannot be brought ONLINE again
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE ... OFFLINE FOR DROP;
-- the datafile MUST then be dropped
-- for dictionary managed tablespace
ALTER TABLESPACE ... DROP DATAFILE
DROP TABLESPACE ... INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES
Renami ng and Rel ocat i ng Dat af i l es i n a Si ngl e Tabl espace
ALTER TABLESPACE users OFFLINE NORMAL;
Copy the datafiles to their new locations and rename them using the operating
system.
ALTER TABLESPACE users RENAME DATAFILE
'/u02/oracle/rbdb1/user1.dbf',
'/u02/oracle/rbdb1/user2.dbf'
TO
'/u02/oracle/rbdb1/users01.dbf',
'/u02/oracle/rbdb1/users02.dbf';
-- for system, default temporary, or undo

-- ALTER TABLESPACE cannot be used because you cannot take them OFFLINE
mount the database
ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE '/u02/oracle/rbdb1/sort01.dbf',
'/u02/oracle/rbdb1/user3.dbf'
TO '/u02/oracle/rbdb1/temp01.dbf', '/u02/oracle/rbdb1/users03.dbf;
Back up the database.
Dr oppi ng Dat af i l es
The following rest rict ions apply:
o The dat abase must be open.
o The dat afile must be empt y, ot herwise use drop t he t ablespace.
o You cannot drop dat afiles in a read-only t ablespace.
o You cannot drop dat afiles in t he SYSTEM t ablespace.
o I f a dat afile in a locally managed t ablespace is offline, it cannot be dropped.
ALTER TABLESPACE example DROP DATAFILE ...
ALTER TABLESPACE lmtemp DROP TEMPFILE
ALTER DATABASE TEMPFILE .. DROP INCLUDING DATAFILES
Copy i ng a Fi l e on a Local Fi l e Syst em
The copied file must meet t he following requirement s:
o The size must be a mult iple of 512 byt es.
o The size must be less t han or equal t o t wo t erabyt es.
Be aware not t o coy a file t hat is being used by a process.
I f you are copying a dat abase dat afile, make it READ ONLY before you st art t o copy.
CREATE DIRECTORY SOURCE_DIR AS '/usr/admin/source';
CREATE DIRECTORY DEST_DIR AS '/usr/admin/destination';
GRANT READ ON DIRECTORY source_dir TO strmadmin;
GRANT WRITE ON DIRECTORY dest_dir TO strmadmin;
CONNECT strmadmin/strmadminpw
BEGIN
DBMS_FILE_TRANSFER.COPY_FILE(
source_directory_object => 'SOURCE_DIR',
source_file_name => 'db1.dat',
destination_directory_object => 'DEST_DIR',
destination_file_name => 'db1_copy.dat');
END;
Tr ansf er r i ng a Fi l e t o a Di f f er ent Dat abase
I n order t o t ransfer a file t he ot her way around, you must replace t he PUT_FI LE
procedure wit h t he GET_FI LE procedure.
I f you are copying a dat abase dat afile, make it READ ONLY before you st art t o copy.
You can monit or copying progress using V$SESSI ON_LONGOPS view.
CREATE DATABASE LINK ODB
CONNECT TO system IDENTIFIED BY system_passwd USING 'prod1';

BEGIN
DBMS_FILE_TRANSFER.PUT_FILE(
SOURCE_DIRECTORY_OBJECT => 'SOURCE_DIR',
SOURCE_FILE_NAME => 'mydata1.dbf',
DESTINATION_DIRECTORY_OBJECT => 'DEST_DIR',

DESTINATION_FILE_NAME => 'mydata2.dbf'
DESTINATION_DATABASE => 'ODB.ACME.COM');
END;
/
BEGIN
DBMS_FILE_TRANSFER.GET_FILE(
SOURCE_DIRECTORY_OBJECT => 'SOURCE_DIR',
SOURCE_FILE_NAME => 'TEST01.DBF',
SOURCE_DATABASE => 'ODB.ACME.COM',
DESTINATION_DIRECTORY_OBJECT => 'DEST_DIR',
DESTINATION_FILE_NAME => 'TEST01.DBF');
END;
/
Dumpi ng a Dat a Bl ock
ALTER SYSTEM DUMP DATAFILE 3 BLOCK 3281;

-- To dump a number of consecutive blocks::
ALTER SYSTEM DUMP DATAFILE 5 BLOCK MIN 42 BLOCK MAX 50;

select value from v$parameter where name='user_dump_dest';
/u01/app/oracle/admin/pasu/udump/pasu_ora_29673.trc

/* to dump index blocks */
-- get object id of the index:
SELECT object_id FROM dba_objects WHERE object_name = 'MYINDEX';

-- do a treedump of the index:
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'immediate trace name treedump level 106315';

index height
distinct index blocks in the lower level |
RBA block at position zero | |
| | | |
branch: 01c3588a 29579402 (0: nrow: 222, level: 1)

number of entries
lead block number (starts from -1) | non-deleted entries
| | |
leaf: 01c3588b 29579403 (-1: nrow: 485 rrow: 485)
leaf: 01c3588c 29579404 (0: nrow: 479 rrow: 479)
leaf: 01c3588d 29579405 (1: nrow: 479 rrow: 479)
leaf: 01c3588e 29579406 (2: nrow: 479 rrow: 479)

-- define the RBA of the block to dump then
-- get its file# and block#:
SELECT DBMS_UTILITY.DATA_BLOCK_ADDRESS_FILE(223456765),
DBMS_UTILITY.DATA_BLOCK_ADDRESS_BLOCK(223456765)
FROM dual;

-- dump the header block

-- also, you can find the root block ( it is the block following the header bloc):
SELECT header_file, header_block+1 FROM dba_segments WHERE segment_name='MYINDEX';

Managi ng Undo Tabl espaces
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on on Undo
SHOW PARAMETER UNDO
NAME TYPE VALUE
----------------- ------- -------------
undo_management string AUTO
undo_retention integer 900
undo_tablespace string UNDOTBS01

-- undo usage in 10-min-intervals for last 7 days
select TO_CHAR(BEGIN_TIME, 'MM/DD/YYYY HH24:MI:SS') BEGIN_TIME,
TO_CHAR(END_TIME, 'MM/DD/YYYY HH24:MI:SS') END_TIME,
UNDOBLKS UNDO_BLOCKS,
MAXQUERYLEN MAX_QUERY_LENGTH_INSEC,
MAXQUERYID LONGEST_QUERY_ID,
TXNCOUNT TOTAL_TRANSACTIONS,
MAXCONCURRENCY
from V$UNDOSTAT
order by BEGIN_TIME DESC

-- stats history of V$UNDOSTAT
select
TO_CHAR(BEGIN_TIME, 'MM/DD/YYYY HH24:MI:SS') BEGIN_TIME,
TO_CHAR(END_TIME, 'MM/DD/YYYY HH24:MI:SS') END_TIME,
INSTANCE_NUMBER,SNAP_ID,
UNDOBLKS,
TXNCOUNT TOTAL_TRANSACTIONS,
MAXQUERYLEN MAX_QUERY_LENGTH_INSEC,
MAXQUERYSQLID,
MAXCONCURRENCY,
SSOLDERRCNT ORA01555_CNT,
NOSPACEERRCNT NOSPACE_CNT,
ACTIVEBLKS,UNEXPIREDBLKS
from DBA_HIST_UNDOSTAT

-- undo segments
select SEGMENT_NAME,OWNER,STATUS from DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS;

-- undo extents
select
e.SEGMENT_NAME,
e.TABLESPACE_NAME,
e.EXTENT_ID,
e.FILE_ID,
e.BLOCK_ID,
e.BYTES/1024 SIZE_KB,
e.RELATIVE_FNO,
e.STATUS -- ACTIVE EXPIRED UNEXPIRED
from DBA_UNDO_EXTENTS e
order by e.STATUS ASC

-- undo sizes by STATUS
select
e.TABLESPACE_NAME,
e.STATUS,
to_char(sum(e.BYTES/1024),'999,999,999,999') SIZE_KB
from DBA_UNDO_EXTENTS e
group by e.TABLESPACE_NAME, e.STATUS
order by e.STATUS

-- undo sizes consumed by active transactions by username
SELECT s.username, sum(t.used_ublk) used_undo_blocks

from v$session s, v$transaction t
where s.saddr = t.ses_addr
and t.status='ACTIVE'
group by s.username
order by s.username
Enabl i ng Aut omat i c Undo Management
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='UNDO_MANAGEMENT';
alter system set UNDO_MANAGEMENT=AUTO scope=spfile ;
Cr eat i ng an Undo Tabl espace
CREATE UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs2
DATAFILE '/u01/oracle/rbdb1/undo0201.dbf' SIZE 200M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON;
Set t i ng St ar t up Undo Tabl espace
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='UNDO_TABLESPACE';
-- if there are multiple undo tablespaces
-- after all active transactions have committed, the undo tablespace automatically
-- goes from thePENDING OFFLINE mode to the OFFLINE mode.
alter system set UNDO_TABLESPACE='UNDOTBS1';
-- the following switches out current undo tablespace to the next available one
alter system set UNDO_TABLESPACE = '';
Tuni ng Undo Ret ent i on
I f t he undo t ablespace is configured wit h t he AUTOEXTEND opt ion, undo ret ent ion t uning
is slight ly different . I n t his case, t he dat abase t unes t he undo ret ent ion period t o be
slight ly longer t han t he longest - running query on t he syst em at t hat t ime.
For a fixed size undo t ablespace, t he dat abase t unes t he undo ret ent ion period based on
85% of t he t ablespace size, or on t he warning alert t hreshold percent age for space used,
whichever is lower.
I f you want a fixed undo size, use t he Undo Advisor t o specify t he proper undo size for
your requirement . You should est imat e:
o The lengt h of your expect ed longest running query
o The longest int erval t hat you will require for flashback operat ions
-- determine the current retention period
select to_char(begin_time, 'DD-MON-RR HH24:MI') begin_time,
to_char(end_time, 'DD-MON-RR HH24:MI') end_time,
tuned_undoretention
from v$undostat order by end_time;

-- maximum query time
SELECT round(MAX(maxquerylen)/60) Minutes FROM v$undostat;
Usi ng Undo Adv i sor
Use OEM or PL/ SQL
-- retreive available AWR snaps
select SNAP_ID, STARTUP_TIME, BEGIN_INTERVAL_TIME, END_INTERVAL_TIME
from DBA_HIST_SNAPSHOT
order by SNAP_ID;

set serveroutput on
DECLARE
tid NUMBER; -- task ID
tname VARCHAR2(30); -- task name
oid NUMBER;

BEGIN
DBMS_ADVISOR.CREATE_TASK('Undo Advisor', tid, tname, 'Undo Advisor Task');
DBMS_ADVISOR.CREATE_OBJECT(tname, 'UNDO_TBS', null, null, null, null, oid);
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(tname, 'TARGET_OBJECTS', oid);
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(tname, 'START_SNAPSHOT', 52);
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(tname, 'END_SNAPSHOT', 56);
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(tname, 'INSTANCE', 1);
DBMS_ADVISOR.execute_task(tname);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(tname);
end;
/

SELECT DBA_ADVISOR_RECOMMENDATIONS.GET_TASK_REPORT('TASKNAME')
FROM DUAL;
Set t i ng t he Undo Ret ent i on Per i od
You must set UNDO_RETENTI ON paramet er when:
o The undo t ablespace has t he AUTOEXTEND opt ion enabled
o You want t o set undo ret ent ion for LOBs
o You want ret ent ion guarant ee
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='UNDO_RETENTION';
alter system set UNDO_RETENTION = 2400;
Enabl i ng Ret ent i on Guar ant ee
Enabling ret ent ion guarant ee can cause mult iple DML operat ions t o fail. Use wit h caut ion.
select RETENTION from DBA_TABLESPACES where TABLESPACE_NAME='UNDOTBS1';
create undo tablespace undotbs01 .. RETENTION GUARANTEE;
alter tablespace undotbs1 RETENTION GUARANTEE;
alter tablespace undotbs1 RETENTION NOGUARANTEE;
Dr oppi ng an Undo Tabl espace
DROP TABLESPACE undotbs_01;
Usi ng Or acl e Managed Fi l es ( OMF)
OMF dat afiles have t o be creat ed in one direct ory
set DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST, DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_n, and DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST

-- when OMF enabled
CREATE TABLESPACE finance01;
ALTER TABLESPACE finance01 ADD DATAFILE 500M;
DROP TABLESPACE finance01; -- dbf auto deleted

-- create db with OMF
db_name=mydb
DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST = '/u01/app/oracle/oradata'
DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE = 100M
DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST = '/u04/app/oracle/oradata'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1 = 'LOCATION = USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST'
SQL> connect sys/sys_passwd as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> STARTUP NOMOUNT PFILE='initmydb.ora';
SQL> CREATE DATABASE mydb;


Managi ng Schema Obj ect s
Chachi ng Smal l Tabl es i n Memor y
ALTER TABLE hr.countries CACHE;
Cr eat i ng Vi r t ual Col umns
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES
( empno number PRIMARY KEY,
sal NUMBER (8,2) NOT NULL,
annual_sal AS (sal*12),
CONSTRAINT MaxAnSal CHECK (annual_sal BETWEEN 0 AND 2000000) );
SELECT TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, DATA_DEFAULT
FROM DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMPLOYEES' AND COLUMN_NAME='ANNUAL_SAL';

ALTER TABLE employees ADD (income AS (salary*commission_pct));
Cr eat i ng Par t i t i oned Tabl es
/* range partitions */
CREATE TABLE student_history
(student_id NUMBER(10),
degree VARCHAR2(3),
graduation_date DATE,
final_gpa NUMBER)
PARTITION BY RANGE (graduation_date)
(PARTITION p_1997 VALUES LESS THAN
(TO_DATE('01-JUN-1997','DD-MON-YYYY')) TABLESPACE ts1,
PARTITION p_1998 VALUES LESS THAN
PARTITION p_1999 VALUES LESS THAN
PARTITION p_other VALUES LESS THAN (maxvalue) TABLESPACE ts4);

CREATE TABLE sales_data
(ticket_no NUMBER,
sale_year INT NOT NULL,
sale_month INT NOT NULL,
sale_day INT NOT NULL)
PARTITION BY RANGE (sale_year, sale_month, sale_day)
(PARTITION sales_q1 VALUES LESS THAN (2008, 04, 01) TABLESPACE ts1,
PARTITION sales_q2 VALUES LESS THAN (2008, 07, 01) TABLESPACE ts2,
PARTITION sales_q3 VALUES LESS THAN (2008, 10, 01) TABLESPACE ts3,
PARTITION sales_q4 VALUES LESS THAN (2009, 01, 01) TABLESPACE ts4);

-----------------------------------------------------------------

/* Interval Partitioning */
-- You cant use a partitioning key that includes more than one column
-- system generated partions have names SYS_Pn
CREATE TABLE interval_sales
( prod_id NUMBER(6),
cust_id NUMBER,
time_id DATE,
..)

PARTITION BY RANGE (time_id)
INTERVAL(NUMTOYMINTERVAL(1, 'MONTH'))
STORE IN (ts5, ts6, ts7) -- optional
( PARTITION ts1 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('1-1-2006', 'DD-MM-YYYY')),
PARTITION ts2 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('1-1-2007', 'DD-MM-YYYY')),
PARTITION ts3 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('1-7-2008', 'DD-MM-YYYY')),
PARTITION ts4 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('1-1-2009', 'DD-MM-YYYY')) );

SELECT TABLE_NAME, PARTITION_NAME, PARTITION_POSITION, HIGH_VALUE
FROM Remote DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
WHERE TABLE_NAME='POS_DATA'
ORDER BY PARTITION_NAME;

create table res (
res_id number not null,
res_date date,
hotel_id number(3),
guest_id number )
partition by range (res_id)
interval (100) store in (users)
( partition p1 values less than (101) );

-- selecting from the generated partition
-- classic method
select * from interval_sales partition for (SYS_P81);
-- the other method (expanded partition access syntax)
select * from
interval_sales partition for (to_date('15-AUG-2009','dd-mon-yyyy'));
alter table res truncate partition for (901);

-- a range partion can be converted to interval partition
alter table pos_data_range set INTERVAL(NUMTOYMINTERVAL(1, 'MONTH'));

-- convert an interval partition to range partition
alter table pos_data_range set INTERVAL();

-- interval can be modified
alter table pos_data set INTERVAL(NUMTOYMINTERVAL(3, 'MONTH'));

-- round robin tablespaces can be modified
alter table pos_data set STORE IN(tablespace1, tablespace2, tablespace3);

-----------------------------------------------------------------

/* Hash Partitioning */
-- used when range distribution is not predictable and for high cardinality columns
-- Updates that would cause a record to move across partition boundaries are not allowed
(ticket_no NUMBER,
sale_day INT NOT NULL )
PARTITION BY HASH (ticket_no)
PARTITIONS 4
STORE IN (ts1,ts2,ts3,ts4);

-----------------------------------------------------------------

/* List Partitioning */
(ticket_no NUMBER,

sale_day INT NOT NULL,
destination_city CHAR(3),
start_city CHAR(3))
PARTITION BY LIST (start_city)
(PARTITION northeast_sales values ('NYC','BOS','PEN') TABLESPACE ts1,
PARTITION southwest_sales values ('DFW','ORL','HOU') TABLESPACE ts2,
PARTITION pacificwest_sales values('SAN','LOS','WAS') TABLESPACE ts3,
PARTITION southeast_sales values ('MIA','CHA','ATL') TABLESPACE ts4);

-----------------------------------------------------------------

/* Reference Partitioning */
-- put child table data into parent table partitions
-- You can use all partitioning strategies with reference partitioning, except interval
partitioning

CREATE TABLE orders
( order_id NUMBER(12),
order_date DATE,
order_mode VARCHAR2(8),
customer_id NUMBER(6),
order_status NUMBER(2),
order_total NUMBER(8,2),
sales_rep_id NUMBER(6),
promotion_id NUMBER(6),
CONSTRAINT orders_pk PRIMARY KEY(order_id))
PARTITION BY RANGE(order_date)
( PARTITION Q1_2005 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-APR-2005','DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION Q2_2005 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JUL-2005','DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION Q3_2005 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-OCT-2005','DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION Q4_2005 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2006','DD-MON-YYYY'))
);

CREATE TABLE order_items
( order_id NUMBER(12) NOT NULL,
line_item_id NUMBER(3) NOT NULL,
product_id NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
unit_price NUMBER(8,2),
quantity NUMBER(8),
CONSTRAINT order_items_fk
FOREIGN KEY(order_id) REFERENCES orders(order_id)
)
PARTITION BY REFERENCE(order_items_fk);

-----------------------------------------------------------------

/* Virtual Column-Based Partitioning */
-- ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT clause ensures row migration among partitions when virtual column
value changes
CREATE TABLE sales
( prod_id NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
cust_id NUMBER NOT NULL,
time_id DATE NOT NULL,
channel_id CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
promo_id NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
quantity_sold NUMBER(3) NOT NULL,
amount_sold NUMBER(10,2) NOT NULL,
total_amount AS (quantity_sold * amount_sold)
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (time_id) INTERVAL (NUMTOYMINTERVAL(1,'MONTH'))
SUBPARTITION BY RANGE(total_amount)
SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
( SUBPARTITION p_small VALUES LESS THAN (1000),

SUBPARTITION p_medium VALUES LESS THAN (5000),
SUBPARTITION p_large VALUES LESS THAN (10000),
SUBPARTITION p_extreme VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE)
)
(PARTITION sales_before_2007 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2007','dd-MON-yyyy')))
ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT
PARALLEL;

-----------------------------------------------------------------

/* Virtual Column-Based Partitioning */
-- ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT clause ensures row migration among partitions when virtual column
value changes
CREATE TABLE sales
( prod_id NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
cust_id NUMBER NOT NULL,
time_id DATE NOT NULL,
channel_id CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
promo_id NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
quantity_sold NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
amount_sold NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
total_amounts AS (quantity_sold * amount_sold)
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (time_id) INTERVAL (NUMTOYMINTERVAL(1,'MONTH'))
SUBPARTITION BY RANGE(total_amounts)
( SUBPARTITION p_small VALUES LESS THAN (1000),
SUBPARTITION p_large VALUES LESS THAN (10000),
SUBPARTITION p_extreme VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE)
)
(PARTITION sales_before_2007 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2007','dd-MON-yyyy')))
ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT
PARALLEL;

-----------------------------------------------------------------

/* System Partitioning */
-- the application decided where to store the data
CREATE TABLE docs
( ID NUMBER,
Name VARCHAR2(255),
Desc VARCHAR2(1000))
PARTITION BY SYSTEM
( PARTITION docs_p1 TABLESPACE ts1,
PARTITION docs_p2 TABLESPACE ts2,
PARTITION docs_p3 TABLESPACE ts3,
PARTITION docs_p4 TABLESPACE ts4 );

-- PARTITION must be stated
INSERT INTO docs PARTITION (ts1)
VALUES (1, 'Oracle 11g New Features', 'New features in Oracle 11g Database.');
-- with DELETE command, PARTITION can be stated
DELETE FROM docs PARTITION (ts2) WHERE doc_id=1002;
DELETE FROM docs PARTITION (ts2);
-- PARTITION can be used in queries to target specific partitions
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM docs PARTITION (ts1)

-----------------------------------------------------------------

/* Range-Hash Partitioning */

CREATE TABLE scout_gear
(equipno NUMBER,equipname VARCHAR(32),price NUMBER)

PARTITION BY RANGE (equipno)
SUBPARTITION BY HASH(equipname)
SUBPARTITIONS 8 STORE IN (ts1, ts2, ts3, ts4)
(PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1000),
PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (2000),
PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (3000),
PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE));

-----------------------------------------------------------------
/* Range-List Partitioning */

CREATE TABLE regional_sales
(ticket_no NUMBER,
sale_day DATE,
destination_city CHAR(3),
start_city CHAR(3))
PARTITION BY RANGE(sale_day)
SUBPARTITION BY LIST (start_city)
(PARTITION q1_2004 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('1-APR-2004','DD-MON-YYYY'))
TABLESPACE ts1
(SUBPARTITION q12004_northeast_sales VALUES ('NYC','BOS','PEN'),
SUBPARTITION q12004_southwest_sales VALUES ('DFW','ORL','HOU'),
SUBPARTITION q12004_pacificwest_sales VALUES ('SAN','LOS','WAS'),
SUBPARTITION q12004_southeast_sales VALUES ('MIA','CHA','ATL')
),
PARTITION q2_2004 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('1-JUL-2004','DD-MON-YYYY'))
TABLESPACE ts2
),
PARTITION q3_2004 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('1-OCT-2004','DD-MON-YYYY'))
TABLESPACE ts3
),
PARTITION q4_2004 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('1-JAN-2005','DD-MON-YYYY'))
TABLESPACE ts4
)
);
-----------------------------------------------------------------

/* Interval-Range Partitioned Tables or Range-Range */

CREATE TABLE sales
( prod_id NUMBER(6),
cust_id NUMBER,
time_id DATE,
channel_id CHAR(1),
promo_id NUMBER(6),
quantity_sold NUMBER(3),
amount_sold NUMBER(10,2)
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (time_id) INTERVAL (NUMTODSINTERVAL(1,'DAY'))
SUBPARTITION BY RANGE(amount_sold)

( SUBPARTITION p_low VALUES LESS THAN (1000),
SUBPARTITION p_high VALUES LESS THAN (8000),
SUBPARTITION p_ultimate VALUES LESS THAN (maxvalue))
( PARTITION before_2000 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2000','dd-MON-yyyy')));

-----------------------------------------------------------------

/* Interval-List Partitioned Tables */

CREATE TABLE sales
( prod_id NUMBER(6)
, cust_id NUMBER
, time_id DATE
, channel_id CHAR(1)
, promo_id NUMBER(6)
, quantity_sold NUMBER(3)
, amount_sold NUMBER(10,2)
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (time_id) INTERVAL (NUMTODSINTERVAL(1,'DAY'))
SUBPARTITION BY LIST (channel_id)
(SUBPARTITION p_catalog VALUES ('C')
, SUBPARTITION p_internet VALUES ('I')
, SUBPARTITION p_partners VALUES ('P')
, SUBPARTITION p_direct_sales VALUES ('S')
, SUBPARTITION p_tele_sales VALUES ('T'))
( PARTITION before_2000 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2000','dd-MON-yyyy')));
Par t i t i on Mai nt enance Oper at i ons
Range and list part it ions cant be coalesced.
Hash part it ions cant be dropped, split , or merged.
Only list part it ions allow t he modificat ion of part it ions by adding and dropping t he part it ion
values.
-- Adding Partitions
ALTER TABLE ticket_sales
ADD PARTITION sales_quarter5 VALUES LESS THAN
(TO_DATE('1-APR-2005','DD-MON-YYYY')) TABLESPACE ts5;

-- Splitting a Partition
SPLIT PARTITION ticket_sales01 AT (2000) INTO
(PARTITION ticket_sales01A, ticket_sales01B);

-- Merging Partitions
MERGE PARTITIONS ticket_sales01, ticket_sales02 INTO PARTITION ticket_sales02;

-- Renaming Partitions
ALTER TABLE RENAME PARTITION fight_sales01 TO quarterly_sales01;

-- Exchanging Partitions
-- convert a regular nonpartitioned table into a partition of a partitioned table
-- it only renames the source and destination
EXCHANGE PARTITION ticket_sales02 WITH ticket_sales03;

-- Dropping Partitions

-- use UPDATE GLOBAL INDEXES keyword if data exists in the partition
ALTER TABLE ticket_sales DROP PARTITION ticket_sales01;

-- Coalescing Partitions
-- applied on hash-partitioned and list-partitioned
-- to reduce number of partitions
ALTER TABLE ticket_sales COALESCE PARTITION;
Cr eat i ng Mul t i pl e Tabl es and Vi ew s i n a Si ngl e Oper at i on
I f one included st at ement fails, non of t he ot her st at ement s will be execut ed.
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION scott
CREATE TABLE dept (
deptno NUMBER(3,0) PRIMARY KEY,
dname VARCHAR2(15),
loc VARCHAR2(25))
CREATE TABLE emp (
empno NUMBER(5,0) PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR2(10),
mgr NUMBER(5,0),
hiredate DATE DEFAULT (sysdate),
sal NUMBER(7,2),
comm NUMBER(7,2),
deptno NUMBER(3,0) NOT NULL
CONSTRAINT dept_fkey REFERENCES dept)
CREATE VIEW sales_staff AS
SELECT empno, ename, sal, comm
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 30
WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT sales_staff_cnst
GRANT SELECT ON sales_staff TO human_resources;
Col l ect i ng Obj ect St at i st i cs
Col l ect i ng I ndex St at i st i cs
granularit y paramet er t akes:
o ' DEFAULT' - gat hers global and part it ion- level st at ist ics
o ' SUBPARTI TI ON' - gat hers subpart it ion- level st at ist ics
o ' PARTI TI ON' - gat hers part it ion- level st at ist ics
o ' GLOBAL' - gat hers global st at ist ics
o ' ALL' - gat hers all ( subpart it ion, part it ion, and global)
begin
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_INDEX_STATS (
ownname =>'HR',
indname =>'EMP_DEPARTMENT_IX',
partname =>'', -- DEFAULT NULL
estimate_percent => DBMS_STATS.AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE, -- 0.1 to 100 DEFAULT
to_estimate_percent_type (GET_PARAM('ESTIMATE_PERCENT'))
stattab => null, -- DEFAULT NULL
statid => null, -- DEFAULT NULL
statown => null, -- DEFAULT NULL
degree => null, -- parallelism NUMBER DEFAULT
to_degree_type(get_param('DEGREE'))
granularity => 'ALL', -- DEFAULT GET_PARAM('GRANULARITY')

no_invalidate => false, -- BOOLEAN DEFAULT to_no_invalidate_type
(GET_PARAM('NO_INVALIDATE')),
force => false -- BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE
);
end;
/
Col l ect i ng Tabl e St at i st i cs
met hod_opt Accept s:
o FOR ALL [ I NDEXED | HI DDEN] COLUMNS [ size_clause]
o FOR COLUMNS [ size clause] column| at t ribut e [ size_clause] [ , column| at t ribut e
[ size_clause] . . . ]
o size_clause is defined as size_clause : = SI ZE { int eger | REPEAT | AUTO | SKEWONLY}
- int eger : Number of hist ogram bucket s. Must be in t he range [ 1,254] .
- REPEAT : Collect s hist ograms only on t he columns t hat already have hist ograms.
- AUTO : Oracle det ermines t he columns t o collect hist ograms based on dat a dist ribut ion and
t he workload of t he columns.
- SKEWONLY : Oracle det ermines t he columns t o collect hist ograms based on t he dat a
dist ribut ion of t he columns.
The default is FOR ALL COLUMNS SI ZE AUTO
granularit y t akes: ' ALL', ' AUTO' , ' DEFAULT' , ' GLOBAL' , ' GLOBAL AND PARTI TI ON' ,
' PARTI TI ON', ' SUBPARTI TI ON'
begin
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS (
ownname =>'HR',
tabname =>'NAMES',
partname =>'',
estimate_percent => DBMS_STATS.AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE, -- NUMBER DEFAULT
to_estimate_percent_type(get_param('ESTIMATE_PERCENT'))
block_sample => false, -- DEFAULT FALSE
method_opt =>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE AUTO' , -- DEFAULT
get_param('METHOD_OPT')
degree =>1, -- DEFAULT to_degree_type(get_param('DEGREE'))
granularity =>'ALL' , -- DEFAULT GET_PARAM('GRANULARITY')
cascade =>true, -- to_cascade_type(get_param('CASCADE'))
stattab =>'',
statid =>'',
statown =>'',
no_invalidate => false, -- DEFAULT to_no_invalidate_type
(get_param('NO_INVALIDATE'))
force => false
);
end;
/
Col l ect i ng Schema St at i st i cs
met hod_opt Accept s:
o FOR ALL [ I NDEXED | HI DDEN] COLUMNS [ size_clause]
o FOR COLUMNS [ size clause] column| at t ribut e [ size_clause] [ , column| at t ribut e
[ size_clause] . . . ]
o size_clause is defined as size_clause : = SI ZE { int eger | REPEAT | AUTO | SKEWONLY}

- int eger : Number of hist ogram bucket s. Must be in t he range [ 1,254] .
- REPEAT : Collect s hist ograms only on t he columns t hat already have hist ograms.
- AUTO : Oracle det ermines t he columns t o collect hist ograms based on dat a dist ribut ion and
t he workload of t he columns.
- SKEWONLY : Oracle det ermines t he columns t o collect hist ograms based on t he dat a
dist ribut ion of t he columns.
The default is FOR ALL COLUMNS SI ZE AUTO
granularit y t akes: ' ALL', ' AUTO' , ' DEFAULT' , ' GLOBAL' , ' GLOBAL AND PARTI TI ON' ,
' PARTI TI ON', ' SUBPARTI TI ON'
opt ions t akes : GATHER, GATHER AUTO, GATHER STALE, GATHER EMPTY. I t also t akes
LI ST STALE, LI ST EMPTY, LI ST AUTO ( you should use an overloaded procedure different
from t he example above) .
Not e: GET_PARAM( ' .. ' ) is used t ill version 10g. I n 11g, DBMS_STATS. GET_PREFS should be
used.
begin
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS (
ownname =>'HR',
estimate_percent =>DBMS_STATS.AUTO_SAMPLE_SIZE, --0.1-100 DEFAULT
to_estimate_percent_type(get_param('ESTIMATE_PERCENT'))
block_sample =>FALSE,
method_opt =>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE AUTO', -- DEFAULT get_param('METHOD_OPT')
degree =>NULL, -- to_degree_type(get_param('DEGREE')),
granularity =>'ALL', -- DEFAULT GET_PARAM('GRANULARITY'),
cascade =>TRUE, -- DEFAULT to_cascade_type(get_param('CASCADE')),
stattab =>'', -- DEFAULT NULL,
statid =>'', -- DEFAULT NULL,
options =>'GATHER', -- DEFAULT 'GATHER',
statown =>'', -- DEFAULT NULL,
no_invalidate =>false,-- DEFAULT to_no_invalidate_type
(get_param('NO_INVALIDATE')
force => FALSE);
end;
/

begin
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS (
ownname =>'HR',
estimate_percent =>NULL,
method_opt =>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE AUTO',
degree => DBMS_STATS.DEFAULT_DEGREE,
granularity =>'ALL',
cascade =>TRUE,
options =>'GATHER AUTO');
end;
/
Val i dat i ng Tabl es, I ndexes, Cl ust er s, and Mat er i al i zed Vi ew s
Validat ing an obj ect means verifying t he int egrit y of t he st ruct ure of it .
I f a corrupt ion is report ed, recreat e t he obj ect .

ANALYZE TABLE emp VALIDATE STRUCTURE;
ANALYZE TABLE emp VALIDATE STRUCTURE CASCADE;
ANALYZE TABLE emp VALIDATE STRUCTURE CASCADE ONLINE;
ANALYZE INDEX loc_country_ix VALIDATE STRUCTURE;
Li st i ng Chai ned and Mi gr at ed Row s of Tabl es and Cl ust er s
-- set up
-- following script creates CHAINED_ROWS table
@ $ORACLE_HOME$\RDBMS\ADMIN\utlchain.sql

-- handling chained and migrated rows
-- 1
ANALYZE TABLE order_hist LIST CHAINED ROWS;
ANALYZE CLUSTER emp_dept LIST CHAINED ROWS INTO CHAINED_ROWS;
-- 2
SELECT * FROM CHAINED_ROWS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'ORDER_HIST';
-- 3 if you have too many rows
-- intermediate table to hold the chained rows
CREATE TABLE int_order_hist
AS SELECT *
FROM order_hist
WHERE ROWID IN
(SELECT HEAD_ROWID
FROM CHAINED_ROWS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'ORDER_HIST');
-- 4
DELETE FROM order_hist
WHERE ROWID IN
(SELECT HEAD_ROWID
FROM CHAINED_ROWS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'ORDER_HIST');
-- 5
INSERT INTO order_hist
SELECT * FROM int_order_hist;
-- 6
DROP TABLE int_order_history;
-- 7
DELETE FROM CHAINED_ROWS WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'ORDER_HIST';
-- 8 Use the ANALYZE statement again, and query the output table. Any rows that
appear in the output table are chained. You can eliminate chained rows only by
increasing your data block size.
Tr uncat i ng Tabl es or Cl ust er s
TRUNCATE TABLE emp_dept DROP STORAGE; -- default
TRUNCATE TABLE emp_dept REUSE STORAGE;
Enabl i ng and Di sabl i ng Tr i gger s
select table_name, trigger_name from user_triggers where status='DISABLED';
ALTER TRIGGER reorder ENABLE;

ALTER TRIGGER reorder DISABLE;
ALTER TABLE inventory ENABLE ALL TRIGGERS;
ALTER TABLE inventory DISABLE ALL TRIGGERS;
Managi ng I nt egr i t y Const r ai nt s
Set t i ng Const r ai nt St at es and Def er abi l i t y
Const raint st at es:
ENABLE, VALI DATE : insert s are checked, exist ing dat a in t he t able is checked
ENABLE, NOVALI DATE ( fast ) : insert s are checked, exist ing dat a in t he t able is NOT checked
DI SABLE, VALI DATE : DML on const rained columns disallowed
DI SABLE, NOVALI DATE : insert s are NOT checked, exist ing dat a in t he t able is NOT checked
Const raint Checking ( Deferabilit y)
Nondeferred: enforced at t he end of every DML st at ement .
Deferred : enforced when a t ransact ion is commit t ed.
see next sect ion for alt ering a const raint
CONSTRAINT ... [[NOT] DEFERRABLE INITIALLY [DEFERRED|IMMEDIATE]] [ENABLE

|DISABLE]
[VALIDATE|NOVALIDATE]
ALTER SESSION SET CONSTRAINT[S] = {IMMEDIATE|DEFERRED|DEFAULT}

-- takes effect in TRANSACTION level
-- the trans is rolled back, if COMMIT fails
-- you can use SET CONSTRAINTS ALL IMMEDIATE to see whether COMMIT will fail before it
-- really commits
SET CONSTRAINT | CONSTRAINTS {constraint |ALL } {IMMEDIATE|DEFERRED}

SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME, CONSTRAINT_TYPE,STATUS,DEFERRABLE,DEFERRED,VALIDATED
FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS
WHERE CONSTRAINT_NAME='';
ALTER TABLE emp ADD PRIMARY KEY (empno) DISABLE;
ALTER TABLE countries ADD (UNIQUE(country_name) ENABLE NOVALIDATE);
ALTER TABLE myTable ADD CONSTRAINT uq UNIQUE (id) DEFERRABLE INITIALLY
DEFERRED;
-- takes effect in TRANSACTION level
-- not deferrable constraints are NOT affected
set constraint job_fk deferred;
set constraint job_fk immediate;
set constraints all deferred;
Modi f yi ng, Renami ng, or Dr oppi ng Ex i st i ng I nt egr i t y Const r ai nt s
ALTER TABLE dept DISABLE CONSTRAINT dname_ukey;
ALTER TABLE dept DISABLE PRIMARY KEY KEEP INDEX, DISABLE UNIQUE (dname, loc)
KEEP INDEX;
-- all FKs are also disabled
ALTER TABLE dept DISABLE PRIMARY KEY CASCADE;
ALTER TABLE dept ENABLE NOVALIDATE CONSTRAINT dname_ukey;
ALTER TABLE dept ENABLE NOVALIDATE PRIMARY KEY, ENABLE NOVALIDATE UNIQUE
(dname, loc);
ALTER TABLE dept MODIFY CONSTRAINT dname_key VALIDATE;
ALTER TABLE dept MODIFY PRIMARY KEY ENABLE NOVALIDATE;

ALTER TABLE dept RENAME CONSTRAINT dname_ukey TO dname_unikey;
ALTER TABLE dept DROP UNIQUE (dname, loc);

ALTER TABLE emp DROP PRIMARY KEY KEEP INDEX, DROP CONSTRAINT dept_fkey;
Repor t i ng Const r ai nt Ex cept i ons
The t arget is t o put all t he rows t hat voilat e sepcific int egrit y cont raint s in t he
EXCEPTI ONS t able.
1. create the EXCEPTIONS table
ORACLE_HOME\RDBMS\ADMIN\utlexcpt.sql
2.
ALTER TABLE dept ENABLE PRIMARY KEY EXCEPTIONS INTO EXCEPTIONS;
3.
SELECT * FROM EXCEPTIONS;
4. join the master table with the EXCEPTIONS
SELECT deptno, dname, loc FROM dept, EXCEPTIONS
WHERE EXCEPTIONS.constraint = 'SYS_C00610'
AND dept.rowid = EXCEPTIONS.row_id;
5. fix the incorrect data
6.
DELETE FROM EXCEPTIONS WHERE constraint = 'SYS_C00610';
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on on Const r ai nt s
select * from USER_CONSTRAINTS;
select * from USER_CONS_COLUMNS;
Renami ng Schema Obj ect s
rename mytable to mytable2
Managi ng Obj ect Dependenci es
Manual l y Recompi l i ng Vi ew s Pr ocedur es and Pack ages
ALTER VIEW emp_dept COMPILE;
ALTER PROCEDURE update_salary COMPILE;
ALTER PACKAGE acct_mgmt COMPILE BODY;
ALTER PACKAGE acct_mgmt COMPILE PACKAGE;
Sw i t chi ng t o a Di f f er ent Schema
CONNECT scott/tiger
ALTER SESSION SET CURRENT_SCHEMA = joe;
-- the following is equivalent to SELECT * FROM joe.emp
SELECT * FROM emp;
Usi ng DBMS_METADATA t o Di spl ay I nf or mat i on About Schema Obj ect s
SET LONG 9999
-- storage clauses are not to be returned
EXECUTE
DBMS_METADATA.SET_TRANSFORM_PARAM(DBMS_METADATA.SESSION_TRANSFORM,'STORAGE',f
alse);

-- fetch the DDL of all tables (relational and objects)
SELECT DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL('TABLE',u.table_name)
FROM USER_ALL_TABLES u
WHERE u.nested='NO'
AND (u.iot_type is null or u.iot_type='IOT');
-- return the parameter value to its default
EXECUTE
DBMS_METADATA.SET_TRANSFORM_PARAM(DBMS_METADATA.SESSION_TRANSFORM,'DEFAULT');
Speci f yi ng St or age Par amet er s at Obj ect Cr eat i on
Obj ect s include: Tables, Clust ers, I ndexes, LOBs, Varrays, Nest ed Tables, MViews
CREATE TABLE MYTABLE(COL1 NUMBER, COL2 VARCHAR2(100))
STORAGE (INITIAL 10M BUFFER_POOL DEFAULT); -- MINEXTENTS

SELECT EXTENT_ID, BYTES/1024 KB
FROM DBA_EXTENTS
WHERE SEGMENT_TYPE='TABLE' AND SEGMENT_NAME='MYTABLE';

CREATE TABLE ...
( .., CONSTRAINT UQ)CON UNIQUE (PK_id)
USING INDEX
TABLESPACE MYTBS
STORAGE (INITIAL 8K ) );

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW ..
TABLESPACE MYTBS
STORAGE (INITIAL 50K)
USING INDEX STORAGE (INITIAL 25K)
...

Managi ng Resumabl e Space Al l ocat i on
Enabl i ng Resumabl e Space Al l ocat i on
-- the user should have this priv
grant RESUMABLE to hr;

select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT';

-- to enable resumable space allocation system wide
-- 0 to disable
alter system set RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT = 3600;
-- or in session level
alter session set RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT = 3600;

-- beside the RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT parameter
ALTER SESSION ENABLE RESUMABLE;
ALTER SESSION ENABLE RESUMABLE TIMEOUT 3600; -- default 7200
-- 4340 is SID. NULL for current session
EXEC DBMS_RESUMABLE.set_session_timeout(4340,18000);
ALTER SESSION DISABLE RESUMABLE;


-- naming resumable statements
-- default is 'User username(userid), Session sessionid, Instance instanceid'
-- name is used in the DBA_RESUMABLE and USER_RESUMABLE views
ALTER SESSION ENABLE RESUMABLE TIMEOUT 3600 NAME 'insert into table';
Det ect i ng Suspended St at ement s
The AFTER SUSPEND Syst em Event and Trigger is execut ed aft er a SQL st at ement has
been suspended.
-- source: Oracle Documentation
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER resumable_default
AFTER SUSPEND ON DATABASE
DECLARE
/* declare transaction in this trigger is autonomous */
/* this is not required because transactions within a trigger are always
autonomous */
PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION;
cur_sid NUMBER;
cur_inst NUMBER;
errno NUMBER;
err_type VARCHAR2;
object_owner VARCHAR2;
object_type VARCHAR2;
table_space_name VARCHAR2;
object_name VARCHAR2;
sub_object_name VARCHAR2;
error_txt VARCHAR2;
msg_body VARCHAR2;
ret_value BOOLEAN;
mail_conn UTL_SMTP.CONNECTION;
BEGIN
-- Get session ID
SELECT DISTINCT(SID) INTO cur_SID FROM V$MYSTAT;

-- Get instance number
cur_inst := userenv('instance');

-- Get space error information
ret_value :=
DBMS_RESUMABLE.SPACE_ERROR_INFO(err_type,object_type,object_owner,table_space
_name,object_name, sub_object_name);

/*
-- If the error is related to undo segments, log error, send email
-- to DBA, and abort the statement. Otherwise, set timeout to 8 hours.
--
-- sys.rbs_error is a table which is to be
-- created by a DBA manually and defined as
-- (sql_text VARCHAR2(1000), error_msg VARCHAR2(4000), suspend_time DATE)
*/

IF OBJECT_TYPE = 'UNDO SEGMENT' THEN
/* LOG ERROR */
INSERT INTO sys.rbs_error (
SELECT SQL_TEXT, ERROR_MSG, SUSPEND_TIME
FROM DBA_RESUMABLE
WHERE SESSION_ID = cur_sid AND INSTANCE_ID = cur_inst);


SELECT ERROR_MSG INTO error_txt FROM DBMS_RESUMABLE
WHERE SESSION_ID = cur_sid and INSTANCE_ID = cur_inst;

-- Send email to receipient via UTL_SMTP package
msg_body:='Subject: Space Error Occurred
Space limit reached for undo segment ' || object_name ||
on ' || TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'Month dd, YYYY, HH:MIam') ||
'. Error message was ' || error_txt;
mail_conn := UTL_SMTP.OPEN_CONNECTION('localhost', 25);
UTL_SMTP.HELO(mail_conn, 'localhost');
UTL_SMTP.MAIL(mail_conn, 'sender@localhost');
UTL_SMTP.RCPT(mail_conn, 'recipient@localhost');
UTL_SMTP.DATA(mail_conn, msg_body);
UTL_SMTP.QUIT(mail_conn);
-- Abort the statement
DBMS_RESUMABLE.ABORT(cur_sid);
ELSE
-- Set timeout to 8 hours
DBMS_RESUMABLE.SET_TIMEOUT(28800);
END IF;

/* commit autonomous transaction */
COMMIT;
END;
/
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on about Suspended St at ement s
SELECT USER_ID,SESSION_ID,INSTANCE_ID,
COORD_INSTANCE_ID,COORD_SESSION_ID,STATUS,
TIMEOUT,START_TIME,SUSPEND_TIME,
RESUME_TIME,NAME,SQL_TEXT,
ERROR_NUMBER,ERROR_PARAMETER1,ERROR_PARAMETER2,
ERROR_PARAMETER3,ERROR_PARAMETER4,ERROR_PARAMETER5, ERROR_MSG
FROM DBA_RESUMABLE;

SELECT SID,SEQ#,EVENT,
P1TEXT,P1,P1RAW,
P2TEXT,P2,P2RAW,
P3TEXT,P3,P3RAW,
WAIT_CLASS_ID,WAIT_CLASS#,WAIT_CLASS,
WAIT_TIME,SECONDS_IN_WAIT,STATE
FROM V$SESSION_WAIT
WHERE EVENT LIKE '%statement suspended%'

exec DBMS_RESUMABLE.ABORT(159);
select DBMS_RESUMABLE.GET_SESSION_TIMEOUT(159) from dual;
exec DBMS_RESUMABLE.SET_SESSION_TIMEOUT(sessionID=>159,timeout=>8000);
Recl ai mi ng Wast ed Space
Di spl ayi ng I nf or mat i on About Space Usage f or Schema Obj ect s
/* Using PL SQL */
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
declare
-- IN vars
v_segment_owner VARCHAR2(30) :='HR';

v_segment_name VARCHAR2(30) :='NAMES';
v_segment_type VARCHAR2(30) :='TABLE'; -- TABLE, TABLE PARTITION, TABLE
SUBPARTITION, INDEX, INDEX PARTITION, INDEX SUBPARTITION, CLUSTER, LOB, LOB
PARTITION, LOB SUBPARTITION
v_partition_name VARCHAR2(30) :=NULL;
-- OUT vars
v_total_blocks NUMBER;
v_total_bytes NUMBER;
v_unused_blocks NUMBER;
v_unused_bytes NUMBER;
v_last_used_extent_file_id NUMBER; -- file id of last Extend containing data
v_filename varchar2(300);
v_last_used_extent_block_id NUMBER;
v_last_used_block NUMBER;
begin
DBMS_SPACE.UNUSED_SPACE (
segment_owner => v_segment_owner,
segment_name => v_segment_name ,
segment_type => v_segment_type,
total_blocks => v_total_blocks ,
total_bytes => v_total_bytes ,
unused_blocks => v_unused_blocks,
unused_bytes => v_unused_bytes ,
last_used_extent_file_id => v_last_used_extent_file_id ,
last_used_extent_block_id =>v_last_used_extent_block_id ,
last_used_block => v_last_used_block ,
partition_name => v_partition_name );

if v_last_used_extent_file_id is not null then
select file_name into v_filename from dba_data_files where file_id =
v_last_used_extent_file_id ;
end if;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total Blocks : '||v_total_blocks);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total MBytes : '||to_char(v_total_bytes/1024/1024));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Unused Blocks: '||v_unused_blocks);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Unused MBytes: '||to_char(v_unused_bytes/1024/1024));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('File of Last Extent Containing Data:
'||'('||v_last_used_extent_file_id ||') '||v_filename );
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Starting Block ID of the Last Extent Containing Data:
'||v_last_used_block );
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Last Block Within This Extent Which Contains Data:
'||v_last_used_block );
end;
/

-- space usage of data blocks under the segment High Water Mark with
-- auto segment space management Tablespaces
-- following code in Oracle 10g
set serveroutput on

declare
-- IN vars
v_segment_owner VARCHAR2(100):='HR';
v_segment_name VARCHAR2(100) :='NAMES2';
v_segment_type VARCHAR2(100) :='TABLE';
v_partition_name VARCHAR2(100) :=null;


-- OUT vars
v_unformatted_blocks NUMBER;
v_unformatted_bytes NUMBER;
v_fs1_blocks NUMBER;
v_fs1_bytes NUMBER;
v_fs2_bytes NUMBER;
v_fs3_bytes NUMBER;
v_fs4_bytes NUMBER;
v_full_blocks NUMBER;
v_full_bytes NUMBER;
v_segment_size_blocks NUMBER;
v_segment_size_bytes NUMBER;
v_used_blocks NUMBER;
v_used_bytes NUMBER;
v_expired_blocks NUMBER;
v_expired_bytes NUMBER;
v_unexpired_blocks NUMBER;
v_unexpired_bytes NUMBER;
begin
DBMS_SPACE.SPACE_USAGE(
segment_owner => v_segment_owner ,
segment_name => v_segment_name ,
segment_type => v_segment_type ,
unformatted_blocks => v_unformatted_blocks ,
unformatted_bytes => v_unformatted_bytes ,
fs1_blocks => v_fs1_blocks ,
fs1_bytes => v_fs1_bytes ,
full_blocks => v_full_blocks ,
full_bytes => v_full_bytes ,
partition_name => v_partition_name );

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Free Space in MB:');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Unformatted Mbytes: '||v_unformatted_bytes/1024/1024);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Free Space in MB:');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' 0 to 25% free space: '|| v_fs1_bytes/1024/1024);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' Full Mbytes : '|| v_full_bytes/1024/1024);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Free Space in Blocks:');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Unformatted Blocks: ' || v_unformatted_blocks);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' 0 to 25% free space: '|| v_full_blocks);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' 25 to 50% free space: '|| v_fs2_blocks);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' Full blocks : '|| v_full_blocks);

exception

when others then
if sqlcode = '-942' then
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Object Does not Exist.');
else
raise;
end if;
end;
/

/* Using Views */
-- segment info
select OWNER,SEGMENT_NAME,PARTITION_NAME,SEGMENT_TYPE,S.TABLESPACE_NAME,
HEADER_FILE,HEADER_BLOCK,S.BYTES/1024/1024 SEGMENT_SIZE_MB,
D.BLOCKS SEGMENT_BLOCKS,EXTENTS,S.INITIAL_EXTENT,
S.NEXT_EXTENT NEXT_EXTENT_SIZE, S.MIN_EXTENTS,S.MAX_EXTENTS,S.PCT_INCREASE,
FREELISTS,FREELIST_GROUPS,D.RELATIVE_FNO, D.FILE_NAME
from DBA_SEGMENTS S, DBA_TABLESPACES T, DBA_DATA_FILES D
where S.TABLESPACE_NAME = T.TABLESPACE_NAME AND T.TABLESPACE_NAME =
D.TABLESPACE_NAME
AND S.RELATIVE_FNO = D.RELATIVE_FNO
AND T.TABLESPACE_NAME NOT IN ('SYSAUX','SYSTEM')
order BY S.TABLESPACE_NAME;

-- extent info
SELECT EXTENT_ID, E.BLOCK_ID,E.BYTES/1024 EXTENT_SIZE_KB,
E.OWNER,E.SEGMENT_NAME,E.PARTITION_NAME,
E.SEGMENT_TYPE,D.FILE_NAME, S.TABLESPACE_NAME,HEADER_FILE,
HEADER_BLOCK SEG_HEADER_BLOCK,S.BYTES/1024/1024 SEGMENT_SIZE_MB,D.BLOCKS
SEGMENT_BLOCKS, EXTENTS SEG_EXTENTS
FROM DBA_EXTENTS E, DBA_SEGMENTS S, DBA_DATA_FILES D
WHERE E.OWNER=S.OWNER AND E.SEGMENT_NAME = S.SEGMENT_NAME
AND NVL(E.PARTITION_NAME,'0') = NVL(S.PARTITION_NAME,'0')
AND E.SEGMENT_TYPE = S.SEGMENT_TYPE
AND E.FILE_ID = D.FILE_ID
AND S.TABLESPACE_NAME NOT IN ('SYSAUX','SYSTEM')
ORDER BY E.SEGMENT_NAME, E.OWNER, E.PARTITION_NAME,E.EXTENT_ID;

-- Segment that cannot allocate additional extents
SELECT a.SEGMENT_NAME, a.SEGMENT_TYPE, a.TABLESPACE_NAME, a.OWNER
FROM DBA_SEGMENTS a
WHERE a.NEXT_EXTENT >= (SELECT MAX(b.BYTES)
FROM DBA_FREE_SPACE b
WHERE b.TABLESPACE_NAME = a.TABLESPACE_NAME)
OR a.EXTENTS = a.MAX_EXTENTS
OR a.EXTENTS = '8192' ; -- data_block_size

-- free extents within tablespaces
SELECT F.TABLESPACE_NAME,F.FILE_ID,F.BLOCK_ID,
F.BYTES/1024/1024 FREE_MB, D.FILE_NAME
FROM DBA_FREE_SPACE F, DBA_DATA_FILES D
WHERE F.FILE_ID = D.FILE_ID
UNION
SELECT F.TABLESPACE_NAME, TO_NUMBER('') AS FILE_ID, TO_NUMBER('') AS BLOCK_ID,
SUM(F.BYTES/1024/1024) FREE_MB, TO_CHAR('') AS FILE_NAME
FROM DBA_FREE_SPACE F
GROUP BY F.TABLESPACE_NAME, TO_NUMBER('') , TO_NUMBER('') ,TO_CHAR('')
ORDER BY TABLESPACE_NAME;

Segment Advi sor
The Aut omat ic Segment Advisor is st art ed by a Scheduler j ob t hat is configured t o run
during t he default maint enance window(s) .
I nput for DBMS_ADVI SOR.CREATE_OBJECT
ATTR4 is unused. Specify NULL
OBJECT_TYPE ATTR1 ATTR2 ATTR3
TABLESPACE tbs name
TABLE schema name table name
INDEX schema name index name
TABLE PARTITION schema name table name table partition name
INDEX PARTITION schema name index name index partition name
TABLE SUBPART. schema name table name table subpartition name
INDEX SUBPART. schema name index name index subpartition name
LOB schema name segment name
LOB PARTITION schema name segment name lob partition name
LOB SUBPART. schema name segment name lob subpartition name

-- object priv EXECUTE ON DBMS_ADVISOR or the system priv ADVISOR

-- run Segment Advisor on hr.employees
variable id number;
declare
v_name varchar2(100);
v_descr varchar2(500);
obj_id number;
begin
v_name:='Manual_Employees';
v_descr:='Segment Advisor Example';
dbms_advisor.create_task (
advisor_name => 'Segment Advisor',
task_id => :id,
task_name => v_name,
task_desc => v_descr);

-- identify the target object
dbms_advisor.create_object (
object_type => 'TABLE',
attr1 => 'HR',
attr2 => 'EMPLOYEES',
attr3 => NULL,
attr4 => NULL,
attr5 => NULL,
object_id => obj_id);

dbms_advisor.set_task_parameter(
parameter => 'recommend_all',
value => 'TRUE');
dbms_advisor.execute_task(v_name);
end;
/

-- viewing segment results
-- asa_recommendations ( all_runs in varchar2 DEFAULT 'TRUE',
-- show_manual in varchar2 DEFAULT 'TRUE',

-- show_findings in varchar2 DEFAULT 'FALSE' )
select tablespace_name, segment_name, segment_type, partition_name,
recommendations, c1 from
table(dbms_space.asa_recommendations('TRUE', 'TRUE', 'TRUE'));

select * from table(dbms_space.asa_recommendations('TRUE', 'TRUE', 'TRUE'));

-- alternatively use DBA_ADVISOR_*
SELECT OWNER,REC_ID,TASK_ID,
TASK_NAME,FINDING_ID,TYPE,
RANK,PARENT_REC_IDS,BENEFIT_TYPE,
BENEFIT,ANNOTATION_STATUS,FLAGS
FROM DBA_ADVISOR_RECOMMENDATIONS
WHERE TASK_ID = :ID

SELECT OWNER,TASK_ID,TASK_NAME,
FINDING_ID,TYPE,PARENT,
OBJECT_ID,IMPACT_TYPE,IMPACT,MESSAGE,MORE_INFO
FROM DBA_ADVISOR_FINDINGS
WHERE TASK_ID = :ID

-- suggested actions to perform
SELECT OWNER,TASK_ID,TASK_NAME,
REC_ID,ACTION_ID,OBJECT_ID,
COMMAND,COMMAND_ID,FLAGS,
ATTR1,ATTR2,ATTR3,
ATTR4,ATTR5,ATTR6,
NUM_ATTR1,NUM_ATTR2,NUM_ATTR3,
NUM_ATTR4,NUM_ATTR5,MESSAGE
FROM DBA_ADVISOR_ACTIONS
WHERE TASK_ID = :ID

-- analyzed objects
SELECT OWNER,OBJECT_ID,TYPE,TYPE_ID,
TASK_ID,TASK_NAME,ATTR1,ATTR2,
ATTR3,ATTR4,ATTR5,OTHER
FROM DBA_ADVISOR_OBJECTS
WHERE TASK_ID = :ID

/* information about the Advisor Runs */
SELECT AUTO_TASKID,SNAPID,SEGMENTS_SELECTED,SEGMENTS_PROCESSED,
TABLESPACE_SELECTED,TABLESPACE_PROCESSED,RECOMMENDATIONS_COUNT,
START_TIME, END_TIME
FROM DBA_AUTO_SEGADV_SUMMARY;

/* control information that show which object analyzed by the Advisor */
SELECT *
FROM DBA_AUTO_SEGADV_CTL
Shr i nk i ng Dat abase Segment s Onl i ne
-- required
ALTER TABLE NAMES ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT -- it acquires table lock

-- shrink table (defrage and then move the HWM)
ALTER TABLE cities SHRINK SPACE; -- it acquires table lock

-- defrage and don't move HWM (later you can SHRINK SPACE)

ALTER TABLE cities SHRINK SPACE COMPACT; -- no table lock

-- LOBs and the Indexes are alos shrinked
ALTER TABLE employees SHRINK SPACE CASCADE;

-- shrink LOB only
ALTER TABLE employees MODIFY LOB (perf_review) (SHRINK SPACE);

-- shrink partition
ALTER TABLE customers MODIFY PARTITION cust_P1 SHRINK SPACE;

-- IOT
ALTER TABLE cities SHRINK SPACE CASCADE;

-- IOT Overflow Segment
ALTER TABLE cities OVERFLOW SHRINK SPACE;
Deal l ocat i ng Unused Space
deallocat es unused space at t he end of t he segment ; no dat a is moved
ALTER TABLE table DEALLOCATE UNUSED KEEP integer;
ALTER INDEX index DEALLOCATE UNUSED KEEP integer;
ALTER CLUSTER cluster DEALLOCATE UNUSED KEEP integer;
Capaci t y Pl anni ng f or Dat abase Obj ect s
Est i mat i ng t he Space Use of a Tabl e
DBMS_SPACE.CREATE_TABLE_COST can be used on dict ionary- managed or locally
managed t ablespaces.
-- based on average row size
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
declare
v_table_name varchar2(30) :='NAMES';
v_owner varchar2(30) :='HR';
v_tablespace_name varchar2(100) := 'USERS';
v_avg_row_size number ; -- anticipated average row size
v_row_count number := 1000000;
v_pct_free number := 10;
v_used_bytes number; -- User data space including PCTFREE
v_alloc_bytes number; -- The anticipated size of the table taking into
account the tablespace extent characteristics
x char(1);
begin

-- check the tablespace exists
begin
SELECT 'x' into x from dba_tablespaces where
tablespace_name=v_tablespace_name ;
exception
when no_data_found then
raise_application_error(-20001,'Tablespace: ' || v_tablespace_name || '
does not exist');
end;

-- retreive average row size

begin
SELECT AVG_ROW_LEN into V_avg_row_size FROM DBA_TABLES where
table_name=v_table_name and owner=v_owner;
exception
when no_data_found then
raise_application_error(-20002,'Table : ' || V_OWNER ||'.'||v_table_name ||
' does not exist');
end;

DBMS_SPACE.CREATE_TABLE_COST (
tablespace_name => v_tablespace_name,
avg_row_size => v_avg_row_size,
row_count => v_row_count,
pct_free => v_pct_free,
used_bytes => v_used_bytes,
alloc_bytes => v_alloc_bytes);

dbms_output.put_line('User Data Space (MB): '||
TO_CHAR(v_used_bytes/1024/1024 ,'999,999,999,999,999.99'));
dbms_output.put_line('Data Space in the Tablespace (MB): '||
TO_CHAR(v_alloc_bytes/1024/1024,'999,999,999,999,999.99'));
end;
/

-- based on column info
declare
ub NUMBER;
ab NUMBER;
cl sys.create_table_cost_columns;
begin
cl := sys.create_table_cost_columns(
sys.create_table_cost_colinfo('NUMBER',10),
sys.create_table_cost_colinfo('VARCHAR2',30),
sys.create_table_cost_colinfo('VARCHAR2',30),
sys.create_table_cost_colinfo('DATE',NULL));
DBMS_SPACE.CREATE_TABLE_COST('SYSTEM',cl,100000,0,ub,ab);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Used Bytes: ' || TO_CHAR(ub));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Alloc Bytes: ' || TO_CHAR(ab));
end;
/
Obt ai ni ng Obj ect Gr ow t h Tr ends
User DBMS_SPACE.OBJECT_GROWTH_TREND
o st art _t ime St at ist ics generat ed aft er t his t ime will be used in generat ing t he growt h
t rend
o end_t ime St at ist ics generat ed unt il t his t ime will be used in generat ing t he growt h
t rend
o int erval The int erval at which t o sample
o skip_int erpolat ed Whet her int erpolat ion of missing values should be skipped
o single_dat a_point _flag Whet her in t he absence of st at ist ics t he segment should be
sampled
Ret urned columns:
o t imepoint The t ime at which t he st at ist ic was recorded
o space_usage The space used by dat a
o space_alloc The size of t he segment including overhead and unused space

o qualit y The qualit y of result : "GOOD", "I NTERPOLATED", "PROJECTI ON"
GOOD: accurat e figure
PROJECTED: figures proj ect ed from t he dat a collect ed by t he AWR
I NTERPOLATED: no dat a was available for calculat ions
COL TIMEPOINT FORMAT A30

SELECT *
FROM
table(
DBMS_SPACE.OBJECT_GROWTH_TREND (
object_owner =>'HR',
object_name =>'NAMES',
object_type =>'TABLE',
partition_name =>NULL,
start_time =>NULL,
end_time =>NULL,
interval =>to_dsinterval('0 00:10:00') , -- Day to Second interval
skip_interpolated => 'FALSE',
timeout_seconds =>NULL,
single_datapoint_flag =>'TRUE')
)
Usi ng t he SQL Access Advi sor
Est i mat i ng t he Space Use of a Tabl e
The SQL Access Advisor sources:
o A hypot het ical dat abase workload
o An act ual workload you provide
o SQL cache
-- Method 1: to invoke SQL Access Advisor task linked to a workload
declare
l_taskname VARCHAR2(30) := 'sql_access_test_task';
l_task_desc VARCHAR2(128) := 'Test SQL Access';
l_wkld_name VARCHAR2(30) := 'test_work_load';
l_saved_rows NUMBER := 0;
l_failed_rows NUMBER := 0;
l_num_found NUMBER;
BEGIN
-- create an SQL Access Advisor task.
select COUNT(*)
into l_num_found
from DBA_ADVISOR_TASKS
where TASK_NAME = l_taskname ;
IF l_num_found = 0 THEN
DBMS_ADVISOR.CREATE_TASK (
ADVISOR_NAME => DBMS_ADVISOR.SQLACCESS_ADVISOR,
TASK_NAME => l_taskname,
TASK_DESC => l_task_desc);
END IF;

-- reset the task ( remove all recommendations, and intermediate data from
the task)
DBMS_ADVISOR.RESET_TASK(TASK_NAME => l_taskname);

-- create a workload.
SELECT COUNT(*)
INTO l_num_found
FROM USER_ADVISOR_SQLW_SUM
WHERE WORKLOAD_NAME = l_wkld_name;

DBMS_ADVISOR.CREATE_SQLWKLD(WORKLOAD_NAME => l_wkld_name);
END IF;

-- link the workload to the task
SELECT count(*)
INTO l_num_found
FROM USER_ADVISOR_SQLA_WK_MAP
WHERE TASK_NAME = l_taskname
AND WORKLOAD_NAME = l_wkld_name;

DBMS_ADVISOR.ADD_SQLWKLD_REF(
WORKLOAD_NAME => l_wkld_name);
END IF;

-- Set workload parameters.
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_SQLWKLD_PARAMETER(l_wkld_name, 'ACTION_LIST',
DBMS_ADVISOR.ADVISOR_UNUSED);
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_SQLWKLD_PARAMETER(l_wkld_name, 'MODULE_LIST',
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_SQLWKLD_PARAMETER(l_wkld_name, 'SQL_LIMIT',
DBMS_ADVISOR.ADVISOR_UNLIMITED);
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_SQLWKLD_PARAMETER(l_wkld_name, 'ORDER_LIST',
'PRIORITY,OPTIMIZER_COST');
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_SQLWKLD_PARAMETER(l_wkld_name, 'USERNAME_LIST',
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_SQLWKLD_PARAMETER(l_wkld_name, 'VALID_TABLE_LIST',

-- unmark the required option
/*
-- import the current contents of the server's SQL cache
DBMS_ADVISOR.IMPORT_SQLWKLD_SQLCACHE(l_wkld_name, 'REPLACE', 2,
l_saved_rows, l_failed_rows);
-- load a SQL workload from an existing SQL Tuning Set
DBMS_ADVISOR.IMPORT_SQLWKLD_STS (l_wkld_name, 'SOURCE_STS_Name',
'REPLACE',2, l_saved_rows, l_failed_rows);
*/
-- Set task parameters.
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, '_MARK_IMPLEMENTATION',
'FALSE');
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'EXECUTION_TYPE',
'INDEX_ONLY');
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'MODE', 'COMPREHENSIVE');
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'STORAGE_CHANGE',
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'DML_VOLATILITY', 'TRUE');
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'ORDER_LIST',

DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'WORKLOAD_SCOPE', 'PARTIAL');
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'DEF_INDEX_TABLESPACE',
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'DEF_INDEX_OWNER',
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'DEF_MVIEW_TABLESPACE',
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'DEF_MVIEW_OWNER',

-- Execute the task: control will not return till the execution finishes
DBMS_ADVISOR.execute_task(task_name => l_taskname);
END;
/

-- Method 2: to invoke SQL Access Advisor linked to a specific STS
declare
l_taskname VARCHAR2(30) := 'sql_access_test_task2';
l_task_desc VARCHAR2(128) := 'Test SQL Access for a STS';
l_wkld_name VARCHAR2(30) := 'test_work_load';
l_sts_name VARCHAR2(30) := 'test_sts';
l_saved_rows NUMBER := 0;
l_failed_rows NUMBER := 0;
l_num_found NUMBER;
BEGIN
-- create an SQL Access Advisor task, if it doesnt exist
select COUNT(*)
into l_num_found
from DBA_ADVISOR_TASKS
where TASK_NAME = l_taskname ;
DBMS_ADVISOR.CREATE_TASK (
TASK_DESC => l_task_desc);
END IF;

-- reset the task ( remove all recommendations, and intermediate data from
the task)
DBMS_ADVISOR.RESET_TASK(TASK_NAME => l_taskname);

-- check if STS already exists
select count(*)
into l_num_found
from DBA_SQLSET where upper(NAME) = upper(l_sts_name) ;

IF l_num_found <> 0 THEN
DBMS_SQLTUNE.DROP_SQLSET ( sqlset_name => l_sts_name);
END IF;

-- create STS
DBMS_SQLTUNE.CREATE_SQLSET(SQLSET_NAME => l_sts_name, DESCRIPTION =>'To
test Access Advisor');

/* unmark the required option
-- (Option 1) Load l_sts_name from an AWR baseline.
-- The data has been filtered to select only the top 30 SQL statements

ordered by elapsed time.
declare
baseline_cur DBMS_SQLTUNE.SQLSET_CURSOR;
begin
-- a ref cursor is opened to select from the specified baseline
OPEN baseline_cur FOR
SELECT VALUE(p)
FROM TABLE (DBMS_SQLTUNE.SELECT_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY(
'peak baseline',NULL, NULL, 'elapsed_time', NULL, NULL, NULL,30 )) p;

-- Next the statements and their statistics are loaded into the STS
DBMS_SQLTUNE.LOAD_SQLSET( SQLSET_NAME=>l_sts_name,
POPULATE_CURSOR=>baseline_cur);
end;

-- (Option 2) Load l_sts_name with SQL statements that are not owned by SYS
and
-- their elapsed time is greater than 20,000 seconds.
declare
sql_cur DBMS_SQLTUNE.SQLSET_CURSOR;
begin
-- a ref cursor is opened to select the required SQL statments
OPEN sql_cur FOR
SELECT VALUE(p)
FROM TABLE (DBMS_SQLTUNE.SELECT_CURSOR_CACHE('parsing_schema_name <>
''SYS'' and elapsed_time > 2000000',NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,1, NULL, 'ALL'))
p;
-- the statements are loaded into the STS
DBMS_SQLTUNE.LOAD_SQLSET( SQLSET_NAME=>l_sts_name,
POPULATE_CURSOR=>sql_cur);
end;

-- (Option 3) Copy the contents of a SQL workload object to a SQL Tuning Set
-- check the example above for creating a workload
DBMS_ADVISOR.COPY_SQLWKLD_TO_STS ('My_WorkLoad', l_sts_name, 'REPLACE');
*/

-- link the STS to the task
DBMS_ADVISOR.ADD_STS_REF (l_taskname, null, l_sts_name);

-- Set task parameters.
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, '_MARK_IMPLEMENTATION',
'FALSE');
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'EXECUTION_TYPE',
'INDEX_ONLY');
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'MODE', 'COMPREHENSIVE');
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'STORAGE_CHANGE',
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'DML_VOLATILITY', 'TRUE');
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'ORDER_LIST',
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'WORKLOAD_SCOPE', 'PARTIAL');
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'DEF_INDEX_TABLESPACE',
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'DEF_INDEX_OWNER',
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'DEF_MVIEW_TABLESPACE',

DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_TASK_PARAMETER(l_taskname, 'DEF_MVIEW_OWNER',

-- Execute the task: control will not return till the execution finishes
DBMS_ADVISOR.EXECUTE_TASK(task_name => l_taskname);
END;
/

-- Method 3: Quick Tune for a single given statement
begin
-- a task and a workload will be created then the task will be executed
DBMS_ADVISOR.QUICK_TUNE(
TASK_NAME => 'names_quick_tune',
ATTR1 => 'SELECT id FROM hr.names n WHERE id = 100');
end;
/
Following are examples of how t o manage t he t ask and obt ain informat ion about t he advisors
out put repot :
-- while the task is being executed, you can monitor it using the following
query:
select TASK_NAME, STATUS, PCT_COMPLETION_TIME, ERROR_MESSAGE
from DBA_ADVISOR_LOG
where TASK_NAME ='sql_access_test_task';

-- if you need to terminate the executing task (may be time consuming)
exec DBMS_ADVISOR.CANCEL_TASK(TASK_NAME =>'sql_access_test_task');

-- Display the resulting script ( method 1)
SET LONG 100000
SET PAGESIZE 50000
SELECT DBMS_ADVISOR.GET_TASK_SCRIPT('sql_access_test_task') AS script FROM
dual;
SET PAGESIZE 24

-- Display the resulting script ( method 2)
CREATE DIRECTORY ADVISOR_RESULTS AS 'C:\TEMP\';
exec
DBMS_ADVISOR.CREATE_FILE(DBMS_ADVISOR.GET_TASK_SCRIPT('sql_access_test_task'),
'ADVISOR_RESULTS','advscript.sql');

-- alternatively, use the following queries
-- benefit is the total improvement in execution cost of all the queries
select REC_ID, RANK, BENEFIT, TYPE "Recommendation Type"
from DBA_ADVISOR_RECOMMENDATIONS
where TASK_NAME = 'sql_access_test_task'
order by RANK;

-- display processed statements in the workload
select SQL_ID, REC_ID, PRECOST, POSTCOST,
(PRECOST-POSTCOST)*100/PRECOST AS PERCENT_BENEFIT
from USER_ADVISOR_SQLA_WK_STMTS
where TASK_NAME = 'sql_access_test_task' AND workload_name =
'test_work_load';

-- see the actions for each recommendations

select REC_ID, ACTION_ID, SUBSTR(COMMAND,1,30) AS COMMAND
from USER_ADVISOR_ACTIONS where TASK_NAME = 'sql_access_test_task'
ORDER BY rec_id, action_id;

-- to delete a given task
exec DBMS_ADVISOR.DELETE_TASK('sql_access_test_task');

Managi ng Tabl es
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on about Tabl es
-- 11g
SELECT OWNER,TABLE_NAME,TABLESPACE_NAME,CLUSTER_NAME,IOT_NAME,STATUS,PCT_FREE,
PCT_USED,INI_TRANS,MAX_TRANS,INITIAL_EXTENT,
NEXT_EXTENT,MIN_EXTENTS,MAX_EXTENTS,PCT_INCREASE,FREELISTS,FREELIST_GROUPS,LOGGING,
BACKED_UP,NUM_ROWS,BLOCKS,EMPTY_BLOCKS,AVG_SPACE,CHAIN_CNT,
AVG_ROW_LEN,AVG_SPACE_FREELIST_BLOCKS,NUM_FREELIST_BLOCKS,DEGREE,
INSTANCES,CACHE,TABLE_LOCK,SAMPLE_SIZE,LAST_ANALYZED,PARTITIONED,IOT_TYPE,
TEMPORARY,SECONDARY,NESTED,BUFFER_POOL,ROW_MOVEMENT,GLOBAL_STATS,USER_STATS,
DURATION,SKIP_CORRUPT,MONITORING,CLUSTER_OWNER,DEPENDENCIES,COMPRESSION,
COMPRESS_FOR,DROPPED,READ_ONLY
FROM DBA_TABLES
WHERE TABLE_NAME='EMP' AND OWNER='HR';

-- columns
SELECT
OWNER,TABLE_NAME,COLUMN_NAME,DATA_TYPE,DATA_TYPE_MOD,DATA_TYPE_OWNER,DATA_LENGTH,DATA_P
RECISION,DATA_SCALE,NULLABLE,COLUMN_ID,DEFAULT_LENGTH,DATA_DEFAULT,NUM_DISTINCT,LOW_VAL
UE,HIGH_VALUE,DENSITY,NUM_NULLS,NUM_BUCKETS,LAST_ANALYZED,SAMPLE_SIZE,CHARACTER_SET_NAM
E,CHAR_COL_DECL_LENGTH,GLOBAL_STATS,USER_STATS,AVG_COL_LEN,CHAR_LENGTH,CHAR_USED,V80_FM
T_IMAGE,DATA_UPGRADED,HISTOGRAM
FROM DBA_TAB_COLUMNS

-- table gathered statistics
SELECT
OWNER,TABLE_NAME,PARTITION_NAME,PARTITION_POSITION,SUBPARTITION_NAME,SUBPARTITION_POSIT
ION,OBJECT_TYPE,NUM_ROWS,BLOCKS,EMPTY_BLOCKS,AVG_SPACE,CHAIN_CNT,AVG_ROW_LEN,AVG_SPACE_
FREELIST_BLOCKS,NUM_FREELIST_BLOCKS,AVG_CACHED_BLOCKS,AVG_CACHE_HIT_RATIO,SAMPLE_SIZE,L
AST_ANALYZED,GLOBAL_STATS,USER_STATS,STATTYPE_LOCKED,STALE_STATS
FROM DBA_TAB_STATISTICS

-- comments
select * from DBA_TAB_COMMENTS;
select * from DBA_COL_COMMENTS;

-- object and relational tables
SELECT
OWNER,TABLE_NAME,TABLESPACE_NAME,CLUSTER_NAME,IOT_NAME,STATUS,PCT_FREE,PCT_USED,INI_TRA
NS,MAX_TRANS,INITIAL_EXTENT,NEXT_EXTENT,MIN_EXTENTS,MAX_EXTENTS,PCT_INCREASE,FREELISTS,
FREELIST_GROUPS,LOGGING,BACKED_UP,NUM_ROWS,BLOCKS,EMPTY_BLOCKS,AVG_SPACE,CHAIN_CNT,AVG_
ROW_LEN,AVG_SPACE_FREELIST_BLOCKS,NUM_FREELIST_BLOCKS,DEGREE,INSTANCES,CACHE,TABLE_LOCK
,SAMPLE_SIZE,LAST_ANALYZED,PARTITIONED,IOT_TYPE,OBJECT_ID_TYPE,TABLE_TYPE_OWNER,TABLE_T
YPE,TEMPORARY,SECONDARY,NESTED,BUFFER_POOL,ROW_MOVEMENT,GLOBAL_STATS,USER_STATS,DURATIO
N,SKIP_CORRUPT,MONITORING,CLUSTER_OWNER,DEPENDENCIES,COMPRESSION,COMPRESS_FOR,DROPPED
FROM DBA_ALL_TABLES
Cr eat i ng Tabl es w i t h some Opt i ons
-- specific tablspace
create table mytab ... tablspace mytbs
-- Parallelizing Table Creation
CREATE TABLE mytb PARALLEL AS SELECT ..
ALTER SESSION FORCE PARALLEL DDL; -- created tables will be parallelized

-- nologging

CREATE TABLE mytb NOLOGGING AS SELECT ..

-- compression
CREATE TABLE mytb ( ... ) COMPRESS FOR ALL OPERATIONS; -- OK in OLTP
CREATE TABLE sales_history ( ... ) COMPRESS FOR DIRECT_LOAD OPERATIONS; -- OK in OLAP
CREATE TABLE sales_history ( ... ) COMPRESS; -- same as above
CREATE TABLE sales
(saleskey number, quarter .. region varchar2(10)) COMPRESS
PARTITION BY LIST (region)
(PARTITION northwest VALUES ('NORTHWEST'),
PARTITION southwest VALUES ('SOUTHWEST'),
PARTITION northeast VALUES ('NORTHEAST') NOCOMPRESS,
PARTITION southeast VALUES ('SOUTHEAST'),
PARTITION western VALUES ('WESTERN'))

-- encrypting columns (REQUIRES OEPENED WALLET)
CREATE TABLE mytb ( .. ssn NUMBER(9) ENCRYPT, ..)

-- temporary table
-- transaction level
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE mytb (..) ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS;
-- session level
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE mytb (..) ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS;
DML Er r or Loggi ng
DML error logging works wit h I NSERT, UPDATE, MERGE, and DELETE st at ement s.
The following condit ions cause t he st at ement t o fail and roll back wit hout invoking t he
error logging capabilit y:
o Violat ed deferred const raint s
o Out - of- space errors
o Any direct -pat h I NSERT operat ion ( I NSERT or MERGE) t hat raises a unique const raint
or index violat ion
o Any UPDATE or MERGE t hat raises a unique const raint or index violat ion
-- 1. Create an error logging table.
-- LONG, CLOB, BLOB, BFILE, and ADT datatypes are not supported in the
columns
EXECUTE DBMS_ERRLOG.CREATE_ERROR_LOG(dml_table_name=>'EMP',
err_log_table_name=>'ERR_EMP');
EXECUTE DBMS_ERRLOG.CREATE_ERROR_LOG(dml_table_name=>'EMP',
err_log_table_name=>'ERR_EMP', err_log_table_owner=>'HR',
err_log_table_space=>'USERS');
-- 2 include an error logging clause
INSERT INTO emp VALUES(1001, 'abcd', 75, NULL)
LOG ERRORS INTO ERR_EMP REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED;
INSERT INTO hr.emp
SELECT .. FROM ..
LOG ERRORS INTO err_emp ('daily_load') REJECT LIMIT 25
-- 3 Query the error logging table and take corrective action
Enabl i ng Di r ect - Pat h I NSERT
To act ivat e direct - pat h I NSERT in serial mode, you must specify t he APPEND hint in each
I NSERT st at ement , eit her immediat ely aft er t he I NSERT keyword, or immediat ely aft er t he
SELECT keyword in t he subquery of t he I NSERT st at ement .

insert /*+ append */ into customer (select xxx);
When you are insert ing in parallel DML mode, direct -pat h I NSERT is t he default . I n order
t o run in parallel DML mode, t he following requirement s must be met :
o You must have Oracle Ent erprise Edit ion inst alled.
o You must enable parallel DML in your session. To do t his, run t he following st at ement :
ALTER SESSION { ENABLE | FORCE } PARALLEL DML;
o You must specify t he parallel at t ribut e for t he t arget t able, eit her at creat e t ime or
subsequent ly, or you must specify t he PARALLEL hint for each insert operat ion.
insert /*+ parallel */ into names3 (select * from names)
I f nologging is specified, t he insert will finish fast er.
select logging from dba_tables where owner='HR' and table_name='EMPLOYEES';
select logging from dba_tablespaces where tablespace_name = 'USERS';
I ndex maint enance is done by end of command. Consider drop and t hen re-creat ing t he
indexes aft er t he st at ement .
Exclusive t able lock is acquired.
Aut omat i cal l y Col l ect i ng St at i st i cs on Tabl es
I n Oracle Dat abase 11g, st at ist ics are collect ed aut omat ically for t ables regardless of t he
t he MONI TORI NG and NOMONI TORI NG keywords
when creat ing t hem.
Al t er i ng Tabl es
I f you enable compression for all operat ions on a t able, you can drop t able columns. I f you
enable compression for direct -pat h insert s only, you cannot drop columns.
-- move the table to a new segment
-- indexes will be UNUSABLE and must be rebuilt
-- statistics must be regathered
ALTER TABLE hr.emp MOVE
STORAGE ( INITIAL 20K
NEXT 40K
MINEXTENTS 2
MAXEXTENTS 20
PCTINCREASE 0 );
alter table emp MOVE TABLESPACE example ;
alter table emp move storage (
NEXT 1024K
PCTINCREASE 0 )
COMPRESS;

-- allocating and deallocating extents
alter table hr.emp allocate extent;
alter table hr.emp deallocate extent;

-- allocating and deallocating extents
alter table hr.emp allocate extent;
alter table hr.emp deallocate unused;


-- Marking Columns Unused
ALTER TABLE hr.emp SET UNUSED (hiredate, mgr);
SELECT * FROM DBA_UNUSED_COL_TABS;
ALTER TABLE hr.emp DROP UNUSED COLUMNS statement;
-- less undo space is consumed when checkpoint is done periodically
ALTER TABLE hr.admin_emp DROP UNUSED COLUMNS CHECKPOINT 250;

-- read only and read write
ALTER TABLE employees READ ONLY;
ALTER TABLE employees READ WRITE;
select TABLE_NAME, READ_ONLY from user_tables where table_name='EMPLOYEES';
Per f or mi ng Onl i ne Redef i ni t i on w i t h DBMS_REDEFI NI TI ON
Redef i ni ng a Tabl e
/*
This example illustrates online redefinition of the previously created table
hr.admin_emp, which at this point only contains columns: empno, ename,
job,deptno.
The table is redefined as follows:
-New columns mgr, hiredate, sal, and bonus are added.
-The new column bonus is initialized to 0
-The column deptno has its value increased by 10.
-The redefined table is partitioned by range on empno.
*/
--1 Verify that the table is a candidate for online redefinition.
BEGIN
DBMS_REDEFINITION.CAN_REDEF_TABLE(
UNAME => 'HR',
TNAME => 'ADMIN_EMP',
OPTIONS_FLAG => dbms_redefinition.cons_use_pk); -- OR
DBMS_REDEFINITION.CONS_USE_ROWID
END;
/
-- 2. Create an interim table hr.int_admin_emp.
CREATE TABLE hr.int_admin_emp
(empno NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY,
job VARCHAR2(10),
mgr NUMBER(5),
hiredate DATE DEFAULT (sysdate),
sal NUMBER(7,2),
deptno NUMBER(3) NOT NULL,
bonus NUMBER (7,2) DEFAULT(1000))
PARTITION BY RANGE(empno)
(PARTITION emp1000 VALUES LESS THAN (1000) TABLESPACE admin_tbs,
PARTITION emp2000 VALUES LESS THAN (2000) TABLESPACE admin_tbs2);

-- (Optional) If you are redefining a large table
alter session force parallel dml parallel 2;
alter session force parallel query parallel 2;

--3. Start the redefinition process.
BEGIN

DBMS_REDEFINITION.START_REDEF_TABLE(
UNAME => 'HR',
ORIG_TABLE => 'ADMIN_EMP',
INT_TABLE => 'int_admin_emp',
col_mapping=>'empno empno, ename ename, job job, deptno+10 deptno, 0
bonus', -- NULL if same columns in both tables
options_flag => dbms_redefinition.cons_use_pk);
END;
/

-- 4 Copy dependent objects.
DECLARE
N NUMBER;
BEGIN
DBMS_REDEFINITION.COPY_TABLE_DEPENDENTS(
uname =>'HR',
orig_table =>'admin_emp',
int_table => 'int_admin_emp',
copy_indexes =>dbms_redefinition.cons_orig_params, -- 0 don't copy
copy_triggers =>TRUE,
copy_constraints =>TRUE,
copy_privileges =>TRUE,
ignore_errors => TRUE, -- default FALSE
num_errors => n,
copy_statistics => FALSE, -- default FALSE
copy_mvlog => FALSE); -- default FALSE
-- bcuz ignore_errors=true
if n =0 then
dbms_output.put_line('Success.');
else
dbms_output.put_line('Number of Errors: ' || n);
end if;
END;
/

/* Note that the ignore_errors argument is set to TRUE for this call. The
reason is that the interim table was created with a primary key constraint,
and when COPY_TABLE_DEPENDENTS attempts to copy the primary key constraint
and index from the original table, errors occurs. You can ignore these
errors, but you must run the query shown in the next step to see if there are
other errors. */

-- 5. Query the DBA_REDEFINITION_ERRORS view to check for errors.
select object_name, base_table_name, ddl_txt from DBA_REDEFINITION_ERRORS;

-- 6. Optionally, synchronize the interim table hr.int_admin_emp
BEGIN
DBMS_REDEFINITION.SYNC_INTERIM_TABLE('hr', 'admin_emp', 'int_admin_emp');
END;
/

--7. Complete the redefinition.
BEGIN
DBMS_REDEFINITION.FINISH_REDEF_TABLE('hr', 'admin_emp', 'int_admin_emp');
END;
/

/* The table hr.admin_emp is locked in the exclusive mode only for a small

window toward the end of this step. After this call the table hr.admin_emp is
redefined such that it has all the attributes of the hr.int_admin_emp table.
*/
-- 8 Wait for any long-running queries against the interim table to complete,
and then drop the interim table.
Redef i ni ng a Si ngl e Par t i t i on
/ *
We want to move the oldest partition of a range-partitioned sales table to a
tablespace named TBS_LOW_FREQ.
The table containing the partition to be redefined is defined as follows:
CREATE TABLE salestable
(s_productid NUMBER,
s_saledate DATE,
s_custid NUMBER,
s_totalprice NUMBER)
TABLESPACE users
PARTITION BY RANGE(s_saledate)
(PARTITION sal03q1 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-APR-2003', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION sal03q2 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JUL-2003', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION sal03q3 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-OCT-2003', 'DD-MON-YYYY')),
PARTITION sal03q4 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('01-JAN-2004', 'DD-MON-YYYY')));
The table has a local partitioned index that is defined as follows:
CREATE INDEX sales_index ON salestable
(s_saledate, s_productid, s_custid) LOCAL;
*/

-- 1. Ensure that salestable is a candidate for redefinition.
BEGIN
DBMS_REDEFINITION.CAN_REDEF_TABLE(
uname => 'STEVE',
tname => 'SALESTABLE',
options_flag => DBMS_REDEFINITION.CONS_USE_ROWID,
part_name => 'sal03q1');
END;
/

-- 2 Create the interim table in the TBS_LOW_FREQ tablespace. Because this is
a redefinition of a range partition, the interim table is non-partitioned.
CREATE TABLE int_salestable
(s_productid NUMBER,
s_saledate DATE,
s_custid NUMBER,
s_totalprice NUMBER)
TABLESPACE tbs_low_freq;

-- 3. Start the redefinition process using rowid.
BEGIN
DBMS_REDEFINITION.START_REDEF_TABLE(
uname => 'STEVE',
orig_table => 'salestable',
int_table => 'int_salestable',
col_mapping => NULL,
options_flag => DBMS_REDEFINITION.CONS_USE_ROWID,
END;
/

-- 4. Manually create any local indexes on the interim table.
CREATE INDEX int_sales_index ON int_salestable
(s_saledate, s_productid, s_custid)
TABLESPACE tbs_low_freq;
-- 5. Optionally synchronize the interim table.
BEGIN
DBMS_REDEFINITION.SYNC_INTERIM_TABLE(
uname => 'STEVE',
END;
/
-- 6. Complete the redefinition.
BEGIN
DBMS_REDEFINITION.FINISH_REDEF_TABLE(
uname => 'STEVE',
END;
/
-- 7. Wait for any long-running queries against the interim table to complete,
and then drop the interim table.
-- The following query shows that the oldest partition has been moved to the
new tablespace:
select partition_name, tablespace_name from user_tab_partitions where
table_name = 'SALESTABLE';
Mi gr at i ng Basi cFi l e LOBs t o Secur eFi l es
-- Grant privileges required for online redefinition.
GRANT EXECUTE ON DBMS_REDEFINITION TO pm;
GRANT ALTER ANY TABLE TO pm;
GRANT DROP ANY TABLE TO pm;
GRANT LOCK ANY TABLE TO pm;
GRANT CREATE ANY TABLE TO pm;
GRANT SELECT ANY TABLE TO pm;

-- Privileges required to perform cloning of dependent objects.
GRANT CREATE ANY TRIGGER TO pm;
GRANT CREATE ANY INDEX TO pm;

CONNECT pm

CREATE TABLE cust(c_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
c_zip NUMBER,
c_name VARCHAR(30) DEFAULT NULL,
c_lob CLOB);
INSERT INTO cust VALUES(1, 94065, 'hhh', 'ttt');

-- Creating Interim Table
-- no need to specify constraints because they are copied over from the
original table
CREATE TABLE cust_int(c_id NUMBER NOT NULL,
c_zip NUMBER,
c_name VARCHAR(30) DEFAULT NULL,
c_lob CLOB)

LOB(c) STORE AS SECUREFILE (...);

declare
col_mapping VARCHAR2(1000);
begin
-- map all the columns in the interim table to the original table
col_mapping :='c_id c_id , '||'c_zip c_zip , '||'c_name c_name, '||'c_lob
c_lob';
DBMS_REDEFINITION.START_REDEF_TABLE('pm', 'cust', 'cust_int', col_mapping);
end;

declare
error_count pls_integer := 0;
begin
DBMS_REDEFINITION.COPY_TABLE_DEPENDENTS('pm', 'cust', 'cust_int',
1, TRUE,TRUE,TRUE,FALSE, error_count);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('errors := ' || TO_CHAR(error_count));
end;

exec DBMS_REDEFINITION.FINISH_REDEF_TABLE('pm', 'cust', 'cust_int');

-- Drop the interim table
DROP TABLE cust_int;
DESC cust;

-- to prove that the primary key on the c_id column is preserved after
migration.
INSERT INTO cust VALUES(1, 94065, 'hhh', 'ttt');
SELECT * FROM cust;
Usi ng Fl ashback Dr op and Managi ng t he Recycl e Bi n
See Flashback Drop.
Managi ng I ndex - Or gani zed Tabl es
-- Creating an Index-Organized Table
-- if the length of a row exceeds 20% of the index
-- block size, then the column that exceeded that threshold and
-- all columns after it are moved to the overflow segment.
-- Specify MAPPING TABLE to create a mapping table; it's needed to create a
bitmap index on the IOT
CREATE TABLE admin_docindex(
token char(20),
doc_id NUMBER,
token_frequency NUMBER,
token_offsets VARCHAR2(2000),
CONSTRAINT pk_admin_docindex PRIMARY KEY (token, doc_id))
ORGANIZATION INDEX TABLESPACE admin_tbs
PCTTHRESHOLD 20
OVERFLOW TABLESPACE admin_tbs2;
-- Creating Index-Organized Tables that Contain Object Types
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE admin_typ AS OBJECT (col1 NUMBER, col2 VARCHAR2(6));
CREATE TABLE admin_iot (c1 NUMBER primary key, c2 admin_typ) ORGANIZATION
INDEX;

CREATE TABLE admin_iot2 OF admin_typ (col1 PRIMARY KEY) ORGANIZATION INDEX;
-- oken_offsets column value is always stored in the overflow area
TABLE admin_docindex2(
token CHAR(20),
doc_id NUMBER,
token_frequency NUMBER,
token_offsets VARCHAR2(2000),
CONSTRAINT pk_admin_docindex2 PRIMARY KEY (token, doc_id))
ORGANIZATION INDEX
TABLESPACE admin_tbs
PCTTHRESHOLD 20 -- default 50
INCLUDING token_frequency
OVERFLOW TABLESPACE admin_tbs2;

-- Parallelizing Index-Organized Table Creation
CREATE TABLE admin_iot3(i PRIMARY KEY, j, k, l)
ORGANIZATION INDEX
PARALLEL AS SELECT * FROM hr.jobs;

-- Altering Index-Organized Tables
ALTER TABLE admin_docindex INITRANS 4 OVERFLOW INITRANS 6;
ALTER TABLE admin_docindex PCTTHRESHOLD 15 INCLUDING doc_id;
-- if there's no existing overflow segment
ALTER TABLE admin_iot3 ADD OVERFLOW TABLESPACE admin_tbs2;

-- Moving (Rebuilding) Index-Organized Tables
ALTER TABLE admin_docindex MOVE; -- just rebuild
ALTER TABLE admin_docindex MOVE ONLINE;
ALTER TABLE admin_iot_lob MOVE LOB (admin_lob) STORE AS (TABLESPACE
admin_tbs3);
-- IOT is rebuilt along with its overflow segment
ALTER TABLE admin_docindex MOVE TABLESPACE admin_tbs2 OVERFLOW TABLESPACE
admin_tbs3;

-- Creating Secondary Indexes on Index-Organized Tables
CREATE INDEX Doc_id_index on Docindex(Doc_id, Token);
Managi ng Ex t er nal Tabl es
/* obtain info about external tables */
select OWNER,TABLE_NAME,TYPE_OWNER,
TYPE_NAME,DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_OWNER,DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_NAME,
REJECT_LIMIT,ACCESS_TYPE,ACCESS_PARAMETERS, PROPERTY
from DBA_EXTERNAL_TABLES;
select OWNER, TABLE_NAME, LOCATION, DIRECTORY_OWNER, DIRECTORY_NAME
from DBA_EXTERNAL_LOCATIONS;

/* Creating an External Table and Loading Data */
CONNECT / AS SYSDBA;
-- Set up directories and grant access to hr
CREATE OR REPLACE DIRECTORY admin_dat_dir AS 'c:\temp\data';
CREATE OR REPLACE DIRECTORY admin_log_dir AS 'c:\temp\log';
CREATE OR REPLACE DIRECTORY admin_bad_dir AS 'c:\temp\bad';
GRANT READ ON DIRECTORY admin_dat_dir TO hr;
GRANT WRITE ON DIRECTORY admin_log_dir TO hr;

GRANT WRITE ON DIRECTORY admin_bad_dir TO hr;
-- hr connects. Provide the user password (hr) when prompted.
CONNECT hr
-- create the external table
CREATE TABLE admin_ext_employees
(employee_id NUMBER(4),
first_name VARCHAR2(20),
last_name VARCHAR2(25),
job_id VARCHAR2(10),
manager_id NUMBER(4),
hire_date DATE,
salary NUMBER(8,2),
commission_pct NUMBER(2,2),
department_id NUMBER(4),
email VARCHAR2(25))
ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL
(
TYPE ORACLE_LOADER -- or ORACLE_DATAPUMP (for unload)
DEFAULT DIRECTORY admin_dat_dir
ACCESS PARAMETERS
(
records delimited by newline
badfile admin_bad_dir:'empxt%a_%p.bad'
logfile admin_log_dir:'empxt%a_%p.log'
fields terminated by ','
missing field values are null
( employee_id, first_name, last_name, job_id, manager_id,
hire_date char date_format date mask "dd-mon-yyyy",
salary, commission_pct, department_id, email )
)
LOCATION ('empxt1.dat', 'empxt2.dat')
)
PARALLEL -- useful to huge data
REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED;

-- more options
-- in ACCESS PARAMETERS you can add
LOAD WHEN (job != MANAGER)

-- using SQL*Loader to generated script for creating external tables
-- (1) prepare control file such as:
LOAD DATA
INFILE *
INTO TABLE test_emp
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
(employee_id,first_name,last_name,hire_date,salary,manager_id)
BEGINDATA
12345,"sam","alapati",sysdate,50000,99999
23456,"mark","potts",sysdate,50000,99999
-- (2) issue SQL*Loader using EXTERNAL_TABLE =GENERATE_ONLY NOT_USED EXECUTE
sqlldr USERID=system/sammyy1 CONTROL=test.ctl \
EXTERNAL_TABLE=GENERATE_ONLY
-- (3) check the generated log file

/* Unloading into External Tables */
-- (using datapump drivers)

CREATE TABLE test_xt
ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL(
TYPE ORACLE_DATAPUMP
DEFAULT DIRECTORY ext_data_dir
ACCESS PARAMETERS (COMPRESSION ENABLED)
LOCATION ('test_xt.dmp'))
AS
SELECT * FROM scott.dept;

-- encrypting loaded data
CREATE TABLE TEST
ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL (TYPE ORACLE_DATAPUMP DEFAULT DIRECTORY test_dir1
ACCESS PARAMETERS (ENCRYPTION ENABLED) LOCATION ('test.dmp'));

-- unload into multiple files
CREATE TABLE customers
ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL
(TYPE ORACLE_DATAPUMP DEFAULT DIRECTORY ext_data_dir ACCESS PARAMETERS
(NOBADFILE NOLOGFILE)
LOCATION ('customers1.exp', 'customers2.exp', 'customers3.exp',
'customers4.exp'))
PARALLEL 4 REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED AS
SELECT c.*, co.country_name, co.country_subregion, co.country_region
FROM customers c, countries co where co.country_id=c.country_id;

-- enable parallel for loading (good if lots of data to load)
ALTER SESSION ENABLE PARALLEL DML;

-- load the data in hr employees table
INSERT INTO emp (employee_id, first_name, last_name, job_id, manager_id,
hire_date, salary, commission_pct, department_id, email)
SELECT * FROM admin_ext_employees;

/* Altering External Tables */
ALTER TABLE admin_ext_employees REJECT LIMIT 100;

-- access driver processes only the columns in the select list (default)
ALTER TABLE admin_ext_employees PROJECT COLUMN REFERNCED;
-- the access driver processes all of the columns
-- This setting always provides a consistent set of returned rows
ALTER TABLE admin_ext_employees PROJECT COLUMN ALL;

-- default directory
ALTER TABLE admin_ext_employees DEFAULT DIRECTORY admin_dat2_dir;

-- access parameter
ALTER TABLE admin_ext_employees ACCESS PARAMETERS (FIELDS TERMINATED BY ';');

-- location
ALTER TABLE admin_ext_employees LOCATION ('empxt3.txt', 'empxt4.txt');

Managi ng I ndex es
Usi ng I ndex es
When creat ing an ext remely large index, consider allocat ing a larger t emporary t ablespace
specially for t he index creat ion.
I f you want t he opt imizer t o consider t he invisible indexes in it s operat ion, you can set t he
new init ializat ion paramet er OPTI MI ZER_USE_I NVI SI BLE_I NDEXES t o TRUE ( t he default is
FALSE) . You can set t he paramet er in t he syst em and session levels.
-- obtain info about indexes
select * from DBA_INDEXES;
select * from DBA_IND_COLUMNS;
-- for funcation-based indexes
select * from DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS;
-- optimizer stats
select * from DBA_IND_STATISTICS;
-- obtained from ANALYZE INDEX...VALIDATE STRUCTURE
select * from INDEX_STATS;

-- create index
CREATE INDEX emp_ename ON emp(ename)
TABLESPACE users
STORAGE (INITIAL 20K
NEXT 20k
PCTINCREASE 75);
CREATE INDEX emp_ename ON emp(ename) COMPUTE STATISTICS;
CREATE INDEX emp_name ON emp (mgr, emp1, emp2, emp3) ONLINE;
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX dept_unique_index ON dept (dname) TABLESPACE indx;
CREATE TABLE emp ( empno NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY, age INTEGER) ENABLE PRIMARY
KEY USING INDEX TABLESPACE users;
CREATE TABLE a ( a1 INT PRIMARY KEY USING INDEX (create index ai on a (a1)));
CREATE TABLE b( b1 INT, b2 INT,
CONSTRAINT bu1 UNIQUE (b1, b2)
USING INDEX (create unique index bi on b(b1, b2)),
CONSTRAINT bu2 UNIQUE (b2, b1) USING INDEX bi);
CREATE TABLE c(c1 INT, c2 INT);
CREATE INDEX ci ON c (c1, c2);
ALTER TABLE c ADD CONSTRAINT cpk PRIMARY KEY (c1) USING INDEX ci;

-- bitmap index
CREATE BITMAP INDEX gender_idx ON employee(gender) TABLESPACE emp_index_05;

-- Reverse-Key Indexes
-- good when you do sequential insertion of values into the index
CREATE INDEX reverse_idx ON employee(emp_id) REVERSE;

-- function based
CREATE INDEX area_index ON rivers (area(geo));

-- compress
CREATE INDEX emp_ename ON emp(ename) TABLESPACE users COMPRESS 1;
ALTER INDEX emp_ename REBUILD NOCOMPRESS;

-- Invisible Index (11g)
CREATE INDEX name_indx ON employees(emp_name) INVISIBLE;

SELECT /*+ index (EMP_NAME NAME_INDEX) */ ...
ALTER INDEX name_indx VISIBLE;
ALTER INDEX name_indx INVISIBLE;
SELECT INDEX_NAME, VISIBILITY FROM DBA_INDEXES WHERE INDEX_NAME='NAME_INDX';

-- Bitmap Join Index (see next section).

-- rebuilding an index
ALTER INDEX emp_name REBUILD;
ALTER INDEX emp_name REBUILD ONLINE;

-- Monitoring Index Usage
ALTER INDEX index MONITORING USAGE;
ALTER INDEX index NOMONITORING USAGE;
Select INDEX_NAME,TABLE_NAME,MONITORING,USED,START_MONITORING,END_MONITORING
From V$OBJECT_USAGE -- in the same session
WHERE INDEX_NAME='EMP_LNAME_IND';

-- Monitoring Space Use of Indexes
-- 1. Analyzing statistics
exec DBMS_STATS.GATHER_INDEX_STATS( OWNNAME=>'HR', INDNAME=>'EMP_LNAME_IND')
-- 2. Validating the index
ANALYZE INDEX EMP_LNAME_IND VALIDATE STRUCTURE;
-- 3. Checking PCT_USED
SELECT PCT_USED FROM INDEX_STATS WHERE NAME = 'EMP_LNAME_IND';
-- 4. Dropping and rebuilding (or coalescing) the index
ALTER INDEX emp_name REBUILD;

-- estimating index space
-- gather index and its underlying table statistics
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
declare
l_index_ddl VARCHAR2(1000);
l_used_bytes NUMBER;
l_allocated_bytes NUMBER;
BEGIN
DBMS_SPACE.create_index_cost (
DDL => 'create index persons_idx on persons(person_id)',
USED_BYTES => l_used_bytes,
ALLOC_BYTES => l_allocated_bytes);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('used = ' || to_char(l_used_bytes/1024) || ' KB ' || '
allocated = ' || to_char(l_allocated_bytes/1024) || ' KB');
END;
/
Usi ng Bi t map Joi n I ndex es ( BJI )
A bit map j oin index is a bit map index for t he j oin of t wo or more t ables. I t is designed
when j oining fact t ables wit h dimension t ables as in warehouse dat abases (st art schema
model) .
CREATE BITMAP INDEX NAMES_CTR_bji
ON NAMES2(COUNTRIES.COUNTRY_NAME)
FROM NAMES2, COUNTRIES
WHERE NAMES2.NAT_ID=COUNTRIES.ID
NOLOGGING COMPUTE STATISTICS;


SELECT /*+ INDEX_COMBINE(N NAMES_CTR_bji)*/
C.COUNTRY_NAME
FROM NAMES2 N, COUNTRIES C
WHERE N.NAT_ID = C.ID;
Par t i t i oned I ndex es
-- Global Indexes
-- can be nonpartitioned or partitioned indexes
CREATE INDEX ticketsales_idx ON
ticket_sales(month) GLOBAL
PARTITION BY range(month)
(PARTITION ticketsales1_idx VALUES LESS THAN (3)
PARTITION ticketsales1_idx VALUES LESS THAN (6)
PARTITION ticketsales2_idx VALUES LESS THAN (9)
PARTITION ticketsales3_idx VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE));

CREATE INDEX hgidx
ON tab (c1,c2,c3) GLOBAL
PARTITION BY HASH (c1,c2)
(PARTITION p1 TABLESPACE ts1,
PARTITION p2 TABLESPACE ts2,
PARTITION p3 TABLESPACE ts3,
PARTITION p4 TABLESPACE ts4);

-- Local Indexes
CREATE INDEX ticket_no_idx ON
ticket_sales(ticket__no) LOCAL TABLESPACE localidx_01;
Managi ng Mat er i al i zed Vi ew s
Usi ng Mat er i al i zed Vi ew s
When creat ing mat erialized view, you should keep in mind t he following rest rict ions:
The defining query of t he mat erialized view cannot cont ain any non- repeat able
expressions ( ROWNUM, SYSDATE, non- repeat able PL/ SQL funct ions, and so on) .
The query cannot cont ain any references t o RAW or LONG RAW dat at ypes or obj ect REFs
Rest rict ions on Fast Refresh
The defining query of t he mat erialized view is rest rict ed as follows:
The mat erialized view must not cont ain references t o non- repeat ing expressions like
SYSDATE and ROWNUM.
The mat erialized view must not cont ain references t o RAW or LONG RAW dat a t ypes.
I t cannot cont ain a SELECT list subquery.
I t cannot cont ain analyt ical funct ions ( for example, RANK) in t he SELECT clause.
I t cannot cont ain a MODEL clause.
I t cannot cont ain a HAVI NG clause wit h a subquery.
I t cannot cont ain nest ed queries t hat have ANY, ALL, or NOT EXI STS.
I t cannot cont ain a [ START WI TH ] CONNECT BY clause.
I t cannot cont ain mult iple det ail t ables at different sit es.
ON COMMI T mat erialized views cannot have remot e det ail t ables.
Nest ed mat erialized views must have a j oin or aggregat e.

-- required privs
GRANT CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW TO hr;
GRANT QUERY REWRITE TO hr;

-- mv log
-- you must specify the ROWID, SEQUENCE and the INCLUDING NEW VALUES
-- For aggregate materialized views, it must also contain every column
-- in the table referenced in the materialized view
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
ON employees WITH SEQUENCE, ROWID
(employee_id,department_id,salary) INCLUDING NEW VALUES;

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
ON departments WITH SEQUENCE, ROWID
(department_id, department_name) INCLUDING NEW VALUES;

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON sales ADD ROWID
(prod_id, cust_id, time_id, amount_sold) INCLUDING NEW VALUES;

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON sales;

-- create mv
-- the options
BUILD IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED
REFRESH NEVER, FAST, FORCE, COMPLETE - on commit or on demand
ENABLE QUERY REWRITE -- is a must for rewriting queries. DISABLE
WITH PRIMARY KEY
START WITH ROUND(SYSDATE + 1) + 11/24 NEXT NEXT_DAY(TRUNC(SYSDATE), 'MONDAY')
+ 15/24
recommended to gather stats on it then
EXECUTE DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS ( 'HR','DEPT01_MV', estimate_percent
=> 20, block_sample => TRUE, cascade => TRUE);

-- (1) Materialized Views with Aggregates
-- vm log must also contain every column
-- in the table referenced in the materialized view
-- there must be a COUNT(*) and a COUNT(column) on any aggregated columns
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW dept01_mv
(department_id, department_name, salary_count, average_salary)
TABLESPACE ts1
BUILD IMMEDIATE
REFRESH FAST
ENABLE QUERY REWRITE
AS
select d.department_id, d.department_name,
count(e.salary), -- it is a must for mv with aggregate or count(*),
avg(e.salary)
from departments d, employees e
where d.department_id = e.department_id
group by d.department_id, d.department_name;

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW product_sales_mv
TABLESPACE ts1
BUILD IMMEDIATE -- DEFERRED
REFRESH FAST -- FAST, FORCE, COMPLETE - on commit or on demand
ENABLE QUERY REWRITE
AS

SELECT p.prod_name, SUM(s.amount_sold) AS dollar_sales,
COUNT(*) AS cnt, COUNT(s.amount_sold) AS cnt_amt
FROM sales s, products p
WHERE s.prod_id = p.prod_id GROUP BY p.prod_name;

-- (2) Materialized Views Containing Only Joins
-- contain only joins and no aggregates
-- ROWID column must be present in each materialized view log and mv SELECT
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON sales WITH ROWID;
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON times WITH ROWID;
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON customers WITH ROWID;
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW detail_sales_mv
PARALLEL
BUILD IMMEDIATE
REFRESH FAST AS
SELECT s.rowid "sales_rid", t.rowid "times_rid", c.rowid "customers_rid",
c.cust_id, c.cust_last_name, s.amount_sold, s.quantity_sold, s.time_id
FROM sales s, times t, customers c
WHERE s.cust_id = c.cust_id(+) AND s.time_id = t.time_id(+);

-- (3) Nested Materialized Views
-- a materialized view whose definition is based on another materialized view
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON sales WITH ROWID;
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON customers WITH ROWID;
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON times WITH ROWID;
/*create materialized view join_sales_cust_time as fast refreshable at
COMMIT time */
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW join_sales_cust_time
REFRESH FAST ON COMMIT AS
SELECT c.cust_id, c.cust_last_name, s.amount_sold, t.time_id,
t.day_number_in_week, s.rowid srid, t.rowid trid, c.rowid crid
FROM sales s, customers c, times t
WHERE s.time_id = t.time_id AND s.cust_id = c.cust_id;
/* create materialized view log on join_sales_cust_time
and include the required columns */
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON join_sales_cust_time
WITH ROWID (cust_last_name, day_number_in_week, amount_sold)
INCLUDING NEW VALUES;
/* create the single-table aggregate materialized view sum_sales_cust_time
on join_sales_cust_time as fast refreshable at COMMIT time */
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW sum_sales_cust_time
REFRESH FAST ON COMMIT AS
SELECT COUNT(*) cnt_all, SUM(amount_sold) sum_sales, COUNT(amount_sold)
cnt_sales, cust_last_name, day_number_in_week
FROM join_sales_cust_time
GROUP BY cust_last_name, day_number_in_week;
-- Refreshing a Nested Materialized View
DBMS_MVIEW.REFRESH('SALES_MV,COST_MV', nested => TRUE);

/* commenting on mvs */
COMMENT ON MATERIALIZED VIEW sales_mv IS 'sales materialized view';
SELECT MVIEW_NAME, COMMENTS
FROM USER_MVIEW_COMMENTS WHERE MVIEW_NAME = 'SALES_MV';
Usi ng Quer y Rew r i t i ng
A query is rewrit t en only when a cert ain number of condit ions are met :

o Query rewrit e must be enabled for t he session.
o A mat erialized view must be enabled for query rewrit e.
o The rewrit e int egrit y level should allow t he use of t he mat erialized view.
Use Column Alias List s in t he CREATE MATERI ALI ZED VI EW command t o let t he query
rewrit e work
/* Required Privs */
grant query rewrite to hr;
-- if the mv uses a table from other schema
grant query rewrite on employees to scott;
or
grant global query rewrite to hr;

/* Ensuring that Query Rewrite Takes Effect */
-- (1) query rewrite enabled for the mv
select REWRITE_ENABLED from user_mviews where mview_name='DEPT01_MV';
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW dept01_mv ENABLE QUERY REWRITE ;
-- (2) QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED = TRUE | FORCE
ALTER SESSION SET QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED=true;
select get_par('query_rewrite_enabled') from dual;
-- for user with dba priv
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED';
alter system set QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED=TRUE;
-- (3) OPTIMIZER_MODE = ALL_ROWS, FIRST_ROWS, or FIRST_ROWS_n, (where n = 1,
10, 100, 1000)
select get_par('OPTIMIZER_MODE') from dual;
-- (4) OPTIMIZER_FEATURES_ENABLE must be 10.0.0 or higher
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='OPTIMIZER_FEATURES_ENABLE';

/* Column Alias */
-- failed example
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW sales_mv
ENABLE QUERY REWRITE AS
SELECT s.time_id sales_tid, c.time_id costs_tid
FROM sales s, products p, costs c
WHERE s.prod_id = p.prod_id AND c.prod_id = p.prod_id AND
p.prod_name IN (SELECT prod_name FROM products);
-- the right way
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW sales_mv (sales_tid, costs_tid)
SELECT s.time_id, c.time_id
FROM sales s, products p, costs c
WHERE s.prod_id = p.prod_id AND c.prod_id = p.prod_id AND
p.prod_name IN (SELECT prod_name FROM products);

/* Rewrite Integrity */
-- QUERY_REWRITE_INTEGRITY: ENFORCED (returned data is 100% correct), TRUSTED,
STALE_TOLERATED

/* Verifying that Query Rewrite has Occurred */
EXPLAIN PLAN FOR
select d.department_id, d.department_name,
count(e.salary),
avg(e.salary)
from departments d, employees e
where d.department_id = e.department_id
group by d.department_id, d.department_name;

-- if rewriting occurred, you should see operation: MAT_VIEW REWRITE ACCESS
SELECT OPERATION, OBJECT_NAME FROM PLAN_TABLE;

/* Using the EXPLAIN_REWRITE Procedure with Query Rewrite */
-- target: to know why rewriting didn't occur
-- 1) create EXPLAIN_REWRITE table
@/oracle/oradb10g/rdbms/admin/utlxrw.sql
-- 2) execute
declare
v varchar2(4000);
begin
v := 'select d.department_id, d.department_name, count(e.salary),
avg(e.salary) from departments d, employees e where d.department_id =
e.department_id group by d.department_id, d.department_name';
DBMS_MVIEW.EXPLAIN_REWRITE(
query => v,
mv =>'', -- you can specify the comma-separated mv(s) or NULL to consider all
mvs
statement_id => 'ID6'); -- client-supplied unique identifier to distinguish
output messages
end;
/

SELECT message, original_cost, rewritten_cost
FROM rewrite_table ORDER BY sequence;

-- alternatively to see neat output use SYS.XRW (see Wareshouse documentation)
ReWr i t e Hi nt s
/* REWRITE and NOREWRITE Hints */
SELECT /*+ NOREWRITE */ ...
SELECT /*+ REWRITE (sum_sales_pscat_week_mv) */ ...

/* The Rewrite_or_Error Hint */
-- use the mv or error
SELECT /*+ REWRITE_OR_ERROR */
prod_id, SUM(quantity_sold) AS sum_sales_qty
FROM sales_data
GROUP BY prod_id;

/* NO_MULTIMV_REWRITE hint prevents the query from being rewritten with more
than one materialized
NO_BASETABLE_MULTIMV_REWRITE hint prevents the query from being rewritten
with a combination of materialized views and the base tables
*/
Usi ng EXPLAI N_MVI EW Pr ocedur e: Vi ew i ng Mat er i al i zed Vi ew Capabi l i t i es
Target : t o det ermine if a mat erialized view is fast refreshable and what t ypes of query
rewrit e you can perform wit h a part icular mat erialized view.

DBMS_MVIEW.EXPLAIN_MVIEW (
mv -- mv, a SELECT or a CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW statement
statement_id -- any id

--(1) create MV_CAPABILITIES_TABLE

@/oracle/oradb10g/rdbms/admin/utlxmv.sql
--(2) execute
declare
v varchar2(4000);
begin
v := 'DEPT01_MV';
DBMS_MVIEW.EXPLAIN_MVIEW( V,'ID01');
end;
/

SELECT CAPABILITY_NAME, POSSIBLE, RELATED_TEXT,RELATED_NUM, MSGNO, MSGTXT
FROM MV_CAPABILITIES_TABLE
WHERE STATEMENT_ID='ID01'
ORDER BY SEQ
/

SELECT MSGTXT
FROM MV_CAPABILITIES_TABLE
WHERE STATEMENT_ID='ID01'
ORDER BY SEQ
/
Regi st er i ng a User - def i ned Tabl e as Mat er i al i zed Vi ew
-- table and mv have the same name
CREATE TABLE sum_sales_tab
PCTFREE 0 TABLESPACE demo
AS
SELECT s.prod_id, SUM(amount_sold) AS dollar_sales, SUM(quantity_sold) AS
unit_sales FROM sales s GROUP BY s.prod_id;

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW sum_sales_tab_mv
ON PREBUILT TABLE WITHOUT REDUCED PRECISION
SELECT s.prod_id, SUM(amount_sold) AS dollar_sales,
SUM(quantity_sold) AS unit_sales
FROM sales s GROUP BY s.prod_id;

Managi ng Cl u st er s and Hash Cl ust er s
Hashing is useful when you have t he following condit ions:
Most queries are equalit y queries on t he clust er key:
SELECT . .. WHERE clust er_key = .. . ;
The t ables in t he hash clust er are primarily st at ic in size so t hat you can det ermine t he
number of rows and amount of space required for t he t ables in t he clust er.
-- obtaining info on clusters
select * from DBA_CLUSTERS;
-- map table columns to cluster columns
select * from DBA_CLU_COLUMNS;

-- create cluster
CREATE CLUSTER emp_dept (deptno NUMBER(3))
SIZE 600
TABLESPACE users
NEXT 300K
MINEXTENTS 2
MAXEXTENTS 20
PCTINCREASE 33);
CREATE TABLE emp (
empno NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY,
. . .
deptno NUMBER(3) REFERENCES dept)
CLUSTER emp_dept (deptno);
CREATE TABLE dept (
deptno NUMBER(3) PRIMARY KEY, . . . )
CLUSTER emp_dept (deptno);

-- create cluster index
CREATE INDEX emp_dept_index
ON CLUSTER emp_dept
TABLESPACE users
NEXT 50K
MINEXTENTS 2
MAXEXTENTS 10
PCTINCREASE 33);

-- dropping a cluster
-- no tables
DROP CLUSTER emp_dept;
-- there are tables
DROP CLUSTER emp_dept INCLUDING TABLES;
DROP CLUSTER emp_dept INCLUDING TABLES CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
-- drop a table in the cluster
drop table dept;

/* Managing Hash Clusters */

-- obtain info
selet * from DBA_CLUSTERS ;

selet * from DBA_CLU_COLUMNS;
selet * from DBA_CLUSTER_HASH_EXPRESSIONS;

-- Creating Hash Clusters
CREATE CLUSTER trial_cluster (trialno NUMBER(5,0))
TABLESPACE users
STORAGE (INITIAL 250K NEXT 50K
MINEXTENTS 1 MAXEXTENTS 3
PCTINCREASE 0)
HASH IS trialno HASHKEYS 150;
CREATE TABLE trial (
trialno NUMBER(5,0) PRIMARY KEY,
...)
CLUSTER trial_cluster (trialno);

-- Creating a Sorted Hash Cluster
CREATE CLUSTER call_detail_cluster (
telephone_number NUMBER,
call_timestamp NUMBER SORT,
call_duration NUMBER SORT )
HASHKEYS 10000 HASH IS telephone_number
SIZE 256;
CREATE TABLE call_detail (
telephone_number NUMBER,
call_timestamp NUMBER SORT,
call_duration NUMBER SORT,
other_info VARCHAR2(30) )
CLUSTER call_detail_cluster (
telephone_number, call_timestamp, call_duration );
-- following select gets advantage from the sorted hash cluster
SELECT * WHERE telephone_number = 6505551212;

-- Creating Single-Table Hash Clusters
CREATE CLUSTER peanut (variety NUMBER)
SIZE 512 SINGLE TABLE HASHKEYS 500;

-- Dropping Hash Clusters
DROP CLUSTER emp_dept;

Managi ng Vi ew s, Sequen ces, and Sy nony ms
-- create views
CREATE VIEW sales_staff AS
SELECT empno, ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE deptno = 10
WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT sales_staff_cnst;
-- Creating Views with Errors
CREATE FORCE VIEW AS ...;

-- creating sequence
CREATE SEQUENCE emp_sequence
INCREMENT BY 1
START WITH 1
NOMAXVALUE
NOCYCLE
CACHE 10;
-- alter a sequence
ALTER SEQUENCE emp_sequence
INCREMENT BY 10
MAXVALUE 10000
CYCLE
CACHE 20;

-- Creating Synonyms
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM public_emp FOR jward.emp;

Managi ng Tr an sact i on s
I mpl ement i ng Or acl e s Concur r ency Cont r ol
Or acl e I sol act i on Lev el s
There are four possible isolat ion levels:
o Serializable: doesnt allow any concurrent .
o Repeat able read
o Read uncommit t ed
o Read commit t ed ( Default ) : Oracle only guarant ees st at ement - level isolat ion here
( changes bet ween reads are seen), not t ransact ion- level isolat ion.

command I t s effect
SET TRANSACTION READ
ONLY
When set , t he t ransact ion t hat follows operat es on essent ially
a snapshot of t he dat abase at t he t ime t he command was
issued. This is especially useful when mult iple select
st at ement s are execut ed over t he course of a t ransact ion, and
dat a must be consist ent .
SET TRANSACTION READ
WRITE
Set t he t ransact gion back t o read writ e
SET TRANSACTION
ISOLATION LEVEL READ
COMMITTED
if we t ry t o modify a record t hat already has a DML Row
Exclusive lock on t hat record, t he at t empt t o updat e will wait
unt il t he locks are released.
SET TRANSACTION
ISOLATION LEVEL
SERIALIZABLE
if we t ry t o modify a record t hat already has a DML Row
Exclusive lock on t hat record, t he at t empt t o updat e will fail

-- must be the first command in an transaction
-- to enable transaction-level isolation
ALTER SESSION SET ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;
-- alternatively ( repeatable reads )
SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY
Or acl e Lock Types
DML Locks: Row- Level Lock: Exclusive Table- Level Lock: Row exclusive
DDL Locks: DDL is not allowed if DML Lock was t here and "ORA- 00054: resource bus" will
be ret urned unless DDL_LOCK_TI MEOUT is defined in seconds ( 11g) .
Explicit Table Locking: DDL requires Table exclusive DML lock. You can specify t hat a DDL
command wait for a specific lengt h of t ime before it fails:
LOCK TABLE ... IN lockmode MODE [NOWAIT | WAIT integer]
lockmode: [ROW] SHARE, [[SHARE] ROW] EXCLUSIVE, SHARE UPDATE
int eger in seconds
Lat ches: are int ernal mechanisms t hat prot ect shared dat a st ruct ures in t he SGA.
Dat a dict ionary locks: whenever t he dict ionary obj ect s are being modified.

Dist ribut ed locks: used in a dist ribut ed dat abase syst em or in RAC.
I nt ernal locks: are used by Oracle t o prot ect access t o st ruct ures such as dat afiles,
t ablespaces, and rollback segment s.
-- current locks in the DB
select SID,
DECODE(TO_CHAR(BLOCK),'0','Not-Blocking','1','Blocking') IS_BLOCKING,
DECODE(TYPE,'TM','DML enqueue','TX','Transaction enqueue','UL','User
supplied',TYPE) LOCK_TYPE,
DECODE(TO_CHAR(LMODE),'0','None','1','Null','2','Row-S (SS)','3','Row-X
(SX)','4','Share (S)','5','S/Row-X (SSX)','6','Exclusive (X)') HELD_LMODE,
DECODE(TO_CHAR(REQUEST),'0','None','1','Null','2','Row-S (SS)','3','Row-X
(SX)','4','Share (S)','5','S/Row-X (SSX)','6','Exclusive (X)') REQUEST_LMODE
from v$lock;

-- Oracle 11g: to allow DDL wait for lock instead or returning error
ALTER SESSION SET ddl_lock_timeout = 30;

-- explicit table locking
lock table emp in EXCLUSIVE mode nowait ;
I dent i f y i ng Bl ock i ng Sessi ons
-- oracle supplied script printing blocking sessions in tree-like view
@$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utllockt.sql

select SID,
DECODE(TYPE,'TM','DML enqueue','TX','Transaction enqueue','UL','User
supplied',TYPE) LOCK_TYPE,
DECODE(TO_CHAR(LMODE),'0','None','1','Null','2','Row-S (SS)','3','Row-X
(SX)','4','Share (S)','5','S/Row-X (SSX)','6','Exclusive (X)') HELD_LMODE,
DECODE(TO_CHAR(REQUEST),'0','None','1','Null','2','Row-S (SS)','3','Row-X
(SX)','4','Share (S)','5','S/Row-X (SSX)','6','Exclusive (X)') REQUEST_LMODE
from v$lock
where BLOCK=1;

SELECT sid, username, blocking_session blocking_sid
FROM V$SESSION WHERE blocking_session_status='VALID';
Usi ng Aut onomous Tr ansact i on
The aut onomous t ransact ions give you t he abilit y t o commit or roll back t he subprograms
changes independent of t he main program.
-- write errors log
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE error_log
(error__msg in varchar2, procedure_name IN VARCHAR2) IS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO log_table (error_msg, procedure_name)
VALUES (error_msg,procedure_name));
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
ROLLBACK;
END error_log;
/


-- using DDL statements in triggers
-- performing an audit of database queries
-- performing an audit of and failed (unauthorized) database activity
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER aud_bef_trig
BEFORE INSERT ON emp FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION
BEGIN
INSERT INTO audit_employee VALUES (
:new.username, 'before insert', sysdate);
COMMIT;
END;
/
Managi ng Long Tr ansact i ons w i t h Wor kspace Manager
Workspace Manager is by default inst alled when you creat e a dat abase using DBCA but
not manually. To check, make sure WMSYS exist s in DBA_USERS.
Wit h Workspace Manager, you can maint ain mult iple versions of dat a, which you can keep
or discard as necessary.
I t s benifit s:
o To enable simult aneous read and writ e access t o dat a during long t ransact ions.
o To creat e mult iple dat a scenarios for what - if analyses.
The original t able will be renamed t o t ableName_LT, new t able t ableName_AUX will be
creat ed. Users be default are placed in LI VE workspace.
Ref r esh: updat e t he dat a in t he refreshed workspace wit h t he changes made in it s parent
workspace.
Mer ge: updat e t he parent workspace wit h t he changes made t o t he merged workspace.
Reference: Applicat ion Developers Guide - Workspace Manager
-- should return LIVE
select dbms_wm.getworkspace from dual;

/* go back in time within a workspace */
-- the example is using the LIVE workspace

-- privs
begin
dbms_wm.grantSystemPriv (
'ACCESS_ANY_WORKSPACE, ' ||
'MERGE_ANY_WORKSPACE, ' ||
'CREATE_ANY_WORKSPACE, ' ||
'REMOVE_ANY_WORKSPACE, ' ||
'ROLLBACK_ANY_WORKSPACE' ,
'USER1' ,
'YES');
end;
/

conn user1

create table dept

( DEPTNO NUMBER(3) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2(14) )
/

create table EMP
( EMPNO NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY, -- PK is mandatory
ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
DEPTNO NUMBER(3) references dept(deptno))
/

-- set version enabled tables
-- VIEW_WO_OVERWRITE = without Overwrite
begin
dbms_wm.enableVersioning('EMP','VIEW_WO_OVERWRITE');
dbms_wm.enableVersioning('DEPT','VIEW_WO_OVERWRITE');
end;
/

select TABLE_NAME, STATE, HISTORY
from USER_WM_VERSIONED_TABLES
order by TABLE_NAME ;

-- testing data
-- Note: rows cannot be inserted if the Workspace isn't
-- in its latest version by DBMS_WM.GotoSavePoint();
insert into dept values (1,'d1');
commit;
insert into emp values (1,'e1',1);
commit;

select * from emp, dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

-- save current time
var dt_1 varchar2(21)

begin
select to_char(sysdate, 'dd.mm.yyyy hh24:mi:ss') into :dt_1 from dual;
end;
/

-- insert extra rows
insert into dept values(2,'d2');
commit;
insert into emp values(3,'e3',2);
commit;


-- return to dt_1 time
begin
dbms_wm.gotoDate(to_date(:dt_1, 'dd.mm.yyyy hh24:mi:ss'));
end;
/

commit;


-- disable versioning
begin
dbms_wm.disableVersioning('DEPT');
dbms_wm.disableVersioning('EMP');
end;
/

/* Creating Workspaces and Merging/Refreshing Data */
-- privs
begin
'USER1' ,
'YES');
end;
/

conn user1

create table dept
/

create table EMP
ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
/

commit;
commit;

-- VIEW_WO_OVERWRITE = without Overwrite
-- this option make WAREHOUSES_HIST view contain
-- complete history information about data changes
begin
-- both table must be version enabled because they are linked
dbms_wm.enableVersioning('DEPT,EMP','VIEW_WO_OVERWRITE');
end;
/

-- create workspaces
begin

dbms_wm.createworkspace ('WS1');
dbms_wm.createworkspace ('WS2');
end;
/

select workspace, parent_workspace from user_workspaces;

-- move logged on user to WS1
begin
dbms_wm.gotoworkspace('WS1');
end;
/


-- insert extra rows
commit;
commit;


-- go back to Live workspace
begin
dbms_wm.gotoworkspace('LIVE');
end;
/


-- change some data within the LIVE workspaces
commit;
commit;


-- move to Workspace WS2
begin
end;
/

-- you won't see changes made in the LIVE workspace nor the changes
-- made in the WS1 workspace.

commit;
commit;

-- REFRESH WS1
begin
dbms_wm.refreshworkspace('WS1');
end;
/

-- move to WS1
begin
end;
/


-- MERGE WS2
begin
dbms_wm.mergeworkspace('WS2');
end;
/

-- verify merge succeeded
begin
end;
/


-- cleaning up
begin
dbms_wm.disableversioning ('dept, emp', true);
end;
/

begin
dbms_wm.gotoworkspace ('LIVE');
dbms_wm.removeworkspace('WS1');
end;
/

/* Resolving Conflicts */
-- privs
begin
'USER1' ,
'YES');
end;
/


conn user1

create table dept
/

create table EMP
ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
/

commit;
commit;

begin
dbms_wm.enableVersioning('DEPT,EMP','VIEW_WO_OVERWRITE');
end;
/

-- create workspace and goto it
begin
dbms_wm.createworkspace('WS1');
end;
/
begin
end;
/

-- make an update
update emp set ename='in WS1' where empno=1;
commit;

-- go back to LIVE workspace
begin
end;
/

-- make an update
update emp set ename='in LIVE' where empno=1;
commit;

-- to see the conflicts in xxx_CONF, you should leave LIVE workspace
begin
end;

/

column wm_workspace format a16
select * from EMP_CONF;

/* To resolve the conflict */
-- (1) call dbms_wm.beginresolve
begin
dbms_wm.BeginResolve('WS1');
end;
/

-- (2) call dbms_wm.resolveconflicts
begin
-- Keep update from Parent (LIVE)
dbms_wm.resolveconflicts(
workspace => 'WS1', -- workspace to check for conflicts with others
table_name => 'EMP',
where_clause => 'empno=1',
keep => 'PARENT');
end;
/
-- OR
begin
dbms_wm.resolveconflicts(
workspace => 'WS1',
table_name => 'EMP',
where_clause => 'empno=1',
keep => 'CHILD');
end;
/
commit;

-- (3) call dbms_wm.commitresolve.
begin
dbms_wm.CommitResolve('WS1');
end;
/

-- let's see if we still have a conflict:
select * from emp_conf;

-- check the data
select * from emp ;

-- let's see what data in LIVE
begin
end;
/

select * from emp ;

-- if data modified in WS1 was chosen, merge it with LIVE
begin

dbms_wm.mergeworkspace('WS1');
end;
/

-- Cleaning up
begin
dbms_wm.disableversioning('emp,dept');
end;
/

Repai r i ng Cor r upt ed Dat a
Opt i ons f or Repai r i ng Dat a Bl ock Cor r upt i on
Drop and recreat e an obj ect aft er t he corrupt ion is det ect ed.
I f dat a block corrupt ion is limit ed t o a subset of rows, t hen anot her opt ion is t o rebuild t he
t able by select ing all dat a except for t he corrupt rows.
Use t he DBMS_REPAI R package t o det ect and repair corrupt blocks in t ables and indexes.
Use Flashback Versions Query t o query values of a row over a period of t ime. Then
arrange undo plan.
Block Media Recovery BMR
Det ect i ng Cor r upt i ons Met hods
DB_VERI FY ut ilit y
ANALYZE TABLE .. VALI DATE STRUCTURE [ CASCADE]
Set t ing t he init ializat ion paramet ers: DB_BLOCK_CHECKI NG and DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM
exp ut ilit y
DBMS_REPAI R
Dat a Recovery Advisor aut omat ically runs aft er any corrupt ion is det ect ed and can alos
proact ively invoked. See Using Dat a Recovery Advisor in RMAN.
Usi ng dbv ( DBVer i f y) Ut i l i t y
The ut ilit y checks only for logical corrupt ion below t he HWM.
dbv file=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA10G\USERS01.DBF blocksize=4096
dbv file=example01.dbf blocksize=8192
..
examine "Total Pages Marked Corrupt"
Set t i ng t he I ni t i al i zat i on Par amet er s f or Det ect i ng Cor r upt i on
Ver i f y i ng Bl ock I nt egr i t y i n Real Ti me: DB_BLOCK_CHECKI NG
Block checking t ypically causes 1% t o 10% overhead, depending on workload.
You should set DB_BLOCK_CHECKI NG t o FULL if t he performance overhead is accept able.
Possible Values:
o OFF: No block checking (except for SYSTEM) (default )
o LOW: Basic block header checks are performed aft er block cont ent s change in memory
o MEDI UM: All LOW checks, as well as block checking for all non- index- organized t able
blocks, are performed.
o FULL: All LOW and MEDI UM checks, as well as checks on index blocks, are performed.
alter system set DB_BLOCK_CHECKING=FULL;

alter session set DB_BLOCK_CHECKING=LOW;
Ver i f y i ng Bl ock I nt egr i t y i n Real Ti me: DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM
Can prevent corrupt ion caused by underlying I / O syst ems
FULL set t ing causes 4- 5% overhead
DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM = { OFF | FALSE | TYPICAL
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM';
| TRUE |FULL }
Det ect i ng l ost w r i t e: DB_LOST_WRI TE_PROTECT
A dat a block lost writ e occurs when an I / O subsyst em acknowledges t he complet ion of t he
block writ e, while in fact t he writ e did not occur in t he persist ent st orage.
DB_LOST_WRITE_PROTECT = { NONE
Set t ubg t he DB_ULTRA_SAFE Par amet er ( I n Or acl e 11g)
| TYPICAL | FULL }
This paramet er i s used t o set t he ef f ect ive values of t he paramet ers: DB_BLOCK_CHECKING,
DB_LOST_WRITE_PROTECT, DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM. This paramet er t akes one of t he f ollowing values:

off
t his value means any values you set f or any of t he t hree paramet ers will not be
overridden.

data only
The ef f ect ive value of t he paramet ers will be as f ollows:

Par amet er Act i v e Val u e

DB_BLOCK_CHECKING medium

DB_LOST_WRITE_PROTECT typical

DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM.
full

data and index
The ef f ect ive value of t he paramet ers will be as f ollows:

Par amet er Act i v e Val u e

DB_BLOCK_CHECKING full

DB_LOST_WRITE_PROTECT typical

DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM.
full
Usi ng ANALYZE Command
Validat es t he st ruct ure of a t able or t able part it ions, and index or index part it ions.
Does not mark blocks as soft corrupt ; only report s t hem
When corrupt ion det ect ed, an error message ret urned.
ANALYZE TABLE table_name VALIDATE STRUCTURE CASCADE;
Usi ng EXP t o Det ect Cor r upt i on
exp ut ilit y report s an errors when it encount ers corrupt ion.
$ exp hr/hr tables=departments
About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...
. . .
EXP-00056: ORACLE error 1578 encountered
ORA-01578: ORACLE data block corrupted (file # 5, block # 51)

ORA-01110: data file 5: '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/..'
Usi ng DBMS_REPAI R
DBMS_REPAI R Li mi t at i ons and Rest r i ct i ons
DBMS_REPAI R procedures have t he following limit at ions:
o Tables wit h LOB dat at ypes, nest ed t ables, and varrays are support ed, but t he out of line
columns are ignored.
o Clust ers are support ed in t he SKI P_CORRUPT_BLOCKS and REBUI LD_FREELI STS
procedures, but not in t he CHECK_OBJECT procedure.
o I ndex- organized t ables and LOB indexes are not support ed.
o The DUMP_ORPHAN_KEYS procedure does not operat e on bit map indexes or funct ion-
based indexes.
o The DUMP_ORPHAN_KEYS procedure processes keys t hat are no more t han 3, 950byt es
long.
Ev al uat e t he Cost s and Benef i t s of Usi ng DBMS_REPAI R
Before using DBMS_REPAI R you must weigh t he benefit s of it s use in relat ion t o t he
liabilit ies. You should also examine ot her opt ions available for addressing corrupt obj ect s.
Begin by answering t he following quest ions:
What is t he ext ent of t he corrupt ion?
To det ermine if t here are corrupt ions and repair act ions, execut e t he CHECK_OBJECT
procedure and query t he repair t able.
What ot her opt ions are available for addressing block corrupt ions? Consider t he
following:
I f t he dat a is available from anot her source, t hen drop, recreat e, and
repopulat e t he obj ect .
I ssue t he CREATE TABLE.. . AS SELECT st at ement from t he corrupt t able t o
creat e a new one.
I gnore t he corrupt ion by excluding corrupt rows from SELECT st at ement s.
Perform media recovery.
What logical corrupt ions or side effect s are int roduced when you use DBMS_REPAI R t o
make an obj ect usable? Can t hese be addressed? What is t he effort required t o do so?
I t is possible t hat you do not have access t o rows in blocks marked corrupt . However, a block
can be marked corrupt even if t here are rows t hat you can validly access.
I t is also possible t hat referent ial int egrit y const raint s are broken when blocks are marked
corrupt . I f t his occurs, t hen disable and reenable t he const raint ; any inconsist encies are
report ed. Aft er fixing all problems, you should be able t o reenable t he const raint .
Logical corrupt ion can occur when t here are t riggers defined on t he t able. For example, if rows
are reinsert ed, should insert t riggers be fired or not ? You can address t hese issues only if you
underst and t riggers and t heir use in your inst allat ion.
I f indexes and t ables are not synchronized, t hen execut e t he DUMP_ORPHAN_KEYS procedure
t o obt ain informat ion from t he keys t hat might be useful in rebuilding corrupt ed dat a. Then
issue t he ALTER I NDEX. .. REBUI LD ONLI NE st at ement t o synchronize t he t able wit h it s indexes.
I f repair involves loss of dat a, can t his dat a be ret rieved?
You can ret rieve dat a from t he index when a dat a block is marked corrupt . The
DUMP_ORPHAN_KEYS procedure can help you ret rieve t his informat ion.

Det ect and Repor t Cor r upt i ons usi ng DBMS_REPAI R
-- Reports corruptions and identifies the associated repair directives
-- 1. build the repair table
BEGIN
DBMS_REPAIR.ADMIN_TABLES (
table_name => 'REPAIR_TABLE',
table_type => DBMS_REPAIR.REPAIR_TABLE,
action => DBMS_REPAIR.CREATE_ACTION,
tablespace => 'USERS');
END;
/

SELECT OBJECT_NAME, BLOCK_ID, CORRUPT_TYPE, MARKED_CORRUPT,
CORRUPT_DESCRIPTION, REPAIR_DESCRIPTION FROM REPAIR_TABLE;

-- 2. report corruptions
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
num_corrupt INT;
BEGIN
num_corrupt := 0;
DBMS_REPAIR.CHECK_OBJECT (
schema_name => 'HR',
object_name => 'DEPARTMENTS',
repair_table_name => 'REPAIR_TABLE',
corrupt_count => num_corrupt);
END;
/

-- 3. make the object usable: ignoring corruptions during table and index
scans
-- mark corrupted blocks
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE num_fix INT;
BEGIN
num_fix := 0;
DBMS_REPAIR.FIX_CORRUPT_BLOCKS (
object_type => DBMS_REPAIR.TABLE_OBJECT,
fix_count => num_fix);
END;
/

SELECT OBJECT_NAME, BLOCK_ID, MARKED_CORRUPT FROM REPAIR_TABLE;

-- skip blocks marked as corrupted
BEGIN
DBMS_REPAIR.SKIP_CORRUPT_BLOCKS (
object_type => DBMS_REPAIR.TABLE_OBJECT,
flags => DBMS_REPAIR.SKIP_FLAG); -- or NOSKIP_FLAG
END;
/


select SKIP_CORRUPT from DBA_TABLES
where table_name='DEPARTMENTS' and woner='HR';

-- 4. reports on index entries that point to rows in corrupt data blocks
-- may be useful for rebuilding lost rows
BEGIN
DBMS_REPAIR.ADMIN_TABLES (
table_name => 'ORPHAN_KEY_TABLE',
table_type => DBMS_REPAIR.ORPHAN_TABLE,
action => DBMS_REPAIR.CREATE_ACTION,
tablespace => 'USERS');
END;
/

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE num_orphans INT;
BEGIN
num_orphans := 0;
DBMS_REPAIR.DUMP_ORPHAN_KEYS(
schema_name => 'SCOTT',
object_name => 'PK_DEPT',
object_type => DBMS_REPAIR.INDEX_OBJECT,
orphan_table_name => 'ORPHAN_KEY_TABLE',
key_count => num_orphans);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Orphan Key Count: ' ||TO_CHAR(num_orphans));
END;
/

Managi ng Aut omat ed Dat abase Mai nt enance Task s
Pr edef i ned Aut omat ed Mai nt enance Task s
Aut omat ic Opt imizer St at ist ics Collect ion
Aut omat ic Segment Advisor
Aut omat ic SQL Tuning Advisor
Pr edef i ned Mai nt enance Wi ndow s
Window Name Descript ion
MONDAY_WI NDOW St art s at 10 p.m. on Monday and ends at 2 a.m.
TUESDAY_WI NDOW St art s at 10 p.m. on Tuesday and ends at 2 a. m.
WEDNESDAY_WI NDOW St art s at 10 p.m. on Wednesday and ends at 2 a.m.
THURSDAY_WI NDOW St art s at 10 p.m. on Thursday and ends at 2 a.m.
FRI DAY_WI NDOW St art s at 10 p.m. on Friday and ends at 2 a. m.
SATURDAY_WI NDOW St art s at 6 a. m. on Sat urday and is 20 hours long.
SUNDAY_WI NDOW St art s at 6 a. m. on Sunday and is 20 hours long.
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on about Pr edef i ned Mai nt enance Task s
-- currently running Scheduler jobs created for automated maintenance tasks
select
CLIENT_NAME,JOB_NAME,JOB_SCHEDULER_STATUS,TASK_NAME,TASK_TARGET_TYPE,TASK_TARG
ET_NAME,TASK_PRIORITY,TASK_OPERATION
From DBA_AUTOTASK_CLIENT_JOB ;

-- automated maintenance task statistics over 7-day and 30-day periods
select
CLIENT_NAME,STATUS,CONSUMER_GROUP,CLIENT_TAG,PRIORITY_OVERRIDE,ATTRIBUTES,WIND
OW_GROUP,SERVICE_NAME,RESOURCE_PERCENTAGE,USE_RESOURCE_ESTIMATES,MEAN_JOB_DURA
TION,MEAN_JOB_CPU,MEAN_JOB_ATTEMPTS,MEAN_INCOMING_TASKS_7_DAYS,MEAN_INCOMING_T
ASKS_30_DAYS,TOTAL_CPU_LAST_7_DAYS,TOTAL_CPU_LAST_30_DAYS,MAX_DURATION_LAST_7_
DAYS,MAX_DURATION_LAST_30_DAYS,WINDOW_DURATION_LAST_7_DAYS,WINDOW_DURATION_LAS
T_30_DAYS
From DBA_AUTOTASK_CLIENT

-- history of automated maintenance task job runs
select
CLIENT_NAME,WINDOW_NAME,WINDOW_START_TIME,WINDOW_DURATION,JOB_NAME,JOB_STATUS,
JOB_START_TIME,JOB_DURATION,JOB_ERROR,JOB_INFO
from DBA_AUTOTASK_JOB_HISTORY
order by WINDOW_START_TIME desc;

-- Lists the windows that belong to MAINTENANCE_WINDOW_GROUP
select
WINDOW_NAME,WINDOW_NEXT_TIME,WINDOW_ACTIVE,AUTOTASK_STATUS,OPTIMIZER_STATS,SEG
MENT_ADVISOR,SQL_TUNE_ADVISOR,HEALTH_MONITOR
from DBA_AUTOTASK_WINDOW_CLIENTS;

-- per-window history of job execution counts for each
-- automated maintenance task
select
CLIENT_NAME,WINDOW_NAME,WINDOW_START_TIME,WINDOW_DURATION,JOBS_CREATED,JOBS_ST
ARTED,JOBS_COMPLETED,WINDOW_END_TIME
from DBA_AUTOTASK_CLIENT_HISTORY;
Enabl i ng and Di sabl i ng Mai nt enance Task s
select CLIENT_NAME,STATUS,CONSUMER_GROUP,CLIENT_TAG,PRIORITY_OVERRIDE,
ATTRIBUTES,WINDOW_GROUP,SERVICE_NAME,RESOURCE_PERCENTAGE,
USE_RESOURCE_ESTIMATES,MEAN_JOB_DURATION,MEAN_JOB_CPU,MEAN_JOB_ATTEMPTS,
MEAN_INCOMING_TASKS_7_DAYS,MEAN_INCOMING_TASKS_30_DAYS,TOTAL_CPU_LAST_7_DAYS,
TOTAL_CPU_LAST_30_DAYS,MAX_DURATION_LAST_7_DAYS,MAX_DURATION_LAST_30_DAYS,
WINDOW_DURATION_LAST_7_DAYS,WINDOW_DURATION_LAST_30_DAYS
from DBA_AUTOTASK_CLIENT;

-- disable
BEGIN
DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN.DISABLE(
client_name => 'sql tuning advisor',
operation => NULL,
window_name => NULL); -- null means all widows
END;
/

-- enable
BEGIN
DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN.ENABLE(
operation => NULL,
window_name => NULL);
END;
/

-- enable or disable ALL automated maintenance tasks for ALL windows
EXECUTE DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN.DISABLE;
EXECUTE DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN.ENABLE;

-- Enabling and Disabling Maintenance Tasks for Specific Maintenance Windows
BEGIN
DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN.DISABLE(
operation => NULL,
window_name => 'MONDAY_WINDOW');
END;
/
Conf i gur i ng Mai nt enance Wi ndow s
-- Modifying a Maintenance Window
-- see Using Windows SECTION
BEGIN
dbms_scheduler.disable( name => 'SATURDAY_WINDOW');

dbms_scheduler.set_attribute(
name => 'SATURDAY_WINDOW',
attribute => 'DURATION',
value => numtodsinterval(4, 'hour'));
dbms_scheduler.enable(
name => 'SATURDAY_WINDOW');
END;
/

-- Creating a New Maintenance Window
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_WINDOW(
window_name => 'EARLY_MORNING_WINDOW',
duration => numtodsinterval(1, 'hour'),
resource_plan => 'DEFAULT_MAINTENANCE_PLAN',
repeat_interval => 'FREQ=DAILY;BYHOUR=5;BYMINUTE=0;BYSECOND=0');
dbms_scheduler.add_window_group_member(
group_name => 'MAINTENANCE_WINDOW_GROUP',
window_list => 'EARLY_MORNING_WINDOW');
END;
/

-- Removing a Maintenance Window
-- window continues to exist but no longer runs automated maintenance tasks.
-- Any other Scheduler jobs assigned to this window continue to run as
usual.
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.REMOVE_WINDOW_GROUP_MEMBER(
group_name => 'MAINTENANCE_WINDOW_GROUP',
window_list => 'EARLY_MORNING_WINDOW');
END;
/

Managi ng Resour ces
The st eps:
1. Creat e a pending area.
2. Creat e a resource consumer group.
3. Creat e a resource plan.
4. Creat e a plan direct ive.
5. Validat e t he pending area.
6. Submit t he pending area
-- required privs
exec DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER_PRIVS.GRANT_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE -
(GRANTEE_NAME => 'scott', PRIVILEGE_NAME => 'ADMINISTER_RESOURCE_MANAGER');

-- creating demo users
conn system
create user u1 identified by u1 default tablespace users;
grant resource, connect to u1;

CREATE TABLE U1.EMP AS SELECT * FROM HR.EMPLOYEES;

-- Creating a Pending Area
exec dbms_resource_manager.create_pending_area();

-- if you make mistakes
exec dbms_resource_manager.clear_pending_area;

-- Resource Consumer Groups
-- pre-configured CGs:
-- DEFAULT_CONSUMER_GROUP,OTHER_GROUPS,SYS_GROUP,LOW_GROUP

begin
dbms_resource_manager.create_consumer_group (
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'PROGRAMMERS',
COMMENT => 'IT programmers',
CPU_MTH => 'ROUND-ROBIN' -- other possible value is RUN_TO_COMPLETION
);
end;
/

begin
dbms_resource_manager.create_consumer_group (
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'CLERKS',
COMMENT => 'Group of Clerks',
CPU_MTH => 'ROUND-ROBIN'
);

end;
/

set linesize 100
column consumer_group format a15
column comments format a40
column cpu_method format a11
select DISTINCT consumer_group, cpu_method, comments
from dba_rsrc_consumer_groups
order by 1
/

-- Consumer Group Mapping
-- Assigning User Sessions to Consumer Groups
begin
dbms_resource_manager.set_consumer_group_mapping(
ATTRIBUTE => dbms_resource_manager.oracle_user, -- it is constant (no
quots)
VALUE => 'U1',
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'PROGRAMMERS');
end;
/

begin
quots)
VALUE => 'U2',
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'CLERKS');
end;
/

-- possible attributes are:
CLIENT_OS_USER
CLIENT_PROGRAM
CLIENT_MACHINE
MODULE_NAME
MODULE_NAME_ACTION
ORACLE_USER
SERVICE_NAME
SERVICE_MODULE

-- /* for demo only
begin
ATTRIBUTE => CLIENT_OS_USER,
VALUE => 'graciej',
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'OLAP_GROUP');
end;
/
*/

-- Establishing Mapping Priorities
begin
dbms_resource_manager.SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING_PRI(

EXPLICIT => 1,
CLIENT_OS_USER => 5,
CLIENT_MACHINE => 3,
CLIENT_PROGRAM => 4,
ORACLE_USER => 2,
MODULE_NAME => 6,
MODULE_NAME_ACTION => 7,
SERVICE_NAME => 8,
SERVICE_MODULE => 9,
SERVICE_MODULE_ACTION => 10);
end;
/
-- ERROR
BEGIN
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.SET_MAPPING_PRIORITY(
EXPLICIT => 1, CLIENT_MACHINE => 2, MODULE_NAME => 3, ORACLE_USER => 4,
SERVICE_NAME => 5, CLIENT_OS_USER => 6, CLIENT_PROGRAM => 7,
MODULE_NAME_ACTION => 8, SERVICE_MODULE=>9, SERVICE_MODULE_ACTION=>10);
END;
/

-- Resource Plans
-- Simple Resource Plan (single-level resource plans for allocating CPU)
/* 10g (deprecated in 11g) */
BEGIN
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CREATE_SIMPLE_PLAN(
SIMPLE_PLAN => 'JOBS_PLAN',
CONSUMER_GROUP1 => 'PROGRAMMERS',
GROUP1_CPU => 75,
CONSUMER_GROUP2 => 'CLERKS',
GROUP2_CPU => 25);
end;
/
-- Note: the final output is still multi-level
begin
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.DELETE_PLAN ('JOBS_PLAN');
end;
/

/* 11g : to implement the following plan:
CG Level1 Level2 Level 3
SYS_GROUP 100%
MYGROUP1 80%
MYGROUP2 20%
OTHER_GROUPS 100%
*/
BEGIN
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CREATE_SIMPLE_PLAN(SIMPLE_PLAN => 'SIMPLE_PLAN1',
CONSUMER_GROUP1 => 'MYGROUP1', GROUP1_PERCENT => 80,
CONSUMER_GROUP2 => 'MYGROUP2', GROUP2_PERCENT => 20);
END;

-- *****************
/* Complex Plan: CG, Resource P., Res. Plan Dir. */

-- create resource plan (10g)

begin
dbms_resource_manager.create_plan(
PLAN => 'NW_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'New World Plan',
CPU_MTH => 'EMPHASIS'); -- or RATIO
end;
/

-- create resource plan 11g
-- MGMT_MTH for specifying how much CPU each consumer group or subplan gets.
-- 'EMPHASIS', the default method, is for single-level or multilevel plans
-- that use percentages. 'RATIO' is for single-level plans that use ratios
BEGIN
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CREATE_PLAN(
PLAN => 'NW_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'New World Plan',
MGMT_MTH => 'EMPHASIS',
SUB_PLAN => FALSE -- If TRUE, the plan cannot be used as the top plan
);
END;
/

select DISTINCT plan, num_plan_directives, cpu_method
from dba_rsrc_plans;

-- Resource Plan Directives
begin
dbms_resource_manager.create_plan_directive(
PLAN => 'NW_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'New World Directive',
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'PROGRAMMERS',
MAX_IDLE_TIME => '120');
end;
/

-- other parameters are
CPU_Pn where n from 1 to 8 (10g)
MGMT_Pn where n from 1 to 8 (11g)
ACTIVE_SESS_POOL_P1
QUEUEING_P1
PARALLEL_DEGREE_LIMIT_P1
SWITCH_GROUP -- CG to switch to, also accept 'CANCEL_SQL' 'KILL_SESSION'
SWITCH_TIME -- time (in CPU seconds) for a call before SWITCH_GROUP is taken
SWITCH_ESTIMATE -- TRUE or FALSE.
MAX_EST_EXEC_TIME
UNDO_POOL -- in KB
MAX_IDLE_TIME
MAX_IDLE_BLOCKER_TIME -- in seconds
SWITCH_TIME_IN_CALL -- (10g)
SWITCH_FOR_CALL -- (11g)
SWITCH_IO_MEGABYTES -- (11g) max megabytes of I/O by a session
SWITCH_IO_REQS -- (11g) max number of I/O requests
SWITCH_FOR_CALL -- (11g) If TRUE, a session that was automatically switched
-- to another consumer group (according to SWITCH_TIME,
-- SWITCH_IO_MEGABYTES, or SWITCH_IO_REQS) is returned to
-- its original consumer group when the top level call

-- completes.
-- examples in 11g
BEGIN
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE (
PLAN => 'DAYTIME',
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'REPORTING',
COMMENT => 'Reporting group',
MGMT_P1 => 15,
PARALLEL_DEGREE_LIMIT_P1 => 8,
ACTIVE_SESS_POOL_P1 => 4);
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE (
PLAN => 'DAYTIME',
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'OTHER_GROUPS',
COMMENT => 'This one is required',
MGMT_P1 => 10);
END;
/

-- Creating Multi-Level Plan Directives
-- 10g
-- 11g: replace CPU_Pn with MGMT_Pn
begin
PLAN => 'NW_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'SYSTEM USERS',
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'SYS_GROUP',
CPU_P1=> 100);
end;
/

begin
PLAN => 'NW_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'Clerks CPU quota',
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'CLERKS',
CPU_P2=> 30);
end;
/

BEGIN
PLAN => 'NW_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'Progs CPU quota',
CPU_P2=> 70);
end;
/

begin
PLAN => 'NW_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'OTHER_GROUPS CPU ALLOCATION',
CPU_P3=> 100);
end;
/


-- Creating Automatic Consumer Group Switching Directives
begin
PLAN => 'NW_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'LIMIT CLERKS EXECUTION TIME',
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'CLERKS',
SWITCH_GROUP => 'CANCEL_SQL',
SWITCH_TIME => 3600); -- one hour
end;
/

begin
PLAN => 'NW_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'SWITCH PROGRAMMERS TEMPORARILY',
SWITCH_TIME_IN_CALL => 900,
SWITCH_GROUP => 'LOW_GROUP',
SWITCH_ESTIMATE => TRUE);
end;
/

-- Updating Resource Plan Directives
begin
dbms_resource_manager.update_plan_directive(
PLAN => 'NW_PLAN',
NEW_SWITCH_ESTIMATE => FALSE);
end;
/

-- Deleting Resource Plan Directives
begin
dbms_resource_manager.delete_plan_directive(
PLAN => 'NW_PLAN',
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'PROGRAMMERS');
end;
/

-- validating Pending Area
exec dbms_resource_manager.validate_pending_area;

-- submitting Pending Area
exec dbms_resource_manager.submit_pending_area;

-- Enabling the Database Resource Manager
ALTER SYSTEM SET RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN = NW_PLAN;

-- Switching Resource Consumer Groups
-- for a session
begin
dbms_resource_manager.switch_consumer_group_for_sess (
SESSION_ID => '145',

SESSION_SERIAL=> '49',
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'SYS_GROUP');
end;
/

-- for all sessions of a specific user
begin
dbms_resource_manager.switch_consumer_group_for_user (
USER => 'HR',
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'LOW_GROUP');
end;
/

-- switch C Groups by client
-- require priv
begin
dbms_resource_manager_privs.grant_switch_consumer_group(
GRANTEE_NAME => 'U1', -- a role name can be given as well
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'PROGRAMMERS',
GRANT_OPTION => FALSE);
end;
/

-- Enabling Users or Applications to Manually Switch Consumer Groups
DECLARE
original_group varchar2(30);
dummy varchar2(30);
BEGIN
DBMS_SESSION.SWITCH_CURRENT_CONSUMER_GROUP(
'MARKETING', original_group, FALSE);
-- execute some SQL
null;
DBMS_SESSION.SWITCH_CURRENT_CONSUMER_GROUP(
original_group, dummy, FALSE);
END;
/

-- Granting and Revoking the Switch Privilege
BEGIN
-- GRANT_.. or REVOKE_..
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER_PRIVS.GRANT_SWITCH_CONSUMER_GROUP(
GRANTEE_NAME => 'SCOTT',
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'OLTP',
GRANT_OPTION => false);
END;
/

-- Enabling Oracle Database Resource Manager and Switching Plans
ALTER SYSTEM SET RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN = 'mydb_plan';
-- the resource plan can be changed only by setting
-- the RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN initialization parameter.
-- It disallows changes by Window opening.
-- This restriction can be lifted by rerunning the command without FORCE
ALTER SYSTEM SET RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN = 'FORCE:mydb_plan';
-- disable the Resource Manager
ALTER SYSTEM SET RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN = '';

-- ****************
/* Putting it all together Example implementation */

OFF_HOURS_PLAN
SYS_GROUP 10
NIGHT_GROUP 5
REPORTS_GROUP 2
OTHER_GROUPS 1

DAY_PLAN
LEVEL1 SYS_GROUP 100%
LEVEL2 OLTP_PLAN 100%
LEVEL1 OLTP_GROUP 90% DREPORTS_GROUP 10%
LEVEL2 OTHERS_GROUPS 100%
LEVEL3 OTHERS_GROUPS 100%


begin
dbms_resource_manager.create_consumer_group('OLTP_GROUP','Incoming orders');
end;
/

begin
dbms_resource_manager.create_consumer_group('DREPORTS_GROUP','DAYTIME
REPORTS');
end;
/

begin
dbms_resource_manager.create_consumer_group('NIGHT_GROUP','BULK LOADS');
end;
/

begin
dbms_resource_manager.create_consumer_group('REPORTS_GROUP','OFF HOURS
REPORTS');
end;
/

-- Creating the Resource Plans
begin
PLAN => 'DAY_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'NORMAL WORKING HOURS ');
end;
/

begin
dbms_resource_manager.create_plan
(PLAN => 'OLTP_PLAN', COMMENT => 'ORDER ENTRY SUB-PLAN');
end;
/


begin
PLAN => 'OFF_HOURS_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'GOVERNS NON-WORKING HOURS',
CPU_MTH => 'RATIO');
end;
/

-- PLAN DIRECTIVE
begin
COMMENT => 'CPU ALLOCATION FOR SYS_GROUP',
CPU_P1 => 10);
end;
/

begin
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'NIGHT_GROUP',
COMMENT => 'CPU ALLOCATION FOR NIGHTLY JOBS',
CPU_P1 => 5);
end;
/

begin
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'REPORTS_GROUP',
COMMENT => 'CPU ALLOCATION FOR NIGHTLY REPORTS',
CPU_P1 => 2);
end;
/

begin
COMMENT => 'CPU ALLOCATION FOR OTHER_GROUPS',
CPU_P1 => 1);
end;
/

-- Creating the OLTP_PLAN Plan Directives
begin
PLAN => 'OLTP_PLAN',
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'OLTP_GROUP',
COMMENT => 'CPU ALLOCATION FOR OLTP USERS',
CPU_P1 => 90);
end;
/


begin
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'DREPORTS_GROUP',
COMMENT => 'CPU ALLOCATION FOR DAYTIME REPORTING',
CPU_P1 => 10);
end;
/

begin
CPU_P2 => 100);
end;
/

-- DAY_PLAN Plan Directives
begin
PLAN => 'DAY_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'CPU ALLOCATION FOR SYS_GROUP',
CPU_P1 => 100);
end;
/

begin
PLAN => 'DAY_PLAN',
GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN => 'OLTP_PLAN',
COMMENT => 'CPU ALLOCATION FOR OLTP_PLAN SUB-PLAN',
CPU_P2 => 100);
end;
/

begin
PLAN => 'DAY_PLAN',
CPU_P3 => 100);
end;
/

exec dbms_resource_manager.validate_pending_area;


-- Enabling the Resource Plans
ALTER SYSTEM SET RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN = 'DAY_PLAN';
ALTER SYSTEM SET RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN = 'OFF_HOURS_PLAN';
ALTER SYSTEM SET RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN = '';

-- testing

begin
ATTRIBUTE => dbms_resource_manager.oracle_user,
VALUE => 'U1',
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'NIGHT_GROUP');
end;
/

begin
GRANTEE_NAME => 'U1', -- a role name can be given as well
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'NIGHT_GROUP',
end;
/

begin
GRANTEE_NAME => 'U2',
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'REPORTS_GROUP',
end;
/

begin
quots)
VALUE => 'U2',
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'REPORTS_GROUP');
end;
/

begin
GRANTEE_NAME => 'U3',
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'OLTP_GROUP',
end;
/

begin
ATTRIBUTE => dbms_resource_manager.oracle_user,
VALUE => 'U3',
CONSUMER_GROUP => 'OLTP_GROUP');
end;
/


SET SERVEROUTPUT ON

DECLARE
D DATE := SYSDATE;
DUMMY NUMBER;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Start Time:'|| to_char(D,'hh24:mi:ss'));
FOR I IN 1..3000000 LOOP
DUMMY := SQRT(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,8100));
END LOOP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('End Time:'|| to_char(sysdate,'hh24:mi:ss'));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Elapsed :'|| round((sysdate-d)*24*60*60,2) || ' s' );
END;
/
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on on Dat abase Resour ce Manager
-- resource consumer groups that exist in the database
select
CONSUMER_GROUP_ID,CONSUMER_GROUP,CPU_METHOD,MGMT_METHOD,INTERNAL_USE,COMMENTS
,CATEGORY,STATUS,MANDATORY
from DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS;

-- resource directives
select
PLAN,GROUP_OR_SUBPLAN,TYPE,CPU_P1,CPU_P2,CPU_P3,CPU_P4,CPU_P5,CPU_P6,CPU_P7,C
PU_P8,MGMT_P1,MGMT_P2,MGMT_P3,MGMT_P4,MGMT_P5,MGMT_P6,MGMT_P7,MGMT_P8,ACTIVE_
SESS_POOL_P1,QUEUEING_P1,PARALLEL_DEGREE_LIMIT_P1,SWITCH_GROUP,SWITCH_FOR_CAL
L,SWITCH_TIME,SWITCH_IO_MEGABYTES,SWITCH_IO_REQS,SWITCH_ESTIMATE,MAX_EST_EXEC
_TIME,UNDO_POOL,MAX_IDLE_TIME,MAX_IDLE_BLOCKER_TIME,SWITCH_TIME_IN_CALL,COMME
NTS,STATUS,MANDATORY
from DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES;

-- the groups to which a user or role is allowed to belong or be switched
select GRANTEE,GRANTED_GROUP,GRANT_OPTION,INITIAL_GROUP
from DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP_PRIVS

-- Viewing Plan Information
select
PLAN_ID,PLAN,NUM_PLAN_DIRECTIVES,CPU_METHOD,MGMT_METHOD,ACTIVE_SESS_POOL_MTH,
PARALLEL_DEGREE_LIMIT_MTH,QUEUEING_MTH,SUB_PLAN,COMMENTS,STATUS,MANDATORY
from DBA_RSRC_PLANS

-- Viewing Current Consumer Groups for Sessions
SELECT SID,SERIAL#,USERNAME,RESOURCE_CONSUMER_GROUP FROM V$SESSION;

-- display the current top level plan and all of its descendent subplans
SELECT NAME, IS_TOP_PLAN FROM V$RSRC_PLAN;

-- mapping pairs for all of the session attributes
select ATTRIBUTE,VALUE,CONSUMER_GROUP,STATUS
from DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS;

-- current mapping priority of each attribute
select ATTRIBUTE,PRIORITY,STATUS
from DBA_RSRC_MAPPING_PRIORITY;

-- historical information on resource plan activation: snapshots of
V$RSRC_PLAN_HISTORY

select
SNAP_ID,DBID,INSTANCE_NUMBER,SEQUENCE#,START_TIME,END_TIME,PLAN_ID,PLAN_NAME,
CPU_MANAGED
from DBA_HIST_RSRC_PLAN;

-- historical statistical information on consumer groups. snapshots of:
V$RSRC_CONS_GROUP_HISTORY
select
SNAP_ID,DBID,INSTANCE_NUMBER,SEQUENCE#,CONSUMER_GROUP_ID,CONSUMER_GROUP_NAME,
REQUESTS,CPU_WAIT_TIME,CPU_WAITS,CONSUMED_CPU_TIME,YIELDS,ACTIVE_SESS_LIMIT_H
IT,UNDO_LIMIT_HIT,SWITCHES_IN_CPU_TIME,SWITCHES_OUT_CPU_TIME,SWITCHES_IN_IO_M
EGABYTES,SWITCHES_OUT_IO_MEGABYTES,SWITCHES_IN_IO_REQUESTS,SWITCHES_OUT_IO_RE
QUESTS,SQL_CANCELED,ACTIVE_SESS_KILLED,IDLE_SESS_KILLED,IDLE_BLKR_SESS_KILLED
,QUEUED_TIME,QUEUE_TIME_OUTS,IO_SERVICE_TIME,IO_SERVICE_WAITS,SMALL_READ_MEGA
BYTES,SMALL_WRITE_MEGABYTES,LARGE_READ_MEGABYTES,LARGE_WRITE_MEGABYTES,SMALL_
READ_REQUESTS,SMALL_WRITE_REQUESTS,LARGE_READ_REQUESTS,LARGE_WRITE_REQUESTS
from DBA_HIST_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP ;

-- for each consumer group in the plan showing the cumulative statistics for
the consumer group.
-- sequence# as as in V$RSRC_PLAN_HISTORY
select
SEQUENCE#,ID,NAME,REQUESTS,CPU_WAIT_TIME,CPU_WAITS,CONSUMED_CPU_TIME,YIELDS,A
CTIVE_SESS_LIMIT_HIT,UNDO_LIMIT_HIT,SWITCHES_IN_CPU_TIME,SWITCHES_OUT_CPU_TIM
E,SWITCHES_IN_IO_MEGABYTES,SWITCHES_OUT_IO_MEGABYTES,SWITCHES_IN_IO_REQUESTS,
SWITCHES_OUT_IO_REQUESTS,SQL_CANCELED,ACTIVE_SESS_KILLED,IDLE_SESS_KILLED,IDL
E_BLKR_SESS_KILLED,QUEUED_TIME,QUEUE_TIME_OUTS,IO_SERVICE_TIME,IO_SERVICE_WAI
TS,SMALL_READ_MEGABYTES,SMALL_WRITE_MEGABYTES,LARGE_READ_MEGABYTES,LARGE_WRIT
E_MEGABYTES,SMALL_READ_REQUESTS,SMALL_WRITE_REQUESTS,LARGE_READ_REQUESTS,LARG
E_WRITE_REQUESTS
from V$RSRC_CONS_GROUP_HISTORY;

select
E_WRITE_REQUESTS

-- resource usage and stats data on currently active resource consumer groups
select
ID,NAME,ACTIVE_SESSIONS,EXECUTION_WAITERS,REQUESTS,CPU_WAIT_TIME,CPU_WAITS,CO
NSUMED_CPU_TIME,YIELDS,QUEUE_LENGTH,CURRENT_UNDO_CONSUMPTION,ACTIVE_SESSION_L
IMIT_HIT,UNDO_LIMIT_HIT,SWITCHES_IN_CPU_TIME,SWITCHES_OUT_CPU_TIME,SWITCHES_I
N_IO_MEGABYTES,SWITCHES_OUT_IO_MEGABYTES,SWITCHES_IN_IO_REQUESTS,SWITCHES_OUT
_IO_REQUESTS,SQL_CANCELED,ACTIVE_SESSIONS_KILLED,IDLE_SESSIONS_KILLED,IDLE_BL
KR_SESSIONS_KILLED,QUEUED_TIME,QUEUE_TIME_OUTS,IO_SERVICE_TIME,IO_SERVICE_WAI
E_WRITE_REQUESTS,V$RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP
FROM v$rsrc_consumer_group;

-- a history of resources consumed and cumulative CPU wait time (due to
resource management) per consumer group for the past minute
select
BEGIN_TIME,END_TIME,INTSIZE_CSEC,SEQUENCE#,CONSUMER_GROUP_ID,CONSUMER_GROUP_N
AME,CPU_CONSUMED_TIME,CPU_WAIT_TIME,IO_REQUESTS,IO_MEGABYTES

from V$RSRCMGRMETRIC;

-- when resource plans were enabled or disabled on the instance
SELECT sequence# seq, name plan_name,
to_char(start_time, 'DD-MON-YY HH24:MM') start_time,
to_char(end_time, 'DD-MON-YY HH24:MM') end_time, window_name
FROM v$rsrc_plan_history;

-- how the session has been affected by the Resource Manager
select
SID,CURRENT_CONSUMER_GROUP_ID,ORIG_CONSUMER_GROUP_ID,MAPPING_ATTRIBUTE,MAPPED
_CONSUMER_GROUP,STATE,ACTIVE,CURRENT_IDLE_TIME,CURRENT_CPU_WAIT_TIME,CPU_WAIT
_TIME,CURRENT_CPU_WAITS,CPU_WAITS,CURRENT_CONSUMED_CPU_TIME,CONSUMED_CPU_TIME
,CURRENT_ACTIVE_TIME,ACTIVE_TIME,CURRENT_QUEUED_TIME,QUEUED_TIME,CURRENT_YIEL
DS,YIELDS,CURRENT_UNDO_CONSUMPTION,MAX_UNDO_CONSUMPTION,SQL_CANCELED,QUEUE_TI
ME_OUTS,ESTIMATED_EXECUTION_LIMIT_HIT,CURRENT_IO_SERVICE_TIME,IO_SERVICE_TIME
,CURRENT_IO_SERVICE_WAITS,IO_SERVICE_WAITS,CURRENT_SMALL_READ_MEGABYTES,SMALL
_READ_MEGABYTES,CURRENT_LARGE_READ_MEGABYTES,LARGE_READ_MEGABYTES,CURRENT_SMA
LL_WRITE_MEGABYTES,SMALL_WRITE_MEGABYTES,CURRENT_LARGE_WRITE_MEGABYTES,LARGE_
WRITE_MEGABYTES,CURRENT_SMALL_READ_REQUESTS,SMALL_READ_REQUESTS,CURRENT_SMALL
_WRITE_REQUESTS,SMALL_WRITE_REQUESTS,CURRENT_LARGE_READ_REQUESTS,LARGE_READ_R
EQUESTS,CURRENT_LARGE_WRITE_REQUESTS,LARGE_WRITE_REQUESTS
from v$rsrc_session_info;
Moni t or i ng Or acl e Dat abase Resour ce Manager
-- display the currently active resource plan and its subplans.
SELECT name, is_top_plan FROM v$rsrc_plan;

-- resource usage and stats data on currently active resource consumer groups
select
ID,NAME,ACTIVE_SESSIONS,EXECUTION_WAITERS,REQUESTS,CPU_WAIT_TIME,CPU_WAITS,CO
NSUMED_CPU_TIME,YIELDS,QUEUE_LENGTH,CURRENT_UNDO_CONSUMPTION,ACTIVE_SESSION_L
IMIT_HIT,UNDO_LIMIT_HIT,SWITCHES_IN_CPU_TIME,SWITCHES_OUT_CPU_TIME,SWITCHES_I
N_IO_MEGABYTES,SWITCHES_OUT_IO_MEGABYTES,SWITCHES_IN_IO_REQUESTS,SWITCHES_OUT
_IO_REQUESTS,SQL_CANCELED,ACTIVE_SESSIONS_KILLED,IDLE_SESSIONS_KILLED,IDLE_BL
KR_SESSIONS_KILLED,QUEUED_TIME,QUEUE_TIME_OUTS,IO_SERVICE_TIME,IO_SERVICE_WAI
E_WRITE_REQUESTS,V$RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP
FROM v$rsrc_consumer_group;

-- how the session has been affected by the Resource Manager
select
SID,CURRENT_CONSUMER_GROUP_ID,ORIG_CONSUMER_GROUP_ID,MAPPING_ATTRIBUTE,MAPPED
_CONSUMER_GROUP,STATE,ACTIVE,CURRENT_IDLE_TIME,CURRENT_CPU_WAIT_TIME,CPU_WAIT
_TIME,CURRENT_CPU_WAITS,CPU_WAITS,CURRENT_CONSUMED_CPU_TIME,CONSUMED_CPU_TIME
,CURRENT_ACTIVE_TIME,ACTIVE_TIME,CURRENT_QUEUED_TIME,QUEUED_TIME,CURRENT_YIEL
DS,YIELDS,CURRENT_UNDO_CONSUMPTION,MAX_UNDO_CONSUMPTION,SQL_CANCELED,QUEUE_TI
ME_OUTS,ESTIMATED_EXECUTION_LIMIT_HIT,CURRENT_IO_SERVICE_TIME,IO_SERVICE_TIME
,CURRENT_IO_SERVICE_WAITS,IO_SERVICE_WAITS,CURRENT_SMALL_READ_MEGABYTES,SMALL
_READ_MEGABYTES,CURRENT_LARGE_READ_MEGABYTES,LARGE_READ_MEGABYTES,CURRENT_SMA
LL_WRITE_MEGABYTES,SMALL_WRITE_MEGABYTES,CURRENT_LARGE_WRITE_MEGABYTES,LARGE_
WRITE_MEGABYTES,CURRENT_SMALL_READ_REQUESTS,SMALL_READ_REQUESTS,CURRENT_SMALL
_WRITE_REQUESTS,SMALL_WRITE_REQUESTS,CURRENT_LARGE_READ_REQUESTS,LARGE_READ_R
EQUESTS,CURRENT_LARGE_WRITE_REQUESTS,LARGE_WRITE_REQUESTS
from v$rsrc_session_info;

SELECT se.sid sess_id, co.name consumer_group,

se.state, se.consumed_cpu_time cpu_time, se.cpu_wait_time, se.queued_time
FROM v$rsrc_session_info se, v$rsrc_consumer_group co
WHERE se.current_consumer_group_id = co.id;

-- when resource plans were enabled or disabled on the instance
SELECT sequence# seq, name plan_name,
to_char(start_time, 'DD-MON-YY HH24:MM') start_time,
to_char(end_time, 'DD-MON-YY HH24:MM') end_time, window_name
FROM v$rsrc_plan_history;

-- how resources were shared among the consumer groups over time
select sequence# seq, name, cpu_wait_time, cpu_waits,
consumed_cpu_time from V$RSRC_CONS_GROUP_HISTORY;

-- sequence# as as in V$RSRC_PLAN_HISTORY
select
E_WRITE_REQUESTS

Usi ng Or acl e Schedul er
Usi ng Jobs
For Bat ch Files in Windows:
o The OracleJobscheduler service must exist in a running st at e
o The user who runs t his service should have t he Logon as bat ch j ob privilege
o . bat file cannot be run direct ly, but should be called as an argument of cmd. exe
-- creating a job
begin
dbms_scheduler.create_job (
job_name => 'Calc_Job',
job_type => 'stored_procedure', -- stored_procedure, plsql_block,
executable, chain
job_action => 'POPULATE_DEPT_SALS',
start_date => SYSDATE, -- or to_date('01-08-2006 17:46','dd-mm-yyyy
hh24:mi'),
repeat_interval => 'FREQ=MINUTELY; INTERVAL=2',
comments => 'Annual Department Salaries');
end;
/

BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_JOB (
job_name => 'update_sales',
job_type => 'STORED_PROCEDURE',
job_action => 'OPS.SALES_PKG.UPDATE_SALES_SUMMARY',
start_date => '28-APR-03 07.00.00 PM Australia/Sydney',
repeat_interval => 'FREQ=DAILY;INTERVAL=2', /* every other day */
end_date => '20-NOV-04 07.00.00 PM Australia/Sydney',
job_class => 'batch_update_jobs',
comments => 'My new job');
END;
/

-- for SYSTEM=TRUE: automatically created by Oracle jobs
select
OWNER,JOB_NAME,JOB_SUBNAME,JOB_STYLE,JOB_CREATOR,CLIENT_ID,GLOBAL_UID,PROGRAM
_OWNER,PROGRAM_NAME,JOB_TYPE,JOB_ACTION,NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS,SCHEDULE_OWNER,SC
HEDULE_NAME,SCHEDULE_TYPE,START_DATE,REPEAT_INTERVAL,EVENT_QUEUE_OWNER,EVENT_
QUEUE_NAME,EVENT_QUEUE_AGENT,EVENT_CONDITION,EVENT_RULE,END_DATE,JOB_CLASS,EN
ABLED,AUTO_DROP,RESTARTABLE,STATE,JOB_PRIORITY,RUN_COUNT,MAX_RUNS,FAILURE_COU
NT,MAX_FAILURES,RETRY_COUNT,LAST_START_DATE,LAST_RUN_DURATION,NEXT_RUN_DATE,S
CHEDULE_LIMIT,MAX_RUN_DURATION,LOGGING_LEVEL,STOP_ON_WINDOW_CLOSE,INSTANCE_ST
ICKINESS,RAISE_EVENTS,SYSTEM,JOB_WEIGHT,NLS_ENV,SOURCE,DESTINATION,CREDENTIAL
_OWNER,CREDENTIAL_NAME,INSTANCE_ID,DEFERRED_DROP,COMMENTS,FLAGS
from dba_SCHEDULER_JOBS;

-- Setting Repeat Intervals
FREQ YEARLY, MONTHLY, WEEKLY, DAILY, HOURLY, MINUTELY, and SECONDLY.
INTERVAL a number of maximum 999
BYMONTH 1-12 1,4,6
BYYEARDAY any positive or negative number
BYMONTHDAY any positive or negative number (eg -1 last day of the month)

BYDAY (MON, TUE, and so on) can be prefixed with a number -1FRI
BYHOUR 0-23
BYMINUTE 0-59
BYSECOND 0-59

Every Monday FREQ=WEEKLY; BYDAY=MON;
Every other Monday FREQ=WEEKLY; BYDAY=MON; INTERVAL=2;
Last day of each month FREQ=MONTHLY; BYMONTHDAY=-1;
Every January 7 FREQ=YEARLY; BYMONTH=JAN; BYMONTHDAY=7;
Second Wednesday of FREQ=MONTHLY; BYDAY=2WED;
each month
Every hour FREQ=HOURLY;
Every 4 hours FREQ=HOURLY; INTERVAL=4;
Hourly on the first FREQ=HOURLY; BYMONTHDAY=1;
day of each month
15th day of every other FREQ=MONTHLY; BYMONTHDAY=15; INTERVAL=2
month
-- MORE EXAMPLES
Daily at 4, 5, and 6PM: FREQ=DAILY; BYHOUR=16,17,18;
15th day of every other month: FREQ=MONTHLY; INTERVAL=2; BYMONTHDAY=15;
29th day of every month: FREQ=MONTHLY; BYMONTHDAY=29;
Second Wednesday of each month: FREQ=MONTHLY; BYDAY=2WED;
Last Friday of the year: FREQ=YEARLY; BYDAY=-1FRI;
Every 50 hours: FREQ=HOURLY; INTERVAL=50;
Last day of every other month: FREQ=MONTHLY; INTERVAL=2; BYMONTHDAY=-1;
Hourly for the first three days of every month: FREQ=HOURLY;
BYMONTHDAY=1,2,3;
Last workday of every month (assuming that workdays are Monday through
Friday):
FREQ=MONTHLY; BYDAY=MON,TUE,WED,THU,FRI; BYSETPOS=-1
Last workday of every month, excluding company holidays. (This example
references an existing named schedule called Company_Holidays):
FREQ=MONTHLY; BYDAY=MON,TUE,WED,THU,FRI; EXCLUDE=Company_Holidays;
BYSETPOS=-1
Noon every Friday and on company holidays:
FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=FRI;BYHOUR=12;INCLUDE=Company_Holidays

-- Testing Repeat Intervals
set serveroutput on
DECLARE
start_date TIMESTAMP;
return_date_after TIMESTAMP;
next_run_date TIMESTAMP;
BEGIN
start_date := to_timestamp('01-01-2006 00:00:00','DD-MM-YYYY HH24:MI:SS');
DBMS_SCHEDULER.EVALUATE_CALENDAR_STRING(
CALENDAR_STRING => 'FREQ=MONTHLY;INTERVAL=1',
START_DATE => start_date,
RETURN_DATE_AFTER => null,
NEXT_RUN_DATE => next_run_date);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('next_run_date: ' || next_run_date);
END;
/

alter session set nls_date_language=English
/

DECLARE

start_date TIMESTAMP;
return_date_after TIMESTAMP;
next_run_date TIMESTAMP;
BEGIN
start_date := to_timestamp('10-10-2004 10:00:00','DD-MM-YYYY HH24:MI:SS');
return_date_after := start_date;
FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
DBMS_SCHEDULER.EVALUATE_CALENDAR_STRING(
'FREQ=MONTHLY; INTERVAL=2; BYMONTHDAY=15',
start_date, return_date_after, next_run_date);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Next Run Date: ' || to_char(next_run_date,'Dy dd-MM-
RR HH24:MI'));
return_date_after := next_run_date;
END LOOP;
END;
/

-- Creating a Set of Regular Jobs
DECLARE
newjob sys.job;
newjobarr sys.job_array;
BEGIN
-- Create an array of JOB object types
newjobarr := sys.job_array();
-- Allocate sufficient space in the array
newjobarr.extend(5);
-- Add definitions for 5 jobs
FOR i IN 1..5 LOOP
-- Create a JOB object type
newjob := sys.job(job_name => 'TESTJOB' || to_char(i),
job_style => 'REGULAR',
job_template => 'PROG1',
repeat_interval => 'FREQ=MINUTELY;INTERVAL_15',
start_date => systimestamp + interval '600' second,
max_runs => 2,
auto_drop => FALSE,
enabled _> TRUE );
-- Add it to the array
newjobarr(i) := newjob;
END LOOP;
-- Call CREATE_JOBS to create jobs in one transaction
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_JOBS(newjobarr, 'TRANSACTIONAL');
END;
/

-- Creating a Set of Lightweight Jobs
DECLARE
newjob sys.job;
newjobarr sys.job_array;
BEGIN
newjobarr := sys.job_array();
newjobarr.extend(5);
FOR i IN 1..5 LOOP
newjob := sys.job(job_name => 'lwjob_' || to_char(i),
job_style => 'LIGHTWEIGHT',
job_template => 'PROG1',
repeat_interval => 'FREQ=MINUTELY;INTERVAL=15',

start_date => systimestamp + interval '10' second,
enabled => TRUE);
newjobarr(i) := newjob;
end loop;
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_JOBS(newjobarr, 'TRANSACTIONAL');
END;
/

-- Creating Jobs Using a Named Program
BEGIN
job_name => 'my_new_job1',
program_name => 'my_saved_program',
repeat_interval => 'FREQ=DAILY;BYHOUR=12',
comments => 'Daily at noon');
END;
/

-- Creating Jobs Using a Named Schedule
BEGIN
job_type => 'PLSQL_BLOCK',
job_action => 'BEGIN SALES_PKG.UPDATE_SALES_SUMMARY; END;',
schedule_name => 'my_saved_schedule');
END;
/

-- Creating Jobs Using a Named Program and Schedule
BEGIN
program_name => 'my_saved_program1',
schedule_name => 'my_saved_schedule1');
END;
/

-- Creating Remote External Jobs
-- Note: check section " Enabling and Disabling Remote External Jobs"
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_JOB(
job_name => 'CLEANLOGS',
job_type => 'EXECUTABLE',
job_action => '/home/logowner/cleanlogs',
repeat_interval => 'FREQ=DAILY; BYHOUR=23',
enabled => FALSE);
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE('CLEANLOGS', 'credential_name', 'LOGOWNER');
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE('CLEANLOGS', 'destination', 'app455:12345');
DBMS_SCHEDULER.ENABLE('CLEANLOGS');
END;
/
-- in multiple hosts
declare
job_prefix varchar2(30) := 'remote_';
job_name varchar2(30);
destinations dbms_utility.lname_array;
begin

destinations(1) := 'host1:1234';
for i in 1..destinations.LAST loop
job_name := dbms_scheduler.generate_job_name(job_prefix);
dbms_scheduler.create_job(job_name,
job_type=>'executable',
job_action=>'/u01/app/ext_backup',
number_of_arguments=>0,
enabled=>false);
dbms_scheduler.set_attribute(job_name,'destination',destinations(i));
dbms_scheduler.set_attribute(job_name,'credential_name','remote_cred');
dbms_scheduler.enable(job_name);
end loop;
end;
/
-- run a shell script that uses SQL*Plus to submit the statements
-- external authentication is assumed
#!/bin/sh
export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1
export ORACLE_SID=orcl
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/lib
# The following command assumes external authentication
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/sqlplus / << EOF
set serveroutput on;
select * from dual;
EXIT;
EOF

-- Copying Jobs
-- the new job is created disabled
begin
DBMS_SCHEDULER.COPY_JOB (
old_job =>'MY_OLD_JOB',
new_job =>'MY_NEW_JOB');
end;

-- altering jobs
-- value paramter may be {VARCHAR2|TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE|
-- PLS_INTEGER|BOOLEAN|INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND}
begin
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE (
name =>'FULL_BAKCUP',
attribute =>'auto_drop', -- see possible values below
value =>TRUE);
end;
/
-- attribute possible values for JOBS
auto_drop
comments
credential_name credential to use when running an external job
database_role Oracle Data Guard 'PRIMARY' or 'LOGICAL STANDBY'
destination host and port on which to run a remote external job
end_date if no value, the job repeats forever
event_spec
follow_default_timezone

instance_id
instance_stickiness TRUE or FALSE
job_action
job_class
job_priority the order in which jobs from that class are picked up by
the job coordinator. 1(first)-5, 3 default
job_type 'PLSQL_BLOCK', 'STORED_PROCEDURE','EXECUTABLE', 'CHAIN'
job_weight in parallel technology, 1-100
logging_level DBMS_SCHEDULER.LOGGING_OFF, LOGGING_FAILED_RUNS,
LOGGING_RUNS, LOGGING_FULL
max_failures number of times a job can fail on consecutive
max_run_duration (INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND) if job duration exceeds this
value, the Scheduler raises an event of type
JOB_OVER_MAX_DUR. It is then up to your event handler to
decide whether or not to allow the job to continue
max_runs the maximum number of consecutive scheduled
runs. disabled then.
number_of_arguments The number of arguments if the program is inlined
parallel_instances TRUE or FALSE
program_name
raise_events job_started CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER := 1
job_succeeded CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER := 2
job_failed CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=4
job_broken CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=8
job_completed CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=16
job_stopped CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=32
job_sch_lim_reached CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=64
job_disabled CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=128
job_chain_stalled CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=256
job_all_events CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER := 511
job_run_completed CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER := job_succeeded +
job_failed + job_stopped
repeat_interval Either a PL/SQL function returning the next date
and time on which to run, or calendaring syntax
expression
restartable
schedule_limit time limit after which the job will not start
( from 1 minute to 99 days )
schedule_name
start_date
stop_on_window_close

-- Setting Multiple Job Attributes for a Set of Regular Jobs
DECLARE
newattr sys.jobattr;
newattrarr sys.jobattr_array;
j number;
BEGIN
-- Create new JOBATTR array
newattrarr := sys.jobattr_array();
-- Allocate enough space in the array
newattrarr.extend(20);
j := 1;
FOR i IN 1..5 LOOP
-- Create and initialize a JOBATTR object type
newattr := sys.jobattr(job_name => 'TESTJOB' || to_char(i),
attr_name => 'MAX_FAILURES',

attr_value => 5);
-- Add it to the array.
newattrarr(j) := newattr;
j := j + 1;
attr_name => 'COMMENTS',
attr_value => 'Bogus comment');
j := j + 1;
attr_name => 'END_DATE',
attr_value => systimestamp + interval '24' hour);
j := j + 1;
attr_name => 'SCHEDULE_LIMIT',
attr_value => interval '1' hour);
j := j + 1;
END LOOP;
-- Call SET_JOB_ATTRIBUTES to set all 20 set attributes in one transaction
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_JOB_ATTRIBUTES(newattrarr, 'TRANSACTIONAL');
END;
/

-- stopping a job
-- stop job job1 and all jobs in the job class dw_jobs.
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.STOP_JOB('job1, sys.dw_jobs');
END;
/

-- Dropping Jobs
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_JOB ('job1, job3, sys.jobclass1, sys.jobclass2');
END;
/

-- Disabling Jobs
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DISABLE('job1, job2, job3, sys.jobclass1');
END;
/

-- Enabling Jobs
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.ENABLE ('job1, job2, job3,sys.jobclass1');
END;
/
Usi ng Pr ogr ams
-- Creating Programs
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_PROGRAM (

program_name => 'my_program1',
program_action => '/usr/local/bin/date',
program_type => 'EXECUTABLE',
comments => 'My comments here');
END;
/

BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_PROGRAM (
program_name => 'oe.my_program1',
program_type => 'PLSQL_BLOCK',
program_action => 'BEGIN DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(''oe'', ''sales'');
END;',
number_of_arguments => 0,
enabled => TRUE,
comments => 'My comments here');
END;
/
SELECT PROGRAM_NAME FROM DBA_SCHEDULER_PROGRAMS
WHERE PROGRAM_NAME = 'MY_PROGRAM1';

-- Defining Program Arguments
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DEFINE_PROGRAM_ARGUMENT (
program_name => 'operations_reporting',
argument_position => 2,
argument_name => 'end_date',
argument_type => 'VARCHAR2',
default_value => '12-DEC-03');
END;
/

-- dropping a program argument
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_PROGRAM_ARGUMENT (
argument_position => 2);
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_PROGRAM_ARGUMENT (
argument_name => 'end_date');
END;
/

-- sets the value (non-Null) of an argument of the associated PROGRAM OBJECT
for a job
-- by argument position
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_JOB_ARGUMENT_VALUE(
job_name => 'ops_reports',
argument_value => '12-DEC-03');
END;
/
-- by argument name
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_JOB_ARGUMENT_VALUE(

argument_name => 'END_DATE',
argument_value => '12-DEC-03');
END;
/
-- setting an argument to NULL value
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE_NULL (
argument_name => 'END_DATE');
END;
/

-- Dropping Programs
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_PROGRAM('program1, program2, program3');
END;
/

-- Disabling Programs
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DISABLE (
name => 'ops_reports',
force =>FALSE, -- the default
commit_semantics => 'STOP_ON_FIRST_ERROR'); -- TRANSACTIONAL or
ABSORB_ERRORS
END;
/

-- Enabling Programs
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.ENABLE('program1, program2, program3');
END;
/
Usi ng Schedul es
-- Creating Schedules
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_SCHEDULE (
schedule_name => 'my_stats_schedule',
start_date => SYSTIMESTAMP,
end_date => SYSTIMESTAMP + INTERVAL '30' day,
repeat_interval => 'FREQ=HOURLY; INTERVAL=4',
comments => 'Every 4 hours');
END;
/

-- altering schedules
BEGIN
name => 'my_stats_schedule',
attribute => 'REPEAT_INTERVAL',
value => 'FREQ=HOURLY; INTERVAL=2');
END;
/
attribute:

comments
end_date
event_spec
repeat_interval
source The host name that the database is running on
start_date

-- Dropping Schedules
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_SCHEDULE (
force => FALSE); -- DEFAULT
END;
/
Usi ng Job Cl asses
Jobs classes provide a way t o group j obs for resource allocat ion and priorit izat ion, and a
way t o easily assign a set of at t ribut e values t o member j obs.
-- Creating Job Classes
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_JOB_CLASS (
job_class_name => 'finance_jobs_class',
resource_consumer_group => 'finance_group');
END;
/
BEGIN
name => ' finance_jobs_class',
attribute => 'logging_level',
value => DBMS_SCHEDULER.LOGGING_FAILED_RUNS);
END;
/
ATTRIBUTE:
comments
logging_level DBMS_SCHEDULER.LOGGING_OFF, LOGGING_FAILED_RUNS,
LOGGING_RUNS, LOGGING_FULL
resource_consumer_group jobs run under this resource consumer group
service

-- Dropping Job Classes
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_JOB_CLASS('jobclass1, jobclass2, jobclass3');
END;
/
Usi ng Wi ndow s
-- Creating Windows
begin
dbms_scheduler.create_window (
window_name => 'WORK_HOURS_WINDOW',
resource_plan => 'DAY_PLAN',
start_date => SYSTIMESTAMP, -- also schedule_name can be used

repeat_interval => 'FREQ=DAILY; BYHOUR=8',
duration => INTERVAL '10' HOUR,
window_priority => 'HIGH'); -- or LOW
end;
/

BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_WINDOW (
window_name => 'my_window1',
resource_plan => 'my_res_plan1',
start_date => '15-JUL-03 1.00.00AM US/Pacific',
repeat_interval => 'FREQ=DAILY',
end_date => '15-SEP-03 1.00.00AM US/Pacific',
duration => interval '80' MINUTE,
comments => 'This is my first window');
END;
/

BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_WINDOW (
window_name => 'my_window2',
resource_plan => 'my_resourceplan1',
duration => interval '60' minute,
comments => 'My window');
END;
/
SELECT WINDOW_NAME FROM DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOWS WHERE WINDOW_NAME =
'MY_WINDOW1';

-- Altering Windows
BEGIN
name => 'MYWINDOW',
attribute => 'window_priority',
value => 'LOW');
END;
/
ATTRIBUTE:
comments
duration
end_date
repeat_interval
resource_plan
schedule_name
start_date
window_priority

-- openinng a window
begin
dbms_scheduler.open_window (
window_name => 'WORK_HOURS_WINDOW',
duration => INTERVAL '20' MINUTE);
end;
/

-- closing a window

begin
dbms_scheduler.close_window ('WORK_HOURS_WINDOW');
end;
/

-- dropping a window
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_WINDOW ('window1, window2,
window3, windowgroup1, windowgroup2');
END;
/

-- Disabling Windows
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DISABLE ('sys.window1, sys.window2,
sys.window3, sys.windowgroup1, sys.windowgroup2');
END;
/

-- Enabling Windows
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.ENABLE ('sys.window1, sys.window2, sys.window3');
END;
/

-- Window Logging
column log_id format a3
column window_name format a20
column operation format a8
select trim(log_id) log_id, trunc(log_date) log_date,
window_name, operation
from dba_scheduler_window_log
/

column actual_duration format a20
select trim(log_id) log_id, trunc(log_date) log_date,
window_name, actual_duration
from dba_scheduler_window_details
order by 2 desc
/

begin
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_SCHEDULER_ATTRIBUTE('LOG_HISTORY','60');
end;
/
Usi ng Wi ndow Gr oups
If you create a window group, add windows to it, and then name this window
group in a job's schedule_name attribute, the job runs during all the windows
in the window group.
-- Creating Window Groups
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_WINDOW_GROUP (
group_name => 'downtime',
window_list => 'weeknights, weekends');

END;
/

-- Dropping Window Groups
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_WINDOW_GROUP('windowgroup1, windowgroup2');
END;
/

-- Adding a Member to a Window Group
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.ADD_WINDOW_GROUP_MEMBER ('window_group1', 'window1,
window2');
END;
/

-- Dropping a Member from a Window Group
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.REMOVE_WINDOW_GROUP_MEMBER('window_group1',
'window1,window2');
END;
/

-- Enabling a Window Group
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.ENABLE('sys.windowgroup1', 'sys.windowgroup2,
sys.windowgroup3');
END;
/

-- Disabling a Window Group: but not the members
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DISABLE('sys.windowgroup1,sys.windowgroup2');
END;
/
Usi ng Event s Rai sed by t he Schedul er
-- by default messages raised by the scheduler are
-- deleted after 24 hours: event_expiry_time
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
V VARCHAR2(200);
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.GET_SCHEDULER_ATTRIBUTE (
attribute =>'EVENT_EXPIRY_TIME',
value =>V);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(nvl(V,'24 hours')); -- 24 hours if null
END;
/

declare
n number := 48*60*60;
begin
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_SCHEDULER_ATTRIBUTE(

value =>n); -- in seconds (24 hours if NULL)
end;
/

-- making sure the required privs are granted
-- EXECUTE on both DBMS_AQ and DBMS_AQADM
CONN SYS
select grantee, privilege, table_name
from DBA_TAB_PRIVS
where table_name in ('DBMS_AQ','DBMS_AQADM')
and grantee='USER1';

GRANT EXECUTE ON DBMS_AQ TO USER1;
GRANT EXECUTE ON DBMS_AQADM TO USER1;
GRANT SELECT ON DBA_AQ_AGENTS TO USER1;
GRANT CREATE JOB TO USER1;
GRANT CREATE EXTERNAL JOB TO USER1;

begin
DBMS_AQADM.GRANT_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE('ENQUEUE_ANY','USER1',FALSE);
DBMS_AQADM.GRANT_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE('DEQUEUE_ANY','USER1',FALSE);
DBMS_AQADM.GRANT_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE('MANAGE_ANY','USER1',FALSE);
end;
/

-- create the job
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_JOB
( job_name => '"USER1"."U1JOB"',
job_action => 'C:\windows\system32\cmd.exe',
start_date => systimestamp,
repeat_interval => 'FREQ=SECONDLY;INTERVAL=10',
comments => 'Testing Events raised by scheduler',
auto_drop => FALSE,
enabled => FALSE);
DBMS_SCHEDULER.set_job_argument_value('"USER1"."U1JOB"',1,'/c');
DBMS_SCHEDULER.set_job_argument_value('"USER1"."U1JOB"',2,
'c:\temp\testme.bat');
DBMS_SCHEDULER.set_job_argument_value('"USER1"."U1JOB"',3, 'passed to bat');
END;
/

-- alter job to raise events
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE(
name => '"USER1"."U1JOB"',
attribute => 'raise_events',
value => dbms_scheduler.job_started +
dbms_scheduler.job_succeeded +
dbms_scheduler.job_failed +
dbms_scheduler.job_broken +
dbms_scheduler.job_completed +
dbms_scheduler.job_stopped +
dbms_scheduler.job_sch_lim_reached +

dbms_scheduler.job_disabled +
dbms_scheduler.job_chain_stalled
);
END;
/

-- enable Job
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.ENABLE( '"USER1"."U1JOB"' );
END;
/

-- Consuming Scheduler-Raised Events with your Application
-- follow either Plan A or Plan B
-- Plan A
--1. conn sys or with user of MANAGE ANY QUEUE
--2. Subscribe to the queue using a new or existing agent
--3. Run the procedure DBMS_AQADM.ENABLE_DB_ACCESS(agent_name, db_username);
-- Plan B
/* DBMS_SCHEDULER.ADD_EVENT_QUEUE_SUBSCRIBER(subscriber_name);
where subscriber_name is the name of the Oracle Streams Advanced Queuing
(AQ) agent to be used to subscribe to the Scheduler event queue. (If it is
NULL, an agent is created whose name is the user name of the calling user.)
This call both creates a subscription to the Scheduler event queue and grants
the user permission to dequeue using the designated agent. */
conn user1
exec DBMS_SCHEDULER.ADD_EVENT_QUEUE_SUBSCRIBER
-- opposite: REMOVE_EVENT_QUEUE_SUBSCRIBER

-- Events are dequeued from the scheduler event queue using the DBMS_AQ
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
l_dequeue_options DBMS_AQ.dequeue_options_t;
l_message_properties DBMS_AQ.message_properties_t;
l_message_handle RAW(16);
l_queue_msg sys.scheduler$_event_info;
BEGIN
l_dequeue_options.consumer_name := 'USER1';
DBMS_AQ.dequeue(queue_name => 'SYS.SCHEDULER$_EVENT_QUEUE',
dequeue_options => l_dequeue_options,
message_properties => l_message_properties,
payload => l_queue_msg,
msgid => l_message_handle);
COMMIT;

DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('event_type : ' || l_queue_msg.event_type);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('object_owner : ' || l_queue_msg.object_owner);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('object_name : ' || l_queue_msg.object_name);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('event_timestamp: ' || l_queue_msg.event_timestamp);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('error_code : ' || l_queue_msg.error_code);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('event_status : ' || l_queue_msg.event_status);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('log_id : ' || l_queue_msg.log_id);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('run_count : ' || l_queue_msg.run_count);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('failure_count : ' || l_queue_msg.failure_count);
DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line ('retry_count : ' || l_queue_msg.retry_count);
END;

/

-- remove the job and unsubscribes the user from the scheduler event queue
EXEC DBMS_SCHEDULER.drop_job('"USER1"."U1JOB"')
EXEC DBMS_SCHEDULER.remove_event_queue_subscriber
Usi ng Event s Rai sed by an Appl i cat i on ( Event s- Based Jobs)
-- by default messages raised by the scheduler are
-- deleted after 24 hours: event_expiry_time
declare
n number := 48*60*60;
begin
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_SCHEDULER_ATTRIBUTE (
attribute =>'event_expiry_time',
end;
/

-- making sure the required privs are granted
-- EXECUTE on both DBMS_AQ and DBMS_AQADM
select grantee, privilege, table_name
from dba_tab_privs
where table_name in ('DBMS_AQ','DBMS_AQADM')
and grantee='TEST_USER';

GRANT EXECUTE ON DBMS_AQ TO test_user;
GRANT EXECUTE ON DBMS_AQADM TO test_user;
GRANT SELECT ON DBA_AQ_AGENTS TO test_user;
begin
DBMS_AQADM.GRANT_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE('ENQUEUE_ANY','test_user',FALSE);
DBMS_AQADM.GRANT_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE('DEQUEUE_ANY','test_user',FALSE);
DBMS_AQADM.GRANT_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE('MANAGE_ANY','test_user',FALSE);
end;
/

-- CONNECT AS test_user
-- create type for the message to receive
connect marvin/panic
create or replace type MY_MSGT as object ( msg varchar2(20) )
/

begin
DBMS_AQADM.CREATE_QUEUE_TABLE
( QUEUQ_TABLE=>'MY_QT',
QUEUQ_PAYLOAD_TYPE => 'MY_MSGT',
MULTIPLE_CONSUMERS => TRUE );
DBMS_AQADM.CREATE_QUEUE(
QUEUE_NAME => 'MY_Q',
QUEUE_TABLE => 'MY_QT' );
DBMS_AQADM.START_QUEUE(QUEUE_NAME=>'MY_Q');
end;
/

-- example of event_condition = 'tab.user_data.event_type = ''CARD_SWIPE''
and extract hour from tab.user_data.event_timestamp < 9'

BEGIN
dbms_scheduler.create_job
(
job_name => '"TEST_USER"."BCKUP_01"',
job_action => '/home/oracle/bin/rman.sh',
event_condition => 'tab.user_data.msg=''GO''',
queue_spec => '"TEST_USER"."MY_Q"', -- agent, queue name
start_date => systimestamp,
job_class => NULL,
comments => 'backup a database',
auto_drop => FALSE,
enable => FALSE
);
END;
/

-- Altering a Job to Raise Events
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE('dw_reports', 'raise_events',
DBMS_SCHEDULER.JOB_FAILED + DBMS_SCHEDULER.JOB_SCH_LIM_REACHED);
END;
/
raise_events job_started CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER := 1
job_succeeded CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER := 2
job_failed CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=4
job_broken CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=8
job_completed CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=16
job_stopped CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=32
job_sch_lim_reached CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=64
job_disabled CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=128
job_chain_stalled CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER :=256
job_all_events CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER := 511
job_run_completed := job_succeeded + job_failed + job_stopped

-- if required, set arguments and attributes
-- job argument passed to the job
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_JOB_ARGUMENT_VALUE
(
job_name => '"TEST_USER"."BCKUP_01"',
argument_value => 'db_01'
);
-- for remote job
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE
(
name => '"TEST_USER"."BCKUP_01"',
attribute => 'destination',
value => 'pantzer:15021'
);
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE
(
name => '"TEST_USER"."BCKUP_01"',
attribute => 'credential_name',
value => '"TEST_USER."JOBS_CRED2"'
);

END;
/

-- enable Job
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.ENABLE( '"TEST_USER"."BCKUP_01"' );
END;
/

DECLARE
my_msgid RAW(16);
props dbms_aq.message_properties_t;
enqopts dbms_aq.enqueue_options_t;
BEGIN
sys.dbms_aq.enqueue('marvin.bckup_q', enqopts, props,
marvin.bckup_msgt('GO'), my_msgid);
end;
/
COMMIT;

-- * alternatively scheduler can be used for the same
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_EVENT_SCHEDULE (
schedule_name => 'entry_events_schedule',
start_date => SYSTIMESTAMP,
event_condition => 'tab.user_data.event_type = ''CARD_SWIPE''',
queue_spec => 'entry_events_q, entry_agent1');
END;
/

BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE ('entry_events_schedule', 'event_spec',
'tab.user_data.event_type = ''BAD_BADGE''', 'entry_events_q, entry_agent1');
END;
/

Usi ng Chai ns
-- Creating Chains
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_CHAIN (
chain_name => 'my_chain1',
rule_set_name => NULL,
evaluation_interval => NULL,
comments => 'My first chain');
END;
/

-- Defining Chain Steps
-- a step point to program, another chain, event
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DEFINE_CHAIN_STEP (
step_name => 'my_step1',
program_name => 'my_program1');

DBMS_SCHEDULER.DEFINE_CHAIN_STEP (
program_name => 'my_chain2');
END;
/

-- event-based (waits for an event to occur)
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DEFINE_CHAIN_EVENT_STEP (
event_schedule_name => 'my_event_schedule');
END;
/

-- Adding Rules to a Chain
-- Each rule has a condition and an action
-- rule that starts the chain always evaluates to TRUE
-- A chain job does not complete until one of the rules containing the END
action
-- evaluates to TRUE. If no such a step, the job enters the CHAIN_STALLED
state.
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DEFINE_CHAIN_RULE (
condition => 'TRUE',
action => 'START step1',
rule_name => 'my_rule1',
comments => 'start the chain');
condition => 'step1 completed',
action => 'START step2',
rule_name => 'my_rule2');
END;
/
/*
:step_name.attribute. (step_name refers to a typed object.) Possible
attributes are:
completed, state, start_date, end_date, error_code,
and duration. Possible values for the state attribute
include: 'NOT_STARTED', 'SCHEDULED', 'RUNNING',
'PAUSED', 'STALLED', 'SUCCEEDED', 'FAILED', and
'STOPPED'. If a step is in the state 'SUCCEEDED', 'FAILED',
or 'STOPPED', its completed attribute is set to 'TRUE',
otherwise completed is 'FALSE'.
*/
-- examples of conditions
step3 succeeded
step3 failed

-- Example: 2
BEGIN

comments => NULL);
END;
/
--- define three steps for this chain.
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DEFINE_CHAIN_STEP('my_chain1', 'step1', 'my_program1');
END;
/
--- define corresponding rules for the chain.
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DEFINE_CHAIN_RULE('my_chain1', 'TRUE', 'START step1');
'my_chain1', 'step1 COMPLETED', 'Start step2, step3');
'my_chain1', 'step2 COMPLETED AND step3 COMPLETED', 'END');
END;
/

-- Example 3:
BEGIN
comments => NULL);
END;
/
--- define three steps for this chain.
BEGIN
END;
/
--- define corresponding rules for the chain.
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DEFINE_CHAIN_RULE ('my_chain2', 'TRUE', 'START step1');
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DEFINE_CHAIN_RULE ( 'my_chain2', 'step1 SUCCEEDED', 'Start
step2');
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DEFINE_CHAIN_RULE ('my_chain2', 'step1 COMPLETED AND step1
NOT SUCCEEDED', 'Start step3');
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DEFINE_CHAIN_RULE ('my_chain2', 'step2 COMPLETED OR step3
COMPLETED', 'END');
END;
/

-- Enabling Chains
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.ENABLE ('my_chain1');
END;
/

-- Creating Jobs for Chains
-- either use the RUN_CHAIN procedure or create a job of type
-- 'CHAIN'. job action refers to chain name

-- a step job created for every step
BEGIN
job_name => 'chain_job_1',
job_type => 'CHAIN',
job_action => 'my_chain1',
repeat_interval => 'freq=daily;byhour=13;byminute=0;bysecond=0',
enabled => TRUE);
END;
/

-- Dropping Chains
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_CHAIN (
force => TRUE);
END;
/

-- Running Chains
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.RUN_CHAIN (
job_name => 'quick_chain_job',
start_steps => 'my_step1, my_step2');
END;
/

-- Dropping Rules from a Chain
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_CHAIN_RULE (
rule_name => 'my_rule1',
force => TRUE);
END;
/

-- Disabling Chains
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DISABLE ('my_chain1');
END;
/

-- Dropping Chain Steps
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_CHAIN_STEP (
force => TRUE);
END;
/

-- Altering Chain Steps
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULE.ALTER_CHAIN (

attribute => 'SKIP',
value => TRUE);
END;
/
-- for a running step
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.ALTER_RUNNING_CHAIN (
job_name => 'my_job1',
attribute => 'PAUSE',
value => TRUE);
END;
/

-- Handling Stalled Chains
-- option1: alter the state of one of its steps with the
-- check ALL_SCHEDULER_RUNNING_CHAINS and ALL_SCHEDULER_CHAIN_RULES
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.ALTER_RUNNING_CHAIN (
job_name => 'my_job1',
attribute => 'SUCCEEDED',
value => TRUE);
END;
/
-- option2:
-- if one or more rules are incorrect, you can use the
-- DEFINE_CHAIN_RULE procedure to replace them
-- check ALL_SCHEDULER_CHAIN_RULES
-- After adding or updating rules, you must run EVALUATE_RUNNING_CHAIN
Al l ocat i ng Resour ces Among Jobs
For j obs, resource allocat ion is specified by associat ing a j ob class wit h a consumer group,
or by associat ing a j ob class wit h a dat abase service name and mapping t hat dat abase
service t o a consumer group.
BEGIN
job_class_name => 'finance_jobs',
resource_consumer_group => 'finance_group');
END;
/
Admi ni st er i ng Or acl e Schedul er
Conf i gur i ng Or acl e Schedul er
-- Setting Scheduler Privileges
GRANT SCHEDULER_ADMIN TO username;
-- create jobs, schedules, or programs
GRANT CREATE JOB TO scott;
-- alter, or drop windows, job classes, or window groups
GRANT MANAGE SCHEDULER TO adam;


-- Setting Chain Privileges
-- create a chain in his own schema, create rules, rule sets,
-- and evaluation contexts in his own schema
BEGIN
DBMS_RULE_ADM.GRANT_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE(DBMS_RULE_ADM.CREATE_RULE_OBJ,
'username');
DBMS_RULE_ADM.GRANT_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE (DBMS_RULE_ADM.CREATE_RULE_SET_OBJ,
'username');
DBMS_RULE_ADM.GRANT_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE
(DBMS_RULE_ADM.CREATE_EVALUATION_CONTEXT_OBJ, 'username');
END;
/

-- Setting Scheduler Attributes
-- default_timezone
select dbms_scheduler.stime from dual;
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_SCHEDULER_ATTRIBUTE('default_timezone','US/Eastern');
SELECT DISTINCT TZNAME FROM V$TIMEZONE_NAMES;
-- log_history
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_SCHEDULER_ATTRIBUTE('log_history','90');
-- max_job_slave_processes (default NULL)
-- event_expiry_time
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
V VARCHAR2(200);
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.GET_SCHEDULER_ATTRIBUTE (
value =>V);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(nvl(V,'24 hours')); -- 24 hours if null
END;
/
declare
n number := 48*60*60;
begin
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_SCHEDULER_ATTRIBUTE(
end;
/
Moni t or i ng and Managi ng t he Schedul er
-- Viewing the Currently Active Window and Resource Plan
SELECT WINDOW_NAME, RESOURCE_PLAN
FROM DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOWS
WHERE ACTIVE='TRUE';

-- Finding Information About Currently Running Jobs
SELECT JOB_NAME, STATE FROM DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
WHERE JOB_NAME = 'MY_EMP_JOB1';
-- progress of currently running jobs
SELECT * FROM ALL_SCHEDULER_RUNNING_JOBS;
-- job that is part of a running chain
SELECT * FROM ALL_SCHEDULER_RUNNING_CHAINS
WHERE JOB_NAME='MY_JOB1';

-- Monitoring and Managing Window and Job Logs

SELECT JOB_NAME, OPERATION, OWNER FROM DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_LOG;
-- Job Run Details
select log_id,
job_name, status,
to_char(log_date, 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI') log_date
from dba_scheduler_job_run_details
where job_name = 'MY_JOB14';
-- Controlling Job Logging: at job or class levels
logging_level attribute in the CREATE_JOB_CLASS:
DBMS_SCHEDULER.LOGGING_OFF, DBMS_SCHEDULER.LOGGING_RUNS,
DBMS_SCHEDULER.LOGGING_FULL
'mytestjob', 'logging_level', DBMS_SCHEDULER.LOGGING_FULL);
-- Window Logs
SELECT LOG_ID, TO_CHAR(LOG_DATE, 'MM/DD/YYYY'), WINDOW_NAME, OPERATION
FROM DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOW_LOG;
SELECT LOG_ID, WINDOW_NAME, ACTUAL_START_DATE, ACTUAL_DURATION
FROM DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOW_DETAILS;
-- Purging Logs
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_SCHEDULER_ATTRIBUTE('log_history','90'); -- days
-- can be specified at job class create
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE('class2','log_history','30');
-- Purging Logs Manually
DBMS_SCHEDULER.PURGE_LOG();
-- urges all entries from the jog log that are
-- older than three days. The window log is not affected
DBMS_SCHEDULER.PURGE_LOG(log_history => 3, which_log => 'JOB_LOG');
DBMS_SCHEDULER.PURGE_LOG(log_history => 10, job_name => 'job1, sys.class2');

-- Changing Job Priorities
-- 1(high)-5
BEGIN
name => 'my_emp_job1',
attribute => 'job_priority',
value => 1);
END;
/
SELECT JOB_NAME, JOB_PRIORITY FROM DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS;

-- Monitoring Running Chains
SELECT *
FROM USER_SCHEDULER_RUNNING_CHAINS
WHERE JOB_NAME = 'MY_CHAIN_JOB';
Enabl i ng, Usi ng and Di sabl i ngRemot e Ex t er nal Jobs
-- 1) Setting Up the Database
conn sys
-- verify that the XML DB option is installed:
DESC RESOURCE_VIEW
-- Enable HTTP connections to the database:
-- port between 1 and 65536, and for UNIX and Linux greater than 1023
BEGIN
DBMS_XDB.SETHTTPPORT(port);
END;
/
-- run script

SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/prvtrsch.plb
-- Set a registration password
BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_AGENT_REGISTRATION_PASS('mypassword');
END;
/

-- 2) Installing, Configuring, and Starting the Scheduler Agent
-- install Scheduler agent from Oracle Database Gateways in
-- the Database Media Pack in its own HOME
-- To install, configure, and start the Scheduler agent on a remote host:
-- Log in to the remote host as oracle
-- Run the Oracle Universal Installer
-- -> Next
-- -> select Oracle Scheduler Agent -> Next
-- -> Home
-- -> eneter hostname, port
-- -> install
-- -> run script_path/root.sh as root
-- -> Exit
-- cehck the agent configuration parameters in the file: schagent.conf

-- Register the Scheduler agent with a database that is to run remote
external jobs on
-- the agent's host computer. Use the following command:
AGENT_HOME/bin/schagent -registerdatabase db_host db_http_port
where:
db_host is the host name or IP address of the host on which the database
resides.
db_http_port is the port number that the database listens on for HTTP
connections.
SELECT DBMS_XDB.GETHTTPPORT() FROM DUAL; -- zero means disabled

Repeat the previous step for each database that is to run remote external
jobs on the agent's host.

Start the Scheduler agent with the following command:
AGENT_HOME/bin/schagent -start

-- 3) Stopping the Scheduler Agent
On UNIX and Linux:
AGENT_HOME/bin/schagent -stop
On Windows, stop the service OracleSchedulerExecutionAgent

-- 4) Disabling Remote External Jobs
DROP USER REMOTE_SCHEDULER_AGENT CASCADE;
Registration of new scheduler agents and execution of remote external jobs is
disabled until you run prvtrsch.plb again.

/* to create a remote external job */
-- create a credential object
exec dbms_scheduler.create_credential('hrcredential,'hr','hrpassword');

-- Grant privileges
grant execute on system.hrcrdential to someuser;


-- create the remote external job:
begin
dbms_scheduler.create_job(
job_name => 'remove_logs',
job_type => 'executable',
job_action => '/u01/app/oracle/logs/removelogs',
repeat_interval => 'freq=daily; byhour=23',
enabled => false);
end;
/

-- set the CREDENTIAL_NAME attribute
exec
dbms_scheduler.set_attribute('remove_logs','credential_name','hrcredential');

-- set the DESTINATION attribute
exec dbms_scheduler.set_attribute('remove_logs','destination',
'localhost.localdomain:1521');

--enable the external job
exec dbms_scheduler.enable('remove_logs');
I mpor t / Ex por t and t he Schedul er
You must use t he Dat a Pump ut ilit ies ( impdp and expdp) t o export Scheduler obj ect s.
Aft er you import Scheduler credent ials, you must reset t he passwords using t he
SET_ATTRI BUTE procedure of t he DBMS_SCHEDULER package.
Schedul er Pr i v i l eges
Syst em Privileges:
o CREATE JOB
o CREATE ANY JOB
o CREATE EXTERNAL JOB
o EXECUTE ANY PROGRAM
o EXECUTE ANY CLASS
o MANAGE SCHEDULER
Obj ect Privileges: on j obs, programs, chains, schedules and j ob classes.
o EXECUTE
o ALTER
o ALL
Schedul er Dat a Di ct i onar y Vi ew s
DBA_SCHEDULER_CHAI NS
DBA_SCHEDULER_CHAI N_RULES
DBA_SCHEDULER_CHAI N_STEPS
DBA_SCHEDULER_CREDENTI ALS
DBA_SCHEDULER_GLOBAL_ATTRI BUTE
DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_ARGS
DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_CLASSES
DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_LOG
DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_ROLES

DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_RUN_DETAI LS
DBA_SCHEDULER_PROGRAMS
DBA_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM_ARGS
DBA_SCHEDULER_REMOTE_DATABASES
DBA_SCHEDULER_REMOTE_JOBSTATE
DBA_SCHEDULER_RUNNI NG_CHAI NS
DBA_SCHEDULER_SCHEDULES
DBA_SCHEDULER_WI NDOWS
DBA_SCHEDULER_WI NDOW_DETAI LS
DBA_SCHEDULER_WI NDOW_GROUPS
DBA_SCHEDULER_WI NDOW_LOG
DBA_SCHEDULER_WI NGROUP_MEMBERS
Usi ng t he UTL_FI LE Pack age
CREATE DIRECTORY MYDIR AS '/home/oracle/';
GRANT READ, WRITE ON DIRECTORY utl_dir to .. | public;

DECLARE
fHandle UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE;
v_username dba_users.username%TYPE;
CURSOR users IS SELECT username FROM dba_users order by username;
n number := 0;
BEGIN
-- options: r w a
fHandle := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('MYDIR','utlfile.txt','w');
UTL_FILE.PUT_LINE(fHandle,'SN'||CHR(9) || 'User NAME');
UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(fHandle);

/* re-Open the utlfile.txt for append, and get its file handle */
fHandle := UTL_FILE.FOPEN('MYDIR','utlfile.txt','a');
OPEN users;
LOOP
FETCH users INTO v_username;
EXIT when users%NOTFOUND;
n := n + 1;
/* Write a line of text to the file utlfile.txt */
UTL_FILE.PUT_LINE(fHandle,n || chr(9) || v_username);
/* Read a line from the file utltext.txt */
-- UTL_FILE.GET_LINE(fHandle,v_username||v_failed||v_life||v_lock);
END LOOP;
CLOSE users;
EXCEPTION
WHEN UTL_FILE.INVALID_PATH THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20100,'Invalid Path');
WHEN UTL_FILE.INVALID_MODE THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20101,'Invalid Mode');
WHEN UTL_FILE.INVALID_OPERATION then
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20102,'Invalid Operation');
WHEN UTL_FILE.INVALID_FILEHANDLE then
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20103,'Invalid Filehandle');
WHEN UTL_FILE.WRITE_ERROR then
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20104,'Write Error');
WHEN UTL_FILE.READ_ERROR then

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20105,'Read Error');
WHEN UTL_FILE.INTERNAL_ERROR then
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20106,'Internal Error');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
END;
/


Dat a Loadi ng and Tr an sf or mi n g Tool s
Oracles ETL ( Ext ract ion- Transformat ion-Loading) solut ion includes t he following component s:
SQL* Loader: see t he sect ion Using SQL* Loader Ut ilit y in Oracle Dat abase Ut ilit ies part .
Ext ernal t ables: see Managing Ext ernal Tables
Mult it able insert s
Merging Dat a
Table funct ions: Table funct ions produce a set of rows as out put . I nst ead of defining t he
t ransform declarat ively in SQL, you define it procedurally in PL/ SQL. See Table Funct ions.
Transport able t ablespaces: see Transport ing Tablespaces Bet ween Dat abases
Oracle Warehouse Builder ( OWB) : OWB offers you a wizard-driven facilit y t o load dat a int o
t he dat abase t hrough SQL* Loader, load dat a from an Oracle dat abase or ot her dat abases
such as Sybase, I nformix, and Microsoft SQL Server via Oracle Transparent Gat eways.

Usi ng Dat abase Li nk s
/* Info about DB Links */
select OWNER, DB_LINK, USERNAME, HOST, CREATED from DBA_DB_LINKS;

/* Privs */
grant CREATE DATABASE LINK to hr;

grant CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK to hr;

/* Private */
CONNECT system/system_passwd@mydb

CREATE DATABASE LINK MONITOR
CONNECT TO hr IDENTIFIED BY hr
USING 'monitor';

/* Public */
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK MONITOR
CONNECT TO hr IDENTIFIED BY hr USING 'monitor';

Managi ng Di agnost i c Dat a
Set t i ng t he Aut omat i c Di agnost i c Reposi t or y Di r ect or y
I t replaces USER_DUMP_DEST, BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST and CORE_DUMP_DEST paramet er s.
Def ault value: $ORACLE_BASE/ diag/ rdbms/ $I NSTANCE_NAME/ $ORACLE_SI D
I f you havent set t he ORACLE_BASE variable, t he value of t he DI AGNOSTI C_DEST paramet er def ault s
t o $ORACLE_HOME/ log.
show parameter DIAGNOSTIC_DEST

SELECT VALUE FROM V$PARAMETER WHERE NAME ='diagnostic_dest';

ALTER SYSTEM SET DIAGNOSTIC_DEST ='C:\ORACLE\diag';

SELECT NAME, VALUE FROM V$DIAG_INFO;
Usi ng adr ci Tool
Gener al usage of adr ci
adrci help
adrci>help

adrci>help show incident

-- running adrci in batch mode
adrci exec 'command [; comamnd]. . . '
adrci script=file_name

adrci>show base

adrci>show homes
adrci>show homepath
adrci>set homepath diag\rdbms\ora11g\ora11g

-- spooling
adrci>spool /u01/myfiles/myadrci.txt
adrci> ...
adrci>spool off

-- view alert log
set editor notepad.exe
show alert

show alert tail 30
show alert p "MESSAGE TEXT LIKE '%ORA-600%'*

-- List Trace Files
show tracefile

-- View Incidents
show incident
show incident mode detail p "incident_id=112564"
Usi ng adr ci t o Pack age I nci dent s
Wit h adrci t ool, you can package all t he diagnost ic f iles relat ed t o specif ic problems int o a ZI P f ile t o
submit it t o Oracle support . To do so, you use special commands called I PS as shown in t he f ollowing
st eps:
1. Creat e a logical package: use ips create package command t o creat e an empt y logical package as
shown in t he example below. The package will be given a serially generat ed number.
adrci>ips create package
2. Add diagnost ic dat a t o t he logical package: t his is done by ips add incident command as shown
below:
adrci>ips add incident 112564 package 1
Act ually, t here are f ormat s of t he ips create package command which enables you t o perf orm t he
st eps 1 and 2 in one command. Following are t hose command f ormat s:
o ips create package problem
o ips create package problem key
o ips create package incident
o ips create package time
3. Generat e t he physical package. The f iles relat ed t o t he incident will be collect ed in a ZI P f ile. The
f ollowing example shows t he command t o perf orm t hi s t ask:
adrci>ips generate package 1 in /u01/myfiles/incidents
I f you decide t o add or change any diagnost ic dat a lat er, you can do so by generat ing an increment al
ZI P f ile. Modif y t he command as f ollows t o achieve t hat :
adrci>ips generate package 1 in /u01/myfiles/incidents incremental
You will not ice t hat t he generat ed f ile has t he phase I NC in it s name indicat ing t hat it is an
increment al ZI P f ile.
ips commands behavior is cont rol led by various conf igurat ion opt ions. To display t hose conf igurat ion
opt ions, use t he command ips show configuration.
Managi ng Dat abase Heal t h Moni t or
To display list of t he check t hat can be perf ormed, issue t he f ollowing query:
SELECT NAME, DESCRIPTION, OFFLINE_CAPABLE FROM V$HM_CHECK;

The OFFLINE_CAPABLE column def ines whet her you can perf orm t he check when t he dat abase is of f line or
not .
Ru n n i n g Heal t h Ch eck s Usi n g t h e DBMS_HM
A DBA can use DBMS_HM t o manually invoke t he dat abase check. To ret rieve t he list of checks t hat can be
run manually by users, issue t he f ollowing query:
SELECT NAME FROM V$HM_CHECK WHERE INTERNAL_CHECK = 'N';
Use t he procedure RUN_CHECK t o perf orm a dat abase healt h check. I t s f irst paramet er CHECKNAME is
mandat ory and it t akes one of t he ret urned names by t he query above.
exec DBMS_HM.RUN_CHECK(CHECK_NAME=>'DB Structure Integrity Check', RUN_NAME=>'HM01');
Most healt h checks accept input paramet ers. You can view paramet er names and descript ions wit h t he
V$HM_CHECK_PARAM view. Some paramet ers are mandat ory while ot hers are opt ional. The f ollowing query
displays paramet er inf ormat ion f or all healt h checks:
select C.NAME CHECK_NAME, P.NAME PARAMETER_NAME, P.TYPE,
P.DEFAULT_VALUE, P.DESCRIPTION
from V$HM_CHECK_PARAM P, V$HM_CHECK C
where P.CHECK_ID = C.ID and C.INTERNAL_CHECK = 'N'
order by C.NAME;
I nput paramet ers are passed t o t he INPUT_PARAMS argument of t he RUN_CHECK procedure as name/ value
pairs separat ed by semicolons ( ; ) . The f ollowing example illust rat es how t o pass t he t ransact ion I D as a
paramet er t o t he Transact ion I nt egrit y Check:
begin
DBMS_HM.RUN_CHECK (
CHECK_NAME => ' Transaction Integrity Check', -- passed value is case
sensitive
RUN_NAME => 'MY_RUN', INPUT_PARAMS => 'TXN_ID=7.33.2');
end;
Dat abase Healt h checks execut ions are st ored in ADR and can be viewed by eit her querying t he
V$HM_RUN:
SELECT * FROM V$HM_RUN;
Anot her opt ion is t o run t he adrci command show hm_run:
adrci>show hm_run
You can view a report of a part icular Healt h check by using t he f ollowing adrci command:
adrci>show report hm_run HM01
Alt ernat ively, you can DBMS_HM package as shown in t he f ollowing code example:
declare
v_rpt clob;
begin
v_rpt := DBMS_HM.GET_RUN_REPORT('HM01');
end;
Findings, if any, det ect ed by t he checks can be obt ained f rom V$HM_FINDING and recommendat ions f rom
V$HM_RECOMMENDATION.

Ru n n i n g Heal t h Ch eck s Usi n g t h e En t er pr i se Man ager
Af t er connect ing as SYSDBA, under t he Advi so r Cen t r al page, you will see Ch eck er s link which can be
used t o manually invoke any Healt h check.
Managi ng Dat a Recover y Advi sor
Dat a Recovery Advisor is an Oracle Dat abase 11g t ool t hat aut omat ically diagnoses dat a f ailures,
det ermines and present s appropriat e repair opt ions, and execut es repairs at t he user' s request . Dat a
Recovery Advisor can diagnose f ailures such as t he f ollowing:
I naccessible component s like dat af iles and cont rol f iles.
Physical corrupt ions such as block checksum f ailures and invalid block header
Field values
I nconsist ent dat af iles ( online and of f line)
I / O f ailures
The advisor however doe not recover f rom f ailures on st andby dat abases or RAC environment . This
advisor can be used t hrough RMAN or t he Ent erprise Manager.
Usi n g Dat a Recover y Advi sor w i t h RMAN
Following are t he RMAN commands t o use Dat a Recovery Advisor:
1. List f ailures by running t he LIST FAILURE command. Following are variat ions of using t he command:
RMAN>LIST FAILURE;
RMAN>LIST OPEN;
RMAN>LIST CLOSED;
2. Opt ionally, execut e LIST FAILURE ... DETAIL t o list det ails of an individual f ailure.
RMAN>LIST FAILURE 105 DETAIL;
3. I f you suspect t hat f ailures exist t hat have not been aut omat ically diagnosed by t he dat abase, t hen
run VALIDATE DATABASE t o check f or corrupt blocks and missing f iles. I f a f ailure is det ect ed, t hen
RMAN logs it int o t he ADR, where it can be accessed by t he Dat a Recovery Advisor.
4. Det ermine repair opt ions by running t he ADVISE FAILURE command.
RMAN>ADVISE FAILURE;
5. Choose a repair opt ion. You can repair t he f ailures manually or run t he REPAIR FAILURE command t o
f ix t hem aut omat ically. By def ault , t he REPAIR FAILURE command prompt s t he user t o conf irm t he
repair, but t his can be prevent ed using t he NOPROMPT keyword. Be aware t hat t he previous command
must be issued bef ore using REPAIR FAILURE command.
The f ollowing f orm of t he command inf orms you how RMAN plans t o repair t he f ailure:
RMAN>REPAIR FAILURE PREVIEW
6. You may wish t o change t he priorit y of a f ailure ( t o HIGH or LOW) , if it does not represent a problem t o
you, or even manually close it . This can be done by t he CHANGE FAILURE command:
RMAN> CHANGE FAILURE 202 PRIORITY LOW;

Not e Dat a Recovery Advisor may det ect or handle some logical corrupt ions. But in general,
corrupt ions of t his t ype require help f rom Oracle Support Services.

Usi n g Dat a Recover y Advi sor w i t h t h e En t er pr i se Man ager
Access t he Dat a Recovery Advisor in t he Ent erprise Manager by f ollowing t he links: Avai l abi l i t y>
Man age> Per f or m Recover y> Per f o r m Au t omat ed Rep ai r
Usi ng SQL Test Case Bui l der
The SQL Test Case Builder aims at capt uring t he inf ormat ion pert aining t o a SQL- relat ed problem, along
wit h t he exact environment under which t he problem occurred, so t hat t he problem can be reproduced
and t est ed on a separat e Oracle dat abase inst ance. Once t he t est case is ready, you can upload t he
problem t o Oracle Support t o enable support personnel t o reproduce and t roubleshoot t he problem.
The inf ormat ion gat hered by SQL Test Case Builder includes t he query being execut ed, t able and index
def init ions ( but not t he act ual dat a) , PL/ SQL f unct ions, procedures, and packages, opt imizer st at ist ics,
and init ializat ion paramet er set t ings.
The out put of t he SQL Test Case Builder is a SQL script t hat cont ains t he commands required t o recreat e
all t he necessary obj ect s and t he environment .
Accessi n g SQL Test Case Bu i l der Usi n g DBMS_SQLDI AG
The DBMS_SQLDIAG has a procedure named EXPORT_SQL_TESTCASE which is used t o generat e a SQL t est
case f or a given SQL st at ement , SQL I d ( t aken f rom V$SQL) or an incident id. Following st eps should be
f ollowed:
1. Creat e direct ory t o hold t he SQL t est case f iles.
CREATE DIRECTORY sql_tes_dir AS 'C:\Oracle\TestCase';
2. Execut e t he proper f orm of EXPORT_SQL_TESTCASE procedure. Following is an example using a passed
SQL st at ement .
DECLARE
V_SQL CLOB := 'SELECT * FROM HR.NAMES WHERE ID BETWEEN 100 AND 1000';
V_TESTCASE CLOB;
BEGIN
DBMS_SQLDIAG.EXPORT_SQL_TESTCASE (
DIRECTORY =>'SQL_TES_DIR',
SQL_TEXT =>V_SQL,
USER_NAME =>'HR',
BIND_LIST =>NULL,
EXPORTENVIRONMENT =>TRUE,
EXPORTMETADATA =>TRUE,
EXPORTDATA =>TRUE,
SAMPLINGPERCENT =>100,
CTRLOPTIONS =>NULL,
TIMELIMIT =>0,
TESTCASE_NAME =>'RETURN_NAMES', -- generated scripts prefix
TESTCASE =>V_TESTCASE);
END;
Accessi n g SQL Test Case Bu i l der Usi n g t h e En t er pr i se Man ager
From Ent erprise Manager, t he SQL Test Case Builder is accessible only when a SQL incident occurs. SQL-
relat ed problem is ref erred t o as a SQL incident .
To access t he SQL Test Case Builder, f ollow t he links t h e Su ppor t Wor k ben ch page> Cl i ck on an
i n ci den t I D> I n vest i gat e an d Resol ve sect i on > Or acl e Su ppor t > Gen er at e Addi t i on al Du mps
an d Test Cases> cl i ck on t h e i con i n t h e Go To Task .

Pat chi ng Or acl e Pr oduct s
Usi ng Or acl e Opat ch
Ref er en ces
Oracle Universal I nst aller and OPat ch User' s Guide
On met alink: OPat ch Ut ilit y Guide - 10. 2 [ I D 554417. 1]

How t o Dow n l oad I t
On met alink, search Pat ch 6880880.
At document writ ing, it is on:
ht t ps: / / updat es. oracle. com/ ARULink/ Pat chDet ails/ process_f orm?pat ch_num= 6880880

En vi r on men t Var i abl es OPat ch Uses
ORACLE_HOME - Oracle home locat ion.
OPATCH_DEBUG - Log level t hat specif ies t he amount of logging OPat ch should perf orm.
OPATCH_PLATFORM_I D - Unique plat f orm I D.
PATH - Pat h inf ormat ion.

Back u p Recommen d at i on s
I t is highly recommended t hat you back up t he ORACLE_HOME bef ore any pat ch operat ion. You can use
any met hod, such as zip, cp - r, t ar, and cpio.

I n f o abou t a Ut i l i t y
To f ind out more about t he opt ions available wit h each command, please use t he f ollowing synt ax:
opatch util <Utility_Name> -help

l si n ven t or y
I t is used t o check what is current ly inst alled on t he syst em.

opatch lsinventory -detail
to list all available Oracle homes:
opatch lsinventory -all

NAppl y
I t is used t o apply a set of pat ches under a direct ory.
opat ch napply < pat ch_locat i on> - id 1, 2, 3 - skip_subset - skip_duplicat e

This wil l apply pat ches 1, 2, and 3 which are under < t he pat ch_locat ion> direct ory. OPat ch will skip
duplicat e pat ches and subset pat ches ( pat ches under < pat ch_locat i on> t hat are subset s of pat ches
inst alled in t he ORACLE_HOME)

NRol l b ack
I t is used t o rollback a set of pat ches inst alled in an ORACLE_HOME. You can invoke t he command using
"opat ch nrollback" or "opat ch ut i l nrollback".

opat ch nrollback - id 1, 2, 3

Updat eRemot eNodes ( RAC)
I t is used t o propagat e/ remove f iles/ direct ories t o/ f rom remot e nodes using f iles under
ORACLE_HOME/ . pat ch_st orage/ < I D> / rac/ * .

The direct ories l ist ed in copy_dirs. t xt wil l be copied t o remot e nodes.
The f iles list ed in copy_f iles. t xt wil be copied t o remot e nodes.
The direct ories l ist ed in remove_dirs. t xt will be delet ed f rom remot e nodes.

The f iles list ed in remove_f iles. t xt will be delet ed f rom remot e nodes.

Cl ean u p
I t is used t o clean up ' rest ore. sh, make. t xt ' f iles and ' rac, scrat ch, backup' direct ories in t he
ORACLE_HOME/ . pat ch_st orage direct ory. I f - ps opt ion i s used, t hen it cleans t he above specif ied areas
only f or t hat pat ch, else f or all pat ches under ORACLE_HOME/ . pat ch_st orage. You wil l be st ill able t o
rollback pat ches af t er t his cleanup.

opat ch ut il cleanup - ps 6121193_Jun_21_2008_04_19_82

CopyLi st ed Fi l es ( RAC)
I t is used t o copy all f iles list ed in ORACLE_HOME/ . pat ch_st orage/ < I D> / rac/ copy_f iles. t xt t o remot e
nodes. I f - f p opt ion is used, t hen one can specif y t he pat h of t he f ile cont aining t he list of f iles t o be
copied. The f iles ment ioned in t his f ile will be copied t o t he remot e nodes.

opat ch ut il copylist edf iles - f p a - remot e_nodes cei nt cb- a5

CopyLi st ed Fi l esTest ( RAC)
I t is used t o copy a single f ile t o remot e nodes. The usage remains t he same as CopyList edFiles.

opat ch ut il copylist edf ilest est - f p / home/ oracle/ a - remot e_nodes ceint cb- a5

CopyLi st ed Di r s ( RAC)
I t is used t o recursively copy all direct ories list ed in
ORACLE_HOME/ . pat ch_st orage/ < I D> / rac/ copy_dirs. t xt t o r emot e nodes. I f - dp opt ion is used, t hen one
can specif y t he pat h of t he f ile cont aining t he list of direct ori es t o be copied. The direct ories ment ioned in
t his f ile will be copied t o t he remot e nodes.

CopyLi st ed Di r sTest ( RAC)
I t is used t o copy a single f ile t o remot e nodes. The usage remains t he same as CopyList edDirs.

RemoveLi st ed Fi l es ( RAC)
I t is used t o remove f iles list ed in ORACLE_HOME/ . pat ch_st orage/ < I D> / rac/ remove_f iles. t xt on remot e
nodes. I f - f r opt ion is used, t hen one can specif y t he pat h of t he f ile cont aining t he list of f iles t o be
removed. The f iles ment ioned in t his f ile will be removed f rom t he remot e nodes.

RemoveLi st ed Fi l esTest ( RAC)
I t is used t o remove a single f ile f rom remot e nodes. The usage remains t he same as RemoveLi st edFiles.

RemoveLi st ed Di r s ( RAC)
I t is used t o recursively remove direct ories list ed in
ORACLE_HOME/ . pat ch_st orage/ < I D> / rac/ remove_dirs. t xt f rom remot e nodes. I f - dr opt ion is used, t hen
one can specif y t he pat h of t he f ile cont aining t he list of direct ories t o be removed. The direct or ies
ment ioned in t his f ile will be removed f rom t he remot e nodes.

RemoveLi st ed Di r sTest ( RAC)
I t is used t o remove a single direct ory f rom remot e nodes. The usage remains t he same as
RemoveList edDirs.

Ru n Local Mak e
I t is used t o invoke relink on t he local node. The make commands are st ored in
ORACLE_HOME/ . pat ch_st orage/ < I D> / make. t xt . You need t o use t he - ps opt ion t o specif y t he Pat ch I D
wit h t imest amp. A direct ory by t his name will be present under ORACLE_HOME/ . pat ch_st orage. The
make. t xt f ile present under ORACLE_HOME/ . pat ch_st orage/ Pat ch I D wit h t i mest amp/ will be used t o
perf orm t he local make operat ion. This command cannot be run if you have already run Cleanup as it
would have removed t hese make. t xt f iles.


opat ch ut il runlocalmake - ps 6121250_Jun_21_2007_04_16_11

Ru n Remot eMak e ( RAC)
I t is used t o invoke relink on remot e nodes. The make commands are st ored in
ORACLE_HOME/ . pat ch_st orage/ < I D> / rac/ makes_cmd. t xt . The usage remains t he same as RunLocalMake.

Ru n An yComman d ( RAC)
I t is used t o run any command on remot e nodes. The command should be specif ied using t he - cmd opt ion.

opat ch ut il runanycommand - remot e_nodes ceint cb- a5 - cmd ls

Ver i f y
I t is used t o run t he pat ch verif icat ion process t o ensure t hat t he pat ch was applied t o t he ORACLE_HOME.
I t uses t he def ined ORACLE_HOME and t he given pat ch locat ion via - ph, t o run t he check.

opat ch ut il verif y - ph ~ / 6646853/ 6121183
LoadXML
I t is used t o check t he validit y of an XML f ile. The - xmlI nput opt ion can be used t o specif y t he pat h of t he
xml f ile.

opat ch ut il loadxml - xml I nput $ORACLE_HOME/ invent ory/ Cont ent sXML/ comps. xml


Par t 2 Or acl e Dat abase Net Ser v i ces

Connect i v i t y Nami ng Met hods
The Local Nami ng Met hod
The TNS_ADMI N environment variable t ells Oracle where t o locat e t nsnames. ora and
sqlnet .ora files.
/* Starting Oracle Net Configuration Assistant */
export DISPLAY=172.16.14.15:0.0
netca
The Easy Connect Nami ng Met hod
The EZCONNECT keyword should be in t he NAMES. DI RECTORY_PATH variable in t he
sqlnet .ora file
You cant use any advanced feat ures of Oracle net working such as connect ion pooling,
ext ernal procedure calls, or Het erogeneous Services.
sqlplus system/system_passwd@myhost.myorg.org:1521/mydb.myorg.org
# the default port number is 1521
sqlplus system/system_passwd@myhost.myorg.org/mydb.myorg.org
The Ex t er nal Nami ng Met hod
The ext ernal naming met hod uses ext ernal naming services such as t he Net work I nformat ion
Service ( NI S) , originally developed by Sun Microsyst ems, t o resolve net service names.
1. Have your syst em administ rat or configure NI S if it isnt already in place.
2. Creat e a t nsnames. ora file as you would in t he local naming met hod.
3. Convert t he t nsnames. ora file t o a t nsnames map, which youll need for t he NI S server
lat er
on. You can derive t he t nsnames map from t he t nsnames. ora file by having your syst em
administ rat or use t he t ns2nis command, as shown here:
# tns2nis tnsnames.ora
4. Copy t he t nsnames map file t o t he server on which t he NI S is running.
5. I nst all t he t nsnames map file on t he NI S server using t he makedbm NI S program, as
shown
here:
# makedbm tnsnames /var/yp/'domainname'/tnsnames
6. Test t he NI S inst allat ion of t he t nsnames map by using t he following command:
# ypmatch net_service_name tnsnames
You should get a confirmat ion back in t he following form:
description=(address=(protocol=tcp)
(host=host_name)(port=port_number)))
(connect_data=(service_name=service_name)))

7. Edit t he sqlnet .ora file as follows:
NAMES_DIRECTORY_PATH=(nis, hostname, tnsnames)
The nis met hod should be list ed first inside t he bracket s so t hat Oracle Net will at t empt t o
resolve t he service name using NI S first . Apart from t hat , t he order of t he it ems in t he
bracket s doesnt mat t er.
The Di r ect or y Nami ng Met hod
The direct ory naming met hod st ores dat abase connect ion informat ion in a Light weight
Direct ory Access Prot ocol ( LDAP) compliant direct ory server ( like Oracle I nt ernet Direct ory) .
The connect ident ifiers are st ored under an Oracle cont ext t hat cont ains ent ries for use wit h
OI D.
Dat abase Resi dent Connect i on Pool i ng ( DRCP)
DRCP ( 11g) is especially designed t o help archit ect ures such as PHP wit h t he Apache
server, t hat cant t ake advant age of middle- t ier connect ion pooling because t hey used
mult iprocess single- t hreaded applicat ion servers. DRCP enables applicat ions such as t hese
t o easily scale up t o server connect ions in t he t ens of t housands.
DRCP is cont rolled by t he following configurat ion paramet ers:
INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT maximum idle t ime f or a pooled server bef ore it is t erminat ed.
MAX_LIFETIME_SESSION t ime t o live TTL durat ion f or a pooled session.
MAX_USE_SESSION maximum number of t imes a connect ion can be t aken and released t o t he
pool.
MAX_SIZE and MIN_SZIE t he maximum and minimum number of pooled servers in t he connect ions
pool.
INCRSIZE pool would increment by t his number of pooled server when pooled server
are unavailable at applicat ion request t ime.
MAX_THINK_TIME maximum t ime of inact ivit y by t he client af t er get t ing a server f rom t he
pool. I f t he client does not issue a dat abase call af t er grabbing a server
f rom t he pool, t he client will be f orced t o relinquish cont rol of t he pooled
server and will get an error. The f reed up server may or may not be
ret urned t o t he pool.
SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS t urn on SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS f or all connect ions in t he pool. This is
an exist ing init ializat ion paramet er
/* Enabling and Disabling DRCP */
conn sys as sysdba
-- the ramins open after DB restart
exec dbms_connection_pool.start_pool();
select connection_pool, status, maxsize from dba_cpool_info;
exec dbms_connection_pool.stop_pool();

-- specify using DRCP
-- in EZCONNECT method (.Net 11g)
myhost.comany.com:1521/mydb.company.com:POOLED
-- tnsnames
mydb = (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp) (HOST=myhost.company.com)
(SERVER=POOLED)))

/* Configuring DRCP */
begin
DBMS_CONNECTION_POOL.ALTER_PARAM( PARAM_NAME =>'INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT',
PARAM_VALUE=>'3600');
end;
/
-- restore parameter values to their defaults
exec dbms_connection_pool.restore_defaults()

/* Monitor DRCP */
SELECT
STATUS,MINSIZE,MAXSIZE,INCRSIZE,SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS,INACTIVITY_TIMEOUT
FROM DBA_CPOOL_INFO;

SELECT NUM_OPEN_SERVERS, NUM_BUSY_SERVERS, NUM_REQUESTS, NUM_HITS
NUM_MISSES, NUM_WAITS, NUM_PURGED, HISTORIC_MAX
FROM V$CPOOL_STATS;
-- class-level stats
Select * From V$CPOOL_CC_STATS

Or acl e and Jav a Dat abase Con nect i v i t y
Est abl i shi ng Dat abase Connect i vi t y
JDBC driver t ypes:
o JDBC t hin driver
o JDBC OCI driver
o JDBC server- side t hin driver
o JDBC server- side int ernal driver
-- load the drivers
-- method 1
DriverManager.registerDriver ("new oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver()");
-- method 2
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

-- establish the connection
connection conn=DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:oracle:thin:@prod1:1521:finprod", username, passwd);

-- Creating the Statement Object
statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

-- Handling Queries
string first_name,last_name;
number salary;
resultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM Employees");
while (rs.next()) {
first_name = rs.getString("first_name");
last_name = rs.getString("last_name");
salary = rs.getNumber("salary");
system.out.println(first_name + last_name +" with salary of:" + salary);
}

-- Handling DDL and Nonquery DML Statements
statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
stmt.executeUpdate("CREATE TABLE Emp" + "(last_name VARCHAR2(30), first_name
VARCHAR2(20), salary number");
-- auto committed by default
stmt.executeUpdate("INSERT INTO Emp " +
"VALUES ('Lname', 'Fname', salary)");

-- transaction control
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
conn.commit();
conn.rollback();

-- Error Handling

try { conn.setAutoCommit(false);
stmt.executeUpdate("..");
conn.commit();
conn.setAutoCommit(true);
}
catch(SQLException ex) {
system.err.println("SQLException: " + ex.getMessage());
conn.rollback();
conn.setAutoCommit(true);
}

Mi scel l aneous Connect i v i t y Opt i ons
Set t i ng t he Def aul t Connect St r i ng
-- in unix
export TWO_TASK=mydb
-- in windows: set LOCAL key to mydb value in the registry or:
SET LOCAL=<mydb>

-- later you don't have to specify the connect string
sqlplus scott/tiger
sqlplus [ [<option>] [<logon>] [<start>] ]
I nst al l i ng t he I nst ant Cl i ent
Oracles new I nst ant Client soft ware allows you t o run your applicat ions wit hout inst alling
t he st andard Oracle Client or having an ORACLE_HOME.
(1) Download and install Oracle Instant Client software. You must install the
Basic client package and tehn you can also include any of the advanced
optional packages.
http://www.oracle.com/technology/software/tech/oci/instantclient/index.html
(2) Unzip the downloaded package and copy it wherever you like.
(3) In Linux, set LD_LIBRARY_PATH to instantclient directory. On Windows, set
PATH to instantclient
Set t i ng Li st ener Opt i ons
/* Queue Size */
-- concurrent connection requests can be made
LISTENER=
(DESCRIPTION=
(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=myserver)(PORT=1521)(QUEUESIZE=10)))

/* Password */
-- ask for a password before executing any admin command
LSNRCTL> set password
LSNRCTL> change_password
Set t i ng Access Cont r ol s
-- in the sqlnet.ora
-- only the addresses in the list are allowed to make connections
tcp.validnode_checking = yes
tcp.invited_nodes = (server1.us.mycompany.com,172.14.16.152)
-- addresses in the list are excluded

tcp.excluded_nodes = (server1.us.mycompany.com,172.14.16.152)
Changi ng Wi ndow s Host name
St ep 1 Cr eat e Host s En t r y f or Ol d Host n ame
Locat e your host s f ile, t ypically locat ed at %WI NDI R%\ syst em32\ drivers\ et c\ host s and add an ent ry f or
t he old ( current ) host name.
#
# HOSTS file
#

win2k3r2 172.16.10.10

Not e t he I P address t his is t he address of a Loopback Adapt er inst alled on t he guest machine. As
out lined by t he Oracle I nst al ler, a Loopback Adapt er is required on syst ems t hat do not have a st at ic I P
address ( as do virt ual machines using NAT, et c. )
St ep 2 Un i n st al l En t er pr i se Man ager Con sol e
Because t here are conf igurat ion set t ings st ored wit h Ent erpri se Manager Console t hat ref erence t he
host name, t he same must be uninst alled.
emca -deconfig dbcontrol db -repos drop

Not e, bef ore execut ing t his command, ensure t hat t he Oracl e inst ance is running it has t o be in order f or
Ent erprise Manager Conf igurat ion Assist ance t o drop t he reposit ory and de- conf igure t he Console.
St ep 3 St op Al l Or acl e Ser vi ces
Once t he uninst all of Ent erpri se Manage Console has complet ed, st op all Oracle Services on t he guest
machine.
iSQL* Plus Service t ypically named Oracle< OracleHomeName> iSQL* Plus
Oracle Li st ener Service t ypically named Oracle< OracleHomeName> TNSList ener
Oracle Dat abase I nst ance Service t ypically named OracleServer< SI D>
St ep 4 Up dat e l i st en er . or a an d t n sn ames. or a
Once all t he Oracle services have st opped, updat e t he list ener. ora and t nsnames. ora f iles, locat ed in
%ORACLE_HOME%\ net work\ admin t o ref lect t he desired ( new) host name.
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = win2k3r2)(PORT = 1521))
)
)
DEVBOX =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = win2k3r2)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =

(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = devbox)
)
)
St ep 5 Ren ame Host an d Rest ar t
Now, rename t he comput er and rest ar t t he guest machine.
St ep 6 En su r e Or acl e I n st an ce i s Ru n n i n g
Once t he guest machine has st art ed up, log in and ensure t he Oracle inst ance is running using t he
f ollowing command line ( t ypically required, unless t he inst ance, not t he Windows Service, is conf igured t o
aut o- st art . )
oradim -startup sid devbox
St ep 7 Rei n st al l En t er p r i se Man ager Con sol e
Af t er ensuring t he Oracle inst ance is running, reinst al l Ent er prise Manager Console using t he f ollowing
command line:
emca -config dbcontrol db -repos create
St ep 8 Val i dat e En t er p r i se Man ager Con sol e I n st al l at i on
Last ly, af t er t he successf ul inst allat ion of Ent erpri se Manager Console, validat e t he inst allat ion by
navigat ing t o t he logon page t ypically ht t p: / / < host name> : 1158/ em/ .

Par t 3 Or acl e Dat abase Back up and
Recov er y

Back up Gui del i nes
Causes of Unpl anned Dow n Ti me
Soft ware Failures
o Operat ing syst em
o Dat abase
o Middleware
o Applicat ion
o Net work
Hardware Failures
o CPU
o Memory
o Power supply
o Bus
o Disk
o Tape
o Cont rollers
o Net work
o Power
Human Errors
o Operat or error
o User error
o DBA
o Syst em admin.
o Sabot age
Disast ers
o Fire
o Flood
o Eart hquake
o Power failure
o Bombing

Causes of Pl anned Dow n Ti me
Rout ine Operat ions
o Backups
o Performance mgmt
o Securit y mgmt
o Bat ches
Periodic Maint enance
o St orage maint enance
o I nit ializat ion paramet ers

o Soft ware pat ches
o Schema management
o Operat ing syst em
o Middleware
o Net work
New deployment s
o HW upgrade
o OS upgrades
o DB upgrades
o MidW upgrades
o App upgrades
o Net upgrades
Or acl e s Sol ut i on t o Dow n Ti me
Fai l ur e Cat egor y Fai l ur e Sub- Cat egor y Sol ut i ons
Unplanned Down
Time
Syst em Failures RAC Dat a Guard St reams
Fast - st art Fault Recovery
RAC Dat a Guard St reams
Dat a Failures RMAN backup/ recovery
ASM
Flashback
Hardware Assist ed Resilient Dat a ( HARD)
Dat a Guard and St reams
Planned Down
Time
Syst em Changes Rolling upgrades
Dynamic provisioning
Dat a Changes Online redefinit ion
Mi ni mi zi ng Unpl anned Dow nt i me Gui del i nes
Use RAI D dat a st orage wit h mirroring ( 1+ 0 is a good choice) .
Maint ain offsit e st orage of your backups wit h a reliable vendor. Make is part of your
recovery t est ing program.
Normally, for a product ion dat abase, operat ing in Archivelog mode is a must .
Mult iplex t he cont rol files on separat e disk drives managed by different disk cont rollers.
Oracle st rongly recommends t hat you mult iplex t he redo log file.
Aft er every maj or st ruct ural change, back up t he cont rol file. You can t ake backup of t he
cont rol file every hour.
I f you backup t o a t ape, backup t o t wo copies. The media might be defect ive.
Make auxiliary files part of your backup: ( SPFI LE) or t he init . ora, sqlnet . ora,
t nsnames. ora, password and wallet files.
Log your backup operat ions.
Make every applicat ion has it s own t ablespace.
Use Dat a Pump ut ilit y for supplement al prot ect ion.
Make a plan t o make sure t hat t he backups are act ually readable and valid.

Make dat abase recovery t est ing plan.
Always keep a redundancy set online ( use flash recovery area for t his purpose) so you can
recover fast er. A redundancy set has:
o Last backup of all dat afiles
o Last backup of t he cont rol file
o Mult iplexed copies of t he current redo log files
o Copies of t he current cont rol file
o The archived redo logs since t he last backup
o Auxilary files: SPFI LE or t he init . ora, list ener. ora, and t nsnames. ora, pwsd

SLA Sampl e
St andard Processing Services. The Provider shall furnish and allow access t o t he processing
environment s
list ed below:
a. Mid-t ier processing.
( 1) Applicat ions t o be processed:
Financial I nformat ion Syst ems ( FI S) t o include:
LI ST OF FI S APPLI CATI ONS
Ot her Depart ment al Applicat ions
( 2) Hours of Availabilit y.
I nt eract ive: Monday- Friday* 07: 00- 17: 00*
Sat urday, Sunday and Holidays Not Applicable
* Applicat ion will be a web- based 24 7 365 syst em WI TH t he except ion of t he
scheduled
maint enance periods ( see below)
Bat ch: Not applicable
Maint enance: Mont hly, Fourt h Weekend of Every Mont h
( 3) St andard Processing/ Service Requirement s.
All of t he syst ems/ applicat ions list ed in paragraph ( 1) above are required t o be
operat ional 98% of t he t ot al t ime list ed in paragraph ( 2) above. The I nformat ion Syst ems
Depart ment will provide a met hod for t he Depart ment of Finance t o monit or operat ional
percent ages.
( 4) Processing of dat a will be limit ed t o t he funct ionalit y/ processing t hat was being conduct ed
at t he t ime of handing over t he operat ions t o t he I nformat ion Services Depart ment .
List Dat abase failure possible reasons or scenarios and t he t ime required t o recover for each
reason.
Pl anni ng a Back up St r at egy Gui del i nes
I f possible, have your required backup files on disks (fast er t han t apes) .
Aut omat ically delet e obsolet e backups.
I f DML load makes it feasible, use increment al backups.

Ex ampl es of Back up Schedul es f or a Dat abase
/* Example 1 */
# you'll have: image copy of the database (L0),
# incremental backup L1
# Archived redo logs between current time and L0
RUN {
# apply L1 to the specified datafile images
RECOVER COPY OF DATABASE WITH TAG 'incr_update';
# create L0 datafile images (first time) then L1
BACKUP INCREMENTAL LEVEL 1 FOR RECOVER OF COPY WITH TAG 'incr_update'
DATABASE;
}

/* Example 2 */
# you'll have image copy of db L0, 3 L1s,
# archived log between current time and L0
# assumption: Size the flash recovery area so it holds three days worth of
incremental backups.
RUN
{
RECOVER COPY OF DATABASE TAG "whole_db_copy" UNTIL TIME 'SYSDATE-3';
BACKUP INCREMENTAL LEVEL 1
FOR RECOVER OF COPY WITH TAG "whole_db_copy" DATABASE;
}

User - Managed Back ups
Obt ai ni ng Dat abase Fi l e I nf or mat i on
SELECT name, status FROM v$datafile;

SELECT t.name tablespace, f.name datafile
FROM v$tablespace t, v$datafile f
WHERE t.ts# = f.ts#
ORDER BY t.name;

SELECT name FROM v$controlfile;

select member from V$LOGFILE
Mak i ng Whol e Cl osed Dat abase Back ups
# 1) shutdown the db
# 2) copy all db physical files: datafiles, control files, redo log files,
parameter file, password file, wallet file (if there's a one).
Ensure that the complete pathnames of the files are noted

#!/bin/ksh
ORACLE_SID=$1
export ORACLE_SID
export ORAENV_ASK=NO
BACKUP_DIR=/u02/app/oracle
. oraenv
sqlplus -s system/mypsswrd << EOF
SET HEAD OFF FEED OFF ECHO OFF TRIMSPOOL ON LINESIZE 200
SPOOL /u01/app/oracle/dba/cold_backup.ksh
SELECT 'cp ' ||file_name|| ' ${BACKUP_DIR}' from sys.dba_data_files;
SELECT 'cp ' ||name || ' ${BACKUP_DIR}' from V$controlfile;
SELECT 'cp ' ||member|| ' ${BACKUP_DIR}' from V$logfile;
SPOOL OFF;
EXIT;
EOF

# 3) open the db
Mak i ng a Whol e Open Back up
#!/bin/ksh
ORACLE_SID=$1
export ORACLE_SID
export ORACLE_ASK=NO
BACKUP_DIR=/u01/app/oracle/backup
export BACKUP_DIR
sqlplus -s "sys/sys_password as sysdba" << EOF
set linesize 200
set head off
set feed off
SPOOL /u01/app/oracle/dba/hot_backup.ksh
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line ('alter database begin backup;');
for f1 in (select file_name fn from sys.dba_data_files)

loop
dbms_output.put_line( 'host cp '||f1.fn|| ' $BACKUP_DIR');
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line ('alter database end backup;');
dbms_output.put_line('alter database backup controlfile to '|| '
$BACKUP_DIR/control'|| ';');
dbms_output.put_line('alter system switch logfile;');
END;
/
SPOOL OFF;
EXIT
EOF
Mak i ng Tabl espace Back ups
# offline
ALTER TABLESPACE users OFFLINE;
copy datafiles
ALTER TABLESPACE users ONLINE;

# online
ALTER TABLESPACE sysaux BEGIN BACKUP;
copy datafiles
ALTER TABLESPACE sysaux END BACKUP;
Obt ai ni ng Backup St at us I nf or mat i on
SELECT * FROM v$backup;
Check i ng Dat af i l es Tak en as Back up
The ut ilit y checks only for logical corrupt ion below t he HWM.
Handl i ng Cr ash Bef or e User - Manged Backup Ends
#1) make sure that one or more datafiles left in online backup mode:

#2)
ALTER DATABASE END BACKUP;

#3)

#4)

Back i ng up Cont r ol Fi l e
# create a text trace file:
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO TRACE

# binary copy of the control file
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE to 'c:\temp\controlfile.ctl'
Back i ng Up I ni t i al i zat i on Fi l es
# create pfile
CREATE SPFILE='/u01/oracle/dbs/test_spfile.ora' FROM
PFILE='/u01/oracle/dbs/test_init.ora'

# In Oracle 11g, write current values of instance parameters
CREATE PFILE FROM MEMORY;
CREATE SPFILE FROM MEMORY;

User - Managed Compl et e Recov er y
User - Managed Recover y i n NOARCHI VELOG Mode
#(1
SHUTDOWN ABORT

#(2
copy datafiles, control files and redo log files from backup location into the
original destinations

#(3
STARTUP
User - Managed Recover y i n NOARCHI VELOG Mode Wi t hout Redo Log Fi l e
#(1
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE

#(2
Restore the most recent whole database backup with operating system commands.

#(3 mimic incomplete recovery:
SQL>RECOVER DATABASE UNTIL CANCEL USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE;
SQL>CANCEL

#4)
SQL> ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS;
User - Managed Compl et e Recover y i n ARCHI VELOG Mode
I f t he lost file is t he SYSTEM, UNDO or SYSAUX, t he dat abse will be most ly closed.
# Checking steps:
#Identifying datafiles that need recovery
SELECT * FROM v$recover_file;
SELECT file_id f#, file_name,
tablespace_name tablespace, status
FROM dba_data_files;
# Locating Archived Log Files to Apply
SELECT * FROM v$recovery_log;

#1) if the database is closed, open mount
STARTUP MOUNT

#2) make sure the datafile is offline
select file#, name , status from v$datafile;
ALTER DATABASE datafile '/disk2/data/df2.dbf' offline;

#3) restore the damaged or lost datafile using os commands
if it should be resotred in a new location:

ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE '/ORADATA/u03/users01.dbf'
TO '/ORADATA/u04/users01.dbf';

#4) if archive redo log file are stored in location different from
log_archive_dest_n:
#4.1) Specifying the location and name at the recover prompt:
Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}
#4.2)Using the ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE command:
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG START TO <new location>;
#4.3)Using the RECOVER FROM <LOCATION> command:
SQL> RECOVER FROM '<new location>' DATABASE
#4.4)
SQL>SET LOGSOURCE /new_directory
#4.5)
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER FROM '/new_directory';

#5) recover the datafile(s)
RECOVER [AUTOMATIC] DATABASE
RECOVER [AUTOMATIC] TABLESPACE <NUMBER> | <NAME>
RECOVER [AUTOMATIC] DATAFILE <'filename'> | <NAME>

#6) if db is open, take the datafile online:
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/disk2/data/df2.dbf' ONLINE;
ALTER TABLESPACE user_data ONLINE;

#7) if required:
Re- Cr eat i ng Lost Dat af i l es Wi t hout Back up
# if the database open:
ALTER TABLESPACE table_data OFFLINE IMMEDIATE;
# if the database is closed, open mount
STARTUP MOUNT
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE 4 OFFLINE;

# re-create the datafile with the same name:
ALTER DATABASE CREATE DATAFILE '/ORADATA/u03/users01.dbf';
#or
#re-create the datafile but with a new filename or location:
ALTER DATABASE CREATE DATAFILE '/ORADATA/u03/users01.dbf' AS
'/ORADATA/u04/users01.dbf';

RECOVER TABLESPACE table_data;
RECOVER DATAFILE '/ORADATA/u03/users01.dbf ';

ALTER TABLESPACE table_data ONLINE;
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/ORADATA/u03/users01.dbf' ONLINE;

User - Managed I ncompl et e Recov er y
Common Si t uat i ons Requi r i ng I ncompl et e Recover y
Missing archive
Loss of redo logs
User error
Loss of cont rol files: but you have a backup of an old binary copy
User - Managed I ncompl et e Recover y St eps
You must have t he following t o recover:
A valid offline or online backup cont aining all dat afiles.
All archived redo logs, from t he rest ored backup t o before t he t ime of failure.
1. Perform a full closed backup of the existing database.

2. Restore all datafiles. You may need to restore archived logs.
If archive log changed to different destination:
SET LOGSOURCE <LOCATION>
STARTUP MOUNT

3. Place the database in mount mode and insure that the datafiles are online.
SELECT file_id f#, file_name,
tablespace_name tablespace, status
FROM dba_data_files;

4. Recover the database.
RECOVER [AUTOMATIC] DATABASE until ..
until time 'YYYY-MM-DD:HH:MI:SS'
until cancel
until scn <integer>
using backup control file

recover database until time '2002-03-09:11:44:00'

5. Open the database by using the RESETLOGS option and verify the recovery.
alter database open resetlogs;

Note: If log files need to be re-created on another disk due to media failure,
use the ALTER DATABASE DROP LOG GROUP and ALTER DATABASE ADD LOG GROUP
commands to create the log files manually.

6. Perform a whole closed backup of the database.
Recover i ng f r om Lost Cont r ol Fi l e by Re- Cr eat i ng t he Cont r ol Fi l e
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO TRACE;
the command generates file in
<ORACLE_ADR>\rdbms\<GSID>\<SID>\trace\<SID>_ora_nnn.trc
The exact file name will also be found in
<ORACLE_ADR>\rdbms\<GSID>\<SID>\trace\alert_<SID>.log


-- The following are current System-scope REDO Log Archival related
-- parameters and can be included in the database initialization file.
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST=''
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLEX_DEST=''
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=ARC%S_%R.%T
--
-- DB_UNIQUE_NAME="ora11g"
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='SEND, RECEIVE, NODG_CONFIG'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES=4
-- STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=MANUAL
-- STANDBY_ARCHIVE_DEST=%ORACLE_HOME%\RDBMS
-- FAL_CLIENT=''
-- FAL_SERVER=''
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='LOCATION=USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='OPTIONAL REOPEN=300 NODELAY'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='ARCH NOAFFIRM NOEXPEDITE NOVERIFY SYNC'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='REGISTER NOALTERNATE NODEPENDENCY'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='NOMAX_FAILURE NOQUOTA_SIZE NOQUOTA_USED
NODB_UNIQUE_NAME'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='VALID_FOR=(PRIMARY_ROLE,ONLINE_LOGFILES)'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_10=ENABLE
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='LOCATION=C:\oracle\oracledb11g\RDBMS'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='MANDATORY NOREOPEN NODELAY'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='ARCH NOAFFIRM EXPEDITE NOVERIFY SYNC'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='NOREGISTER NOALTERNATE NODEPENDENCY'
NODB_UNIQUE_NAME'
--
-- Below are two sets of SQL statements, each of which creates a new
-- control file and uses it to open the database. The first set opens
-- the database with the NORESETLOGS option and should be used only if
-- the current versions of all online logs are available. The second
-- set opens the database with the RESETLOGS option and should be used
-- if online logs are unavailable.
-- The appropriate set of statements can be copied from the trace into
-- a script file, edited as necessary, and executed when there is a
-- need to re-create the control file.
--
-- Set #1. NORESETLOGS case
--
-- The following commands will create a new control file and use it
-- to open the database.
-- Data used by Recovery Manager will be lost.
-- Additional logs may be required for media recovery of offline
-- Use this only if the current versions of all online logs are
-- available.
-- After mounting the created controlfile, the following SQL
-- statement will place the database in the appropriate
-- protection mode:
-- ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE

STARTUP NOMOUNT
CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "ORA11G" NORESETLOGS NOARCHIVELOG
MAXLOGFILES 16
MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
MAXDATAFILES 100
MAXINSTANCES 8
MAXLOGHISTORY 292
LOGFILE
GROUP 1 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\REDO01.LOG' SIZE 50M,
GROUP 3 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\REDO03.LOG' SIZE 50M
-- STANDBY LOGFILE
DATAFILE
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\SYSTEM01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\SYSAUX01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\UNDOTBS01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\USERS01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\FDA_TBS.DBF'
CHARACTER SET AR8MSWIN1256
;
-- Commands to re-create incarnation table
-- Below log names MUST be changed to existing filenames on
-- disk. Any one log file from each branch can be used to
-- re-create incarnation records.
-- ALTER DATABASE REGISTER LOGFILE
'C:\ORACLE\FLASH_RECOVERY_AREA\ORA11G\ARCHIVELOG\2010_03_19\O1_MF_1_1_%U_.ARC'
;
-- Recovery is required if any of the datafiles are restored backups,
-- or if the last shutdown was not normal or immediate.
RECOVER DATABASE
-- Database can now be opened normally.
-- Commands to add tempfiles to temporary tablespaces.
-- Online tempfiles have complete space information.
-- Other tempfiles may require adjustment.
ALTER TABLESPACE TEMP ADD TEMPFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\TEMP01.DBF'
SIZE 20971520 REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 655360 MAXSIZE 32767M;
-- End of tempfile additions.
--
-- Set #2. RESETLOGS case
--
-- The following commands will create a new control file and use it
-- to open the database.
-- Data used by Recovery Manager will be lost.
-- The contents of online logs will be lost and all backups will
-- be invalidated. Use this only if online logs are damaged.
-- After mounting the created controlfile, the following SQL
-- statement will place the database in the appropriate
-- protection mode:
-- ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE
STARTUP NOMOUNT
CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "ORA11G" RESETLOGS NOARCHIVELOG
MAXLOGFILES 16
MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
MAXDATAFILES 100
MAXINSTANCES 8
MAXLOGHISTORY 292

LOGFILE
GROUP 3 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\REDO03.LOG' SIZE 50M
-- STANDBY LOGFILE
DATAFILE
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\SYSTEM01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\SYSAUX01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\UNDOTBS01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\USERS01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\FDA_TBS.DBF'
;
-- Commands to re-create incarnation table
-- Below log names MUST be changed to existing filenames on
-- disk. Any one log file from each branch can be used to
-- re-create incarnation records.
-- ALTER DATABASE REGISTER LOGFILE
'C:\ORACLE\FLASH_RECOVERY_AREA\ORA11G\ARCHIVELOG\2010_03_19\O1_MF_1_1_%U_.ARC'
;
-- Recovery is required if any of the datafiles are restored backups,
-- or if the last shutdown was not normal or immediate.
RECOVER DATABASE USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE
-- Database can now be opened zeroing the online logs.
-- Commands to add tempfiles to temporary tablespaces.
-- Online tempfiles have complete space information.
-- Other tempfiles may require adjustment.
ALTER TABLESPACE TEMP ADD TEMPFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\TEMP01.DBF'
SIZE 20971520 REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 655360 MAXSIZE 32767M;
-- End of tempfile additions.
--

Fl ash Recov er y Ar ea
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on on Fl ash Recover y Ar ea
-- FRA Configuration
show parameter DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE
show parameter DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
-- related parameters
show parameter DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST
show parameter LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1
show parameter LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2

-- space usage
select NAME, round(SPACE_LIMIT/1024/1024/1024,4) SPACE_LIMIT_GB,
round(SPACE_USED/1024/1024/1024,4) SPACE_USED_GB,
round(SPACE_RECLAIMABLE/1024/1024/1024,4) SPACE_RECLAIMABLE_GB,
NUMBER_OF_FILES
from V$RECOVERY_FILE_DEST;

select FILE_TYPE, PERCENT_SPACE_USED, PERCENT_SPACE_RECLAIMABLE,
NUMBER_OF_FILES
from V$FLASH_RECOVERY_AREA_USAGE
order by PERCENT_SPACE_USED desc
Conf i gur i ng Fl ash Recover y Ar ea
I f configured, LOG_ARCHI VE_DEST and LOG_ARCHI VE_DUPLEX_DEST paramet ers cannot
be used.
-- configuring FRA
ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE = 4G SCOPE=BOTH;
ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST = 'C:\ORACLE\RECOVERY_AREA' SCOPE=BOTH
ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST = '+dskgrp1'

-- related parameters
DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST = /u02/test/oradata/dbfiles/
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1 = 'LOCATION=/u03/test/arc_dest1'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2 = 'LOCATION=USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST'

-- disable FRA
ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST = ''

-- 85% warning and 79% critical threshold are by default configured
Back i ng Up t he Fl ash Recover y Ar ea
I n order t o back up t he flash recovery area it self using RMAN, you must set CONFI GURE
BACKUP OPTI MI ZATI ON t o ON.
Neit her of t he t wo commands, BACKUP RECOVERY AREA nor BACKUP RECOVERY FI LES,
will back up any permanent files or t he flashback logs in t he flash recovery area
You can back up t he flash recovery area only t o a t ape device using t he following backup
commands:
BACKUP RECOVERY AREA

o This command backs up all flash recovery files in t he current or previous flash recovery
area dest inat ions.
o I t backs up only t hose files t hat have never been backed up t o t ape before.
o The files t hat t he command will back up include full backups, increment al backups, cont rol
file aut obackups, archive logs, and dat afile copies.
BACKUP RECOVERY FILES
This command backs up all t he files t hat t he BACKUP RECOVERY AREA command does, but
from all areas on your file syst em, not j ust from t he flash recovery area.
BACKUP RECOVERY FILE DESTINATION
Use t his command t o move disk backups creat ed in t he flash recovery area t o t ape.
Movi ng t he Fl ash Recover y Ar ea
ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST='/u01/app/oracle/new_area' SCOPE=BOTH
Event ually, Oracle will delet e all t he t ransient files from t he previous flash recovery area
locat ion, when each of t hem becomes eligible for delet ion. However, if you want t o move
your current permanent files, t ransient files, or flashback logs t o t he new flash recovery
area, you can do so by using t he st andard file- moving procedures.
I f t he dat abase flashback logs are enabled and you moved t he flash recovery area, t he
flashback opt ion should be swit ched off and on.

Recov er y Manager ( RMAN)
Usi ng A Medi a Management Layer ( MML) w i t h RMAN
Oracle maint ains t he Oracle Backup Solut ions Program ( BSP). The part ners are list ed in
ht t p: / / ot n.oracle.com/ deploy/ availabilit y/ ht docs/ bsp.ht m# MMV
Some of t he import ant one are Legat o Syst ems ( Net Worker) and VERI TAS ( Net Backup) .
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on about and r el at ed t o RMAN usi ng Di ct i onar y Vi ew s
/* archives log files */
-- created, backed up, and cleared in the database
select
RECID,
NAME,
DEST_ID,
THREAD#,
SEQUENCE#,
RESETLOGS_CHANGE#,
RESETLOGS_TIME,
RESETLOGS_ID,
FIRST_CHANGE#,
FIRST_TIME,
NEXT_CHANGE#,
NEXT_TIME,
round(BLOCKS * BLOCK_SIZE/1024/1024,2) MB ,
CREATOR,
ARCHIVED,
DELETED,
STATUS,
COMPLETION_TIME,
END_OF_REDO,
BACKUP_COUNT,
ARCHIVAL_THREAD#,
COMPRESSED,
FAL,
BACKED_BY_VSS
from V$ARCHIVED_LOG ;

/* Backup Sets */
select
RECID,
STAMP,
SET_STAMP,
SET_COUNT,
BACKUP_TYPE,
CONTROLFILE_INCLUDED,
INCREMENTAL_LEVEL,
PIECES,
START_TIME,
COMPLETION_TIME,
ELAPSED_SECONDS,

BLOCK_SIZE,
INPUT_FILE_SCAN_ONLY,
KEEP,
KEEP_UNTIL,
KEEP_OPTIONS,
MULTI_SECTION
from V$BACKUP_SET
order by RECID;

/* Backup Pieces*/
SELECT RECID,
STAMP,
SET_STAMP, -- link to V$BACKUP_SET
SET_COUNT,
PIECE#,
COPY#,
DEVICE_TYPE,
HANDLE,
COMMENTS,
MEDIA,
MEDIA_POOL,
CONCUR,
TAG,
STATUS,
START_TIME,
COMPLETION_TIME,
ELAPSED_SECONDS,
DELETED,
BYTES,
RMAN_STATUS_RECID,
RMAN_STATUS_STAMP,
COMPRESSED,
BACKED_BY_VSS,
ENCRYPTED,
BACKED_BY_OSB,
FROM V$BACKUP_PIECE
ORDER BY SET_STAMP;

/* Files in Backup Sets */
-- control files and datafiles in backup sets from the control file
select
RECID,
STAMP,
SET_STAMP,
SET_COUNT BACKUPSET_COUNT,
B.FILE#,
d.NAME DATAFILE_NAME,
B.CREATION_CHANGE#,
B.CREATION_TIME,
RESETLOGS_CHANGE#,
RESETLOGS_TIME,
INCREMENTAL_LEVEL,
INCREMENTAL_CHANGE#,
B.CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#,

B.CHECKPOINT_TIME,
ABSOLUTE_FUZZY_CHANGE#,
MARKED_CORRUPT,
MEDIA_CORRUPT,
LOGICALLY_CORRUPT,
DATAFILE_BLOCKS,
B.BLOCKS,
B.BLOCK_SIZE,
OLDEST_OFFLINE_RANGE,
COMPLETION_TIME,
CONTROLFILE_TYPE,
USED_CHANGE_TRACKING,
BLOCKS_READ,
USED_OPTIMIZATION,
B.FOREIGN_DBID,
B.PLUGGED_READONLY,
B.PLUGIN_CHANGE#,
B.PLUGIN_RESETLOGS_CHANGE#,
B.PLUGIN_RESETLOGS_TIME,
SECTION_SIZE,
UNDO_OPTIMIZED
from V$BACKUP_DATAFILE b, V$DATAFILE d
where B.FILE# (+)= D.FILE#
ORDER BY b.CREATION_TIME DESC;

/* Archive Log files in the Backup Sets */
SELECT
RECID,
STAMP,
SET_STAMP,
SET_COUNT,
THREAD#,
SEQUENCE#,
RESETLOGS_CHANGE#,
RESETLOGS_TIME,
FIRST_CHANGE#,
FIRST_TIME,
NEXT_CHANGE#,
NEXT_TIME,
round(BLOCKS * BLOCK_SIZE/1024/1024,2) MB ,
TERMINAL
FROM V$BACKUP_REDOLOG
ORDER BY RECID DESC;

/* Corruption */
-- blocks have been found corrupt during a backup of a backup set
select * from V$BACKUP_CORRUPTION;

-- database blocks that were corrupted after the last backup
select * from V$DATABASE_BLOCK_CORRUPTION
St ar t i ng RMAN
export ORACLE_SID=mydb
rman target /

rman target sys/psw cmdfile D:\..\dblevel0.ora log D:\..\dblevel0.log append
rman target / @myrmanscript.ora
rman target orcl catalog rman/rman@nick

# log parameter doesnt display output to you. To work around:
rman | tee /u01/app/oracle/rman.log

# using dynamic script: passing parameters to command file
# command file may contain:
BACKUP DATABASE TAG &1
FORMAT '/u02/oracle/bck/&2%U.bck'
# the script running rman may contain:
export format=$2
export mytag=$3
rman @'/u01/app/oracle/scripts/my_backup.cmd' USING $format $mytag
# you may run the script as:
myscript.sh db01012010 HR01012010
Usi ng r l w r ap Ut i l i t y w i t h RMAN i n Uni x - Based Syst ems
/* Install */
# Option 1: for rpm version:
# can be downloaded from:
# http://rpm.pbone.net
# http://ivan.kartik.sk
rpm -ivh rlwrap*.rpm

# Option 2: for tar version
# download rlwrap-0.30.tar.gz (search the net or from
http://www.ahmedbaraka.com/download/oracle/rlwrap-0.30.tar.gz )
# unzip the file and install
su -
gunzip rlwrap-0.30.tar.gz
tar -xvf rlwrap-0.30.tar
cd rlwrap-0.30
./configure
make
make install

#
echo "alias rman2='rlwrap rman'" >> /home/oracle/.bashrc
Conf i gur i ng t he RMAN Envi r onment
/* Handling Configuration in General */
# To list current configuration
SHOW ALL
# To set value for a configuration setting
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/?/%U';
CONFIGURE CONTROL FILE AUTOBAKCUP ON
# To reset the setting value
CONFIGURE CONTROL FILE AUTOBAKCUP CLEAR


/* Backup Retention Policy */
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 2;
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 14 DAYS;

/* Default Device Type */
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO sbt;

/* Encryption */
-- Transparent or Dual mode
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE ON

/* Compression */
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK BACKUP TYPE TO COMPRESSED BACKUPSET

/* Defining Parallelism */
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 4;

/* Configuring Default Channels */
-- number of channels to use depends on DISK PARALLELISM
CONFIGURE CHANNEL 1 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT
'/u01/oracle/oradata/backup/%U';
CONFIGURE CHANNEL 2 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT
'/u02/oracle/oradata/backup/%U';

/* Backup Optimization */
-- datafile of a version identical to its backup won't be backuped up
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION ON;

/* Control File Auto-Backup */
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
-- Control File Backup Location and Format
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO
'/u01/oracle/oradta/backup/cf_%F';

/* Archivelog Deletion Policy */
-- all destinations are affected including flash recovery area
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO BACKED UP 2 TIMES TO SBT;
RMAN Channel Commands
# Manual Channel Allocation
RUN {
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c1 TYPE disk
FORMAT = '/db01/BACKUP/usr0520.bak';
BACKUP DATAFILE '/db01/ORADATA/users01.dbf';}

# Automatic Channel Allocation
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TO DISK | SBT ;

CONFIGUE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM n ;

# Automatic Channel Options
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT = '/BACKUP/RMAN/%U' ;
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK MAXPIECESIZE 2G ;
Dur at i on i n days of RMAN i nf or mat i on i n Cont r ol Fi l e
--in days
select value from v$parameter where
upper(name)='CONTROL_FILE_RECORD_KEEP_TIME';

alter system set CONTROL_FILE_RECORD_KEEP_TIME=30 ;
Moni t or i ng RMAN Jobs
SELECT operation, status from V$RMAN_STATUS;

# to view message generated by the RMAN operation
select * from V$RMAN_OUTPUT;
Usi ng RMAN BACKUP Command
BACKUP command opt ions
FULL
I NCREMENTAL LEVEL n
I NCLUDE CURRENT CONTROLFI LE
FI LESPERSET n # maximum number of input files in each backup set
SKI P OFFLI NE | READONLY | I NACCESSI BLE
MAXSETSI ZE n K| M| G
DELETE I NPUT # applicable on archived logs, dat afile copies or backup set s.
FORMAT :
%c copy number
%p backup piece number
%s backup set number
%d dat abase name
%n dat abase name padded wit h 8 charact ers
%t backup set t ime st amp
%u compressed version of %s and %t
%U ( default ) equivalent t %u_%p_%c
/* Backup Piece Size */
ALLOCATE CHANNEL MAXPIECESIZE = integer
CONFIGURE CHANNEL MAXPIECESIZE = integer

/* Backup examples */
-- make a whole database backup
BACKUP DATABASE FORMAT '/tmp/%U' TAG='weekly_bak'
SQL 'ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG CURRENT';


-- Backing Up Tablespaces
BACKUP TABLESPACE system, users, tools;

-- Backing up Datafiles and Datafile Copies
BACKUP DATAFILE 1,2,3,4, DATAFILECOPY '/tmp/system01.dbf'

-- Backing Up Backup Sets (from disk to tape or from disk tdisk)
BACKUP DEVICE TYPE sbt BACKUPSET ALL;
Back i ng Up Cont r ol Fi l e and SPFi l e
/* Control File Autobackup */
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP enable ;

/* Control File Backup Format */
SET CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE disk TO 'controlfile_%F';
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT '..' ;

/* Backing Up the Control File Manually */
BACKUP CURRENT CONTROLFILE TAG='mondaypmbackup' ;

/* Including the Control File in a Backup Set */
BACKUP TABLESPACE users INCLUDE CURRENT CONTROLFILE;

/* Backing Up the Server Parameter File */
-- Automatically backed up when CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE
AUTOBACKUP = ON
-- Explicitly
BACKUP SPFILE
Back i ng Up Ar chi ved RedLogs
/* Using BACKUP ARCHIVELOG command */
BACKUP ARCHIVELOG ALL ;
BACKUP ARCHIVELOG NOT BACKED UP 2 TIMES;

-- To delete backed up copy of the archived log file
BACKUP ARCHIVELOG ALL DELETE INPUT ;

-- To delete logs from all enabled archiving destinations.
BACKUP ARCHIVELOG ALL DELETE ALL INPUT ;

-- To specify a range of archived redlogs by time
BACKUP ARCHIVELOG UNTIL TIME 'SYSDATE-7';
BACKUP ARCHIVELOG FROM TIME 'SYSDATE-30' UNTIL TIME 'SYSDATE-7';

-- To specify a range of archived redlogs by SCN
BACKUP ARCHIVELOG UNTIL SCN = 320 ;
BACKUP ARCHIVELOG SCN BETWEEN 205 AND 320 ;

-- To specify a range of archived redlogs by log sequence number
BACKUP ARCHIVELOG UNTIL SEQUENCE = 501
BACKUP ARCHIVELOG FROM SEQUENCE integer


/* Using BACKUP ... PLUS ARCHIVELOG: */
BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG;
Back up i n NOARCHI VELOG Mode
1. Shut down cleanly
2. Mount the database.
3. Allocate multiple channels, if not using automatic.
4. Run the BACKUP command.
Encr ypt i ng RMAN Backups
Three possible encrypt ion modes for your backups:
o Transparent mode: I t requires Oracle Wallet . I t is t he default encrypt ion mode.
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE ON
o Password mode: I t requires you t o provide a password. I t is best suit ed for backups
rest ored at remot e locat ions.
SET ENCRYPTION ON IDENTIFIED BY password ONLY
o Dual mode: I t can use eit her Oracle Wallet s or passwords.
Aft er making sure t he wallet is open:
SET ENCRYPTION ON IDENTIFIED BY password
I f t here is no wallet or t he wallet is closed:
SET DECRYPTION IDENTIFIED BY password1 {, password2,, passwordn}
Usi ng Compr essi on i n RMAN Back ups
Only Backupset s can be compressed:
RMAN> CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK BACKUP TYPE TO COMPRESSED BACKUPSET
RMAN> BACKUP AS COMPRESSED BACKUPSET DATABASE
Usi ng Mul t i pl ex ed Back up Set s
RMAN can read from t wo dat afiles simult aneously, and t hen combine t he blocks from t hese
dat afiles int o a single backup piece.
Mult iplexing can be cont rolled by t he following:
o The FI LESPERSET paramet er on t he BACKUP command
o The MAXOPENFI LES paramet er of t he ALLOCATE CHANNEL and CONFI GURE CHANNEL
commands ( default is 8)
Usi ng Par al l el i zat i on of Back up Set s
Parallelizat ion of backup set s is achieved by:
o Configuring PARALLELI SM t great er t han 1
o allocat ing mult iple channels
o Specifying many files in t he BACKUP command
BACKUP
(DATAFILE 1,2,3

FILESPERSET = 1
CHANNEL ORA_DISK_1)
(DATAFILECOPY '/tmp/system01.dbf',
'/tmp/tools01.dbf'
FILESPERSET = 2
CHANNEL ORA_DISK_2);

RUN
{
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c1 DEVICE TYPE sbt PARMS="ENV=
(BACKUP_SERVER=tape_server1)";
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c2 DEVICE TYPE sbt PARMS="ENV=
(BACKUP_SERVER=tape_server2)";
BACKUP
(DATAFILE 1,2,3 CHANNEL c1)
(DATAFILECOPY '/tmp/system01.dbf',
'/tmp/tools01.dbf' FILESPERSET = 2 CHANNEL c2)
}
Usi ng Dupl ex ed Back up Set s ( Back upset Copi es)
CONFI GURE . . . BACKUP COPI ES opt ion ( maximum 4)
SET BACKUP COPI ES in a RUN block.
The COPI ES opt ion in t he BACKUP command.
-- BACKUP COPIES
BACKUP DEVICE TYPE DISK COPIES 2 DATAFILE 1 FORMAT '/disk1/df1_%U',
'/disk2/df1_%U';
BACKUP COPIES 2 DATAFILE 1, DATAFILE 2 FORMAT '/BACKUP1/%U','/BACKUP2/%U';
BACKUP COPIES 3 INCREMENTAL LEVEL = 0 DATABASE;

-- CONFIGURE BACKUP COPIES
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/save1/%U', '/save2/%U';
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE sbt T2;
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE sbt T2;
Mak i ng I mage Copi es
BACKUP AS COPY. .
BACKUP AS COPY DATABASE;
BACKUP AS COPY TABLESPACE SYSAUX;
BACKUP AS COPY DATAFILE 2;

BACKUP AS COPY COPY OF DATABASE;

BACKUP AS BACKUPSET COPY OF TABLESPACE SYSAUX;

BACKUP AS COPY COPY OF DATAFILE 2;

-- to check
list backupset of tablespace tbs1;
I n 9i, (DEPRICATED IN 10G )
COPY DATAFILE { 'filename'| integer }

| DATAFILECOPY {'filename' |TAG='tag_name'}
| ARCHIVELOG 'filename'
| CURRENT CONTROLFILE
| CONTROLFILECOPY {'filename'|TAG='tag_name'}
TO AUXNAME | 'filename'
COPY DATAFILE '/ORADATA/users_01_db01.dbf' to '/BACKUP/users01.dbf' tag=DF3 ;
Val i dat i ng Back up
When you run BACKUP VALI DATE, RMAN checks dat afiles for physical and logical block
corrupt ion but it does not act ually produce any backup set s or image copies.
# only database level
BACKUP VALIDATE DATABASE ARCHIVELOG ALL;

# db, tablespace, datafile, block levels
VALIDATE BACKUPSET 1;
I ncr ement al Back up
Level 0 or Level 1.
Different ial: since last 1 or 0, Cumulat ive: since last 0 ( fast er recovery) .
BACKUP INCREMENTAL LEVEL N [CUMULATIVE]
backup of: DATAFILE, DATAFILECOPY, TABLESPACE, or DATABASE.
BACKUP INCREMENTAL LEVEL 0 ...
Tags f or Back ups and I mage Copi es
BACKUP .. TAG='tag_name'
Cr eat i ng Ar chi val Back ups
The BACKUP .. . KEEP command can be used t o creat e a backup t hat is bot h all- inclusive
( every file needed including archived redo logs) and exempt from t he backup ret ent ion
policy.
I n Oracle 11g, some modificat ions made on t he RMAN BACKUP .. . KEEP command. I n t he
new version of t he command, t he KEEP, NOKEEP, FOREVER, and UNTI L TI ME opt ions are
ret ained. However, t he LOGS and NOLOGS opt ions are not t here any longer. I nst ead, you
have a new opt ion, RESTORE POI NT. The RESTORE POI NT opt ion let s RMAN aut omat ically
creat e a normal rest ore point .
Not e: You cant use t he KEEP clause for backup files in t he flash recovery area. Also, you
cannot use t he CHANGE .. . KEEP command for backup files st ored in t he flash recovery area.
RUN
{
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c1 DEVICE TYPE sbt PARMS
'ENV=(OB_MEDIA_FAMILY=archival_backup)';
-- with forever option (recovery catalog is required)
BACKUP DATABASE TAG BAKQ108 KEEP FOREVER RESTORE POINT FY08Q1;

-- backup will be kept for 365 days (long-term)
BACKUP DATABASE TAG BAKQ108 KEEP UNTIL TIME 'SYSDATE+365' RESTORE POINT
FY08Q1;
-- After one day, the backup becomes obsolete,
-- regardless the configured retention policy
BACKUP DATABASE FORMAT '/u01/oraclebck/%U.bck'
TAG TESTDB KEEP UNTIL 'SYSDATE+1' RESTORE POINT TESTDB08;
}
I f you want t o change t he st at us of a regular backup t o an archival backup, use t he CHANGE command
as f ollows:
CHANGE BACKUP TAG 'weekly_bkp' KEEP FOREVER;
-- make it follow back the retention policy
CHANGE BACKUP TAG 'weekly_bkp' NOKEEP;
Moni t or i ng RMAN Backups
To correlate a process with a channel during a backup:
1. I n each session, set t he COMMAND ID t o a dif f erent value
RUN
{
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c1 TYPE sbt;
SET COMMAND ID TO 'sess1';
BACKUP DATABASE;
}
2. Query t he j oined V$SESSION and V$PROCESS views
SELECT SID, SPID, CLIENT_INFO
FROM V$PROCESS p, V$SESSION s
WHERE p.ADDR = s.PADDR
AND s.CLIENT_INFO LIKE '%id=sess%';
The CLIENT_INFO column displays in t he f ollowing f ormat :
id=command_id,rman channel=channel_id
3. Query t he V$SESSION_LONGOPS view t o get t he st at us of t he backup or copy

SELECT s.SID, S.SERIAL#, CLIENT_INFO, round(L.ELAPSED_SECONDS/60,2)
ELAPSED_TIME_MIN ,L.SOFAR, L.TIME_REMAINING/60 TIME_REMAINING_MIN
FROM V$PROCESS p, V$SESSION s, V$SESSION_LONGOPS l
WHERE p.ADDR = s.PADDR and L.SID = s.SID and L.SERIAL# = s.SERIAL#
AND s.CLIENT_INFO LIKE '%rman%'
AND NVL(L.TIME_REMAINING,0)<>0;
RMAN Compl et e Recover y
Val i dat i ng Back up Fi l es
You can use VALIDATE Validat e backup set s before you use t hem from a recovery.
You can run RESTORE . .. VALI DATE t o t est whet her RMAN can rest ore a specific file or set
of files from a backup. RMAN chooses which backups t o use.
LIST COPY;
LIST BACKUP;
LIST BACKUP RECOVERABLE;

VALIDATE BACKUPSET 1;

-- no restore is actually done
-- lack of errors: validation found no problem
RESTORE DATABASE VALIDATE;
RESTORE ARCHIVELOG ALL VALIDATE;
Pr ev i ew i ng Back up Fi l es Requi r ed by a Rest or e
The RESTORE . . . PREVI EW command provides a det ailed report of all backups t hat are
necessary for t hat RESTORE command t o succeed.
RESTORE DATABASE PREVIEW;
RESTORE DATABASE PREVIEW SUMMARY;
RESTORE TABLESPACE users PREVIEW;
RESTORE DATAFILE 3 PREVIEW;
I dent i f y i ng Dat af i l es Requi r i ng Recov er y
SELECT r.FILE# AS df#, d.NAME AS df_name, t.NAME AS tbsp_name,
d.STATUS, r.ERROR, r.CHANGE#, r.TIME
FROM V$RECOVER_FILE r, V$DATAFILE d, V$TABLESPACE t
WHERE t.TS# = d.TS# AND d.FILE# = r.FILE#;
Per f or mi ng Compl et e Recov er y
-- Recover a Database in ARCHIVELOG Mode
STARTUP MOUNT;
RESTORE DATABASE;
RECOVER DATABASE;

-- Restore Datafiles to a New Location
run{
set newname for datafile 1 to '/newdir/system01.dbf';
restore database;
switch datafile all; # record in control file
recover database;}
-- alternatively:
run {
sql "alter tablespace tbs1 offline immediate" ;
set newname for datafile 6 to 'C:\APP\ADMINISTRATOR\ORADATA\ORA11G\tbs1.dbf';
restore tablespace tbs1;
switch datafile 6;
recover tablespace tbs1; }
sql "alter tablespace tbs1 online" ;

-- Recover a Tablespace
run{
sql "alter tablespace users offline immediate";
restore tablespace users;
recover tablespace users;
sql "alter tablespace users online"; }

-- Relocate a Tablespace
RUN{
SQL "alter tablespace users offline immediate";
SET NEWNAME FOR DATAFILE '/ORADATA/u03/users01.dbf'

TO '/ORADATA/u04/users01.dbf';
RESTORE TABLESPACE users;
SWITCH datafile 3; # Update the control file and recovery catalog
RECOVER TABLESPACE users; #Recover the tablespace
SQL "alter tablespace tbs1 online";}
RMAN I ncompl et e Recover y
1. Mount t he dat abase.
2. The f ollowing st eps should be f ollowed:
RUN { # multiple channels for parallelization
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c1 TYPE DISK;
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c2 TYPE DISK; # recover until time, SCN or sequence
SET UNTIL TIME = '2001-12-09:11:44:00'; SET UNTIL TIME "to_date('09-05-2004
00:00:20', 'dd-mm-yyyy hh24:mi:ss')" ; SET UNTIL SEQUENCE 120 THREAD 1;#120 not
included
# ALL datafiles must be restored
RESTORE DATABASE;
RECOVER DATABASE;
ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS; }
3. I f using a recovery cat alog, regist er t he new incarnat ion of t he dat abase using t he command: RESET
DATABASE
4. Perf or m a whole dat abase backup.

Not e: I nsure t hat NLS_LANG and NLS_DATE_FORMAT environment variables are set appropriat ely.
Not e: check t he alert.log f or any errors during recovery.
Not e: I f you need t o rest ore archived redo log f iles t o a new locat ion use t he SE SET ARCHIVELOG
DESTINATION TO <location> command.
Si mpl i f i ed Recover y Thr ough Reset l ogs
Target : t o recovery t hrough current and ancest or dat abase incarnat ions.
You must reset t he current incarnat ion of t he dat abase back t o t he incarnat ion t o which
your t arget SCN belongs.
You must use t he cont rol file from t he older incarnat ion t hat cont ains t he t arget SCN.
Find out the incarnation key for the incarnation that was current at the time
you want to recover your database to.
RMAN>LIST INCARNATION

Start the database in the following way:
RMAN> STARTUP FORCE NOMOUNT;

Reset the current incarnation:
RMAN> RESET DATABASE TO INCARNATION 2;

Restore the old control file from a backup:
RMAN> RESTORE CONTROLFILE FROM AUTOBACKUP;
RMAN> ALTER DATABASE MOUNT;

Restore and recover the database:
RMAN> RESTORE DATABASE;
RMAN> RECOVER DATABASE UNTIL SCN 1000;

Open the database:
RMAN> ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS;
Recover i ng f r om Lost Cont r ol Fi l e usi ng RMAN
If database isn't already shutdown:
RMAN>shutdown abort

RMAN>startup nomount

RMAN>RESTORE CONTROLFILE FROM AUTOBACKUP;

ALTER DATABASE MOUNT;

RECOVER DATABASE;

Bl ock Medi a Recover y ( BMR)
RMANs BLOCKRECOVER command recovers blocks marked as corrupt in t he
V$BACKUP_CORRUPTI ON and V$COPY_CORRUPTI ON views.
BMR helps on t he following goals:
o Fast er recovery t ime.
o I ncreased dat abase availabilit y.
BMR can repair only physically corrupt ed blocks but not t he logically corrupt ed blocks.
-- typical scenario:
ORA_11578: ORACLE data block corrupted (file# 9, block# 21)
ORA=01110: data file 9: /u01/app/oracle/oradata/remorse/users_01.dbf'

-- the command will search flashback logs then backup files
-- specific block
RECOVER DATAFILE 9 BLOCK 21;

-- all blocks in V$DATABASE_BLOCK_CORRUPTION
RECOVER CORRUPTION LIST;
-- to query which blocks recovered:
SELECT * FROM V$DATABASE_BLOCK_CORRUPTION;
Tr i al Recover y
Target : t o est imat e size of corrupt ion in a recovery process.
I t let s you know whet her t here is corrupt ion and, if t here is, t he ext ent of t he corrupt ion.
-- You can use the TEST option for any RECOVER command
RECOVER DATABASE TEST
RECOVER DATABASE USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE UNTIL CANCEL TEST
RECOVER TABLESPACE users TEST
RECOVER DATABASE UNTIL CANCEL TEST

-- You can limit the number of data blocks trial recovery can corrupt in

memory:
RECOVER DATABASE TEST ALLOW 10 CORRUPTION;

SQL> RECOVER DATABASE UNTIL CANCEL TEST;
ORA-10574: Test recovery did not corrupt any data block
ORA-10573: Test recovery tested redo from change 9948095 to 9948095
ORA-10570: Test recovery complete
Handl i ng Speci f i c Er r or s Dur i ng Recover y
ORA-01194 Error:
----------------
-- this error may raise during startup a cloned database
-- resolution: provide the online redo log file to recover

SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
..
Database mounted.
ORA-01589: must use RESETLOGS or NORESETLOGS option for database open
SQL> alter database open noresetlogs;
alter database open noresetlogs
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01588: must use RESETLOGS option for database open
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;
alter database open resetlogs
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01194: file 1 needs more recovery to be consistent
ORA-01110: data file 1: 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\MANAGER\SYSTEM01.DBF'

SQL> RECOVER DATABASE UNTIL CANCEL USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE;
ORA-00279: change 405719 generated at 06/30/2008 15:51:04 needed for thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion : C:\ORACLE\RDBMS\ARC00019.001
ORA-00280: change 405719 for thread 1 is in sequence #19
C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\MANAGER\REDO03.LOG
Log applied.
Media recovery complete.
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;
Database altered.

ORA-01152 Error:
----------------
-- resolution: provide the online redo log file to recover

ORA-00289: suggestion :
/u01/app/oracle/admin/finance/arch/finance/_0000012976.arc
ORA-00278:
logfile'/u01/app/oracle/admin/finance/arch/finance/_0000012975.arc'
no longer needed for this recovery

ORA-01547: warning: RECOVER succeeded but OPEN RESETLOGS would get error below
ORA-01152: file 1 was not restored from a sufficiently old backup
ORA-01110: data file 1: '/pase16/oradata/finance/system_01.dbf'ORA-01112:
media recovery not started
/pase04/oradata/finance/redo01a.rdo
ORA-00279: change 962746677 generated at 07/30/2008 04:33:52 needed for thread
1
ORA-00289: suggestion :
/u01/app/oracle/admin/finance/arch/finance/_0000012978.arc
ORA-00278: log file '/pase04/oradata/finance/redo01a.rdo'
no longer needed for this recovery
/pase04/oradata/finance/redo02a.rdo
Log applied.
Media recovery complete.

ORA-00376 Error:
----------------
reason: might be datafile or tablespace being offline
resolution: bringing the tablespace or datafile online

ORA-00376: file 10 cannot be read at this time
ORA-01110: data file 10: '/u01/app/oracle/remorse/data_01.dbf'
Conf i gur i ng I nst ance Cr ash Recover y Ti me ( MTTR)
SELECT VALUE FROM V$PARAMETER WHERE UPPER(NAME)='FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET';

-- in seconds
ALTER DATABASE SET FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET=60;

SELECT recovery_estimated_ios, estimated_mttr, target_mttr
FROM v$instance_recovery;
Wor k i ng w i t h t he Dat a Recover y Advi sor i n RMAN
list failure;
list failure critical;
LIST FAILURE HIGH;
LIST FAILURE LOW;
list failure open;
list failure closed;
list failure exclude failure 12345;

advise failure;
repair failure preview;

repair failure;

The V$IR_REPAIR view shows the results of the REPAIR FAILURE command:
select REPAIR_ID,ADVISE_ID,SUMMARY,RANK from V$IR_REPAIR;
RMAN Mai nt enance
Cr oss Check i ng Back ups and Copi es
Use CROSSCHECK command t o ensure t hat dat a about backup set s and image copies in
t he recovery cat alog or cont rol file is synchronized wit h corresponding files on disk or in t he
media management cat alog.
CROSSCHECK BACKUPSET OF DATABASE;
CROSSCHECK BACKUP OF TABLESPACE users DEVICE TYPE sbt COMPLETED BEFORE
'SYSDATE-31';
Page 11 Oracle Database Administration Fundamentals II (Note Sheets)
CROSSCHECK BACKUP OF ARCHIVELOG ALL SPFILE;
CROSSCHECK BACKUPSET 1338, 1339, 1340;
CROSSCHECK BACKUPPIECE TAG = 'nightly_backup';
CROSSCHECK CONTROLFILECOPY '/tmp/control01.ctl';
CROSSCHECK DATAFILECOPY 113, 114, 115;
Note: If the backup or copy is no longer available, then RMAN marks it as
EXPIRED. You can determine which files are marked EXPIRED by issuing a LIST
EXPIRED command.
Del et i ng Back ups and Copi es
/* Deleting Specified Backups and Copies */
DELETE BACKUPPIECE 101;
DELETE CONTROLFILECOPY '/tmp/control01.ctl';
DELETE NOPROMPT ARCHIVELOG UNTIL SEQUENCE = 300;
DELETE BACKUP OF TABLESPACE users DEVICE TYPE sbt;
DELETE COPY OF CONTROLFILE LIKE '/tmp/%';
DELETE NOPROMPT BACKUP OF SPFILE COMPLETED BEFORE 'SYSDATE-7';
DELETE NOPROMPT ARCHIVELOG ALL BACKED UP 3 TIMES TO sbt;

/* Deleting Expired Backups and Copies */
-- files are marked as EXPIRED when not found by CROSSCHECK
DELETE EXPIRED BACKUP; -- REPORT OBSOLETE
DELETE EXPIRED COPY;
DELETE NOPROMPT EXPIRED BACKUP OF TABLESPACE users
DEVICE TYPE sbt COMPLETED BEFORE 'SYSDATE-31';

/* Deleting Backups and Copies Rendered Obsolete by the Retention Policy */
DELETE OBSOLETE;

/* Deleting Backups and Copies Defined as Obsolete */
DELETE OBSOLETE REDUNDANCY = 3;
DELETE OBSOLETE RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;

/* Forcing the Deletion of Backups and Copies */
DELETE FORCE NOPROMPT BACKUPSET TAG 'weekly_bkup';
Changi ng t he Av ai l abi l i t y of RMAN Back ups and Copi es
I f a file is marked UNAVAI LABLE, RMAN will not use t he file when a RESTORE or RECOVER
command is issued.
Use t he command CHANGE . .. UNAVAI LABLE

CHANGE DATAFILECOPY '/DB01/BACKUP/users01.dbf' UNAVAILABLE;
CHANGE BACKUP OF CONTROLFILE UNAVAILABLE;
CHANGE BACKUP OF CONTROLFILE AVAILABLE;
CHANGE COPY OF ARCHIVELOG SEQUENCE BETWEEN 230 AND 240 UNAVAILABLE;
Ex empt i ng a Back up or Copy f r om t he Ret ent i on Pol i cy
Not e: Specify KEEP .. . LOGS t o save archived logs for a possible incomplet e recovery and
KEEP .. . NOLOGS not t o save archived logs for a possible incomplet e recovery.
Not e: The KEEP FOREVER clause requires t he use of a recovery cat alog.
Not e: Use CHANGE . . . NOKEEP t o make t he file conform t o t he ret ent ion policy.
Use t he command CHANGE . .. KEEP FOREVER| UNTI L
CHANGE BACKUPSET 123 KEEP FOREVER NOLOGS;
CHANGE DATAFILECOPY '/DB01/BACKUP/users01.dbf' KEEP UNTIL 'SYSDATE+60';
The CATALOG Command
Use CATALOG command t o make RMAN aware of t he exist ence of obj ect s t hat are not
recorded in t he reposit ory.
You need t o make RMAN aware of t he exist ence of archived redo log files t hat are not
recorded in t he reposit ory, if you manually have rest ored your cont rol file from a backup.
CATALOG DATAFILECOPY '/DB01/BACKUP/users01.dbf';
CATALOG CONTROLFILECOPY /DB01/BACKUP/db.ctl;
CATALOG ARCHIVELOG '/ORADATA/ARCHIVE1/arch_12.arc',
'/ORADATA/ARCHIVE1/arch_13.arc';

# start searching for all uncataloged files in the directory
CATALOG START WITH '/disk1/backups/';

# Catalog all files and the contents of directories which
# begin with the pattern "/backup/MYSID/arch".
CATALOG START WITH '/backup/MYSID/arch';

# Catalog all files in the current recovery area.
CATALOG RECOVERY AREA NOPROMPT;

# Catalog all files in the current recovery area.
# This is an exact synonym of the previous command.
CATALOG DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST NOPROMPT;
The CHANGE UNCATALOG Command
Run t he CHANGE . . . UNCATALOG command t o perform t he following act ions on RMAN
reposit ory records:
o Delet e a specific backup or copy record from t he recovery cat alog
o Updat e a backup or copy record in t he t arget cont rol file reposit ory t o st at us DELETED
RMAN does not t ouch t he specified physical files: it only alt ers t he reposit ory records for
t hese files. You can use t his command when you have delet ed a backup or copy t hrough a
means ot her t han RMAN.
CHANGE ARCHIVELOG UNCATALOG;
CHANGE DATAFILECOPY '/DB01/BACKUP/users01.dbf' UNCATALOG;

RMAN Cat al og
Cr eat i ng a Recov er y Cat al og
1. Creat e t ablespace
2. Creat e cat alog owner
CREATE USER RMAN IDENTIFIED BY rman
TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp
DEFAULT TABLESPACE rman_tbs
QUOTA UNLIMITED ON rman_tbs;
3. Grant privileges
GRANT connect, resource, recovery_catalog_owner to rman;
4. Creat e cat alog
rman catalog rman_db1/rman_db1@catdb
RMAN> create catalog tablespace rman_ts;
5. Connect t o t arget dat abase as SYSDBA
RMAN TARGET SYS/SYS@TEST2 CATALOG RMAN/RMAN@TEST1
6. Regist er t arget dat abase ( mak e su r e ORACLE_SI D i s p r oper l y set ) :
REGISTER DATABASE;
RMAN Cat al og Repor t i ng
Use REPORT and LIST commands.
Alt ernat ively you can use SQL commands t o query t he RMAN dat a dict ionary views. Examples of t hose
view are t he f ollowing:
RC_DATABASE
RC_DATAFILE
RC_STORED_SCRIPT
RC_STORED_SCRIPT_LINE
RC_TABLESPACE
/* report command */
REPORT SCHEMA
REPORT OBSOLETE;
REPORT NEED BACKUP;
# datafile containing undergone a nologging data (must be backed up)
REPORT UNRECOVERABLE

/* list command */
LIST BACKUP;
LIST BACKUP RECOVERABLE;
LIST COPY;
LIST ARCHIVELOG ALL;
LIST SCRIPT NAMES;
LIST GLOBAL SCRIPT NAMES;
LIST INCARNATION;
Upgr adi ng a Recover y Cat al og
I f your RMAN client is f rom t he Oracle 11. 1 release, but t he recovery cat alog schema i s f rom an older
version, you must upgrade t he recovery cat alog.
-- to know current version of ur catalog
SELECT * FROM rcver;

-- upgrade steps

1) If the recovery catalog owner that you created is from a release before
10.1, execute the following
GRANT command (assuming that rman is the catalog owner):
SQL> GRANT CREATE TYPE TO rman;
2) Start RMAN and connect to the recovery catalog database.
RMAN> connect catalog rman/rman;
3) Execute the UPGRADE CATALOG command.
RMAN> UPGRADE CATALOG;
4) Confirm the command by rerunning it.
RMAN> UPGRADE CATALOG;
You can now use the recovery catalog with the RMAN client from the Oracle
Database 11g release.
I mpor t i ng Recov er y Cat al ogs
To merge t wo recovery cat alogs, one f rom t he 10. 2 release and t he ot her f rom 11g, int o a single 11g
release cat alog schema.
1. Connect to the destination recovery catalog.
$ rman
RMAN> connect catalog rman/rman@rman11
2. Issue the IMPORT CATALOG command
RMAN> import catalog rman1/rman1@rman10;
To specify which database to register:
RMAN> import catalog rman10/rman10@tenner dbid = 123456, 1234557;
RMAN> import catalog rman10/rman10@tenner db_name = testdb, mydb;
-- by default, the databases are unregistered from the source catalog:
RMAN> import catalog rman10/rman10@tenner NO UNREGISTER
Movi ng a Recov er y Cat al og
-- 1) create empty recovery catalog
-- 2) connect and import:
RMAN> connect catalog rman/rman@target_db
RMAN> import catalog rman10/rman10@source_db;
Dr oppi ng a Recov er y Cat al og
connect catalog rman/rman@target_db
DROP CATALOG;
Vi r t ual Pr i vat e Cat al ogs
I n Oracle Dat abase 11g, you can rest rict access t o t he recovery cat alog by grant ing access t o only a
subset of t he met adat a in t he recovery cat alog. The subset t hat a user has read/ writ e access t o is t ermed
as virt ual privat e cat alog, or j ust virt ual cat alog. The cent ral or source recovery cat alog is now called t he
base recovery cat alog.
Following are t he st eps t o creat e a new privat e cat alog f or t he dat abase user SCOTT:
# grant the role RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER to the user
SQL>GRANT RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER TO scott;
# in RMAN session, connect as the base catalog owner
RMAN>CONNECT CATALOG rman/rman@mydb
RMAN>GRANT CATALOG FOR DATABASE db1, db2 TO SCOTT;
# connect as the granted user (virtual catalog onwer) and create the virtual catalog
RMAN>CONNECT CATALOG scott/lion@mydb
RMAN>CREATE VIRTUAL CATALOG;
# make sure only granted dbs are seen
RMAN>LIST INCARNATION;

I f t he cat alog is t o be used f or releases pre- Oracle 11g client s, in t he SQL* Plus log on as t he virt ual
privat e cat alog owner and run t he f ollowing procedure, where " rman" is t he name of t he base cat alog
owner:
SQL> CONN scott/lion@mydb
SQL> EXEC rman.DBMS_RCVCAT.CREATE_VIRTUAL_CATALOG;

Not e A virt ual privat e cat alog owner can creat e a local st ored scri pt , but has only readonly access t o
global script s.
The CATALOG FOR DATABASE privileges include t he privilege t o regist er and unregist er t hose
dat abases f or which t he cat alog f or dat abase privilege was grant ed.
The set of views and synonyms t hat makes up t he virt ual pr ivat e cat alog is st ored in t he schema
of t he virt ual cat alog owner.
Man agi n g Vi r t u al Pr i vat e Cat al ogs
The base recovery cat alog owner can opt ionally grant a virt ual cat alog owner t he right t o regist er new
t arget dat abases in t he recovery cat alog by specif ying t he REGISTER dat abase clause wit h t he GRANT
command. Following is an example:
RMAN> grant register database to scott;
The virt ual cat alog owner must have t he SYSDBA and SYSOPER privileges on t he t raget dat abase, t o
perf orm most of t he RMAN operat ions on it .
Following are examples of removing t he privileges f rom a virt ual cat alog owner:
# To remove recovery catalog access to a database from a user:
RMAN>CONNECT CATALOG RMAN/RMAN@MYDB;
RMAN>REVOKE CATALOG FOR DATABASE db1 FROM scott;
# To revoke the ability to register new databases from a virtual private catalog owner:
RMAN>REVOKE REGISTER DATABASE FROM scott;
# To revoke both the catalog and register privileges from a user:
RMAN>REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES FROM scott;
Dr oppi n g a Vi r t u al Pr i vat e Cat al og
Virt ual privat e cat alog owners can drop t he privat e recovery cat alog t hey own by issuing t he DROP
CATALOG command. Following is an example:
# Log in as the virtual catalog owner:
RMAN>CONNECT CATALOG scott/<password>@mydb;
# Issue the drop catalog command
RMAN>DROP CATALOG;

Caut i on When t he DROP CATALOG command is issued by t he virt ual cat alog owner, all t he met adat a
pert aining t o it is delet ed f rom t he base recovery cat alog.
Usi ng RMAN Scr i pt s
# create script
CREATE SCRIPT nightly_backup {
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c1 TYPE DISK;
BACKUP DATABASE FORMAT '/u01/app/oracle/%u';
SQL 'ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO TRACE';
}


# run it
RUN {EXECUTE SCRIPT nightly_backup;}

# create global script: accessible by any registered db
CREATE GLOBAL SCRIPT global_full_backup
{..

# creating and using dynamic scripts:
CREATE SCRIPT myscript { ... BACKUP TAG &1 ..
RUN
{ EXECUTE SCRIPT myscript
USING arch_bkp
FY09Q4;}

# print a script on the screen ( or query RC_STORED_SCRIPT_LINE )
PRINT GLOBAL SCRIPT global_full_backup;

# listing script names
LIST SCRIPT NAMES;

# update a script
REPLACE SCRIPT full_backup { ..

# converting stored script to text file
PRINT script nightly_backup to file 'test.txt';

# delete a script
DELETE SCRIPT 'my-script';

Dupl i cat i ng ( Cl oni ng) a Dat abase
A duplicat e dat abase is a copy of your t arget dat abase wit h a new, unique dat abase
ident ifier ( DBI D) .
Dat abase Dupl i cat i on ( Cl oni ng) Met hods
Using RMAN DUPLI CATE command
Using t he OEM Dat abase Cont rol
Manually wit h SQL* Plus
Dat abase Dupl i cat i on Techni ques
Following are t he t echniques for dat abase duplicat ion:
o Duplicat ing an Act ive Dat abase: From an act ive dat abase, connect ed t o t he t arget and
auxiliary inst ances ( no backup is required) .
o Duplicat ing a Dat abase wit h a Target Connect ion: From backup, connect ed t o t he
t arget and auxiliary inst ances.
o Duplicat ing a Dat abase wit h Recovery Cat alog Wit hout Target Connect ion: From
backup, connect ed t o t he auxiliary inst ance, not connect ed t o t he t arget , but wit h
recovery cat alog connect ion.
o Duplicat ing a Dat abase wit hout Recovery Cat alog or Target Connect ion: From backup,
connect ed t o t he auxiliary inst ance, not connect ed t o t he t arget and t he recovery
cat alog.
Dat abase Dupl i cat i on Pr er equi si t es
Bot h t he t arget and dest inat ion dat abases must be on an ident ical operat ing syst em
plat form.
The password file must exist for t he source dat abase and bot h t he t arget and dest inat ion
dat abases must have t he same SYS password.
The t arget dat abase must be open or in mount st at e.
I f t he t arget dat abase is open, it must be in ARCHI VELOG mode.
Dupl i cat i ng an Act i ve Dat abase usi ng RMAN
-Create a password file in the destination server:
orapwd FILE=D:\oracle\product\11.1.0\db_1\database\PWDora11g2.ora
PASSWORD=ora11g ENTRIES=10 ignorecase=n

-Establish Oracle Net connectivity to the auxiliary instance in both the
source and destination servers:
ORA11G2 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = moep10)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =

(SERVICE_NAME = ora11g2)
)
)

-Add the auxiliary database service to the listener configuration file in the
source server:
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = ora11g)
(ORACLE_HOME = C:\app\Administrator\product\11.1.0\db_1)
(SID_NAME = ora11g)
)
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = ora11g2)
(ORACLE_HOME = C:\app\Administrator\product\11.1.0\db_1)
(SID_NAME = ora11g2)
)
)

- create a text-based initialization parameter file for the auxiliary instance
that contains only one parameter: DB_NAME
in ORACLEHOME\database\initora11g2.ora
DB_NAME=ora11g2

- create Oracle SID service (in Windows)
oradim -new -sid ora11g2

- connect to the auxilary instance:
sqlplus /nolog
conn sys/ora11g@ora11g2 as sysoper
STARTUP NOMOUNT pfile=D:\oracle\product\11.1.0\db_1\database\InitOra11g2.ora

-- Start and Configure RMAN Before Duplication
# source database
RMAN>CONNECT TARGET SYS@ora11g
# duplicate database instance
RMAN>CONNECT AUXILIARY SYS@ora11g2

-- You may want to increase the parallelism setting of your source database
disk channels
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 ;

-- check parameters containing folder info:
col value format a35
col name format a30
select NAME, VALUE FROM v$parameter where upper(value) like '%D:\%';


-- Run the DUPLICATE command
-- duplicating a database with a different directory structure
-- ( CREATE REQUIRED DIRS)
DUPLICATE TARGET DATABASE TO ora11g2
FROM ACTIVE DATABASE
DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT 'D:\oracle\oradata\ora11g','D:\oracle\oradata\ora11g2'
SPFILE
PARAMETER_VALUE_CONVERT 'D:\oracle\oradata\ora11g',
'D:\oracle\oradata\ora11g2'
SET MEMORY_TARGET '350M'
SET LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT 'D:\oracle\oradata\ora11g',
'D:\oracle\oradata\ora11g2'
SET audit_file_dest 'D:\oracle\admin\ora11g2\adump'
SET
CONTROL_FILES="D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\CONTROL01.CTL","D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA
11G2\CONTROL02.CTL";
Dupl i cat i ng a Dat abase w i t hout Recover y Cat al og or Tar get Connect i on
Oracle 11g R2
This is backup-based duplication

- Make Backups and Archived Logs Accessible to the Duplicate Instance:
- if backup files location cannot be shared:
Create a new directory in the source host that has the same name as the
directory on the destination host that will contain the backups:
in source
mkdir C:\oracle\stagingbackups

in source
RUN {
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c1 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT 'C:\oracle\stagingbackups\%U';
BACKUP AS COPY DATABASE;
BACKUP AS COPY CURRENT CONTROLFILE FORMAT
'C:\oracle\stagingbackups\control01.ctl';
}
OR
RUN {
ALLOCATE CHANNEL c1 DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT 'C:\oracle\stagingbackups\%U';
BACKUP COPY OF DATABASE ;
BACKUP AS COPY CURRENT CONTROLFILE FORMAT
'C:\oracle\stagingbackups\control01.ctl';
}

- Manually transfer the backups in the new directory on the source host to the
identically named directory on the destination host.

- in source:
-- check parameters containing folder info:
col value format a35
col name format a30
select NAME, VALUE FROM v$parameter where upper(value) like '%C:\%';
OR
select NAME, VALUE FROM v$parameter
where name in

('control_files','db_recovery_file_dest','audit_file_dest','diagnostic_dest');

- in destination:
-Create a password file in the destination server:
orapwd FILE=C:\oracle\oracledb11g\database\PWDora11g2.ora PASSWORD=ora11g
ENTRIES=10 ignorecase=n

- create a text-based initialization parameter file for the auxiliary instance
that contains only one parameter: DB_NAME
in ORACLEHOME\database\initora11g2.ora
DB_NAME=ora11g2

- create Oracle SID service (in Windows)

-configure Net connectivity to the auxiliary instance in the destination
server:
ORA11G2 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = pc02)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = ora11g2.pc02)
)
)

- configure the listner, if no listener already exists

- manually register the database in the listner.ora:

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = ora11g2.pc02)
(ORACLE_HOME = C:\oracle\oracledb11g)
(SID_NAME = ora11g2)
)
)

LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = PC02)(PORT = 1521))
)
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
)
)

- connect to the auxilary instance:
set ORACLE_SID=ORA11G2
sqlplus /nolog

conn sys/ora11g@ora11g2 as sysoper
STARTUP NOMOUNT pfile=C:\oracle\oracledb11g\database\initora11g2.ora

-- Start and Configure RMAN Before Duplication
# duplicate database instance
rman
CONNECT AUXILIARY SYS@ora11g2

-- You may want to increase the parallelism setting of your source database
disk channels
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 ;

-- Run the DUPLICATE command
-- duplicating a database with a different directory structure
-- ( CREATE REQUIRED DIRS)
DUPLICATE TARGET DATABASE TO ora11g2
BACKUP LOCATION 'C:\oracle\stagingbackups'
DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT 'C:\oracle\oradata\ora11g','C:\oracle\oradata\ora11g2'
SPFILE
PARAMETER_VALUE_CONVERT 'C:\oracle\oradata\ora11g', 'C:\oracle\oradata\ora11g'
SET MEMORY_TARGET '620M'
SET LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT 'C:\oracle\oradata\ora11g',
'C:\oracle\oradata\ora11g2'
SET audit_file_dest 'C:\ORACLE\ADMIN\ORA11G2\ADUMP'
SET
CONTROL_FILES="C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\CONTROL01.CTL","C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA
11G2\CONTROL02.CTL";
Manual l y Dupl i cat i ng a Dat abase
-- it is assumed that the duplicate database will have different name
(ora11g2) from prod (ora11g)

1. Copy the prod database files to the target location.
- in prod
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
COPY THE DATABASE DATA FILES (EXCLUDE THE TEMFILES) + redo log file + spfiles
CREATE PFILE='C:\TEMP\MYPFILE.TXT' FROM MEMORY;

Edit the generated PFILE to modify directory-based parameters like:
control_files
audit_file_dest
db_recovery_file_dest
diagnostic_dest

Change DB name:
db_domain
db_name

2. Prepare a text file for the creation of a control file for the new database
as follows:
- in prod
SQL> ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO TRACE;

in ORACLE_BASE\diag\rdbms\ora11g\ora11g\trace\ folder

Modify as required the parameters below, include them in the parameter file
and create their folders:
Note: if you define diagnostic_dest, you don't have to create its sub-
directories

-- The following are current System-scope REDO Log Archival related
-- parameters and can be included in the database initialization file.
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST=''
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLEX_DEST=''
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=ARC%S_%R.%T
--
-- DB_UNIQUE_NAME="ora11g2"
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='SEND, RECEIVE, NODG_CONFIG'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES=4
-- STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=MANUAL
-- STANDBY_ARCHIVE_DEST=C:\oracle\oracledb11g\RDBMS
-- FAL_CLIENT=''
-- FAL_SERVER=''
--
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='LOCATION=USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='OPTIONAL REOPEN=300 NODELAY'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='ARCH NOAFFIRM NOEXPEDITE NOVERIFY SYNC'
-- LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='REGISTER NOALTERNATE NODEPENDENCY'
NODB_UNIQUE_NAME'
--
--

-- the current versions of all online logs are available
-- Note: the generated code will use "REUSE DATABASE .. NORESETLOGS"; change
it to "SET DATABASE.. RESETLOGS " if
-- you want to use a differnt db name
CREATE CONTROLFILE SET DATABASE "ORA11G2" RESETLOGS ARCHIVELOG
MAXLOGFILES 16
MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
MAXDATAFILES 100
MAXINSTANCES 8
MAXLOGHISTORY 292
LOGFILE
GROUP 1 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\REDO01.LOG' SIZE 50M,
GROUP 2 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\REDO02.LOG' SIZE 50M,
GROUP 3 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\REDO03.LOG' SIZE 50M
-- STANDBY LOGFILE
DATAFILE
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\SYSTEM01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\SYSAUX01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\UNDOTBS01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\USERS01.DBF',
'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\FDA_TBS.DBF'
;

3. in destination: Create a password file in the destination server:
orapwd FILE=C:\oracle\oracledb11g\database\PWDora11g2.ora PASSWORD=ora11g
ENTRIES=10 ignorecase=n

4. Create Oracle SID service (in Windows)

5. Configure the listner, if no listener already exists

6. Connect to the instance:
sqlplus /nolog
conn / as sysdba
# use pfile from step 1
STARTUP NOMOUNT pfile=C:\oracle\oracledb11g\database\initora11g2.ora
sample of its contetns follows:

audit_file_dest='C:\ORACLE\ADMIN\ORA11G2\ADUMP'
audit_trail='DB'
compatible='11.1.0.0.0'
control_files='C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\CONTROL01.CTL'
db_block_size=8192
db_domain='pc02'
db_name='ora11g2'
db_recovery_file_dest='C:\oracle\flash_recovery_area'
db_recovery_file_dest_size=4048M
diagnostic_dest='C:\ORACLE'
dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=ora11gXDB)'
log_buffer=5654016 # log buffer update
memory_target=620M
open_cursors=400
optimizer_dynamic_sampling=2
optimizer_mode='ALL_ROWS'
plsql_warnings='DISABLE:ALL' # PL/SQL warnings at init.ora
processes=400
query_rewrite_enabled='TRUE'
remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
result_cache_max_size=2112K
sessions=390
skip_unusable_indexes=TRUE
undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=ARC%S_%R.%T
DB_UNIQUE_NAME="ora11g2"
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_10='LOCATION=USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST'

7. Create the control file be executing the command in step 2

8. Execute:


8. Execute:
ALTER TABLESPACE TEMP ADD TEMPFILE 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G2\TEMP01.DBF' size
250m autoextend on next 10m maxsize 4g;

9. Execute:
ALTER DATABASE RENAME GLOBAL_NAME TO ora11g2.pc02;
ALTER SYSTEM REGISTER;

Usi ng Or acl e Fl ashback Tech nol ogy

Fl ashback Opt i ons
Row Level:
o Flashback Query
o Flashback Versions Query
o Flashback Transact ion Query
o Flashback Transact ion Backout
Table level:
o Flashback Table
o Flashback Drop
o Flashback Dat a Archive ( FDA)
Dat abase level:
o Flashback Dat abase

Pr epar i ng Your Dat abase f or Fl ashback
-- must be AUTO
show parameter UNDO_MANAGEMENT

-- set undo retension target
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='UNDO_RETENTION';
alter system set UNDO_RETENTION = 2400;

-- get undo tbs name
show parameter UNDO_TABLESPACE

-- consider guaranteeing undo retention:
ALTER TABLESPACE UNDOTBS1 RETENTION GUARANTEE ;

Usi ng Row Lev el Fl ashback Opt i ons
Fl ashback Quer y
-- if the user isn't the owner
GRANT FLASHBACK ON employees TO scott;
GRANT FLASHBACK ANY TABLE TO scott;

-- what was the salary at that time
SELECT employee_id, department_id, salary FROM employees
AS OF TIMESTAMP
TO_TIMESTAMP ('2008-11-07 11:30:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS')
WHERE employee_id=101;

select employee_id , salary from employees
AS OF SCN 794532059
where employee_id=101

/* using DBMS_FLASHBACK */
-- set the specified point in time in the past
select ... -- the output will be as of current time
EXECUTE DBMS_FLASHBACK.ENABLE_AT_TIME (TO_TIMESTAMP '11-DEC-2008 10:00:00',
'DD-MON-YYYY hh24:MI:SS');
select ... -- the output will be as of the set time
EXECUTE DBMS_FLASHBACK.DISABLE ();

-- to get current SCN
SELECT current_scn from V$DATABASE;
select DBMS_FLASHBACK.GET_SYSTEM_CHANGE_NUMBER from dual;
Fl ashback Ver si ons Quer y
The VERSI ONS clause cannot span DDL commands.
Synt ax:
SELECT [pseudocolumns] . . . /* provide details about the row history */
FROM . . . /* table name goes here */
VERSIONS BETWEEN
{SCN|TIMESTAMP {expr|MINVALUE} AND {expr|MAXVALUE}}
[AS OF{SCN|TIMESTAMP expr}]
WHERE [pseudocolumns . . . ] . . .
Pseudo- Columns:
VERSIONS_STARTSCN and VERSIONS_STARTTIME:
VERSIONS_ENDSCN and VERSIONS_ENDTIME: if null, current or deleted
VERSIONS_OPERATION: I,D,U
VERSIONS_XID: trans ID
Not e: The act ual t ime might be up t o t hree seconds earlier or lat er t han t he t ime you
specify wit h a t ime st amp.

Flashback Versions Query rest rict ions:
o You cant apply t he VERSI ONS clause across DDL operat ions.
o The query will ignore purely physical row changes as happen, for example, during
a segment shrink operat ion.
SELECT versions_xid AS XID,
versions_startscn AS START_SCN,
versions_endscn AS END_SCN,
versions_operation AS OPERATION,
last_name,
salary
FROM EMPLOYEES
VERSIONS BETWEEN SCN MINVALUE AND MAXVALUE
WHERE employee_id = 101;

SET LINESIZE 100
COL START_TIME FORMAT A21
COL END_TIME FORMAT A21
SELECT versions_xid AS XID,
VERSIONS_STARTTIME AS START_TIME,
VERSIONS_ENDTIME AS END_TIME,
VERSIONS_OPERATION AS OPERATION,
last_name,
salary
FROM EMPLOYEES
VERSIONS BETWEEN TIMESTAMP MINVALUE AND MAXVALUE
WHERE employee_id = 101;
Fl ashback Tr ansact i on Quer y
I t is act ually a SELECT from FLASHBACK_TRANSACTI ON_QUERY
/* requirements */
--(1) highly recommended
ALTER DATABASE ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA;
--(2) required privs
grant SELECT ANY TRANSACTION to scott;

/* using it */
SELECT to_char(start_timestamp,'dd-Mon hh24:mi'), operation, undo_sql
FROM flashback_transaction_query
WHERE start_timestamp >= TO_TIMESTAMP ('2009-11-09 05:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD
HH:MI:SS')
AND table_owner='HR' AND table_name='EMPLOYEES'
order by start_timestamp desc;

/* using flashback transaction with versions query */
SELECT xid, START_SCN , commit_scn COMMIT, OPERATION, logon_user, undo_sql
FROM flashback_transaction_query
WHERE xid = HEXTORAW('0600230050010000'); -- obtained from version query
Fl ashback Tr ansact i on ( Back out )
Target : t o backout a commit t ed t ransact ion and all dependent t ransact ions while t he
dat abase is st ill online.

OEM provides an easier t o manage int erface.
DBMS_FLASHBACK. TRANSACTI ON_BACKOUT paramet ers:
NUMBEROFXIDS Number of t ransact ions t o be backed out
XIDS array of t ransact ion ident ifiers
OPTIONS nocascade (default ) , cascade, nocascade_force, noconflict _only
TIMEHINT t ime at t he st art of t he t ransact ion you are backing out
SCNHINT SCN at t he beginning of t he t ransact ion you are backing out
-- Setting Up for Flashback Transaction Backout
ALTER DATABASE ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA (PRIMARY KEY) COLUMNS;

-- required privs
grant EXECUTE on DBMS_FLASHBACK to hr;
grant SELECT ANY TRANSACTION to hr;

-- get the transaction ID
-- use v$ views or the flashback transaction query or log miner
-- following example from sql in cache:
select A.SQL_TEXT, B.XID
from V$OPEN_CURSOR A, V$TRANSACTION B, V$SESSION C
where A.SID=C.SID AND C.TADDR=B.ADDR
and A.SQL_TEXT LIKE '%delete%';

-- backout the trans
declare
V_XID SYS.XID_ARRAY;
begin
V_XID := SYS.XID_ARRAY('03001800BC0D0000');
DBMS_FLASHBACK.TRANSACTION_BACKOUT( NUMTXNS => 1,
XIDS=>V_XID, OPTIONS=>DBMS_FLASHBACK.CASCADE); -- children trans also
backed out
end;
/
-- to make it permanent: you must now COMMIT or ROLLBACK

-- Information about transaction Backouts done can be obtained from:
DBA_FLASHBACK_TXN_STATE: any transaction shown in this view is backed out.
DBA_FLASHBACK_TXN_REPORT: compensating status of all transactions in the
database

Usi ng Tabl e Lev el Fl ashback Opt i ons
Fl ashback Tabl e
ROW MOVEMENT must be enabled in advance and before flashback recovery t ime.
Generat es undo and redo dat a
Synt ax:
FLASHBACK TABLE [schema.]table [,[schema.]table] ... TO {SCN|TIMESTAMP} expr
By default , Oracle disables all relevant t riggers and reenables t hem upon complet ing t he
t able recovery.
Several rest rict ions apply:
o You cant flash back a t able t o a t ime preceding any DDL operat ion involving a change
in t able st ruct ure.
o I f t he flashback operat ion involves mult iple t ables, all of t he t ables must be flashed
back or none.
-- required privs
grant FLASHBACK ANY TABLE to hr;
grant FLASHBACK on hr.employees to hr;
-- SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, and ALTER privileges on the table to be flashed
back are required

-- required on the table
-- also enable it for the tables that reference it
ALTER TABLE emp ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT;

-- TAKE current SCN before flashback to go back to initial stat of table if
-- the flashback doesnt do good
SELECT current_scn from V$DATABASE;
select DBMS_FLASHBACK.GET_SYSTEM_CHANGE_NUMBER from dual

FLASHBACK TABLE emp TO SCN 5759290864;

FLASHBACK TABLE emp TO TIMESTAMP TO_TIMESTAMP ('2008-01-30 07:00:00', 'YYYY-
MM-DD HH24:MI:SS');

FLASHBACK TABLE emp TO TIMESTAMP TO_TIMESTAMP ('2009-04-05 10:00:00', 'YYYY-
MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') ENABLE TRIGGERS;
Fl ashback Dr op
When t able is dropped, it s dependent s' names will also renamed by syst em generat ed
names.
I f a t able is undropped, t he crypt ic syst em-generat ed names of t he dependent s remain.
-- Necessary Privileges ****
be the owner or
have the drop privileges (DROP TABLE or DROP ANY TABLE) on a table.
You must have the SELECT privilege and the FLASHBACK privilege on an object in
order to query that object in the Recycle Bin.


-- list dropped tables ****
-- db level
SELECT owner, original_name, object_name,ts_name, droptime, CAN_UNDROP
FROM dba_recyclebin;

-- user level
SELECT * FROM RECYCLEBIN;
SHOW RECYCLEBIN

-- Enabling and Disabling the Recycle Bin ***
-- session level
ALTER SESSION SET recyclebin = OFF;
-- db level
-- it affects the parameter file
ALTER SYSTEM SET recyclebin = OFF;

-- retreive data from a dropped table
SELECT * FROM "BIN$xTMPjHZ6SG+1xnDIaR9E+g==$0";

-- restore table from drop
FLASHBACK TABLE table_name TO BEFORE DROP;
FLASHBACK TABLE "BIN$xTMPjHZ6SG+1xnDIaR9E+g==$0" TO BEFORE DROP;
FLASHBACK TABLE "BIN$xTMPjHZ6SG+1xnDIaR9E+g==$0" TO BEFORE DROP RENAME TO
NEW_PERSONS;
-- you can rename any dependent
SELECT INDEX_NAME FROM USER_INDEXES WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'JOB_HISTORY';
ALTER INDEX "BIN$DBo9UChtZSbgQFeMiAdCcQ==$0" RENAME TO JHIST_JOB_IX;

-- purge a table(s)
DROP TABLE table_name PURGE;
PURGE TABLE int_admin_emp;
PURGE TABLE BIN$jsleilx392mk2=293$0;
PURGE TABLESPACE users;
PURGE TABLESPACE users USER scott;
PURGE RECYCLEBIN;
-- purge all objects in the db
PURGE DBA_RECYCLEBIN;
Fl ashback Dat a Ar chi ve
FDA is part of t he "Oracle Tot al Recall" opt ion in Oracle dat abase 11g.

Disabling flashback archiving for a t able or dropping it s flashback archive obj ect will result
in all t he hist orical dat a for t hat t able being lost . I t also requires SYSDBA or FLASHBACK
ARCHI VE ADMI NI STER privilege.
For a t able wit h Flashback Archiving enabled, you cannot issue t he following DDL
commands: ALTER TABLE ( except adding a column) , DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE and
TRUNCATE TABLE.
/* to obtain info about FDA */
-- information on all flashback archives contained in the database
SELECT * FROM DBA_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE;

-- information on all tablespaces containing flashback archives
SELECT * FROM DBA_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_TS;

-- which flashback archive a given table is assigned to.
SELECT TABLE_NAME, OWNER_NAME, FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_NAME FROM
DBA_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_TABLES;

-- history tables names created by Oracle:
select * from dba_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_TABLES;

/* Setting up the Data Flashback Archive */
--1) for system level FDA, FLASHBACK ARCHIVE ADMINISTER priv is required
SELECT * FROM DBA_SYS_PRIVS WHERE PRIVILEGE LIKE '%FLASHBACK ARC%'
-- for specific table:
GRANT FLASHBACK ARCHIVE ON hr_hist TO scott;

--2) Create FDA object
-- The statement in the example above may return ORA-55603: Invalid Flashback
Archive command error, if you try to create a flashback archive in a non-empty
tablespace. I figured out a workaround which is to put the tablespace name
between double quotations.
CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE hr_hist -- DEFAULT keyword may be used
TABLESPACE fda_archives -- mandatory (and it must be with ASSM)
QUOTA 5G -- optional in M,G,T,P
RETENTION 24 MONTH; -- mandatory (in YEAR, MONTH, DAY)

--3) Enable Flashback Data Archiving for existing or new tables
-- Create the table, using the default archive location.
CREATE TABLE my_table(..) FLASHBACK ARCHIVE;

-- Modify a table to use the default archive location
-- Note: if there is not default flashback archive, an error will be raised
ALTER TABLE my_table FLASHBACK ARCHIVE;

-- Create a table to use a non-default archivelocation
CREATE TABLE my_table (..) FLASHBACK ARCHIVE hr_arc;


-- Modify a table to use a non-default archive location.
ALTER TABLE my_table FLASHBACK ARCHIVE hr_arc;

-- Modify a table to stop (disable) archiving.
ALTER TABLE my_table NO FLASHBACK ARCHIVE;

/* Altering Flashback Archives */
-- make myflash the default flashback archive (as SYSDBA)
ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE myflash SET DEFAULT;

-- add space to the flashback archive
ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE myflash ADD TABLESPACE mytbs;

-- remove the tablespace from use by the flashback archive
-- (assign it to another tablespace first)
ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE myflash REMOVE TABLESPACE mytbs;

-- change the quota for the archive
ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE myflash MODIFY TABLESPACE mytbs QUOTA 10G;

-- undefined quota (make the space unlimited)
ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE myflash MODIFY TABLESPACE mytbs;

-- change the archive retention time
ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE myflash MODIFY RETENTION 2 YEAR;

-- purge all archived data
ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHÌVE myflash PURGE ALL;

-- purge data older than 2 days
ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE MYFLASH
PURGE BEFORE TIMESTAMP( SYSTIMESTAMP INTERVAL '2' DAY);

-- dropping FDA:
DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE myflash;

/* Using Oracle Flashback Data Archives */
SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY FROM HR.EMPLOYEES
AS OF TIMESTAMP TO_TIMESTAMP ('2008-01-01 00:00:00','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS');
AS OF TIMESTAMP (SYSTIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '6' MONTH);

VERSIONS BETWEEN TIMESTAMP
TO_TIMESTAMP ('2008-01-01 00:00:00','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') -- or MINVALUE
AND
TO_TIMESTAMP ('2008-01-01 15:00:00','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') -- or MAXVALUE

WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID = 200;

FLASHBACK TABLE employees TO TIMESTAMP (SYSTIMESTAMP INTERVAL '6' MONTH);

Usi ng Fl ashback Dat abase
When t o use Fl ashback Dat abase
To ret rieve a dropped schema
When a user error affect s t he ent ire dat abase
When you t runcat e a t able in error
When a bat ch j ob performs only part ial changes
Fl ashback Dat abase Consi der at i ons
You cannot use Flashback Dat abase when:
The cont rol file has been rest ored or recreat ed.
A t ablespace has been dropped.
A dat a file has been reduced in size, for example by a shrink.
Usi ng Fl ashback Dat abase
I t is essent ial t hat you monit or t he flash recovery areas size t o ensure t hat you have
sufficient space so as not t o risk losing any of t he Flashback Dat abase logs.
/* Configuring Flashback Database */
-- Check that your database is in the archivelog mode:
ARCHIVE LOG LIST

-- in minutes ( 1440= 1 day)
ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_FLASHBACK_RETENTION_TARGET=1440;

-- in mount level
ALTER DATABASE FLASHBACK ON;

/* Exempting a tablespace form db flashback */
ALTER TABLESPACE users FLASHBACK OFF;

-- to switch it on again:
ALTER TABLESPACE users FLASHBACK ON;

/* Disabling Flashback Database */
-- in mount level
-- all Flashback Database logs will be deleted
ALTER DATABASE FLASHBACK OFF;


/* Obtain info about Flashback Database */
-- to find out how far you can flash back your database
SELECT oldest_flashback_scn,
to_char(oldest_flashback_time,'dd-Mon hh24:mi:ss') oldest_flashback_time
FROM v$flashback_database_log;

-- to estimate the space required by flashback db:
SELECT estimated_flashback_size/1024/1024 estimated_flashback_size,
retention_target, flashback_size/1024/1024 flashback_size
FROM v$flashback_database_log;

-- last 24-hour stats data (each row is one-hour )
SELECT begin_time, end_time, flashback_data, db_data,
redo_data, estimated_flashback_size AS EST_FB_SZE
FROM V$FLASHBACK_DATABASE_STAT
order by begin_time desc;

/* Flashback db in action */
-- flashback db to a past time
STARTUP MOUNT;
FLASHBACK DATABASE TO SCN 5964663;
FLASHBACK DATABASE TO SEQUENCE 12345;
FLASHBACK DATABASE TO TIMESTAMP(SYSDATE -1/24);
-- You can flash back to just before the last RESETLOGS operation by :
FLASHBACK DATABASE TO SCN 5964663 TO BEFORE RESETLOGS;
-- you can check the data before open resetlogs
ALTER DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY;

-- open resetlogs

-- to undo the results of the entire Flashback operation
RECOVER DATABASE;

/* Assissted commands */
-- current scn
SELECT current_scn FROM V$DATABASE;
Rest or e Poi nt s
Guarant eed rest ore point s use a separat e logging mechanism from t he Flashback logging
used for a Flashback Dat abase operat ion.
However, if you use a guarant eed rest ore point and Flashback Dat abase is enabled, Oracle
wont delet e any Flashback logs and t hus FRA will event ually become full.
Turning off Flashback Dat abase if youre using guarant eed rest ore point s.

Wit h guarant eed rest ore point s, you can only flashback t o exact ly t he rest ore point t ime.
-- obtain info about rp:
SELECT name, scn, storage_size, time, guarantee_flashback_database
FROM v$restore_point;

-- creating ordinary restore point
CREATE RESTORE POINT rp_test;
DROP RESTORE POINT rp_test;

-- creating a guaranteed restore point
CREATE RESTORE POINT test_guarantee GUARANTEE FLASHBACK DATABASE;

-- to use later the rp:
FLASHBACK DATABASE TO RESTORE POINT test_guarantee;

-- to know if flashback db status: if only guaranteed rp is enabled, it'll
return RESTORE POINT ONLY
SELECT flashback_on FROM v$database;


Par t 4 Or acl e Dat abase Secur i t y

Or acl e Dat abase Secur i t y Management
The main aspect s of Oracle dat abase securit y management :
o Aut hor i zat i on: cont rolling access t o dat a
o Aut hent i cat i on: rest rict ing access t o legit imat e users
o Audi t i ng: ensuring account abilit y on t he part of t he users
o Encr y pt i on: safeguarding key dat a in t he dat abase
o Ent er pr i se Secur i t y : managing t he securit y of t he ent ire organizat ional informat ion
st ruct ure

Secur i t y Gui del i nes
Apply Securit y Pat ches. ht t p: / / t echnet . oracle. com/ deploy/ securit y/ alert s. ht m
Enable "Aut omat ic Secure Configurat ion" when creat ing a new dat abase.
Lock default users. Except ions: SYS, SYSTEM, DBSNMP, SYSMAN, and MGMT_VI EW.
St rict password aging and expirat ion policies.
Do not use hard coded passwords in your script .
I f possible, avoid Operat ing Syst em Aut hent icat ion.
Enable SYSDBA operat ions by set t ing AUDI T_SYS_OPERATI ONS t o TRUE. The audit
records are writ t en t o t he operat ing syst em' s audit t rail.
Avoid grant ing ANY privileges and privileges wit h t he ADMI N opt ion.
Whenver possible, use roles rat her t han grant ing privileges direct ly t o users.
Dont grant any unnecessary roles or privileges t o PUBLI C.
select count(*) from DBA_TAB_PRIVS
where GRANTEE='PUBLIC';
Set t he UMASK variable t o 022 t o t he Oracle soft ware OS user owner.
Remove t he SETUI D on all Oracle files.
Unless needed, remove ment ions t o EXTPROC in bot h t he list ener. ora file on t he server
and t he t nsnames. ora file on t he client . Then remove all EXTPROC execut ables from your
$ORACLE_HOME/ bin direct ory ( usually ext proc and xt proc0) . I f needed, refere t o
Document I D 175429. 1 in met alink.
Set a password t o t he list ener. Secure t he linst ener. ora file.
ADMI N_RESTRI CTI ONS= ON
You may use Server- side Access Cont rols in t he sqlnet . ora file as follows:
-- only the addresses in the list are allowed to make connections
tcp.validnode_checking = yes
tcp.invited_nodes = (server1.us.mycompany.com,172.14.16.152)
-- addresses in the list are excluded
tcp.excluded_nodes = (server1.us.mycompany.com,172.14.16.152)
Disable remot e OS aut hent icat ion by set t ing t he following paramet er in t he init .ora :
REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT=FALSE
Consider t he proper set t ing of t he securit y- relat ed paramet ers:
# password case sensitivity (11g)
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='SEC_CASE_SENSITIVE_LOGON'
alter system set SEC_CASE_SENSITIVE_LOGON = TRUE;
# maximum number of authentication attempts that can be made by a
# client on a connection to the server process. Default 10 (11g)
select value from v$parameter where
lower(name)='sec_max_failed_login_attempts'
alter system set sec_max_failed_login_attempts=10 scope=spfile;
For applicat ion users:

o Grant privileges t o users t hrough roles rat her t han direct access.
o Consider using applicat ion enabled roles.
o The users can make dat a changes only t hrough procedures not using direct
DML st at ement s.
o Consider prevent ing normal users from using SQL* Plus:
-- disable
INSERT INTO SYSTEM.PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE(PRODUCT,userid,attribute,char_value)
VALUES('SQL*Plus','TESTER','ROLES','TEST123');
-- enable
DELETE FROM product_user_profile WHERE userid='TESTER'
AND char_value = 'TEST123';


Managi ng User s
Recommendat ion: creat e default t ablespace t o every user.
For managing resources, it might be bet t er using Resource Manager.
User Profile paramet ers:
o Resource limit paramt ers:
CONNECT_TI ME: ( in minut es)
I DLE_TI ME
CPU_PER_CALL: CPU t ime used per each call
CPU_PER_SESSI ON
SESSI ONS_PER_USER
LOGI CAL_READS_PER_SESSI ON
LOGI CAL_READS_PER_CALL
PRI VATE_SGA: applicable only t o shared server archit ect ure syst ems
COMPOSI TE_LI MI T:
o Password management paramet ers ( see t he following sect ion) :
FAI LED_LOGI N_ATTEMPTS
PASSWORD_LI FE_TI ME
PASSWORD_GRACE_TI ME
PASSWORD_LOCK_TI ME
PASSWORD_REUSE_TI ME
PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX
PASSWORD_VERI FY_FUNCTI ON
-- creating user
CREATE USER user1 IDENTIFIED BY urs1754
TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMPTBS01
DEFAULT TABLESPACE user1ts
QUOTA 500M ON user1ts
PROFILE 'SALES_RPOF';

GRANT CREATE SESSION TO salapati;
ALTER USER user1 QUOTA 100M ON user1ts;
GRANT UNLIMITED TABLESPACE TO user1;

SELECT tablespace_name, username, bytes FROM DBA_TS_QUOTAS
WHERE username='USER1';

-- dropping user
DROP USER user1;
DROP USER user1 cascade;
REVOKE CREATE SESSION FROM user1;

-- Creating and Using User Profiles
CREATE PROFILE SALES_PROF
LIMIT
connect_time 120
failed_login_attempts 3
idle_time 60
sessions_per_user 2;

ALTER PROFILE test
LIMIT
sessions_per_user 4
failed_login_attempts 4;

-- to make Oracle enforce the resource limits in
-- the profile, if they are used
ALTER SYSTEM SET resource_limit=true;

ALTER USER salapati PROFILE SALES_PROF;

SELECT profile FROM dba_users
WHERE username = 'USER1';

SELECT DISTINCT resource_name, limit
FROM dba_profiles
WHERE profile='DEFAULT';

-- Password Management Function
-- utlpwdmg.sql script creates verify_function_11g
ALTER PROFILE DEFAULT
LIMIT
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 180
PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME 7
PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME UNLIMITED
PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX UNLIMITED
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 10
PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 1
PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION verify_function_11G;

-- Dropping a User Profile
DROP PROFILE test CASCADE;

Dat abase Aut hen t i cat i on
Managi n Passw or ds
select value from v$parameter where name='sec_case_sensitive_logon';
-- dynamic
alter system set sec_case_sensitive_logon=false ;

SELECT username, password, password_versions
FROM dba_users
order by 1;

/* making a password expired */
ALTER USER hr IDENTIFIED BY hr PASSWORD EXPIRE;
ALTER PROFILE test_profile
LIMIT PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30; -- in days (refere to profile section)
ALTER USER hr PROFILE test_profile;

/* password file */
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE';
SELECT * FROM v$pwfile_users;

orapwd FILE=testpwd PASSWORD=remorse1 ENTRIES=20
Ex t er nal ( OS) Aut hent i cat i on
Following are t he st eps t o set t ing up OS Aut hent icat ion on UNI X/ Linux and Windows
plat forms.
# to enable external authentication over the net
REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT=TRUE

# create the OS user
useradd ahmedb
passwd ahmedb

# set the parameter OS_AUTHENT_PREFIX
SHOW PARAMETER os_authent_prefix
alter system set os_authent_prefix='ops$' scope=spfile;
alter system set OS_AUTHENT_PREFIX = '' scope=spfile;

# in DB: create the DB user with the prefix
# in Unix
CREATE USER ops$ahmedb IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY;
GRANT CONNECT TO ops$ahmedb;
# in Windows

CREATE USER "OPS$MYDOMAIN.COM\AHMEDB" IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY;
GRANT CONNECT TO "OPS$MYDOMAIN.COM\AHMEDB";

# in Windows:
# set the following in the file "%ORACLE_HOME%\network\admin\sqlnet.ora":
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= (NTS)

# test:
su - ahmedb
export PATH=$PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/bin
export ORACLE_SID=ora11gr2
sqlplus /
Pr ox y Aut hent i cat i on
-- to authorize connections by a database user logging on from
-- a middle-tier node, using password authentication.
ALTER USER user1
GRANT CONNECT THROUGH appserv
AUTHENTICATED USING PASSWORD;

--
ALTER USER user1 GRANT CONNECT THROUGH appserv;
Loggi ng I n As a Di f f er ent User
I f you want t o log on as a different user and you do not know his password.
-- 1) obtain his encrypted password
SELECT 'alter user tester identified by values '||password||';'
FROM user$
WHERE username='HR';
-- 2) set a new password to him
ALTER USER hr IDENTIFIED BY newpassword;
-- 3) log on using the new password and execute your commands
-- 4) reset the user password back to the original one (note the qout)
ALTER USER tester IDENTIFIED BY VALUES '1825ACAA229030F1';
Ki l l i ng User Sessi ons f r om OS
-- on Unix
-- 1. obtain process#
SELECT process, sid, serial# FROM v$session WHERE username='&user';
-- 2. kill the process
kill -9 345678

-- on Windows
-- 1. obain thread #
SELECT sid, spid as thread, osuser, s.program
FROM v$process p, v$session s
WHERE p.addr = s.paddr;
-- kill the process using orakill utiliy
orakill 2948

Cont r ol l i ng Dat abase Access
Syst em and Obj ect Pr i vi l eges
/* system privs */
GRANT CREATE SESSION TO hr;
GRANT CREATE SESSION TO hr WITH ADMIN OPTION;
GRANT ANY OBJECT to hr;
-- only SELECT ANY DICTIONARY is NOT included
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO ourdba;
REVOKE DELETE ANY TABLE FROM ourdba;

-- dictionary views become accessible
grant SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE to ourdev;

/* object privs */
GRANT DELETE ON bonuses TO hr WITH GRANT OPTION;
GRANT UPDATE (product_id) ON sales01 TO hr;
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON emp_view TO PUBLIC;
GRANT SELECT ON oe.customers_seq TO hr;
GRANT ALL ON EMPLOYEES TO hr;
GRANT EXECUTE ON employee_pkg TO hr;
GRANT QUERY REWRITE TO hr;
GRANT READ ON DIRECTORY bfile_dir TO hr;

-- incorrect
REVOKE UPDATE (hostname) ON ods_process FROM hr;
-- correct
REVOKE UPDATE ON ods_process FROM hr;
I nvok er Ri ght s and Def i ner Ri ght s
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE delete_emp (p_emp_id number)
AUTHID CURRENT_USER
IS
BEGIN
DELETE FROM emp WHERE
emp_id = p_emp_id;
COMMIT;
END;
/
Rol es
Predefined roles:

o CONNECT
o RESOURCE: CREATE CLUSTER, CREATE I NDEXTYPE, CREATE OPERATOR, CREATE
PROCEDURE, CREATE SEQUENCE, CREATE TABLE, CREATE TRI GGER, CREATE TYPE
o DBA
o EXP_FULL_DATABASE
o I MP_FULL_DATABASE
o RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER
-- create role
CREATE ROLE new_dba;

/* Role Authorization */
-- (1) Database authorization
CREATE ROLE clerk IDENTIFIED BY password;
-- (2) Database authorization with a PL/SQL package
-- the role is enabled by a hr.admin package:
CREATE ROLE admin_role IDENTIFIED USING hr.admin;
-- (3) Externally
CREATE ROLE accts_rec IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY;
-- (4) Globally: enabled by an enterprise directory service
CREATE ROLE supervisor IDENTIFIED GLOBALLY;

/* Disabling and Enabling a Role */
-- disable
INSERT INTO SYSTEM.PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE(PRODUCT,userid,attribute,char_value)
VALUES('SQL*Plus','TESTER','ROLES','TEST123');
-- enable
DELETE FROM product_user_profile WHERE userid='TESTER'
AND char_value = 'TEST123';

-- Dropping a Role
DROP ROLE admin_user;
User s, Rol es, and Pr i vi l eges Vi ew s
DBA_USERS Provides informat ion about users
DBA_ROLES Shows all t he roles in t he dat abase
DBA_COL_PRIVS Shows column- level obj ect grant s
DBA_ROLE_PRIVS Shows users and t heir roles
DBA_SYS_PRIVS Shows users who have been grant ed syst em privileges
DBA_TAB_PRIVS Shows users and t heir privileges on t ables
ROLE_ROLE_PRIVS Shows roles grant ed t o roles
ROLE_SYS_PRIVS Shows syst em privileges grant ed t o roles
ROLE_TAB_PRIVS Shows t able privileges grant ed t o roles
SESSION_PRIVS Shows privileges current ly enabled for t he current session
SESSION_ROLES Shows roles current ly enabled for t he current session

Fi ne- Gr ai ned Dat a Access ( Vi r t ual Pr i vat e Dat abase VPD)
Fine-grained securit y wit hin t he dat abase is implement ed by DBMS_RLS
Fine-grained access cont rol policy: at t ached t o DB obj ect . I t can be applied t o SELECT,
I NSERT, UPDATE, I NDEX, and DELETE st at ement s.
SYS user is not affect ed by FGAC.
Common Predefined At t ribut es in t he USERENV
inst ance I nst ance I D
ent ryI D Audit ing ent ry ident ifier
current _user Name of t he user who st art ed t he session
session_user Dat abase username by which t he current user is aut hent icat ed
db_name Name of t he dat abase
host Name of t he machine on which t he dat abase is running
os_user Operat ing syst em account name
t erminal Client t erminal t hrough which t he dat abase is being accessed
ip_address I P address of t he client machine
ext ernal_name Ext ernal name of t he dat abase user
/* Using Application Context */
-- using pre-defined context
SELECT sys_context ('USERENV', 'OS_USER') FROM DUAL;
SELECT first_name,last_name,employee_id FROM employees
WHERE UPPER(last_name)=sys_context('USERENV', 'SESSION_USER');

-- using user-defined application context: var=val pair per session
CONNECT system/system_passwd;
GRANT CREATE ANY CONTEXT TO hr;
CONNECT hr/hr;
CREATE CONTEXT employee_info USING hr.context;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE hr_context AS
PROCEDURE select_emp_no ;
END;
/
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY hr_context as
PROCEDURE select_emp_no IS
empnum number;
BEGIN
SELECT employee_id INTO empnum FROM employees WHERE
UPPER(last_name) = sys_context('USERENV', 'SESSION_USER');
DBMS_SESSION.SET_CONTEXT('EMPLOYEE_INFO', 'EMP_NUM', EMPNUM);
END select_emp_no;
END;
/
-- set application context: upon login trigger
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER hr.security_context
AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE
BEGIN
hr_context.select_emp_no;
END;

/

/* using fine-grained access control */
-- here are the steps
--(1) define the policy function: which will generate the predicates
-- the function must adhere to the following syntax:
-- FUNCTION policy_function (object_schema IN VARCHAR2, object_name VARCHAR2)
-- RETURN VARCHAR2 returning max of 2000 Bytes
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE hr_security AS
FUNCTION empnum_sec (A1 VARCHAR2, A2 VARCHAR2)
RETURN varchar2;
END;
/
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY hr_security AS
FUNCTION empnum_sec (A1 VARCHAR2, A2 VARCHAR2)
RETURN varchar2
IS
d_predicate varchar2 (2000);
BEGIN
d_predicate:= 'employee_id =
SYS_CONTEXT("EMPLOYEE_INFO","EMP_NUM")';
RETURN d_predicate;
END empnum_sec;
END hr_security;
/
-- to make all db user being able to use it
GRANT EXECUTE ON hr_security TO public;

--(2) create security policy RLS=row-level security
-- POLICY_TYPE parameter in DBMS_RLS.ADD_POLICY takes:
-- DBMS_RLS.DYNAMIC (default)
-- DBMS_RLS.STATIC
-- DBMS_RLS.SHARED_STATIC
-- DBMS_RLS.CONTEXT_SENSITIVE
-- DBMS_RLS.SHARED_CONTEXT_SENSITIVE
BEGIN
DBMS_RLS.ADD_POLICY (OBJECT_SCHEMA=>'HR',
OBJECT_NAME=>'EMPLOYEES',
POLICY_NAME=>'MANAGER_POLICY',
FUNCTION_SCHEMA=>'HR',
POLICY_FUNCTION=>'hr_security.empnum_sec', -- func generates the predicates
STATEMENT_TYPES='SELECT' );
END;
/
SELECT object_name, policy_name, sel, ins, upd, del, enable
FROM all_policies;

-- Column-Level VPD
-- You can apply column-level VPD to a table or a view

BEGIN
DBMS_RLS.ADD_POLICY (OBJECT_SCHEMA=>'HR',
OBJECT_NAME=>'EMPLOYEES',
POLICY_NAME=>'MANAGER_POLICY',
FUNCTION_SCHEMA=>'HR',
POLICY_FUNCTION=>'hr_security.empnum_sec,
STATEMENT_TYPE=INSERT,UPDATE,
SEC_RELEVANT_COLS=>'salary,commission')
END;
/

/* Exempting from Access Policy */
GRANT EXEMPT ACCESS POLICY to hr;

Audi t i ng Dat abase
St andar d Audi t i ng
Set AUDI T_TRAI L t o: NONE ( default ), OS, DB ( SYS. AUD$) , DB_EXTENDED ( SYS. AUD$ +
t he columns SQLBI ND and SQLTEXT CLOB), XML ( in OS) , ' XML, EXTENDED'.
I f you set AUDI T_TRAI L t o DB, change t he t ablespace of SYS. AUD$ from SYSTEM.
Audit ed info:
o Operat ing syst em login
o Dat abase username
o Terminal and session ident ifiers
o Operat ion performed or at t empt ed
o Dat e and t ime st amp
o SQL t ext t hat t riggered t he audit ing
select value from v$parameter where name='audit_trail';
-- if not defined: $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/audit/
select value from v$parameter where name='audit_file_dest';

alter system set audit_trail=db_extended scope=spfile;
ALTER SYSTEM SET audit_trail = xml,extended SCOPE=SPFILE ;

-- AUDIT focused by
-- DB/user
-- success/failure and
-- grouped by session or access
audit session ;
AUDIT SESSION BY hr;
AUDIT select table BY hr BY SESSION;
AUDIT DELETE ANY TABLE BY hr WHENEVER NOT SUCCESSFUL;
AUDIT UPDATE ANY TABLE;
AUDIT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE ON employees BY ACCESS WHENEVER SUCCESSFUL;
AUDIT ALL PRIVILEGES;

/* turn audit off */
NOAUDIT select table BY hr;
NOAUDIT ALL; /* turns off all statement auditing */
NOAUDIT ALL PRIVILEGES; /* turns off all privilege auditing */
NOAUDIT ALL ON DEFAULT; /* turns off all object auditing */

/* obtain info on audit */
select * from DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS;
select OS_USERNAME, USERNAME, USERHOST, ACTION_NAME,
to_char(LOGOFF_TIME,'dd-mm-yy hh24:mi:ss') LOGOFF, SESSION_CPU
from DBA_AUDIT_SESSION;

select USERNAME, USERHOST, ACTION_NAME, OBJ_NAME
from DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT

ORDER BY USERNAME;

/* flushing db audit */
CONN / AS SYSDBA
DELETE FROM SYS.AUD$;
Cust omi zi ng Dat abase Audi t i ng w i t h Tr i gger s
/* The following procedure generate code required to write an auditing
trigger
Usage: execute the procedure and pass the table name. Then select from VW
order by I to view the code */
CREATE TABLE VW ( I NUMBER, X VARCHAR2(4000));
SEQUENCE SEQ_I ;

CREATE PROCEDURE CREATE_AUDIT2 ( P_TABLE VARCHAR2)
IS
V_NCOL_LIST VARCHAR2(4000) ;
V_OCOL_LIST VARCHAR2(4000) ;
V_NCOL_LIST2 VARCHAR2(4000) ;
V_OCOL_LIST2 VARCHAR2(4000) ;
V_OUTPUT VARCHAR2(4000);

PROCEDURE INSERT_VW( V VARCHAR2) IS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO VW VALUES(SEQ_I.NEXTVAL, V );
END;

BEGIN
-- ** generate the target Audit Table
-- create sequence
INSERT_VW('CREATE SEQUENCE SEQ_'|| P_TABLE || '_AUDIT ;');
INSERT_VW('CREATE TABLE '|| P_TABLE || '_AUDIT (');
INSERT_VW('ID NUMBER CONSTRAINT '|| P_TABLE || '_AUDIT_ID PRIMARY KEY,');
-- N Columns
FOR R IN ( SELECT
TABLE_NAME,COLUMN_NAME,DATA_TYPE,DATA_LENGTH,DATA_PRECISION,DATA_SCALE FROM
USER_TAB_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME = UPPER(P_TABLE) ) LOOP
IF R.DATA_TYPE = 'NUMBER' AND R.DATA_PRECISION IS NULL THEN
INSERT_VW( 'N' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ' NUMBER ,');
V_NCOL_LIST := V_NCOL_LIST || 'N' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ',';
V_NCOL_LIST2 := V_NCOL_LIST2 || ' :NEW.' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ',';
ELSIF R.DATA_TYPE = 'NUMBER' AND R.DATA_PRECISION IS NOT NULL AND
R.DATA_SCALE = 0 THEN
INSERT_VW( 'N' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ' NUMBER('|| R.DATA_PRECISION ||'),');

R.DATA_SCALE <> 0 THEN
INSERT_VW( 'N' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ' NUMBER('|| R.DATA_PRECISION ||','||
R.DATA_SCALE ||'),');
ELSIF R.DATA_TYPE = 'VARCHAR2' THEN
INSERT_VW( 'N' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ' VARCHAR2('|| R.DATA_LENGTH ||'),');
ELSIF R.DATA_TYPE = 'DATE' THEN
INSERT_VW( 'N' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ' DATE,');
END IF;
END LOOP;
-- O columns
FOR R IN ( SELECT
TABLE_NAME,COLUMN_NAME,DATA_TYPE,DATA_LENGTH,DATA_PRECISION,DATA_SCALE FROM
USER_TAB_COLUMNS WHERE TABLE_NAME = UPPER(P_TABLE) ) LOOP
IF R.DATA_TYPE = 'NUMBER' AND R.DATA_PRECISION IS NULL THEN
INSERT_VW( 'O' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ' NUMBER ,');
V_OCOL_LIST := V_OCOL_LIST || 'O' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ',';
V_OCOL_LIST2 := V_OCOL_LIST2 || ' :OLD.' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ',';
R.DATA_SCALE = 0 THEN
INSERT_VW( 'O' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ' NUMBER('|| R.DATA_PRECISION ||'),');
R.DATA_SCALE <> 0 THEN
INSERT_VW( 'O' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ' NUMBER('|| R.DATA_PRECISION ||','||
R.DATA_SCALE ||'),');
ELSIF R.DATA_TYPE = 'VARCHAR2' THEN
INSERT_VW( 'O' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ' VARCHAR2('|| R.DATA_LENGTH ||'),');
ELSIF R.DATA_TYPE = 'DATE' THEN
INSERT_VW( 'O' || R.COLUMN_NAME || ' DATE,');
END IF;
END LOOP;
INSERT_VW( 'ACTION VARCHAR2(6),');
INSERT_VW( 'ACTION_TIME DATE,');
INSERT_VW( 'HOST_NAME VARCHAR2(300),');
INSERT_VW( 'OS_USERNAME VARCHAR2(250));');
-- generate the Auditing Trigger

INSERT_VW('CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER TRG_' || P_TABLE || '_AUDIT');
INSERT_VW('AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON '|| P_TABLE);
INSERT_VW('FOR EACH ROW');
INSERT_VW('BEGIN');
INSERT_VW('IF INSERTING THEN');
INSERT_VW('INSERT INTO ' || P_TABLE || '_AUDIT(ID,');
INSERT_VW(V_NCOL_LIST);
INSERT_VW('ACTION,ACTION_TIME,HOST_NAME,OS_USERNAME)');
INSERT_VW('VALUES');
INSERT_VW('(SEQ_'|| P_TABLE || '_AUDIT.NEXTVAL,');
INSERT_VW( V_NCOL_LIST2);
INSERT_VW( '''INSERT'',sysdate,
SYS_CONTEXT(''USERENV'',''HOST''),SYS_CONTEXT(''USERENV'',''OS_USER''));');
INSERT_VW('END IF;');
INSERT_VW('IF DELETING THEN');
INSERT_VW(V_OCOL_LIST);
INSERT_VW( V_OCOL_LIST2);
INSERT_VW( '''DELETE'',
SYSDATE,SYS_CONTEXT(''USERENV'',''HOST''),SYS_CONTEXT(''USERENV'',''OS_USER'')
);');
INSERT_VW('IF UPDATING THEN');
INSERT_VW(V_NCOL_LIST );
INSERT_VW( V_OCOL_LIST);
INSERT_VW( V_NCOL_LIST2 );
INSERT_VW( V_OCOL_LIST2 );
INSERT_VW( '''UPDATE'',
SYSDATE,SYS_CONTEXT(''USERENV'',''HOST''),SYS_CONTEXT(''USERENV'',''OS_USER'')
);');
INSERT_VW('END;');
COMMIT;
END CREATE_AUDIT2;
Audi t i ng t he Dat abase Usi ng Syst em Tr i gger
Syst em- Level t rigger t ypes:
o Dat abase st art up
o Logon and Logoff
o DDL
o Server error

/* Required privs */
grant ADMINISTER DATABASE TRIGGER to user1;

/* Obtain Info about DB triggers */
-- list the db triggers
SELECT a.obj#, a.sys_evts, b.name
FROM trigger$ a,obj$ b
WHERE a.sys_evts > 0
AND a.obj#=b.obj#
AND baseobject = 0;

/* Examples */

/* If db cannot start because of an error in the AFTER STARTUP trigger */
set linesize 150
col NAME format a30
col VALUE format a20
col DESCRIPTION format a60
SELECT x.ksppinm NAME, y.ksppstvl VALUE, ksppdesc DESCRIPTION
FROM x$ksppi x, x$ksppcv y
WHERE x.inst_id = userenv('Instance')
AND y.inst_id = userenv('Instance')
AND x.indx = y.indx
AND x.ksppinm = '_system_trig_enabled';
-- enable or disable db triggers
ALTER SYSTEM SET "_system_trig_enabled" = TRUE SCOPE=BOTH;

-- Log On Log Off trigger
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER logon_audit
AFTER LOGON ON DATABASE
BEGIN
INSERT INTO connection_audit
(login_date, user_name)
VALUES
(SYSDATE, USER);
END logon_audit;
/
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER logoff_audit_trig
AFTER LOGOFF
ON DATABASE
BEGIN
INSERT INTO logon_audit
VALUES
(user,
sys_context('userenv', 'sessionid'),
null,
sysdate,
sys_context('userenv', 'host'));
END;
/

-- trigger to trap unsuccessful logons
/*
other errors that could be trapped include:
ORA-01004 - default username feature not supported
ORA-01005 - null password given
ORA-01035 - Oracle only available to users with restricted session priv
ORA-01045 - create session privilege not granted
*/
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER logon_failures
AFTER SERVERERROR
ON DATABASE
BEGIN

IF (IS_SERVERERROR(1017)) THEN
INSERT INTO connection_audit
(login_date, user_name)
VALUES
(SYSDATE, 'ORA-1017');
END IF;
END logon_failures;
/

-- DDL triggers
/* BEFORE / AFTER ALTER
BEFORE / AFTER ANALYZE
BEFORE / AFTER ASSOCIATE STATISTICS
BEFORE / AFTER AUDIT
BEFORE / AFTER COMMENT
BEFORE / AFTER CREATE
BEFORE / AFTER DDL
BEFORE / AFTER DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS
BEFORE / AFTER DROP
BEFORE / AFTER GRANT
BEFORE / AFTER NOAUDIT
BEFORE / AFTER RENAME
BEFORE / AFTER REVOKE
BEFORE / AFTER TRUNCATE
AFTER SUSPEND */
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER ddl_log_trig
AFTER DDL ON DATABASE
BEGIN
INSERT INTO ddl_log
(username, change_date, object_type, object_owner, database, event_name )
VALUES
(ORA_LOGIN_USER, sysdate, ora_dict_obj_type, ora_dict_obj_owner,
ora_database_name, ora_sysevent)
END;
/
-- Disable granting privileges to PUBLIC
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER ddl_trig
BEFORE GRANT
ON DATABASE
DECLARE
g_list DBMS_STANDARD.ORA_NAME_LIST_T;
n PLS_INTEGER;
BEGIN
n := ORA_GRANTEE(g_list);
FOR i IN 1..n LOOP
IF g_list(i) = 'PUBLIC' THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20997,'Public Grants Not Allowed');
END IF;
END LOOP;
END;
/

-- System Errors
CREATE TABLE servererror_log (
error_datetime TIMESTAMP,
error_user VARCHAR2(30),
db_name VARCHAR2(9),
error_stack VARCHAR2(2000),
captured_sql VARCHAR2(1000));

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER log_server_errors
AFTER SERVERERROR
ON DATABASE

DECLARE
captured_sql VARCHAR2(1000);
BEGIN
SELECT q.sql_text
INTO captured_sql
FROM gv$sql q, gv$sql_cursor c, gv$session s
WHERE s.audsid = audsid
AND s.prev_sql_addr = q.address
AND q.address = c.parent_handle;

INSERT INTO servererror_log
(error_datetime, error_user, db_name,
error_stack, captured_sql)
VALUES
(systimestamp, sys.login_user, sys.database_name,
dbms_utility.format_error_stack, captured_sql);
END log_server_errors;
/
Usi ng Fi ne Gr ai ned Audi t i ng
-----
-- Show all currently active FGA Policies in the database
-----
COL object_schema FORMAT A10 HEADING 'Object|Schema'
COL object_name FORMAT A20 HEADING 'Object Name' WRAP
COL policy_name FORMAT A16 HEADING 'Policy Name' WRAP
COL policy_text FORMAT A24 HEADING 'Policy Text' WRAP
COL policy_column FORMAT A16 HEADING 'Policy Column' WRAP
COL enabled FORMAT A05 HEADING 'On?'
COL siud_options FORMAT A04 HEADING 'SIUD|Set'
SELECT
policy_name
,policy_text
,policy_column
,enabled
,object_schema
,object_name
,DECODE(sel,'YES','Y','N') || DECODE(ins,'YES','Y','N')||
DECODE(upd,'YES','Y','N') || DECODE(del,'YES','Y','N') siud_options
FROM dba_audit_policies;

-- required priv
grant execute on DBMS_FGA to hr;

-----
-- Show Fine-Grained Auditing results so far
-- the view is based on SYS.FGA_LOG$
-----
TTITLE 'Current Fine-Grained Auditing (FGA) Results'
COL audit_date FORMAT A10 HEADING 'Audit|Date'
COL db_user FORMAT A10 HEADING 'DBUser'
COL sql_text FORMAT A36 HEADING 'SQL Text' WRAP
SELECT
TO_CHAR(timestamp,'dd/mm/yyyy hh24:mi:ss') audit_date
,db_user
,object_schema
,object_name

,policy_name
,sql_text
FROM dba_fga_audit_trail
ORDER BY timestamp;

-----
-- Use the new combined audit trail view (DBA_COMMON_AUDIT_TRAIL)
-- to see results of both Standard (i.e. AUDIT) and Fine-Grained
-- Auditing (i.e. via DBMS_FGA)
-----
COL audtype FORMAT A03 HEADING 'Aud|Typ'
COL db_user FORMAT A10 HEADING 'DBUser'
COL audit_date FORMAT A10 HEADING 'Audit|Date'
COL sql_text FORMAT A32 HEADING 'SQL Text' WRAP
SELECT
DECODE(audit_type,
'Fine Grained Audit', 'FGA'
,'Standard Audit', 'STD'
,'UNK') audtype
,db_user
,object_schema
,object_name
,policy_name
,TO_CHAR(extended_timestamp,'mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss') audit_date
,sql_text
FROM dba_common_audit_trail
WHERE db_user NOT IN ('SYS','SYSTEM','DBSNMP','SYSMAN')
ORDER BY extended_timestamp, db_user, object_schema, object_name;

-----
BEGIN
DBMS_FGA.ADD_POLICY(
object_schema => 'AP' -- if null, logon user schema
,object_name => 'VENDORS'
,policy_name => 'VENDORS_LO'
,audit_condition => 'ACTIVE_IND <> ''Y''' -- if NULL=TRUE
,audit_column => 'ACTIVE_IND,CREDIT_CARD,CREDIT_LIMIT'
,handler_schema => NULL
,handler_module => NULL -- the procedure will fire on audit
,enable => TRUE -- default is TRUE
,statement_types => 'SELECT'
,audit_trail => DBMS_FGA.DB_EXTENDED
,audit_column_opts => DBMS_FGA.ANY_COLUMNS -- or DBMS_FGA.ALL_COLUMNS
);
END;
/

BEGIN
DBMS_FGA.ADD_POLICY(
object_schema => 'AP'
,object_name => 'RV_INVOICE_DETAILS'
,policy_name => 'RV_INVOICE_LO'
,audit_condition => NULL
,audit_column =>
'VENDOR_NAME,INVOICE_ID,EXTENDED_AMT,VENDOR_CREDIT_LIMIT'
,handler_schema => NULL
,handler_module => NULL
,enable => FALSE
,statement_types => 'SELECT'

,audit_trail => DBMS_FGA.DB_EXTENDED
,audit_column_opts => DBMS_FGA.ALL_COLUMNS
);
END;
/

/*
|| Listing 1.5: FGA Policy Maintenance
*/

BEGIN
-----
-- Disabling an enabled, existing FGA policY
-----
DBMS_FGA.DISABLE_POLICY(
object_schema => 'AP'
,object_name => 'INVOICES'
,policy_name => 'INVOICES_HI'
);

-----
-- Dropping an enabled, existing FGA policY
-----
DBMS_FGA.DROP_POLICY(
,policy_name => 'RV_INVOICE_LOW'
,object_name => ' RV_INVOICE_DETAILS'
,policy_name => 'RV_INVOICE_LO'
);
END;
/

Usi ng Dat a En cr y pt i on
Or acl e Tr anspar ent Dat a Encr ypt i on ( TDE)
Caut i on: Wallet file must be included in your backup.
Column lengt h changes on disk. Act ual lengt hs not report ed by DUMP or VSI ZE.
The Wallet must be opened aft er inst ance rest art .
/* Setting up TDE */
-- 1. Create the Wallet file:
-- add the following to the sqlnet.ora
ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION =
(SOURCE=
(METHOD=file)
(METHOD_DATA=
(DIRECTORY=C:\oracle\OraDb10g\admin\ora10g\wallet)))

-- 2. Set the master key: this is done only once:
ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY <password>;

-- 3. Create tables that contain encrypted columns
-- possible algorithms are AES128, (AES192), AES256, or 3DES168
-- the salt increases the protection but prevents indexing on the column.
CREATE TABLE emp (
first_name VARCHAR2(128),
...
empID NUMBER ENCRYPT NO SALT,
salary NUMBER(6) ENCRYPT USING '3DES168',
comm NUMBER(6) ENCRYPT);
ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY ( SAL ENCRYPT NO SALT );
DESC EMP

/* Existing Tables and TDE */
--Add encrypted columns:
ALTER TABLE emp ADD (ssn VARCHAR2(11) ENCRYPT);
Encrypt unencrypted columns:
ALTER TABLE emp MODIFY (first_name ENCRYPT);
Disable column encryption:
ALTER TABLE emp MODIFY (first_name DECRYPT);
--Add or remove salt:
ALTER TABLE emp MODIFY (first_name ENCRYPT [NO] SALT);
--Change keys and the encryption algorithm:
ALTER TABLE emp REKEY USING '3DES168';

-- To Test TDE
SELECT
DBMS_ROWID.ROWID_TO_ABSOLUTE_FNO (ROWID,USER,'EMP'),
DBMS_ROWID.ROWID_BLOCK_NUMBER (ROWID)

FROM EMP;
File Nu Block Number
------- ------------
4 63
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS '10389 trace name context forever, level 1';

/* Opening and Closing the Wallet */
-- The Wallet must be opened after instance restart.
ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION WALLET OPEN IDENTIFIED BY password>
ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION WALLET CLOSE
-- To verify that a wallet is open, you can query the V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET:
select WRL_PARAMETER, STATUS
from V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET
Tabl espace Encr ypt i on
I n Oracle Dat abase 11g, you can encrypt an ent ire t ablespace.
Encr y pt ed Tabl espace Li mi t at i ons
You cannot encrypt an exist ing t ablespace.
exp and imp ut ilit ies are not support ed wit h obj ect s in t he encrypt ed t ablespaces.
Whereas expdp and impdp ut ilit ies are support ed.
You cannot recreat e t he t ablespace encrypt ion key.
The NO SALT opt ion is not support ed.
Temporary and undo t ablespaces cannot be encrypt ed.
You cannot t ransport an encrypt ed t ablespace t o a dat abase t hat already has an Oracle
wallet for TDE. I n t his case, use Oracle Dat a Pump t o export t he obj ect s in t he t ablespace
using t he expdp wit h ENCRYPTION_MODE= password and t hen import t hem t o t he
dest inat ion dat abase.
BFI LES and ext ernal t ables are not encrypt ed.
Logically, encrypt ed t ablespace is less efficient t han normal un- encrypt ed t ablespace.

Caut i on
Losing t he mast er key or t he wallet file will lead t o losing t he dat a in t he encrypt ed
t ablespace.
Encr y pt i ng a Tabl espace
Creat e and open a wallet file, as explained in t he previous sect ion.
The t ablespace creat ion st at ement for an encrypt ed t ablespace has t he following synt ax:
CREATE TABLESPACE <tbsp_name> ...
[ENCRYPTION [USING <ALGORITHM>]] -- specify encryption algorithm
DEFAULT STORAGE(ENCRYPT) -- encrypt objects in the tablespace

CREATE TABLESPACE tbsp1
DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/test/tbsp1_01.dbf' SIZE 500m
ENCRYPTION

DEFAULT STORAGE (ENCRYPT);

CREATE TABLESPACE mytbsp2
DATAFILE '/u01/app/oracle/test/mytbsp2_01.dbf' size 500m
ENCRYPTION USING '3DES168'
DEFAULT STORAGE (ENCRYPT);
The ALGORITHM clause accept s one of t he following values:
o AES192 Advanced Encrypt ion St andard ( t he default ) .
o 3DES168 Triple Dat a Encrypt ion St andard 168- bit encrypt ion
o AES128 Advanced Encrypt ion St andard 128-bit encrypt ion
o AES256 Advanced Encrypt ion St andard 256-bit encrypt ion
To know whet her an exist ing t ablespace is encrypt ed or not , issue t he following query:
select vt.NAME, vet.ENCRYPTIONALG, vet.ENCRYPTEDTS
from V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES vet, V$TABLESPACE vt
where vet.TS#=vt.TS#

SELECT tablespace_name, encrypted
2 FROM dba_tablespaces;

Fi ne- Gr ai ned Access Cont r ol f or UTL_* Pack ages
Oracle Dat abase 11g provides a mechanism t o refine t he level of access t o t he net work
access packages UTL_TCP, UTL_SMTP, UTL_MAIL, UTL_HTTP, and UTL_INADDR.
Cr eat i ng ACL
You can use t he DBMS_NETWORK_ACL_ADMIN package t o facilit at e management of t he UTL_*
net work access packages as in t he following st eps:
1) Creat e an Access Cont rol List ( ACL) : All ACL definit ions are st ored in XML DB in t he form of
XML document s. The ACL XML files reside in t he /sys/acls direct ory of t he XML DB
reposit ory. Following is an example of using t he CREATE_ACL procedure t o creat e an XML
file called dba.xml:
begin
DBMS_NETWORK_ACL_ADMIN.CREATE_ACL (
ACL => 'dba.xml', -- case sensitive
DESCRIPTION=> 'Network Access Control for the DBAs',
PRINCIPAL => 'SCOTT', -- user or role the privilege is granted or denied
(upper case)
IS_GRANT => TRUE, -- privilege is granted or denied
PRIVILEGE => 'connect', -- or 'resolve' (case sensitive)
START_DATE => null, -- when the access control entity ACE will be valid
END_DATE => null); -- ACE expiration date (TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE format)
end;
Regarding t he PRIVILEGE paramet er, t he dat abase user needs t he connect privilege t o an
ext ernal net work host comput er if he or she is connect ing using t he UTL_TCP, UTL_HTTP,
UTL_SMTP, and UTL_MAIL ut ilit y packages. To resolve a host name t hat was given as a host I P
address, or t he I P address t hat was given as a host name, wit h t he UTL_INADDR package,
grant t he dat abase user t he resolve privilege.
You can t hen query t he RESOURCE_VIEW view t o find t he dba.xml ACL in t he /sys/acls
direct ory:
select ANY_PATH
from RESOURCE_VIEW
where ANY_PATH LIKE '/sys/acls/dba%'
Too may ent ries in t he ACL may lead t o significant XML DB performance drop because ACL
are checked for each access t o Oracle XML DB reposit ory. As general rule of t humb, ACL
check operat ions perform best when t he number of ACEs in t he ACL is at 16 ent ries or less.
2) Add Access Cont rol Ent ries: Once you creat e t he init ial ACL, you can cont inue t o add more
privileges t o t he XML file. The following example will add t he user RAMI t o t he dba.xml file
and grant him net work access:
begin
DBMS_NETWORK_ACL_ADMIN.ADD_PRIVILEGE (
ACL => 'dba.xml',
PRINCIPAL => 'RAMI',
IS_GRANT => TRUE,

PRIVILEGE => 'connect',
START_DATE => null, -- if the time interval is defined,
END_DATE => null); -- the ACE will expire after the specified date range
end;
/
COMMIT;
I n ACL, t he securit y ent ries are evaluat ing in order precedence. I f you have t wo cont radict ing
ent ries in t he list , t he first one in t he order will t ake effect . You can cont rol t he order number
of an added ent ry as follows:
begin
DBMS_NETWORK_ACL_ADMIN.ADD_PRIVILEGE (
POSITION => 1, -- on the top
ACL => 'dba.xml', PRINCIPAL => 'SAMI',
IS_GRANT => FALSE, PRIVILEGE => 'connect',
START_DATE => null, END_DATE => null);
end;
3) Assign Host s: The ASSIGN_ACL procedure is used t o aut horize access t o one or more
net work host s as follows:
begin
DBMS_NETWORK_ACL_ADMIN.ASSIGN_ACL (
ACL => 'dba.xml', HOST => 'dbaexpert.com',
LOWER_PORT => 80, UPPER_PORT => 443);
end;
COMMIT;
The lower port and t he upper port define t he lower and t he upper boundaries of t he allowable
port range. They should be set for connect privileges not resolve privileges.
4) Validat e t hat t he ACL permissions worked accordingly. Following is an example t o t est t he
code in t he previous st ep.
select UTL_HTTP.REQUEST('http://www.ahmedbaraka.com') from dual;
I f t he sufficient ACL privileges or ACL assignment s are not provided, you will receive t he ORA-
24247 error.
Access Cont r ol Li st s Mai nt enance
Use DELETE_PRIVILEGE t o remove an access cont rol ent ry from t he XML file.
exec DBMS_NETWORK_ACL_ADMIN.DELETE_PRIVILEGE( ACL=>'dba.xml', PRINCIPAL=> 'RAMI');
Use t he DROP_ACL procedure t o remove t he XML file from t he /sys/acls direct ory as follows:
exec DBMS_NETWORK_ACL_ADMIN.DROP_ACL ( ACL=>'dba.xml' );

Quer y Your Access Cont r ol Li st
To display list of t he ACLs creat ed in t he dat abase, use t he following query:
select HOST, LOWER_PORT, UPPER_PORT, ACL from DBA_NETWORK_ACLS
You can query t he DBA_NETWORK_ACL_PRIVILEGES view t o query net work privileges grant ed or
denied for t he access cont rol list as follows:
select PRINCIPAL, PRIVILEGE, IS_GRANT
from DBA_NETWORK_ACL_PRIVILEGES
where ACL like '%dba.xml'
Logged on users can use t he following query t o see t heir access ent ries in t he dba.xml file:
select HOST, LOWER_PORT, UPPER_PORT, STATUS privilege
from USER_NETWORK_ACL_PRIVILEGES
where HOST in
(select * from
table(DBMS_NETWORK_ACL_UTILITY.DOMAINS('dbaexpert.com')))
and PRIVILEGE = 'connect'
order by DBMS_NETWORK_ACL_UTILITY.DOMAIN_LEVEL(host) desc, LOWER_PORT;

Par t 5 Or acl e Dat abase Per f or mance
Tuni ng

Managi ng Per f or mance St at i st i cs
Managi ng OS St at i st i cs
CPU St at ist ics:
o doesn' t exceed 95% in t ot al.
o check DB share on CPU
Virt ual Memory St at ist ics:
o validat e t hat memory usage does not increase aft er t he syst em has reached a
st eady st at e aft er st art up.
Disk I / O St at ist ics:
o current response t ime should be bet ween 5 t o 20 ms for a single block I O
o t he lengt h of t he disk queues shouldn' t exceed t wo.
Net work St at ist ics:
o Look at t he net work round- t rip ping t ime and t he number of collisions. I nvest igat e
it , if t he net work is causing large delays in response t ime.

Reducing Disk Cont ent ion:
o I ncrease t he number of disks in t he st orage syst em
o Separat e t he dat abase and t he redo log files
o For a large t able, use part it ions t o reduce I / O
o St ripe t he dat a eit her manually or by using a RAI D disk- st riping syst em
o I nvest in cut t ing-edge t echnology, such as file caching, t o avoid I / O bot t lenecks
o Consider using ASM
You can use OS Wat cher t o gat her det ailed OS st at ist ics.
/* from the database */
-- to gather system stats
see Gathering System Statistics

-- all stats
select STAT_NAME, VALUE, OSSTAT_ID, COMMENTS, CUMULATIVE
from V$OSSTAT;

/* CPU */
-- one-hour history of the Host CPU Utilization
select BEGIN_TIME, END_TIME, GROUP_ID, METRIC_ID, METRIC_NAME, VALUE, METRIC_UNIT
from V$SYSMETRIC_HISTORY
where METRIC_NAME LIKE '%Host CPU%'

-- top session CPU-comsumers
SELECT
n.username,
s.sid,
s.value
FROM v$sesstat s,v$statname t, v$session n
WHERE s.statistic# = t.statistic#
AND n.sid = s.sid

AND t.name='CPU used by this session'
AND s.value <> 0
ORDER BY s.value desc;

-- Decomposition of Total CPU Usage
-- if the parsing or recursive CPU usage PCT is high, then tuning is required
-- Recursive CPU Usage is for data dict lookups and executing PL/SQL programs
SELECT name, value,
round(value/(select sum(value) from v$sysstat WHERE NAME IN ('CPU used by this
session', 'recursive cpu usage','parse time cpu'))*100,2) PCT
FROM V$SYSSTAT
WHERE NAME IN ('CPU used by this session', 'recursive cpu usage','parse time
cpu')
order by value DESC

/* io tuning */
-- IO related waits
select
EVENT,
TOTAL_WAITS_FG,
TOTAL_TIMEOUTS_FG,
TIME_WAITED_FG,
AVERAGE_WAIT_FG,
WAIT_CLASS,
TOTAL_WAITS,
TOTAL_TIMEOUTS,
TIME_WAITED,
AVERAGE_WAIT
from
V$SYSTEM_EVENT
WHERE WAIT_CLASS = 'User I/O'
order by WAIT_CLASS;

-- io stats
select
FILE_NO,
FILETYPE_NAME,
SMALL_READ_MEGABYTES "Single-block MegaBytes Reads",
SMALL_WRITE_MEGABYTES "Single-block MegaBytes Writes",
SMALL_READ_REQS "Single-block Read Requests",
SMALL_WRITE_REQS "Single-block Write Requests",
SMALL_READ_SERVICETIME "Total S-Block Read Time",
SMALL_WRITE_SERVICETIME "Total S-Block Write Time",
-- decode(SMALL_READ_REQS,0,0,SMALL_READ_SERVICETIME/SMALL_READ_REQS) "Per S-
Block Read Response T",
SMALL_SYNC_READ_REQS,
SMALL_SYNC_READ_LATENCY "S-Block Sync Read Latency (ms)",
LARGE_READ_MEGABYTES "Multi-block MegaBytes Reads",
LARGE_WRITE_MEGABYTES "Multi-block MegaBytes Writes",
LARGE_READ_REQS "Multi-block Read Requests",
LARGE_WRITE_REQS "Multi-block Write Requests",
LARGE_READ_SERVICETIME "Total M-Block Read Time",
LARGE_WRITE_SERVICETIME "Total M-Block Write Time",
ASYNCH_IO,
RETRIES_ON_ERROR
from V$IOSTAT_FILE
order by FILE_NO

/

-- Datafiles IO since instance startup
SELECT d.name,
f.phyrds reads,
f.phywrts wrts,
(f.readtim / decode(f.phyrds,0,-1,f.phyrds))/10 ReadRespoinseTime_ms,
(f.writetim / decode(f.phywrts,0,-1,phywrts))/10 WriteRespoinseTime_ms,
SINGLEBLKRDTIM/10 Single_Block_ReadTime_ms
FROM
v$datafile d, v$filestat f
WHERE d.file# = f.file#
ORDER BY d.name;

-- Datafiles IO History
SELECT
f.snap_id,
f.filename,
f.phyrds reads,
f.phywrts wrts,
(f.readtim / decode(f.phyrds,0,-1,f.phyrds))/10 ReadRespoinseTime_ms,
(f.writetim / decode(f.phywrts,0,-1,phywrts))/10 WriteRespoinseTime_ms,
SINGLEBLKRDTIM/10 Single_Block_ReadTime_ms,
wait_count, time waittime
FROM DBA_HIST_FILESTATXS f
ORDER BY f.snap_id desc, filename

/* on Windows */
--Performance Monitor tool.
For Windows Server 2003, can be downloaded from:
http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=09115420-8c9d-46b9-a9a5-
9bffcd237da2&displaylang=en

-- see using OS Watcher
-- see also Optimizing Windows Server

/* on Unix */
/* CPU */
# process per second
sar -c 2 10 -- for all CPUs without interval, since last reboot
sar -c P 0 -- for first CPU

# CPU% utilization
sar -u 4 5

# from vmstat output
# us: user CPU Time %
sy: system CPU Time %
id: idle CPU Time %
wa: Waiting for IO CPU Time %

# alternatively
vmstat -s | grep "cpu ticks"
# CPU% utilization
iostat c

iostat 4 5 c -- 5 times every 4 seconds

/* Virtual Memory Statistics */
-- Obtain info about memory
cat /proc/meminfo

-- Page ins and page outs
vmstat -s | grep "pages paged"
sar -B 2 50 -- every 2 seconds for 50 times

-- Swap ins and swap outs
# from vmstat output: swpd (so (swapped out) or si) should ideally be 0
# alternatively:
vmstat s -S M | grep "swap"

sar r
sar -W

-- Active and inactive pages: you shouldn't have too few inactive memory pages:
vmstat -S M
# alternatively:
vmstat -s -S M | grep "memory"

sar r
sar R

/* Disk I/O Statistics */
# disk usage
df h

# from vmstat output: bi (blocks in) bo (blocks out)
# alternatively:
#vmstat -s -S M | grep "pages"
# reports disk statistics
vmstat -d | grep d
# tps: transfer per second
iostat d
iostat 4 5 d -- 5 times every 4 seconds
iostat -d k -- display output in kilobytes instead of blocks
iostat -d x -- extended report

# rtps wtps read/write requests per second issued to the physical disk
# bread/s bwrtn/s data read/write from the drive in blocks per second
sar b 5 10
# bloc device usage
# number of sectors (512 byte) read/written per second
# if avque is greater larger than 1, disk contention is there
sar -d

/* Network Statistics */
# ping and check the latency

ping ...

# sar -n DEV | EDEV | SOCK | FULL
# DEV= network devices
rxpck/s packets received per second
txpck/s packets transmitted per second
rxbyt/s bytes received per second
txbyt/s bytes transmitted per second
# EDEV = failures from the network devices
rxerr/s bad packets received per second.
txerr/s errors that happened per second while transmitting packets
coll/s collisions that happened per second while transmitting packets
rxdrop/s received packets dropped per second because of a lack of space in linux
buffers
txdrop/s transmitted packets dropped per second because of a lack of space in
linux buffers
txcarr/s carrier-errors that happened per second while transmitting packets
rxfram/s frame alignment errors that happened per second on received packets.
rxfifo/s FIFO overrun errors that happened per second on received packets.
txfifo/s FIFO overrun errors that happened per second on transmitted packets.
# SOCK = sockets
totsck Total number of used sockets.
tcpsck Number of TCP sockets currently in use.
udpsck Number of UDP sockets currently in use.
rawsck Number of RAW sockets currently in use.
ip-frag Number of IP fragments currently in use.

# display network interfaces
netstat i
# summary stats on each protocol
netstat s | less
Managi ng Dat abase St at i st i cs
Syst em and Session St at ist ics (and t heir execut ed st at ement s)
Time Model St at ist ics
Wait Event s
Act ive Session Hist ory
Syst em and Sessi on St at i st i cs
/* System stats */
select
NAME,
decode(CLASS,
'1','User','2','Redo','4','Enqueue','8','Cache','16','OS','32','RAC','64','SQL','1
28','Debug', CLASS) STAT_CLASS,
VALUE
from V$SYSSTAT
order by NAME;

/* Session stats */
select
T.SID,S.USERNAME, S.MACHINE, S.MODULE, S.ACTION,

N.NAME,
decode(N.CLASS,
'1','User','2','Redo','4','Enqueue','8','Cache','16','OS','32','RAC','64','SQL','1
28','Debug', N.CLASS) STAT_CLASS,
VALUE
from V$SESSTAT T, V$STATNAME N, V$SESSION S
WHERE T.STATISTIC#=N.STATISTIC# and T.SID=S.SID
and S.USERNAME NOT IN ('SYSTEM','SYS','DBSNMP','SYSMAN')
order by S.SID , N.NAME;

/* SQL Stats */
high buffer gets = using the wrong index, the wrong driving table in a join, or a
similar SQL-related error
buffer gets and disk reads are at identical levels = a missing index

-- top io consumers
SELECT executions, buffer_gets, disk_reads, rows_processed,SORTS, sql_text
FROM V$SQL
WHERE buffer_gets > 100000 OR disk_reads > 100000
ORDER BY buffer_gets + 100*disk_reads DESC;

-- top CPU consumers
SELECT executions,
ROUND(elapsed_time/1000000, 2) elapsed_seconds,
ROUND(cpu_time/1000000, 2) cpu_secs ,
sql_text
from (select * from v$sql order by elapsed_time desc)
WHERE rownum <6
Ti me Model St at i st i cs
DB Time is an indicat or inst ance workload.
DB Time = CPU t ime + non- idle Wait t ime ( of all t he sessions accumulat ively)
-- how long since the instance started
select STARTUP_TIME , ROUND((SYSDATE-STARTUP_TIME)*24,2) HOURS
from v$instance;

-- system-wide time-based stat
SELECT STAT_NAME "Stat. Name",
round(VALUE/1000000) "Value (s)" ,
round(VALUE/1000000/60) "Value (min)"
FROM V$SYS_TIME_MODEL;

-- SESSION-wide time-based stats
SELECT
E.SID, S.USERNAME, S.MACHINE, S.MODULE, S.ACTION,
STAT_NAME "Stat. Name",
round(VALUE/1000000) "Value (s)" ,
round(VALUE/1000000/60) "Value (min)"
FROM V$SESS_TIME_MODEL E, V$SESSION S
WHERE E.SID = S.SID
order by E.SID;

Wai t Ev ent s
The wait event s are only t he sympt oms of problems, most likely wit hin t he applicat ion
code.
Aft er defining t he t roubled wait ing event , you can get furt her info by t racing t he suspect ed
session.
-- TIMED_STATISTICS must be true (default)
show parameter TIMED_STATISTICS

/* Wait time for the whole instance */
-- System metrics captured in recent 60-sec or 15-sec
-- If 'Database Wait Time Ratio' is higher than 'Database CPU Time Ratio',
-- consider looking for bottlenecks
select
GROUP_ID,
METRIC_NAME,
VALUE,
METRIC_UNIT,
INTSIZE_CSEC/100 Interval_Duration,
TO_CHAR(BEGIN_TIME,'HH24:MI:SS') BEGIN_TIME,
TO_CHAR(END_TIME,'HH24:MI:SS') END_TIME
from V$SYSMETRIC
-- where METRIC_NAME IN ('Database Wait Time Ratio','Database CPU Time Ratio')
order BY END_TIME DESC

-- in the recent hour
SELECT
GROUP_ID,
METRIC_NAME,
VALUE,
METRIC_UNIT,
ROUND(INTSIZE_CSEC/100) Interval_Duration,
TO_CHAR(BEGIN_TIME,'HH24:MI:SS') BEGIN_TIME,
TO_CHAR(END_TIME,'HH24:MI:SS') END_TIME
FROM V$SYSMETRIC_HISTORY
WHERE METRIC_NAME IN ('Database Wait Time Ratio','Database CPU Time Ratio')
ORDER BY END_TIME DESC

/* WAIT EVENTS */
-- waite events in the instance:
-- Top Wait Classes By Instance Total
-- AWR reports could also assist you
select
WAIT_CLASS,
TIME_WAITED, round(TIME_WAITED/TOT_WAIT*100,2) TIME_WAITED_PCT, TIME_WAITED_FG,
round(TIME_WAITED_FG/TOT_WAIT*100,2) TIME_WAITED_FG_PCT
from V$SYSTEM_WAIT_CLASS, (select sum(TIME_WAITED) TOT_WAIT from
V$SYSTEM_WAIT_CLASS where WAIT_CLASS <>'Idle'),
(select sum(TIME_WAITED_FG) TOT_WAIT_FG from V$SYSTEM_WAIT_CLASS where WAIT_CLASS
<>'Idle')
where WAIT_CLASS <>'Idle'
order by TIME_WAITED_FG_PCT DESC

-- Wait Classes by Instance Wide in the Last Hour
select

TO_CHAR(BEGIN_TIME,'HH24:MI') BEGIN_TIME,
TO_CHAR(END_TIME,'HH24:MI') END_TIME,
INTSIZE_CSEC/100 Interval_sec,
WAIT_CLASS#,
(SELECT DISTINCT WAIT_CLASS FROM V$EVENT_NAME X WHERE
X.WAIT_CLASS#=W.WAIT_CLASS#) WAIT_CLASS_NAME,
TIME_WAITED, DBTIME_IN_WAIT "Pct of DB Time spent", WAIT_COUNT
from V$WAITCLASSMETRIC_HISTORY W
where WAIT_CLASS#<>6 -- Idle
order by BEGIN_TIME DESC, TIME_WAITED DESC;

-- Wait Events by Instance Total
-- typically waits by foreground processes are what we care about
select
EVENT,
TIME_WAITED_FG,
ROUND(TIME_WAITED_FG/TOT_WAIT_FG*100,2) TIME_WAITED_PCT,
TOTAL_WAITS_FG,
TOTAL_TIMEOUTS_FG,
AVERAGE_WAIT_FG,
WAIT_CLASS,
TOTAL_WAITS,
TOTAL_TIMEOUTS,
TIME_WAITED,
AVERAGE_WAIT
from V$SYSTEM_EVENT, (SELECT SUM(TIME_WAITED_FG) TOT_WAIT_FG FROM V$SYSTEM_EVENT
where WAIT_CLASS <> 'Idle')
where WAIT_CLASS <> 'Idle'
order by TIME_WAITED_FG DESC;

-- if buffer busy was on the top waits, get more info about
-- block contention statistics
select CLASS, TIME, COUNT
from V$WAITSTAT
order by TIME desc

-- Wait Events by Sessions
-- detailed information on V$SESSION ( or V$SESSION_WAIT )
-- cols in V$SESSION_WAIT already contained in V$SESSION
select
E.SID, S.USERNAME, S.MACHINE, S.MODULE, S.ACTION,
S.STATUS,
E.WAIT_CLASS,
E.EVENT,
S.STATE,
WAIT_TIME,
TIME_WAITED,
SECONDS_IN_WAIT,
AVERAGE_WAIT,
P1TEXT,
P1,
P2TEXT,
P2,
P3TEXT,
P3,

TOTAL_WAITS,
MAX_WAIT,
TOTAL_TIMEOUTS,
ROW_WAIT_OBJ# WAITED_OBJECT,
TO_CHAR(S.LOGON_TIME,'HH24:MI') LOGON_TIME,
S.BLOCKING_SESSION
from V$SESSION_EVENT E, V$SESSION S
where E.SID = S.SID
and E.WAIT_CLASS <> 'Idle'
order by E.TIME_WAITED desc
/

-- if the problem in the latch, further details can be obtained:
SELECT
ADDR Latch_Object_Address,
LATCH#,
LEVEL#,
NAME,
HASH,
GETS,
MISSES,
case misses when 0 then 0 else misses/(misses+GETS+SLEEPS) end MISSES_RATIO,
SLEEPS,
IMMEDIATE_GETS,
IMMEDIATE_MISSES,
SPIN_GETS,
WAIT_TIME WAIT_TIME_US
FROM V$LATCH
order by MISSES desc
Act i v e Sessi on Hi st or y ( ASH)
Used when you want t o analyze for a previous period not t aken yet by AWR ( let 's say last
10 minut es).
V$ACTI VE_SESSI ON_HI STORY is flushed int o DBA_HI ST_ACTI VE_SESS_HI STORY when
AWR is t aken (every hour by default ) .
-- ASH list
SELECT SAMPLE_ID, SAMPLE_TIME, SESSION_ID, SESSION_SERIAL#, SESSION_TYPE,
FLAGS, USER_ID, SQL_ID, SQL_CHILD_NUMBER, SQL_OPCODE, FORCE_MATCHING_SIGNATURE,
TOP_LEVEL_SQL_ID, TOP_LEVEL_SQL_OPCODE, SQL_PLAN_HASH_VALUE, SQL_PLAN_LINE_ID,
SQL_PLAN_OPERATION, SQL_PLAN_OPTIONS, SQL_EXEC_ID, SQL_EXEC_START,
PLSQL_ENTRY_OBJECT_ID, PLSQL_ENTRY_SUBPROGRAM_ID, PLSQL_OBJECT_ID,
PLSQL_SUBPROGRAM_ID, QC_INSTANCE_ID, QC_SESSION_ID, QC_SESSION_SERIAL#,
EVENT, EVENT_ID, EVENT#, SEQ#, P1TEXT, P1, P2TEXT, P2, P3TEXT, P3, WAIT_CLASS,
WAIT_CLASS_ID, WAIT_TIME, SESSION_STATE, TIME_WAITED, BLOCKING_SESSION_STATUS,
BLOCKING_SESSION, BLOCKING_SESSION_SERIAL#, CURRENT_OBJ#, CURRENT_FILE#,
CURRENT_BLOCK#, CURRENT_ROW#, CONSUMER_GROUP_ID, XID, REMOTE_INSTANCE#,
IN_CONNECTION_MGMT, IN_PARSE, IN_HARD_PARSE, IN_SQL_EXECUTION,
IN_PLSQL_EXECUTION, IN_PLSQL_RPC, IN_PLSQL_COMPILATION, IN_JAVA_EXECUTION,
IN_BIND, IN_CURSOR_CLOSE, SERVICE_HASH, PROGRAM, MODULE, ACTION, CLIENT_ID
FROM V$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
Where SESSION_TYPE <> 'BACKGROUND'
and USER_ID not in ( select u.user_id from dba_users u where username IN
('SYS','SYSTEM','DBSNMP','SYSMAN') )
order by Sample_Time desc

-- ASH report
-- info about the SQL that ran during the time you specify
$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/ashrpt.sql
The ashrpti.sql lets you specify the db instance

-- Top Waited-for Objects
SELECT (SELECT o.object_name
FROM dba_objects o
WHERE o.object_id = current_obj#) object_name,
(SELECT o.object_type
FROM dba_objects o
WHERE o.object_id = current_obj#) object_type,
a.event,
SUM (a.wait_time + a.time_waited) total_wait_time
FROM v$active_session_history a
WHERE ( a.wait_time + a.time_waited ) > 0
AND a.current_obj# IS NOT NULL
AND a.sample_time BETWEEN SYSDATE - 15 / 1440 AND SYSDATE
GROUP BY a.event,
current_obj#
ORDER BY total_wait_time DESC;

-- Top Waits
SELECT a.event,
SUM(a.wait_time + a.time_waited) total_wait_time
FROM v$active_session_history a
WHERE a.sample_time between
sysdate - 30/2880 and sysdate
GROUP BY a.event

-- Top Waiting Users
SELECT s.sid, s.username,
SUM(a.wait_time +
a.time_waited) total_wait_time
FROM v$active_session_history a,
v$session s
WHERE a.sample_time between sysdate - 30/2880 and sysdate
AND a.session_id=s.sid
GROUP BY s.sid, s.username

-- Top Waiting SQL Statements
SELECT a.user_id,d.username,s.sql_text,
SUM(a.wait_time + a.time_waited) total_wait_time
FROM v$active_session_history a,
v$sqlarea s,
dba_users d
WHERE a.sample_time between sysdate - 30/2880 and sysdate
AND a.sql_id = s.sql_id
AND a.user_id = d.user_id

GROUP BY a.user_id,s.sql_text, d.username;

-- Top Resource Consuming SQL
SELECT hash_value, executions,
ROUND (elapsed_time/1000000, 2) total_time,
ROUND (cpu_time/1000000, 2) cpu_seconds
FROM (SELECT * FROM V$SQL
ORDER BY elapsed_time desc);

-- ASH history
SELECT *
FROM DBA_HIST_ACTIVE_SESS_HISTORY
Where SESSION_TYPE <> 'BACKGROUND'
order by SNAP_ID desc
Segment St at i st i cs
You drill down int o segment st at s from t he inst ance, sessions or ASM wait st at s.
select OWNER, OBJECT_TYPE, OBJECT_NAME, TABLESPACE_NAME, STATISTIC_NAME, VALUE
from V$SEGMENT_STATISTICS
-- WHERE statistic_name='buffer busy waits'
order by value desc;
Handl i ng I mpor t ant Or acl e Wai t Event s
Buffer Busy Wait s Check t ype of block is causing t he wait .
Use locally managed t ablespaces wit h ASSM.
Consider using global hash- part it ioned indexes.
Tune SQL st at ement s as necessary t o fix t hese wait s.
Check t hat t he sar - d ut ilit y might indicat e high request queues and
service t imes.
Check your core dump direct ory is not t oo big.
db file scat t ered
read
Reduce t he demand for physical I / Os: Raising t he buffer cache
component , add missing indexes on key t ables, Opt imize SQL
st at ement s. I ncrease t he capacit y of t he syst em t o handle more I / Os.
Db File Sequent ial
Read
I ndicat e index usage.
I ncrease PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET.
I f t he obj ect s arent t oo large, you can use t he DEFAULT and KEEP
buffer pools t o ret ain t hem in memory.
Direct Pat h Read
and Direct Pat h
Writ e
I t occurs while performing a direct read or writ e int o t he PGA,
bypassing t he SGA buffer cache.
Enable PGA aut o t uning.
I ncrease t he number of disks.
Free Buffer Wait s The number of dirt y buffers in cache t oo high for t he db writ er.
I ncrease Db Buffer Cache
I ncrease DB_WRI TER_PROCESSES ( one per CPU)
Check t he I O
Enqueue Wait s

Sessions are wait ing for locks held by ot her sessions.
Query V$ENQUEUE_STAT

select * from V$ENQUEUE_STAT
where CUM_WAIT_TIME<>0 OR FAILED_REQ#<>0
May caused by infrequent commit s and dict ionary managed t bs.
Lat ch Free

SELECT a.name "Latch Name",
a.gets "Gets (Wait)",
a.misses "Misses (Wait)",
(1 - (misses / gets)) * 100 "Latch Hit Ratio %"
FROM V$LATCH a
WHERE a.gets != 0
UNION
SELECT a.name "Latch Name",
a.gets "Gets (Wait)",
a.misses "Misses (Wait)",
100 "Latch Hit Ratio"
FROM V$LATCH a
WHERE a.gets = 0
ORDER BY 4;
shared pool latch (and the library cache latches) reasons:
An undersized shared pool
Failure t o use bind variables
Using dissimilar SQL st at ement s and failing t o reuse st at ement s
Users frequent ly logging off and logging back int o t he applicat ion
Failure t o keep cursors open aft er each execut ion
Using a shared pool size t hat s t oo large
cache buffers LRU chain and cache buffer chain may be caused
by t able full scan or unselect ive indexes.

Log Buffer Space

Check I / O t o t he redo log disk
Consider increasing LOG_BUFFER
Log File Swit ch Check t he archive dest inat ion isn' t full.
I ncrease sizes of redo log files.
I ncrease t he number of archiver ( ARCn) processes. Small values lead t o
"redo log space request s" in V$SYSSTAT
Log File Sync

Too- frequent commit s
Redo Log I / O bot t leneck
Usi ng OS Wat cher
OS Wat cher for Unix and Linux, see Using OS Wat cher for Linux.
OS Wat cher for Windows ( OSWFW) is several bat ch files t hat run t he Windows ut ilit y
logman and scht asks.
I f OSWFW is inst alled on RAC, when it is first run, it will read t he Clust er Regist ry and
copy it self t o t he ot her nodes in a direct ory t hat is t he same name as t he direct ory it was
first unzipped in.
I t s reference is Not e 433472. 1

/* Removing OSWFW */
oswatcher remove

/* Initially configure OSWFW */
OSWatcher {ARG1} {ARG2} {ARG3}
ARG1 = Snapshot interval in seconds
ARG2 = Runtime Interval - hours OSWatcher will run
ARG3 = RAC - detect Real Application Cluster

OSWatcher 30 48

/* OSWatcher stop */
OSWatcher stop {node name}

/* Getting the Status of OSWFW */
OSWatcher status

/* Querying details of a specific counter or task */
OSWatcher query {node name} {counter / OSWCleanup / OSWPrivNet}
OSWatcher query all
oswatcher query OSWThread

/* Extracting the Names of the Counters in a Capture File */
relog {trace_file_name} -q
# to sort the output:
relog {trace_file_name} -q | sort /+1

Opt i mi zi ng Per f or mance i n Wi ndow s Ser v er
Opt i mi zi ng Per f or mance i n Wi ndow s Ser ver 2003
/* disable un-required services */
Usually, the following services are not required in a database server and can be
disabled:
Alerter
ClipBook
Computer Browser
DHCP Client
DHCP Server
Fax Service
File Replication
INfrared Monitor
Internet Connection Sharing
Messenger
NetMeeting Remote Desktop Sharing
Network DDE
Network DDE DSDM
NWLink NetBIOS
NWLink IPX/SPX
Print Spooler
TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper Service: unless member of a domain
Telephony
Telnet
Uninterruptible Power Supply

/* Optimize Performance for Background Services */
Oracle database runs as a background service.
To increase performance for background services, follow these steps:
1. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then click System.
2. Click the Advanced tab, and then click Settings under Performance.
3. Click the Advanced tab, click Background services, and then click OK

/* Optimize Data Throughput for Network Applications */
1. In Windows Explorer, right-click My Network Places, and then click Properties.
2. Right-click the Local Area Connection that you want to optimize, then click
Properties.
3. In the This connection uses the following items list, click (but do not clear
its check box) File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks, and then click
Properties.
4. Click Maximum data throughput for network applications, click OK, then Close.


Tuni ng t he Dat abase I n st ance
Tuni ng t he Shar ed Pool
/* Data Dictionary Hit Ratio */
-- around 90
SELECT (sum(gets - getmisses - fixed)) / SUM(gets) "data dictionary hit ratio"
from v$rowcache;

/* Pinning Objects in the Shared Pool (LC)*/
SELECT type, COUNT(*) OBJECTS,
SUM(DECODE(KEPT,'YES',1,0)) KEPT,
SUM(loads) - count(*) reloads
FROM V$DB_OBJECT_CACHE
GROUP BY type
ORDER BY objects DESC;

select *
FROM V$DB_OBJECT_CACHE
order by loads desc;

-- pin objects with high loads:
-- un-retained after db restart
-- you can make script to load then when db starts
EXECUTE SYS.DBMS_SHARED_POOL.KEEP(NEW_EMP.PKG, PACKAGE);
EXECUTE SYS.DBMS_SHARED_POOL.UNKEEP(NEW_EMP.PKG,PACKAGE);

/* Measuring Library Cache Efficiency */
-- lib cache hit ratio
SELECT SUM(pinhits)/sum(pins) Library_cache_hit_ratio
FROM V$LIBRARYCACHE;

-- statement reloads
SELECT namespace, pins, pinhits, reloads
FROM V$LIBRARYCACHE
ORDER BY namespace;

-- lib cache memory usage
select LC_NAMESPACE, LC_INUSE_MEMORY_OBJECTS, LC_INUSE_MEMORY_SIZE,
LC_FREEABLE_MEMORY_OBJECTS, LC_FREEABLE_MEMORY_SIZE
from V$LIBRARY_CACHE_MEMORY
order by LC_INUSE_MEMORY_OBJECTS desc, LC_INUSE_MEMORY_SIZE desc,
LC_FREEABLE_MEMORY_OBJECTS desc, LC_FREEABLE_MEMORY_SIZE desc;

-- to estimate the optimal shared pool size
-- you can just set the MEMORY_TARGET
select SHARED_POOL_SIZE_FOR_ESTIMATE, SHARED_POOL_SIZE_FACTOR, ESTD_LC_SIZE,
ESTD_LC_MEMORY_OBJECTS, ESTD_LC_TIME_SAVED, ESTD_LC_TIME_SAVED_FACTOR,
ESTD_LC_LOAD_TIME, ESTD_LC_LOAD_TIME_FACTOR, ESTD_LC_MEMORY_OBJECT_HITS
from V$SHARED_POOL_ADVICE

order by SHARED_POOL_SIZE_FOR_ESTIMATE desc;

-- if literal values rather than bind values are used
-- by the applications (high hard parse):
CURSOR_SHARING=FORCE (recommended) or SIMILAR (not EXACT)

/* Setting CURSOR_SPACE_FOR_TIME */
If CURSOR_SPACE_FOR_TIME=TRUE, you ensure that the cursors for the application
cannot be deallocated while the application cursors are still open. It will then
eliminate the Oracles overhead to check whether the cursor is flushed from the
library cache.
It will result in increase in the shared pool memory.

/* Setting SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS */
It ensures that for any cursor for which more than three parse requests are made,
the parse requests are automatically cached in the session cursor cache. It avoids
high soft parse.
Good to use in Forms-based apps.
ALTER SESSION SET SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS = value;

If the value of session cursor cache hits is low compared to the total parse count
for a session, then the SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS parameter value should be increased
(also good to make it larger than OPEN_CURSORS):

select NAME, VALUE
from v$sysstat
where name = 'session cursor cache hits'

select SID, NAME, VALUE
from v$sesstat, V$STATNAME
where V$SESSTAT.STATISTIC# = V$STATNAME.STATISTIC#
and NAME LIKE 'parse count (total)'
order by VALUE desc

alter system set SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS=300 scope=spfile ;
Tuni ng t he Buf f er Cache
/* Sizing the Buffer Cache */
-- use MEMORY_TARGET
-- size assigned to it
select current_size/1024/1024
from V$SGA_DYNAMIC_COMPONENTS
where component = 'DEFAULT buffer cache'

-- different areas in the buffer cache
select count(*) blocks, State
from (
select decode (state,
0, 'Free',
1, decode (lrba_seq,0, 'Available','Being Used'),
3, 'Being Used',

state) State
from x$bh )
group by rollup(state)
order by count(*) desc;

-- to get the buffer cache hit ratio
SELECT NAME, PHYSICAL_READS, DB_BLOCK_GETS, CONSISTENT_GETS,
round( 1 - (PHYSICAL_READS/(DB_BLOCK_GETS + CONSISTENT_GETS)),4)*100 "HitRatio"
FROM V$BUFFER_POOL_STATISTICS;

/* Using Multiple Pools for the Buffer Cache */
-- x$bh: contains a record (the buffer header) for each block in the buffer
select count(*), State from (
select decode (state,
0, 'Free',
1, decode (lrba_seq,0, 'Available','Being Used'),
3, 'Being Used',
state) State
from x$bh )
group by state

/* Sizing the Buffer Cache */
-- use MEMORY_TARGET

-- to get the buffer cache hit ratio
SELECT NAME, PHYSICAL_READS, DB_BLOCK_GETS, CONSISTENT_GETS,
round( 1 - (PHYSICAL_READS/(DB_BLOCK_GETS + CONSISTENT_GETS)),4)*100 "HitRatio"
FROM V$BUFFER_POOL_STATISTICS;

/* Using Multiple Pools for the Buffer Cache */
-- To determine objects that are candidates for the recycle buffer pool
-- x$bh: contains a record (the buffer header) for each block in the buffer
select
obj object,
o.object_name,
count(*) buffers,
round((count(*)/totsize) * 100,2) percent_cache
FROM x$bh, (select count(*) totsize FROM x$bh ), DBA_OBJECTS o
WHERE ( tch=1 -- touch count
OR (tch = 0 and lru_flag <10))
and obj=o.object_id(+)
GROUP BY obj, o.object_name, totsize
having round((count(*)/totsize) * 100,2) > 1
order by percent_cache desc;

-- objects candidate for keep pool
-- objects of at least 25 buffers and have an average touch count of more than 5
SELECT obj object, o.object_name,
count(*) buffers,
AVG(tch) average_touch_count
FROM x$bh, dba_objects o
WHERE obj=o.object_id(+) and
lru_flag = 8
GROUP BY obj, o.object_name
HAVING avg(tch) > 5 AND count(*) > 25

order by avg(tch) desc

-- define the areas
DB_KEEP_CACHE_SIZE=16MB
DB_RECYCLE_CACHE_SIZE=16MB

-- change the table's pool
ALTER TABLE test1 STORAGE (buffer_pool keep);
ALTER TABLE test2 STORAGE (buffer_pool recycle);
Tuni ng PGA
-- PGA stats
SELECT NAME, VALUE, UNIT FROM V$PGASTAT

-- PGA used by each session
SELECT
s.sid,a.username, round(s.value/1024,2) KB
FROM
V$SESSTAT S, V$STATNAME N, V$SESSION A
WHERE
n.STATISTIC# = s.STATISTIC# and
name = 'session pga memory'
AND s.sid=a.sid
ORDER BY s.value desc;

-- PGA used by sessions
select PID, SERIAL#, CATEGORY, round(ALLOCATED/1024,2) ALLOCATED_KB1,
USED, round(MAX_ALLOCATED/1024,2) MAX_ALLOCATED_KB
from V$PROCESS_MEMORY

-- PGA used by processes
SELECT
program,
pga_used_mem,
pga_alloc_mem,
pga_freeable_mem,
pga_max_mem
from V$PROCESS;
Usi ng Ser ver Resul t Cache
For SQL Result Cache, if an underlying t able is updat ed, t he result cache will be invalidat e
and t he st at ement will be reexecut ed.
Caut i on When a session reads from a PL/ SQL funct ion result cache, t he funct ion body
is not execut ed. This means, if t he funct ion includes any I O or audit ing code, t his code will not
act ually be execut ed.

SQL Result Cache Rest rict ions:
Queries against dat a dict ionary obj ect s and t emporary t ables are not support ed.

Queries t hat use t he following SQL funct ions: CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TI MESTAMP,
LOCAL_TI MESTAMP, USERENV/ SYS_CONTEXT, SYS_GUI D, SYSDATE and SYS_TI MESTAMP
are not support ed.
Queries wit h bind variables can reuse a cached result only for ident ical variable values.
Result s of t he queries ret rieving non current version of dat a are not cached in t he result
cache.
Result s of t he flashback queries are not cached.
Rest rict ions on PL/ SQL Funct ion Result Cache include:
The funct ion cannot be defined in a module using invokers right s.
The funct ion cannot be used in an anonymous block.
The funct ion cannot have any OUT or I N OUT paramet ers.
The funct ion cannot have I N paramet ers t hat are BLOB, CLOB, NCLOB, REF CURSOR,
collect ions, obj ect s, or records.
The funct ion cannot ret urn a BLOB, CLOB, NCLOB, REF CURSOR, OBJECTS, or records. I t
can ret urn a collect ion as long as t he collect ion does not cont ain one of t hese t ypes.
/* Configuring Result Cache */
RESULT_CACHE_MAX_SIZE maximum amount of SGA memory (in bytes) that can be used by
the Result Cache (taken from shared pool).
If the value of this parameter is 0, then the feature is disabled.

show parameter RESULT_CACHE_MAX_SIZE

ALTER SYSTEM SET RESULT_CACHE_MAX_SIZE =8M;

The parameter RESULT_CACHE_MAX_RESULT specifies the percentage of
RESULT_CACHE_MAX_SIZE that any single result can use.
Its default value is five.
ALTER SYSTEM SET RESULT_CACHE_MAX_RESULT =25;

The parameter RESULT_CACHE_REMOTE_EXPIRATION specifies the number of minutes that
a result using a remote object is allowed to remain valid. Setting this parameter
to 0 (the default) implies that results using remote objects should not be cached.

/* Controlling Result Cache Behavior */
The RESULT_CACHE_MODE initialization parameter:
MANUAL The ResultCache operator is added, only if you use the RESULT_CACHE
hint in the SQL query.
FORCE The ResultCache operator is added to the root of all SELECT statements, if
that is possible. However, if the statement contains a NO_RESULT_CACHE hint, then
the hint takes precedence over the parameter setting.

ALTER SYSTEM SET RESULT_CACHE_MODE =FORCE;
ALTER SESSION SET RESULT_CACHE_MODE =FORCE;

SELECT /*+ result_cache */
AVG(SALARY), E.DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM HR.EMPLOYEES E, HR.DEPARTMENTS D
WHERE E.DEPARTMENT_ID = D.DEPARTMENT_ID GROUP BY E.DEPARTMENT_ID;

/* PL/SQL Function Result Cache */
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_name (id NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2
RESULT_CACHE RELIES_ON(emp) IS ...

-- Package specification
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE department_pks IS
-- Function declaration
FUNCTION get_dept_info (dept_id NUMBER) RETURN dept_info_record RESULT_CACHE;
END department_pks;

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY department_pks AS
-- Function definition
FUNCTION get_dept_info (dept_id NUMBER) RETURN dept_info_record
RESULT_CACHE RELIES_ON (EMPLOYEES)
IS
BEGIN ...

/* Bypass Result Cache */
begin
DBMS_RESULT_CACHE.BYPASS(TRUE);
DBMS_RESULT_CACHE.FLUSH;
end;

exec DBMS_RESULT_CACHE.BYPASS(FALSE);

/* Monitoring Result Cache */
-- Memory taken for Result Cache
SELECT NAME, ROUND(BYTES/1024,2) KB
FROM V$SGAstat
WHERE upper(name) like '%RESULT%';

-- objects in the result cache
select ID, TYPE, STATUS, BUCKET_NO, HASH, NAME, NAMESPACE, CREATOR_UID,
DEPEND_COUNT, BLOCK_COUNT, SCN, COLUMN_COUNT, PIN_COUNT, SCAN_COUNT, ROW_COUNT,
ROW_SIZE_MAX, ROW_SIZE_MIN, ROW_SIZE_AVG, BUILD_TIME, LRU_NUMBER, OBJECT_NO,
INVALIDATIONS, SPACE_OVERHEAD, SPACE_UNUSED, CACHE_ID, CACHE_KEY,
to_char(CREATION_TIMESTAMP,'HH12:MI AM') CREATE_TIME
from V$RESULT_CACHE_OBJECTS
order by type desc;

-- result cache stats
select ID, NAME, VALUE
from V$RESULT_CACHE_STATISTICS;

-- using DBMS_RESULT_CACHE
-- check the status of the Result Cache
-- Note: this is the reliable method to know whether result cache is enabled or
not
SQL>select DBMS_RESULT_CACHE.STATUS from dual;

-- display report on result cache memory
SQL>set serveroutput on

SQL>exec DBMS_RESULT_CACHE.MEMORY_REPORT

-- turn bypass mode on and off
SQL>exec DBMS_RESULT_CACHE.BYPASS (TRUE);

-- to flush the result cache
SQL>exec DBMS_RESULT_CACHE.FLUSH
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on about Obj ect Lock s
-- DML locks by transactions on objects
SELECT l.object_id,
l.session_id,
l.oracle_username,
DECODE(l.locked_mode,
1, 'No Lock',
2, 'Row Share',
3, 'Row Exclusive',
4, 'Shared Table',
5, 'Shared Row Exclusive',
6, 'Exclusive') locked_mode,
(select o.object_name from DBA_OBJECTS o WHERE o.object_id=l.object_id)
object_name
FROM V$LOCKED_OBJECT l
order by ORACLE_USERNAME;

SELECT dbl.lock_type, dbl.mode_held, dbl.blocking_others,
dbo.object_name object_locked, dbo.object_type
FROM dba_locks dbl, v$session v, dba_objects dbo
WHERE v.username not in
('SYS','SYSTEM','DBSNMP','SYSMAN','OUTLN','TSMSYS','WMSYS','EXFSYS','CTXSYS','XDB'
,'ORDSYS','MDSYS','OLAPSYS','WKSYS','WK_TEST','IX')
AND dbl.session_id = v.sid AND dbo.object_id = dbl.lock_id1;

-- blocking session
select ADDR, KADDR, l.SID, s.USERNAME, S.MACHINE, S.TERMINAL, S.PROGRAM,
decode(l.TYPE, 'TM','DML enqueue','TX','Transaction enqueue','UL','User supplied')
Block_Type,
ID1, ID2, LMODE, REQUEST, CTIME, BLOCK
from v$lock l, v$session s
where s.sid = l.sid
and l.block=1;

-- blocking and blocked sessions
SELECT SUBSTR(TO_CHAR(w.session_id),1,5) WSID, p1.spid WPID,
SUBSTR(s1.username,1,12) "WAITING User",
SUBSTR(s1.osuser,1,8) "OS User",
SUBSTR(s1.program,1,20) "WAITING Program",
s1.client_info "WAITING Client",
SUBSTR(TO_CHAR(h.session_id),1,5) HSID, p2.spid HPID,
SUBSTR(s2.username,1,12) "HOLDING User",
SUBSTR(s2.osuser,1,8) "OS User",
SUBSTR(s2.program,1,20) "HOLDING Program",
s2.client_info "HOLDING Client",

o.object_name "HOLDING Object"
FROM gv$process p1, gv$process p2, gv$session s1,
gv$session s2, dba_locks w, dba_locks h, dba_objects o
WHERE -- w.last_convert > 120 AND (Objects locked for 2 mins)
h.mode_held != 'None'
AND h.mode_held != 'Null'
AND w.mode_requested != 'None'
AND s1.row_wait_obj# = o.object_id
AND w.lock_type(+) = h.lock_type
AND w.lock_id1(+) = h.lock_id1
AND w.lock_id2 (+) = h.lock_id2
AND w.session_id = s1.sid (+)
AND h.session_id = s2.sid (+)
AND s1.paddr = p1.addr (+)
AND s2.paddr = p2.addr (+)
ORDER BY w.last_convert desc;
Handl i ng a Hangi ng Dat abase
Archiver Process St uck. I n t he alert log file, you' ll see: ORA- 00257: archiver error.
Connect int ernal only, unt il freed.
o Redirect archiving t o a different direct ory.
o Clear t he archive log dest inat ion by removing some archive logs.
Sys Audit is full. Check and delet e $ORACLE_HOME/ rdbms/ audit
Make sure t he OS isn' t swapping.
Accur at el y Measur i ng Pr ocess Si ze
Some t ools like ps and t op give you a misleading idea as t o t he process size, because t hey
include t he common shared TEXT sizes in individual processes.
-- memory occupied by every session
SELECT sid, n.name|| ' ('||s.statistic#||')', to_char(round(value/1024),'999,999')
|| ' KB' KB
FROM v$sesstat s, v$statname n
WHERE s.statistic# = n.statistic#
AND n.name like '%ga memory%'
ORDER BY SID, value DESC;

-- total memory allocated to the PGA and UGA memory
SELECT 'Total PGA', round(SUM(value)/1024/1024,2) MB
FROM V$SESSTAT s, V$STATNAME n
AND n.name in ('session pga memory')
group by n.name
union
SELECT 'Total UGA', round(SUM(value)/1024/1024,2) MB
FROM V$SESSTAT s, V$STATNAME n
AND n.name in ('session uga memory')
group by n.name;


-- another way to know PGA used size
select round(value/1024/1024,2) MB from V$PGASTAT where name='total PGA inuse';

Managi ng Aut omat i c Wor k l oad Reposi t or y ( AWR)
The AWR and ADDM are Oracle product s t hat need special licensing t hrough t he purchase
of t he Diagnost ic Pack.
-- To manually creating a snapshot:
dbms_workload_repository.create_snapshot()

-- To drop a range of snapshots:
dbms_workload_repository.drop_snapshot_range (low_snap_id => 40,high_snap_id =>
60, dbid => 2210828132)

-- To modify a AWR setting:
begin
DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY.MODIFY_SNAPSHOT_SETTINGS(
retention => 43200, -- in mins
interval => 30, -- between snaps in mins
dbid => 3310949047 -- If NULL, the local dbid will be used
)
end;
/

select DBID, SNAP_INTERVAL, RETENTION, TOPNSQL
from DBA_HIST_WR_CONTROL;

/* Creating and Deleting AWR Snapshot Baselines */
begin
dbms_workload_repository.create_baseline
(start_snap_id => 125,
end_snap_id => 185,
baseline_name => 'peak_time baseline',
dbid => 2210828132 );
end;
/

-- To drop a snapshot baseline:
-- if cascade is true, the snaps will also be deleted
exec dbms_workload_repository.drop_baseline (baseline_name => 'peak_time
baseline', cascade => FALSE)

/* Creating AWR Reports */
<ORACLE_HOME>\RDBMS\ADMIN\awrrpt.sql

Managi ng Aut omat ed Mai nt enance Task s
Aut omat ic Opt imizer St at ist ics Collect ion
Aut omat ic Segment Advisor
Aut omat ic SQL Tuning Advisor
/* Obtain Info about AMTs */
select *
from DBA_AUTOTASK_TASK

/* Monitoring AMT */
SELECT client_name, status,
attributes, window_group,service_name
FROM dba_autotask_client;

/* Enabling and Disableing a Maintenance Task */
begin
DBMS_AUTO_TASK_ADMIN.ENABLE
(client_name => 'sql tuning advisor',
operation => 'automatic sql tuning task',
window_name => 'monday_window');
end;
/

begin
dbms_auto_task_admin.disable
(client_name => 'sql tuning advisor',
operation => 'automatic sql tuning task',
window_name => 'monday_window');
end;
/
Usi ng Aut omat i c Dat abase Di agnost i c Moni t or ( ADDM)
The AWR and ADDM are Oracle product s t hat need special licensing t hrough t he purchase
of t he Diagnost ic Pack.
/* Obtain info about ADDM */
-- list of all advisors tasks
select * from DBA_ADVISOR_TASKS;

-- findings (all advisors)
select * from DBA_ADVISOR_FINDINGS where task_name='ADDM 01012009';

-- findings only add ADDM
select * from DBA_ADDM_FINDINGS where task_name='ADDM 01012009';

-- recommendations
select * from DBA_ADVISOR_RECOMMENDATIONS where task_name='ADDM 01012009';


/* Setting Up ADDM */
-- CONTROL_MANAGEMENT_PACK_ACCESS should be DIAGNOSTIC or DIAGNOSTIC+TUNING
-- STATISTICS_LEVEL should be TYPICAL or ALL (not BASIC)
select name, value
from v$parameter where upper(name) in
('CONTROL_MANAGEMENT_PACK_ACCESS','STATISTICS_LEVEL');

alter system set control_management_pack_access='DIAGNOSTIC+TUNING'

/* Determining Optimal I/O Performance */
Oracle assumes the value of the parameter (not intialization parameter)
DBIO_EXPECTED is 10 milliseconds.
SELECT PARAMETER_VALUE
FROM DBA_ADVISOR_DEF_PARAMETERS
WHERE ADVISOR_NAME='ADDM'
AND PARAMETER_NAME='DBIO_EXPECTED'
If your hardware is significantly different, you can set the parameter value one
time for all subsequent ADDM executions:
DBMS_ADVISOR.SET_DEFAULT_TASK_PARAMETER('ADDM','DBIO_EXPECTED', 8000);

/* Retreiving AWR snapshots */
SELECT SNAP_ID , INSTANCE_NUMBER ,
TO_CHAR(BEGIN_INTERVAL_TIME,'DD-MON-RR HH24:MI') BEGIN_TIME,
TO_CHAR(END_INTERVAL_TIME,'DD-MON-RR HH24:MI') END_TIME
FROM DBA_HIST_SNAPSHOT
order by SNAP_ID desc;

/* Running ADDM in Database Mode */
DECLARE
-- task name shouldn't exists in db
TNAME VARCHAR2(50) :='ADDM DB 01012009';
BEGIN
DBMS_ADDM.ANALYZE_DB (
task_name =>TNAME, -- it is IN OUT para
begin_snapshot =>43,
end_snapshot =>44);
END;
/

-- also the report will then be generated
@C:\oracle\oracledb11g\RDBMS\ADMIN\addmrpt.sql

/* Running ADDM in Instance Mode */
-- used in RAC
DECLARE
TNAME VARCHAR2(50) :='ADDM INST 01012009';
BEGIN
DBMS_ADDM.ANALYZE_INST (
task_name =>TNAME, -- it is IN OUT para
end_snapshot =>44,
instance_number=>1);

END;
/

/* Running ADDM in Partial Mode */
-- subset of all database instances (in RAC)
DECLARE
-- task name shouldn't exists in db
TNAME VARCHAR2(50) :='ADDM PART 01012009';
BEGIN
DBMS_ADDM.ANALYZE_PARTIAL (
task_name =>TNAME,
end_snapshot =>44,
instance_numbers=>'1,2,3');
END;
/

/* Displaying an ADDM Report */
SET LONG 1000000 PAGESIZE 0;
SELECT DBMS_ADDM.GET_REPORT('ADDM DB 01012009') FROM DUAL;

/* Deleting already created tasks */
exec DBMS_ADDM.DELETE(task_name=>'ADDM INST 01012009');
Usi ng Aut omat i c SQL Tuni ng Advi sor
When SQL Tunining Advisor is running as an aut omat ic t ask, it avoids analysing t he following:
Parallel queries
Ad hoc queries
Recursive st at ement s
SQL st at ement s t hat use t he I NSERT and DELETE st at ement s
SQL st at ement s t hat use DDL st at ement s such as CREATE TABLE AS SELECT
/* Obtain Info about Automatic SQL Tuning Advisor */
select OWNER, TASK_ID, TASK_NAME, EXECUTION_NAME, DESCRIPTION,
EXECUTION_TYPE, EXECUTION_TYPE#, EXECUTION_START, EXECUTION_END,
ADVISOR_NAME, STATUS, STATUS_MESSAGE, ERROR_MESSAGE
from DBA_ADVISOR_EXECUTIONS
order by task_id desc

-- all SQL compilation and execution statistics
DBA_ADVISOR_SQLSTATS

DBA_ADVISOR_SQLPLANS


/* Configuring Automatic SQL Tuning */
-- Automatic SQL Tuning Advisor job runs for a maximum of one hour by default
-- in seconds
exec dbms_sqltune.set_tuning_task_parameter ('SYS_AUTO _SQL_TUNING_TASK',
'TIME_LIMIT', 14400)

-- other parameters to set
ACCEPT_SQL_PROFILES: TRUE/FALSE whether the database must automatically accept a
SQL profile
MAX_AUTO_SQL_PROFILES: maximum number of automatic SQL profiles allowed on the
system, in sum
MAX_SQL_PROFILES_PER_EXEC: maximum number of SQL profiles that can be
automatically implemented per execution of the task.

-- to view current parameter values:
COLUMN parameter_value FORMAT A30
SELECT parameter_name, parameter_value
FROM dba_advisor_parameters
WHERE task_name = 'SYS_AUTO_SQL_TUNING_TASK'
AND parameter_name IN ('ACCEPT_SQL_PROFILES',
'MAX_SQL_PROFILES_PER_EXEC',
'MAX_AUTO_SQL_PROFILES');

/* Enabling and Disable the automatic advisor */
-- enable it in all maintenance windows
begin
dbms_auto_task_admin.enable (
operation => 'NULL',
window_name='NULL');
end;
/

-- in a specific window
begin
dbms_auto_task_admin.enable (
operation => 'NULL',
window_name='monday_night_window');
end;
/

/* View the Report */
-- display report of most recent execution:
VARIABLE l_report CLOB;
BEGIN
:l_report := DBMS_SQLTUNE.report_auto_tuning_task(
begin_exec => NULL,
end_exec => NULL,
type => DBMS_SQLTUNE.type_text, -- 'TEXT'
level => DBMS_SQLTUNE.level_typical, -- 'TYPICAL'
section => DBMS_SQLTUNE.section_all, -- 'ALL'
object_id => NULL,
result_limit => NULL);

END;
/
print :l_report

I mpl emen t i ng Aut omat i c Memor y Managemen t
When you configure t he dat abase t o use MEMORY_TARGET, you should t ake int o considerat ion
t he following:
The paramet er STATI STI CS_LEVEL must be set t o TYPI CAL
I f you set t he paramet ers SGA_TARGET and PGA_TARGET, Oracle will consider t he values
as t he minimum values for SGA and PGA.
I f you do not set t he paramet ers SGA_TARGET and PGA_TARGET ( or set t hem t o zero) , no
minimum value is considered by Oracle for t he SGA and PGA. When t he inst ance st art s, it
assigns 60 percent t o SGA and 40 percent t o t he PGA.
When MEMORY_TARGET is configured, t he following component s are aut o t uned: DB
BUFFER CACHE, SHARED POOL, JAVA POOL, LARGE POOL and STREAMS POOL.

Not e On Linux syst ems, if you receive t he f ollowing error af t er set t ing t he MEMORY_TARGET paramet er,
most likely t he reason is t hat t he / dev/ shm is allocat ed a size ( can be known by issuing t he
command df -k) less t han SGA_MAX_SIZE:
ORA-00845: MEMORY_TARGET not supported on this system.
Resolving t he issue can be done by t he f ollowing OS commands:
#umount /dev/shm
#mount -t tmpfs shmfs -o *size=><xx>m* /dev/shm

show parameter MEMORY_TARGET
show parameter MEMORY_MAX_SIZE

-- dynamic parameter
ALTER SYSTEM SET MEMORY_TARGET = 410M ;

-- To set a proper value to the parameter MEMORY_TARGET, query the view
V$MEMORY_TARGET_ADVICE.
SELECT * FROM V$MEMORY_TARGET_ADVICE order by MEMORY_SIZE desc;

-- To display current status of the memory components, use the following
query:
col COMPONENT format a30
SELECT COMPONENT, ROUND(CURRENT_SIZE/1024/1024) CURRENT_SIZE ,
ROUND(MIN_SIZE/1024/1024) MIN, ROUND(MAX_SIZE/1024/1024) MAX
FROM V$MEMORY_DYNAMIC_COMPONENTS
order by CURRENT_SIZE desc;

-- To know how Oracle has modified the memory area sizes by time, issue the
following query:
select START_TIME, END_TIME, STATUS, COMPONENT, OPER_TYPE, OPER_MODE,
PARAMETER, INITIAL_SIZE/1024/1024 INITIAL_SIZE_MB,
TARGET_SIZE/1024/1024 TARGET_SIZE_MB, FINAL_SIZE/1024/1024 FINAL_SIZE_MB
from V$MEMORY_RESIZE_OPS
order by START_TIME, END_TIME

Conf i g ur i ng DB_ nK_CACHE_SI ZE
ALTER SYSTEM SET DB_16K_CACHE_SIZE =1024M;

CREATE TABLESPACE big_block_tbs
DATAFILE '/test01/app/oracle/big_block_01.dbf' SIZE 1000M
BLOCKSIZE 16K;

ALTER TABLE names2 MOVE TABLESPACE big_block_tbs;


Managi ng Op t i mi zer Oper at i on s
Set t i ng t he Opt i mi zer Mode
OPTIMIZER_MODE:
ALL_ROWS maximum throughput (good for patch processing)
FIRST_ROWS_n where n 1,10,100,1000 maximum response time (good for interactive
apps)
FIRST_ROWS (deprecated) same as above

SHOW PARAMETER OPTIMIZER_MODE

select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='OPTIMIZER_MODE' ;

-- instance level:
ALTER SYSTEM SET optimizer_mode = first_rows_10;

-- session level (PL/SQL blocks won't be affected)
ALTER SESSION SET optimizer_mode = first_rows_10;

-- statement level
select /*+ first_rows(10) */ ..
SELECT /*+ ALL_ROWS */ ...
Def i ni ng Access Pat hs and Joi ns f or t he Quer y Opt i mi zer
Access Pat hs:
Full Table Scans ( FULL)
Rowid Scans
I ndex Scans:
o I ndex Unique Scans ( I NDEX) : using UNI QUE or PRI MARY KEY indexes
o I ndex Range Scans ( I NDEX, I NDEX_ASC, I NDEX_DESC, NO_I NDEX_RS) : < ,> , = , Like
on index key
o I ndex Range Scans Descending ( I NDEX_DESC) : when an order by descending clause
can be sat isfied by an index
o I ndex Skip Scans ( I NDEX_SS, I NDEX_SS_ASC, I NDEX_SS_DESC) : when t here are few
dist inct values in t he leading column of t he composit e index and many dist inct
values in t he nonleading key of t he index. For example: I NDEX(sex, emp_id) and
select .. . where emp_id= 100
o Full Scans: it is available if a predicat e references one of t he columns in t he index or
all of t he columns in t he t able referenced in t he query are included in t he index. I t
read single blocks.
o Fast Full I ndex Scans ( I NDEX_FFS, I NDEX_FFS_ASC, I NDEX_FFS_DESC,
NO_I NDEX_FFS) : when t he index cont ains all t he columns t hat are needed for t he
query, and at least one column in t he index key has t he NOT NULL const raint . I t
reads t he ent ire index using mult iblock reads, unlike a full index scan, and can be
parallelized.

o I ndex Joins ( I NDEX_JOI N) : it is a hash j oin of several indexes t hat t oget her cont ain all
t he t able columns t hat are referenced in t he query.
o Bit map I ndexes ( I NDEX_COMBI NE or I NDEX) : t he opt imizer uses a bit map index t o
get t he rowids. I t requires EE license.
Clust er Access ( CLUSTER) : when a t able is st ored in an indexed clust er.
Hash Access ( HASH) : is used t o locat e rows in a hash clust er, based on a hash value.
Sample Table Scans: when using SAMPLE [ BLOCK] keyword in t he select st at ement .
Joi ns:
Nest ed Loop Join ( USE_NL, No_USE_NL) : for every row in t he out er t able, Oracle accesses
all t he rows in t he inner t able.
Hash Join ( USE_HASH, NO_USE_HASH) : used when j oining one large t able wit h a small
one. The smaller dat a source is built int o memory as hash t able. I t t hen scans t he larger
t able, probing t he hash t able t o find t he j oined rows. Eualit y condit ion is a must .
Sort Merge ( USER_MERGE, NO_USE_MERGE) : I t performs well when no order is required
on t he dat a source ( or already sort ed) and t he j oin condit ion is NOT equalit y.
Out er Joins: ext ends t he result of a simple j oin:
o Nest ed Loop Out er Joins: The out er t able will be t he one wit h rows t hat are
being preserved.
o Hash Join Out er Joins
o Sot Merge Out er Joins
o Full Out er Join
Cart esian: t wo or more t ables wit h no j oins.
/* Access Path Hinst */
-- Full Table Scans
select /* FULL(table_alias) */

-- "order by" might be served by the index
select /*+ index_DESC(n names3i2) */
*
from names3 n
where name like '%JZ'
order by NAME DESC

-- you can indicate whether to save the block in buffer cache
select /* CACHE .
select /* NOCACHE .

-- Index Unique Scan Hints
-- Index Unique Scan as access path is auto used by the optimizer
-- you can define the hint to use the index though:
select /* INDEX(table_alias index_name) */ ...
select /*+ INDEX(e1 emp_emp_id_pk) .. */ from employees e1, ..

SELECT /*+ index(t1 t1_abc) index(t2 t2_abc) */ COUNT(*)
FROM t1, t2
WHERE t1.col1 = t2.col1;


-- Index Range Scan Hints
-- to instruct the optimizer to use a specific index (to avoid fts):
select /* INDEX(table_alias index_name) */ ...
select /*+ INDEX(e1 emp_emp_id_pk) .. */ from employees e1, ..

-- Index Range Scan Descending Hints
-- use it when an order by descending clause can be satisfied by an index
select /*+ INDEX_DESC(t indexC) */
* from try t where C < sysdate order by C desc

-- exclude the index range scan access path
SELECT /*+ NO_INDEX_RS(e emp_name_ix) */ last_name
FROM employees e
WHERE first_name BETWEEN 'A' AND 'B';

-- Fast Full Index Scan Hints
select /*+ INDEX_FFS(t indexb) */
b
from try t
where t.b='b'

select /*+ index_ffs_asc(n i1) */
name
from names2 n
order by name

SELECT /*+ NO_INDEX_FFS(i pk_serv_inst) NO_INDEX_FFS(i ix_serv_inst) */
latitude
FROM servers s, serv_inst i
WHERE s.srvr_id = i.srvr_id;

-- Index Join Hints
SELECT /*+ INDEX_JOIN(e emp_manager_ix emp_department_ix) */ department_id
FROM employees e
WHERE manager_id < 110
AND department_id < 50;

-- Bitmap Index
-- bitmap indexes should be there
SELECT /*+ INDEX_COMBINE(e emp_manager_ix emp_department_ix) */ *
FROM employees e
WHERE (manager_id = 108) OR (department_id = 110);

-- Cluster
CREATE CLUSTER sc_srvr_id (
srvr_id NUMBER(10)) SIZE 1024;

CREATE INDEX idx_sc_srvr_id ON CLUSTER sc_srvr_id;

CREATE TABLE cservers
CLUSTER sc_srvr_id (srvr_id) AS SELECT * FROM servers;

CREATE TABLE cserv_inst
CLUSTER sc_srvr_id (srvr_id) AS SELECT * FROM serv_inst;

SELECT /*+ CLUSTER(cservers) */ srvr_id
FROM cservers
WHERE srvr_id = 503
GROUP BY srvr_id;

-- Hash
CREATE CLUSTER sthc_si (srvr_id NUMBER(10))
SIZE 1024 SINGLE TABLE HASHKEYS 11
TABLESPACE uwdata;

CREATE TABLE si_hash
CLUSTER sthc_si (srvr_id) AS
SELECT *
FROM serv_inst;

SELECT /*+ HASH(si_hash) */ srvr_id
FROM si_hash
WHERE srvr_id = 503
GROUP BY srvr_id;

-- Sample data
-- SAMPLE (1) : read 1% of rows
-- SAMPLE BLOCK (1) : read 1% of blocks
SELECT * FROM employees SAMPLE BLOCK (1);

/* Join Operations Hints */

-- Nested Loops
select /*+ use_nl(e d) use_nl(e j) */ -- or No_use_nl
employee_id , department_name, salary, j.job_title
from employees e , departments d, jobs j
where e.department_id = d.department_id
and e.job_id = j.job_id
and d.department_id>10
/

-- Hash Join
SELECT /*+ USE_HASH(o l) */
o.customer_id, l.unit_price * l.quantity
FROM orders o ,order_items l
WHERE l.order_id = o.order_id;


-- Sort Merge
select /*+ use_merge(e g) */
employee_id , last_name, grade
from employees e, grades g
where e.salary between g.ssal and g.esal;

-- Full Outer Join
SELECT d.department_id, e.employee_id
FROM employees e
FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
ORDER BY d.department_id;
Gat her i ng Opt i mi zer St at i st i cs
Gat her i ng Obj ect St at i st i cs
See Collect ing Obj ect St at ist ics. Preferences can be set . See next sect ion.
Collect ing Dict ionary Obj ect St at s, see below. Recommended every week in off beak
t imes. I t may t ake considerable t ime ( hours) .
/* Retreive Gathered Stats */
-- table stats
select OWNER, TABLE_NAME, PARTITION_NAME, PARTITION_POSITION,
SUBPARTITION_NAME, SUBPARTITION_POSITION, OBJECT_TYPE, NUM_ROWS, BLOCKS,
EMPTY_BLOCKS, AVG_SPACE, CHAIN_CNT, AVG_ROW_LEN, AVG_SPACE_FREELIST_BLOCKS,
NUM_FREELIST_BLOCKS, AVG_CACHED_BLOCKS, AVG_CACHE_HIT_RATIO, SAMPLE_SIZE,
LAST_ANALYZED, GLOBAL_STATS, USER_STATS, STATTYPE_LOCKED, STALE_STATS
from DBA_TAB_STATISTICS
where owner not in
('SYS','SYSTEM','DBSNMP','SYSMAN','OUTLN','TSMSYS','WMSYS','EXFSYS','CTXSYS','
XDB','ORDSYS','MDSYS','OLAPSYS','WKSYS','WK_TEST','IX')
and owner NOT LIKE 'FLOWS_%'
order by OWNER, LAST_ANALYZED DESC;

-- col stats
select OWNER, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, NUM_DISTINCT, LOW_VALUE, HIGH_VALUE,
DENSITY, NUM_NULLS, NUM_BUCKETS, LAST_ANALYZED, SAMPLE_SIZE, GLOBAL_STATS,
USER_STATS, AVG_COL_LEN, HISTOGRAM
from DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
where owner not in
('SYS','SYSTEM','DBSNMP','SYSMAN','OUTLN','TSMSYS','WMSYS','EXFSYS','CTXSYS','
XDB','ORDSYS','MDSYS','OLAPSYS','WKSYS','WK_TEST','IX')
and owner NOT LIKE 'FLOWS_%'
order by OWNER, LAST_ANALYZED DESC;

/* Collecting data dicionary stats */
-- for fixed tables
conn / as sysdba
EXECUTE DBMS_STATS.GATHER_FIXED_OBJECTS_STATS

-- for real dictionary tables:
-- SYS and SYSTEM users as well as the owners of all database components

conn / as sysdba
-- it may take hours to finish
EXECUTE DBMS_STATS.GATHER_DICTIONARY_STATS
Gat her i ng Sy st em St at i st i cs
Gat hering mode cont rolled by GATHERI NG_MODE paramet er:
o No- Workload Mode: implement ed by passed NOWORKLOAD. I t gat hers general I / O
st at s.
o Workload Mode: START will manually st art t he gat hering. STOP will manually st ops it .
I NTERVAL gat hering is cont rolled by I NTERVAL paramet er.
See Managing OS st at ist ics.
-- start gathering
EXECUTE dbms_stats.gather_system_stats('start');

-- stop gathering and save the stats
EXECUTE dbms_stats.gather_system_stats('stop');

-- for three minutes interval
EXECUTE dbms_stats.gather_system_stats('INTERVAL',3);

-- view gathered stats
SELECT
SNAME,
PNAME,
decode(PNAME,
'IOTFRSPEED','I/O transfer Speed (B/ms)',
'IOSEEKTIM','Seek+Latency+OS Overhead Time (ms)',
'SREADTIM','Single-Block Read Average Time (ms)',
'MREADTIM','MBRC Block Sequential Average Read Time (ms)',
'CPUSPEED','Average Number of CPU Cycles Captured for the Workload',
'CPUSPEEDNW','Average Number of CPU Cycles Captured for the Non-Workload',
'MBR','Average Multiblock Read Count for Sequential read (in Blocks)',
'MAXTHR','Maximum I/O System Throughput (B/s)',
'SLAVETHR','Average Slave I/O Throughput (B/s)',
PNAME) Description,
PVAL1,
PVAL2
FROM sys.aux_stats$;
Changi ng St at i st i cs Pr ef er ences
The f unct ion DBMS_STATS. GET_PARAM is used t o in Oracle 10g t o ret urn t he def ault values of paramet ers of
t he DBMS_STATS package. This f unct ion is now obsolet e in Oracle 11g and replaced wit h GET_PREFS
procedure. Following is an example:
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
declare
v_value varchar2(100);
begin
v_value := DBMS_STATS.GET_PREFS (
PNAME =>'STALE_PERCENT',

OWNNAME =>'HR',
TABNAME =>'EMPLOYEES');
DBMS_OUPTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_value);
end;
Regarding t he GET_PREFS f unct ion, consider t he f ollowing:
PNAME paramet er indi cat es t he pref erence name and can t ake one of t he f ollowing values:
CASCADE, DEGREE, ESTIMATE_PERCENT, METHOD_OPT, NO_INVALIDATE, GRANULARITY, PUBLISH,
INCREMENTAL and STALE_PERCENT.
I f t he OWNNAME and TABNAME are provided and a pref erence has been ent ered f or t he t able, t he
f unct ion ret urns t he pref erence as specif ied f or t he t able. I n all ot her cases it ret urns t he global
pref erence if it has been specif ied, ot herwise t he def ault value is ret urned.
SET_GLOBAL_PREFS, SET_DATABASE_PREFS, SET_SCHEMA_PREFS, SET_TABLE_PREFS procedures are used
t o set t he st at ist ics pref erences f or t he global, dat abase, schema or t able levels respect ively. Following i s
an example:
begin
DBMS_STATS.SET_GLOBAL_PREFS ( PNAME =>'ESTIMATE_PERCENT', PVALUE =>'75');
end;
Similarly, t he procedures DELETE_*_PREFS are used t o delet e current st at ist ics pref erences.
EXPORT_*_PREFS and IMPORT_*_PREFS procedures are used t o export and import st at ist i cs pref erences.
Following is an example:
begin
DBMS_STATS.EXPORT_DATABASE_PREFS(
STATTAB =>'mytable', -- table name to where statistics should be exported
STATID =>'prod_prefs', -- identifier to associate with these statistics
STATOWN =>'HR'); -- Schema containing stattab (if other than ownname)
end;
Managi ng Pendi ng and Publ i shed St at i st i cs
St art ing wit h Oracle 11g, when gat hering st at ist ics, you have t he opt ion t o aut omat ically publish t he
st at ist ics at t he end of t he gat her operat ion ( def ault behavior) , or t o have t he new st at ist ics saved as
pending. Saving t he new st at ist ics as pending allows you t o validat e t he new st at ist ics and publish t hem
only if t hey are sat isf act ory.
You can check whet her or not t he st at ist ics will be aut omat ically published checking t he value of t he
PUBLISH at t ribut e using t he DBMS_STATS package as in t he f ollowing example:
SELECT DBMS_STATS.GET_PREFS('PUBLISH') PUBLISH FROM DUAL;
You can change t he PUBLISH set t ing at eit her t he schema or t able level. Following are examples t o do so:
-- setting PUBLISH at schema level
exec DBMS_STATS.SET_SCHEMA_PREFS('HR', 'PUBLISH', 'FALSE');
-- setting PUBLISH at table level
exec DBMS_STATS.SET_TABLE_PREFS('HR','EMPLOYEES', 'PUBLISH', 'FALSE');
Published st at ist ics are st ored in dat a dict ionary views, such as DBA_TAB_STATISTICS and USER_IND_
STATISTICS. Pending st at ist ics are st ored in views such as DBA_TAB_PENDING_STATISTICS and
DBA_IND_PENDING_STATISTICS.
select NUM_ROWS, BLOCKS, AVG_ROW_LEN, SAMPLE_SIZE, LAST_ANALYZED
from DBA_TAB_PENDING_STATISTICS where OWNER='HR' AND TABLE_NAME ='EMPLOYEES';
By def ault , t he opt imizer uses t he published st at ist ics st ored in t he dat a dict ionary views. I f you want t he
opt imizer t o use t he newly collect ed pending st at ist ics, set t he init ializat i on paramet er

OPTIMIZER_PENDING_STATISTICS t o TRUE ( t he def ault value is FALSE) , and t hen run a workload against
t he t able or schema or j ust gat her it s st at i st ics:
ALTER SESSION SET OPTIMIZER_PENDING_STATISTICS = TRUE;
The opt imizer will use t he pending st at ist ics ( if available) inst ead of t he published st at ist ics when
compiling SQL st at ement s. I f t he pending st at ist ics are valid, t hey can be made public by execut ing t he
f ollowing st at ement :
-- for the whole database
exec DBMS_STATS.PUBLISH_PENDING_STATS(null, null);
-- publishing specific database object pending statistics
exec DBMS_STATS.PUBLISH_PENDING_STATS('HR','EMPLOYEES');
I f you do not want t o publish t he pending st at ist ics, delet e t hem by execut ing t he f ollowing st at ement :
exec DBMS_STATS.DELETE_PENDING_STATS('HR','EMPLOYEES');
Managi ng Ex t ended St at i st i cs
Mul t i Col umn St at i st i cs
When mult iple columns f rom a single t able are used t oget her in t he where clause of a query ( mult iple
single column predicat es) , Oracle opt imizer in previous versions ( bef ore 11g) does not underst and t he
relat ionship bet ween t he columns. I n Oracle 11g, st at ist ics on t hese columns as a group ( column group)
can be gat hered and t hus result ing in high enhancement in CBO cardinalit y est imat ion.
You can also creat e column groups manually by using t he CREATE_EXTENDED_STATS f unct ion in t he
DBMS_STATS package. This f unct ion creat es a column st at ist ics ent ry in t he syst em f or a user specif ied
column group or an expression in a t able. This f unct ion ret urns a syst em- generat ed name of t his newly
creat ed ent ry f or t he ext ension.
Not e: The opt imizer will only use Mult iColumn st at ist ics wit h equalit y predicat es.
Following is an example:
declare
V_NAME VARCHAR2(30);
begin
-- stats of the combined columns will be collected next time the stats is gathered
V_NAME := DBMS_STATS.CREATE_EXTENDED_STATS(
OWNNAME => NULL,
TABNAME => 'EMPLOYEES',
EXTENSION => '(STATE_ID,COUNTRY_ID)');
-- you can then issue the gathering process
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS (NULL, 'EMPLOYEES', METHOD_OPT='for all columns size
skewonly' );
end;
The DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS procedure can also be used t o creat e column group and gat her it s
st at ist ics all in one st ep. The keyword FOR COLUMNS is used in t his case as shown in t he f ollowing
example:
begin
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS ('HR', 'EMPLOYEES',
METHOD_OPT=>'for all columns size skewonly for columns (STATE_ID,COUNTRY_ID)' );
end;

Not e The def ault value of METHOD_OPT is ' FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE AUTO' which makes Oracle creat e
column groups f or a t able, based on t he workload analysis, similar t o how it is done f or
hist ograms.
You can use t he met hods in t he f ollowing code examples t o ret rieve inf ormat ion on column groups t hat
have been creat ed:
-- you can query the data dictionary USER_STAT_EXTENSIONS
select EXTENSION_NAME, EXTENSION from USER_STAT_EXTENSIONS where TABLE_NAME='EMPLOYEES';
-- you can query USER_TAB_COL_STATISTICS (extension name appears as COLUMN_NAME)
select COLUMN_NAME, NUM_DISTINCT, HISTOGRAM
from USER_TAB_COL_STATISTICS where TABLE_NAME = 'EMPLOYEES';
-- you can use DBMS_STATS.SHOW_EXTENDED_STATS_NAME function
select DBMS_STATS.SHOW_EXTENDED_STATS_NAME(OWNNAME => 'HR',
EXTENSION => 'STATE_ID,COUNTRY_ID') AS E_NAME
from dual;
Af t er gat hering t he mult i- column st at ist ics as show in t he example, when you check t he explain plan f or a
query of a where condit ion like "STATE_ID = 'CA' AND COUNTRY_ID = 'US'", you will not ice t hat t he
opt imizer has ret rieved t he correct number of expect ed ret rieved rows. Pract ically, t his will lead t o a
signif icant improvement in t he st at ement execut ion.
Following is how t o drop a column group t hat you have previously def ined:
exec DBMS_STATS.DROP_EXTENDED_STATS('HR', 'EMPLOYEES', '(STATE_ID,COUNTRY_ID)');
Ex pr essi on St at i st i cs
I n Oracle 11g, you can creat e st at ist ics on an expression. Following are examples t o do t hat :
declare
V_NAME VARCHAR2(30);
begin
-- to create expression extended stats (not statistics are yet gathered)
V_NAME := DBMS_STATS.CREATE_EXTENDED_STATS(
OWNNAME => NULL,
EXTENSION => '(lower(last_name))');
end;
begin
-- to create expression extended stats and gather the statistics in one step
DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(OWNNAME=>NULL,TABLE_NAME=>'EMPLOYEES',
METHOD_OPT=>'for all columns size skewonly for columns (lower(last_name))');
end;
Af t er execut ing t he code above, if you issue a query f rom EMPLOYEES t able wit h a condit ion like
LOWER(LAST_NAME)='ABC', t he opt imizer has st at ist ics about t he ret rieved rows and t hus will be able t o
est imat e t he correct number of ret urned rows. Consequent ly, t he opt imizer will most likely creat e a more
ef f icient plan t han if t hose st at ist ics were not present .
Use t he DBA_STAT_EXTENSIONS dat a dict ionary view t o ret rieve inf ormat ion on expression st at ist ics t hat
have been creat ed in t he dat abase.
select EXTENSION_NAME, EXTENSION from USER_STAT_EXTENSIONS where TABLE_NAME='EMPLOYEES';
Following is an example of t he removal of an ext ended expression st at ist ic:
exec DBMS_STATS.DROP_EXTENDED_STATS(null, 'EMPLOYEES', '(lower(lat_name))' );
Not e t hat you will not be able t o drop an ext ended expression st at ist ics, if a f unct ion- based index is
dependent on t hat st at ist ic ( ORA- 20000 error will be ret urned) .

A Si mpl e Appr oach t o Tu ni ng SQL St at emen t s
I dent ify Problem St at ement s
o Using V$SQL or SQL Tracing
o AWR report and t he ADDM analysis
Locat e t he Source of t he I nefficiency
o Show t he EXPLAI N PLAN of t he st at ement
o Use t he SQL Access Advisor and SQL Tunining Advisor

Usi ng Appl i cat i on Tr aci ng Tool s
Usi ng t he SQL Tr ace Faci l i t y and TKPROF
1. Set init parameters for trace file management.
They are all system and session level
STATISTICS_LEVEL = Typical or ALL
Even if STATISTICS_LEVEL is set to TYPICAL or ALL, you can keep the database
from tracing by
using:
ALTER SESSION statement to set TIMED_STATISTICS to FALSE.

show parameter USER_DUMP_DEST

show parameter MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE

2. Enable the SQL Trace facility for the desired session.
-- current session
ALTER SESSION SET sql_trace=true;

begin
sys.dbms_session.set_sql_trace(true);
end;
/

-- specific session
exec DBMS_SYSTEM.SET_SQL_TRACE_IN_SESSION(SID=>123, SERIAL#=>567, SQL_TRACE=>
true);
exec DBMS_MONITOR.SESSION_TRACE_ENABLE(session_id => 27, serial_num => 60,
waits => TRUE, binds => FALSE);

3. Run TKPROF to translate the trace file into a readable output file and
optionally create a SQL script that can be used to store the statistics in a
database.
tkprof finance_ora_16340.trc test.txt sys=no explain=y AGGREGATE =yes|no WAITS
=yes|no

4. Interpret the output file.
Row Source Operations
cr specifies consistent reads performed by the row source
specifies physical reads performed by the row source
w specifies physical writes performed by the row source
time specifies time in microseconds
Usi ng t he Event 10046 t o Tr ace SQL Code
This met hod is more advanced t han t he SQL Trace ut ilit y.
ALTER SESSION SET EVENT '10046 trace name context forever level 12';
ALTER SESSION SET EVENT=10046 trace name context off;

-- not recommended

ALTER SYSTEM SET EVENT=10046 trace name context forever, level 4
SCOPE=spfile;
ALTER SYSTEM SET EVENT= SCOPE=spfile;

-- Setting the 10046 Event For a Session Other than Your Own
-- Method 1
-- SPID known (OR next)
oradebug setospid 1864;
-- PID known
oradebug setpid 21;

-- then
oradebug event 10046 trace name context forever, level 12
oradebug event 10046 trace name context off

-- Method 2
Dbms_system.set_ev (
si binary_integer, -- SID
se binary_integer, -- Serial#
ev binary_integer, -- Event code or number to set.
le binary_integer, -- Usually level to trace
cm binary_integer -- When to trigger (NULL = context forever.)
Tr aci ng End t o End Appl i cat i on
/* To specify module and action names */
exec
DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO.SET_MODULE(MODULE_NAME=>'FINANCIAL',ACTION_NAME=>'PAYROL
L');
exec DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO.SET_ACTION(ACTION_NAME=>'PAY SLIP');

/* To add your own marker to the trace file names */
-- so you can more easily find the generated files.
ALTER SESSION SET TRACEFILE_IDENTIFIER ="fin_payrol";

/* Enabling Collection of Client and Service Statistics */
For client-Level Statistics use:
DBMS_MONITOR.CLIENT_ID_STAT_ENABLE(<client_id>)

For Service-Level Statistics:
SELECT NAME FROM V$ACTIVE_SERVICES ;
select service_name from v$session where username='HR';

-- service name case sensitive
DBMS_MONITOR.SERV_MOD_ACT_TRACE_ENABLE(<service_name>,<module_name>,
<action_name>)
For example:
DBMS_MONITOR.SERV_MOD_ACT_TRACE_ENABLE( service_name=>'APPS1',module_name
=>'PAYROLL')

To enable tracing for a Service named APPS1:

DBMS_MONITOR.SERV_MOD_ACT_TRACE_ENABLE('APPS1',DBMS_MONITOR.ALL_MODULES,
DBMS_MONITOR.ALL_ACTIONS,TRUE,FALSE,NULL)

To enable tracing for a session:
DBMS_MONITOR.SESSION_TRACE_ENABLE (SESSION_ID=>139, SERIAL_NUM=>53,
WAITS=>TRUE, BINDS=>FALSE);

To enable trace in the whole database
DBMS_MONITOR.DATABASE_TRACE_ENABLE

To enable trace in the instance level
DBMS_MONITOR.DATABASE_TRACE_ENABLE (INSTANCE_NAME=>'RAC1')

To disable tracing:
DBMS_MONITOR.CLIENT_ID_STAT_DISABLE(<Client_id>)
DBMS_MONITOR.SERV_MOD_ACT_TRACE_DISABLE('APPS1')
DBMS_MONITOR.DATABASE_TRACE_DISABLE(INSTANCE_NAME=>'RAC1')

/* Using the TRCSESS Tool to Analyze Trace Files */
show parameter USER_DUMP_DEST

trcsess output="hr_report.trc" service="APPS1" module="PAYROLL" action="bulk
load"

You can then run TKPROF against the consolidated trace file to generate a
report:
tkprof hr_report.trc output=hr_trc_report sys=np SORT=(EXEELA, PRSELA, FCHELA)
Enabl i ng and Di sabl i ng St at i st i c Gat her i ng f or End t o End Tr aci ng
-- first make sure the trcing is enabled, see sections above.

-- Statistic Gathering for Client Identifier
select CLIENT_IDENTIFIER from V$SESSION where username='SA';

EXECUTE DBMS_MONITOR.CLIENT_ID_STAT_ENABLE(client_id => 'OE.OE');
EXECUTE DBMS_MONITOR.CLIENT_ID_STAT_DISABLE(client_id => 'OE.OE');

-- Statistic Gathering for Service, Module, and Action
EXECUTE DBMS_MONITOR.SERV_MOD_ACT_STAT_ENABLE(service_name => 'ACCTG',
module_name => 'PAYROLL');
EXECUTE DBMS_MONITOR.SERV_MOD_ACT_STAT_ENABLE(service_name => 'ACCTG',
module_name => 'GLEDGER', action_name => 'INSERT ITEM');
EXECUTE DBMS_MONITOR.SERV_MOD_ACT_STAT_DISABLE(service_name => 'ACCTG',
module_name => 'GLEDGER', action_name => 'INSERT ITEM');

/* Viewing the New Statistics */
DBA_ENABLED_AGGREGATIONS enabled statistics aggregation
DBA_ENABLED_TRACES enabled traces in the system
V$CLIENT_STATS statistics on a client level (CLIENT_IDENTIFIER based)
V$SERVICE_STATS Displays basic performance statistics
V$SERV_MOD_ACT_STATS statistics for a combination of serve /module/action

names.

Wr i t i ng Ef f i ci en t SQL
Efficient WHERE Clauses
o Select wit h high select ivit y get s advant age from index. FTS performs bet t er wit h low
select ivit y queries.
o Whe using SQL funct ions, consider using funct ion-based indexes.
Using t he Right Joins
o Performing filt ering operat ions early reduces t he number of rows t o be j oined in lat er
st eps.
o Always consider usinj g t he equi j oin.
o Join in t he order t hat will produce t he least number of rows as out put t o t he parent st ep.
Combine Mult iples Scans wit h CASE St at ement s
o When you need t o calculat e mult iple aggregat es from t he same t able, avoid writ ing a
separat e query for each aggregat e. Use CASE st at ement inst ead.
-- the following selects:
SELECT COUNT (*)
FROM employees
WHERE salary < 2000;
SELECT COUNT (*)
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 2000 AND 4000;
SELECT COUNT (*)
FROM employees
WHERE salary>4000;

-- can be re written as:
SELECT COUNT (CASE WHEN salary < 2000 THEN 1 ELSE null END) count1,
COUNT (CASE WHEN salary BETWEEN 2001 AND 4000 THEN 1 ELSE null END) count2,
COUNT (CASE WHEN salary > 4000 THEN 1 ELSE null END) count3
FROM employees;
Efficient Subquery Execut ion
o Oracle recommends using t he I N clause if t he subquery has t he select ive WHERE clause.
o I f t he parent query cont ains t he select ive WHERE clause, use t he EXI STS clause rat her
t han t he I N clause.
-- the follwoing (selective predicate in the sub query)
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM orders o
WHERE e.employee_id = o.sales_rep_id
AND o.customer_id = 144);
-- can be converted into:
WHERE e.employee_id IN (SELECT o.sales_rep_id
FROM orders o
WHERE o.customer_id = 144);

-- in the following (selective predicate in the parent query):
WHERE e.department_id = 80
AND e.job_id = 'SA_REP'
AND e.employee_id IN (SELECT o.sales_rep_id FROM orders o);
-- can be rewritten as:
WHERE e.department_id = 80

AND e.job_id = 'SA_REP'
AND EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM orders o WHERE e.employee_id = o.sales_rep_id)
Avoid Transformed Columns in t he WHERE Clause such as: charcol = numexpr, col1 = NVL
( : b1,col1) , NVL (col1, - 999) = . , TO_DATE( ), TO_NUMBER( ) , and so on.
Add t he predicat e versus using NVL( ) t echnique.
SELECT employee_num, full_name Name, employee_id
FROM mtl_employees_current_view
WHERE (employee_num = NVL (:b1,employee_num)) AND (organization_id=:1)
ORDER BY employee_num;
Writ e Separat e SQL St at ement s for Specific Tasks: make a very complex st at ement slight ly
less complex by using t he UNI ON ALL operat or or use PL/ SQL blocks, if possible.
-- this code won't use the index bcz somecol in both sides
..
WHERE ...
AND somecolumn BETWEEN DECODE(:loval, 'ALL', somecolumn, :loval)
AND DECODE(:hival, 'ALL', somecolumn, :hival);

-- it can be rewritten as
..
WHERE ...
AND somecolumn BETWEEN :loval AND :hival
AND (:hival != 'ALL' AND :loval != 'ALL')
UNION ALL
..
WHERE ...
AND (:hival = 'ALL' OR :loval = 'ALL');
I f possible, define t he Join Order using ORDERED or STAR hint s. Table wit h t he lowest
percent age of ret ireved compared t o it s t olad it candidat e t o be t he driving t able.
-- in this example, a is the driving table.
SELECT info
FROM taba a, tabb b, tabc c
WHERE a.acol BETWEEN 100 AND 200
AND b.bcol BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000
AND c.ccol BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000
AND a.key1 = b.key1
AND a.key2 = c.key2;

SELECT /*+ LEADING(e2 e1) USE_NL(e1) INDEX(e1 emp_emp_id_pk)
USE_MERGE(j) FULL(j) */
e1.first_name, e1.last_name, j.job_id, sum(e2.salary) total_sal
FROM employees e1, employees e2, job_history j
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.manager_id
AND e1.employee_id = j.employee_id
AND e1.hire_date = j.start_date
GROUP BY e1.first_name, e1.last_name, j.job_id
ORDER BY total_sal;
Modifying or Disabling Triggers and Const raint s
Rest ruct uring t he Dat a: like using vit ual columns, adding new columns or using part it ions.
Maint aining Execut ion Plans Over Time: by using st ored st at ist ics or SQL plan baselines.
Use DML wit h RETURNI NG Clause: I NSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.. . RETURNI NG modify and
t hen ret urn t he dat a in one call.

var bnd1 NUMBER
var bnd2 VARCHAR2(30)
var bnd3 NUMBER

UPDATE employees
SET job_id ='SA_MAN', salary = salary + 1000,
department_id = 140
WHERE last_name = 'Jones'
RETURNING salary*0.25, last_name, department_id
INTO :bnd1, :bnd2, :bnd3;
Consider using Test Case Builder.
Consider using Bit map Join I ndexes on a st ar model query.
Select ing t he Best Join Order: I f youre j oining t hree t ables, t he one wit h t he more
rest rict ive filt er ( driving t able) should be j oined first (aft er t he FROM keyword) t o one of t he
ot her t wo t ables.
-- this statement is less efficient than the following one
select /*+ ordered */
order_date, order_total, line_item_id id, product_name ,quantity,
quantity*unit_price item_tprice
from order_items i, PRODUCT_INFORMATION p, orders o
where
order_date between to_date('01-01-2010','dd-mm-yyyy') and to_date('31-03-
2010','dd-mm-yyyy') and
o.order_id=i.order_id and
i.product_id=p.product_id;

-- more efficient
select /*+ ordered */
order_date, order_total, line_item_id id, product_name ,quantity,
quantity*unit_price item_tprice
from orders o, order_items i, PRODUCT_INFORMATION p
where
order_date between to_date('01-01-2010','dd-mm-yyyy') and to_date('31-03-
2010','dd-mm-yyyy') and
o.order_id=i.order_id and
i.product_id=p.product_id;

I mpr ov i ng SQL Pr ocessi ng Techni ques
Following are t he t ips t o improve SQL processing, even if you cannot change t he code:
Using Part it ioned Tables
Using Compression Techniques
CREATE INDEX item_product_x
ON order_items(product_id)
TABLESPACE order_items_indx_01
COMPRESS;
CREATE INDEX item_product_x
ON order_items(product_id)
TABLESPACE order_items_indx_01 COMPRESS;
Using Mat erialized Views
Using St ored Out lines t o St abilize t he CBO ( and SQL Plan Management in Oracle 11g) .
Using Parallel Execut ion

Usi ng SQL Tuni ng Adv i sor
The advisor possible input s are:
a single st at ement
SQL t uning set or STS
a SQL ident ifier from t he AWR
a SQL ident ifier from t he cursor cache
To manage t he Aut omat ic SQL Tuning Advisor, see Using Aut omat ic SQL Tuning Advisor.
-- required priv
grant advisor to youruser;

/* A single SQL Statement */
DECLARE
my_task_name VARCHAR2(30);
my_sqltext CLOB;
BEGIN
my_sqltext := 'SELECT /*+ ORDERED */ *
FROM employees e, locations l, departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id AND
l.location_id = d.location_id AND
e.employee_id < :bnd';
my_task_name := DBMS_SQLTUNE.CREATE_TUNING_TASK(
sql_text => my_sqltext,
bind_list => sql_binds(anydata.ConvertNumber(90)),
user_name => 'HR',
scope => 'COMPREHENSIVE',
time_limit => 60,
task_name => 'my_sql_tuning_task',
description => 'Task to tune a query on a specified employee');
END;
/

BEGIN
DBMS_SQLTUNE.EXECUTE_TUNING_TASK( task_name => 'my_sql_tuning_task' );
END;
/

SET LONG 1000
SET LONGCHUNKSIZE 1000
SET LINESIZE 100
SELECT DBMS_SQLTUNE.REPORT_TUNING_TASK( 'my_sql_tuning_task') FROM DUAL;

-- you can query:
DBA_ADVISOR_TASKS
DBA_ADVISOR_FINDINGS
DBA_ADVISOR_RECOMMENDATIONS
DBA_ADVISOR_RATIONALE
DBA_SQLTUNE_STATISTICS
DBA_SQLTUNE_PLANS


Par t 6 Or acl e Aut omat i c St or age
Management ( ASM)

Managi ng Or acl e ASM
Obt ai ni ng I nf or mat i on about ASM I nst ance
-- asm: all diskgroups mounted db: diskgroups mounted in asm and connected
to by db
select * from V$ASM_DISKGROUP;

-- asm: dbs connected to the asm db: asms connected by db
select * from V$ASM_CLIENT;

-- asm: discovered disks db: disks used by db
select * from V$ASM_DISK;

-- asm files
select * from V$ASM_FILE;

-- info about asm templates
select * from V$ASM_TEMPLATE;
Cr eat i ng an ASM I nst ance
-- required services
<orahome>\bin\localconfig add

-- Creating the ASM Instance Manually (on Windows XP)
1. Building the ASM Candidate "disks": for testing or development purpose
mkdir c:\asmdisks
ASMTOOL -create c:\asmdisks\asmdiska1 150

-- you can use DBCA and avoid 2,3,4

2. Create a pfile with the name "init+ASM.ora" in the folder
<ORACLE_HOME>\database.
Insert the following parameters in the file:
INSTANCE_TYPE=ASM
_ASM_ALLOW_ONLY_RAW_DISKS = FALSE
DB_UNIQUE_NAME = +ASM
ASM_DISKSTRING ='C:\asmdisks\*'
LARGE_POOL_SIZE = 16M

3. Create the ASM instance service:
ORADIM -NEW -ASMSID +ASM -STARTMODE auto

4. Startup the instance
SET ORACLE_SID=+ASM
SQLPLUS / AS SYSDBA
SQL> STARTUP FORCE
SQL> SELECT PATH, MOUNT_STATUS FROM V$ASM_DISK;

SELECT instance_name FROM v$instance;

LSNRCTL STATUS

-- starting ASM in restricted mode: DB cannot access it (11g)
-- in the ASM instance level
SQL>STARTUP RESTRICT;
-- in the diskgroup level
SQL>ALTER DISKGROUP DATA MOUNT RESTRICTED;
-- check status of diskgroups
SQL>SELECT NAME,STATE FROM V$ASM_DISKGROUP;
Managi ng Di sk Gr oups and Di sk s i n ASM
Fundement al s of Managi ng Di sk Gr oups and Di sk s
/* Basics */
SELECT PATH, MOUNT_STATUS FROM V$ASM_DISK;

SQL> STARTUP NOMOUNT
SQL>
CREATE DISKGROUP dgroup1 NORMAL REDUNDANCY
FAILGROUP controller1 DISK
'c:\asmdisks\asmdiska1' name firsta size 150M,
'c:\asmdisks\asmdiska2'
FAILGROUP controller2 DISK
'c:\asmdisks\asmdiskb1',
'c:\asmdisks\asmdiskb2'
/

in the pfile:
ASM_DISKGROUPS=dgroup1

SQL> select NAME, SECTOR_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE, ALLOCATION_UNIT_SIZE,
STATE, TYPE, TOTAL_MB
from V$ASM_DISKGROUP

restart

-- rebalancing speed
show parameter ASM_POWER_LIMIT
ALTER DISKGROUP dgroup1 REBALANCE POWER 5;

-- adding extra disks
ASMTOOL -create c:\asmdisks\asmdiska3 150
ASMTOOL -create c:\asmdisks\asmdiskb3 150

SQL>
ALTER DISKGROUP dgroup1 ADD
FAILGROUP controller1 DISK 'c:\asmdisks\asmdiska3'
FAILGROUP controller2 DISK 'c:\asmdisks\asmdiskb3'
/

ALTER DISKGROUP dgroup1 REBALANCE POWER 10
/


/* Dropping a disk */
ALTER DISKGROUP group1 DROP DISK disk5;
-- to cancel a pending drop:
ALTER DISKGROUP group1 UNDROP DISKS;

/* Dropping a Diskgroup */
in Oracle 10g:
# the group must be mounted on exactly one node
# non-empty dgroup
DROP DISKGROUP DATA INCLUDING CONTENTS;
# empty dgroup
DROP DISKGROUP DATA;

# If the diskgroup could not be mounted and the disks
# were to be repurposed for non-ASM uses
use dd command in unix

# If the disks were to be repurposed as an ASM disk for a new diskgroup,
# then use the FORCE option in the CREATE DISKGROUP

in Oracle 11g:
# use FORCE if the group is not mounted (try mount it first)
DROP DISKGROUP DATA FORCE INCLUDING CONTENTS FORCE;

/* Checking Diskgroup */
-- 11g: you can validate the internal consistency of ASM diskgroup metadata.
Summary of errors is logged in the ASM alert log file.
-- check specific diskgroup with automatic repair
SQL>ALTER DISKGROUP data CHECK;
-- disable automatic repair
SQL>ALTER DISKGROUP data CHECK NOREPAIR;
SQL>ALTER DISKGROUP data CHECK REPAIR;
Managi ng Di sk Gr oups At t r i but es
Oracle Dat abase 11g int roduces a new concept called ASM at t ribut es at t he diskgroup level. The
at t ribut es f or t he diskgroup can be est ablished at creat e diskgroup t ime or can be modif ied using t he
ALTER DISKGROUP command lat er.
Following are t he at t ribut es you can set :
Allocat ion unit ( AU) sizes.
The compatible.rdbms at t ribut e.
The compatible.asm at t ribut e.
disk_repair_time in unit s of minut e ( M) or hour ( H) and is set by t he ALTER DISKGROUP command
The redundancy at t ribut e f or a specif ic t emplat e.
The st ripping at t ribut e f or a specif ic t emplat e.
All of t he diskgroup at t ribut es can be queried f rom t he V$ASM_ATTRIBUTE view.
Consider t he f ollowing examples:
CREATE DISKGROUP data
disk '/dev/raw/raw1',
...
attribute 'au_size' = '16M', 'compatible.asm' = '11.1';
ALTER DISKGROUP data SET ATTRIBUTE 'compatible.asm' = '11.1.0.0.0';

select NAME, VALUE from V$ASM_ATTRIBUTE where GROUP_NUMBER=1;
Var i abl e AU Si zes
The def ault size of Allocat ion Unit ( AU) is 1 MB which is suf f icient f or most regular dat abases. However,
when you have dat abases wit h TB sizes, you will have enormous number of AUs. Wit h Oracle 11g, AU
size can be specif ied at diskgroup creat ion t ime t o 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64MB in size. You can check t he
AU size t hrough t he f ollowing query:
select NAME, ALLOCATION_UNIT_SIZE from V$ASM_DISKGROUP;
Compat i bi l i t y Set t i n gs
Compat ibilit y in ASM is cont rolled in t hree ways, as shown below:
COMPATIBLE
init ializat ion
paramet er

The compat ible init ializat ion paramet er can be set f or eit her ASM or t he dat abase
inst ance. I t t akes one of t he f ollowing values: 10. 1, 10. 2, or 11. 1.
Set t ing t he init ializat ion paramet er t o a lesser value t han t he sof t ware release will
exclude availabilit y of t he new f eat ures int roduced in t he new release.
RDBMS
Compat ibilit y
This is a diskgroup- level compat ibilit y and is specif ied by set t ing t he
COMPATIBLE.RDBMS at t ribut e. This at t ribut e det ermines t he minimum COMPATIBLE
dat abase init ializat ion paramet er set t ing f or any dat abase inst ance t hat uses t he disk
group. I t s def ault value is 10. 1.
ASM
Compat ibilit y
This is a diskgroup- level compat ibilit y and is specif ied by set t ing t he COMPATIBLE.ASM
at t ribut e. I t det ermines t he minimum sof t ware version f or an ASM inst ance t hat uses
t he disk group.
I f you assign any of t he compat ibilit y set t ing t o a higher value, you cannot lat er reverse it t o a lower
value.
Following are some queries t o obt ain inf ormat ion about t he compat ibilit y set t ings:
-- diskgroup compatibility setting
select NAME, BLOCK_SIZE, ALLOCATION_UNIT_SIZE AU_SIZE, STATE,
COMPATIBILITY ASM_COMP, DATABASE_COMPATIBILITY DB_COMP
from V$ASM_DISKGROUP;
-- Compatibility of the database clients that use the ASM
select DB_NAME, STATUS,SOFTWARE_VERSION,COMPATIBLE_VERSION from V$ASM_CLIENT;
ASM Fast Mi r r or Resyn c
Any problems t hat make a f ailure group t emporarily unavailable are considered t ransient f ailures t hat can
be recovered by t he ASM f ast mirror resync f eat ure. Disk pat h malf unct ions; such as cable f ailures, host
bus adapt er f ailures, cont roller f ailures, or disk power supply int errupt ions; can cause t ransient f ailures.
ASM f ast resync keeps t rack of pending changes t o ext ent s on an OFFLINE disk during an out age. The
ext ent s are resynced when t he disk is brought back online.
Following are t he st eps t o enable and handle t his f eat ure:
-- diskgroup compatibility must be set to 11.1
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 SET ATTRIBUTE 'compatible.asm' = '11.1';
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 SET ATTRIBUTE 'compatible.rdbms'='11.1';
-- specify the duration of the disk_repair_time (default is 3.6 hour)
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 SET ATTRIBUTE 'disk_repair_time' = '5H'; -- in hours
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 SET ATTRIBUTE 'disk_repair_time' = '40M'; -- minutes
-- verify the attribute settings
select NAME, VALUE from V$ASM_ATTRIBUTE;
-- if you get an offline disk because of a transient failure, you can see the
-- remaining time left in SECONDS before ASM drops an offline disk
select NAME, HEADER_STATUS, MOUNT_STATUS, MODE_STATUS, STATE, REPAIR_TIMER/60 from
V$ASM_DISK WHERE GROUP_NUMBER=1;
-- while the fix is in progress, if you want to reset the elapsed time, just take

-- the disk(s) offline
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 OFFLINE DISK d3_0001;
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 OFFLINE DISKS IN FAILGROUP f2;
-- you can also make a disk offline with a repair time different from its
-- disk_repair_time attribute
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 OFFLINE DISK d3_0001 DROP AFTER 50m;
-- disks in a failure group (f2) can also be taken offline
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 OFFLINE DISKS IN FAILGROUP f2 DROP AFTER 5m;
-- if the disk needs to be dropped immediately and before the repair time has expired
-- Note: ALTER DISKGROUP DROP DISK will not work
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 OFFLINE DISK D3_0001 DROP AFTER 0m;
-- after the disk(s) are fixed, you can bring them online
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 ONLINE ALL;
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 ONLINE DISK d3_0001;
Moni t or i ng Long- Runni ng Oper at i ons
The ALTER DISKGROUP DROP, RESIZE, and REBALANCE commands ret urn bef ore t he operat ion is
complet e. To monit or progress of t hese long- runni ng operat ions, you can query t he V$ASM_OPERATION
f ixed view.
GROUP_NUMBER
Disk group
OPERATION
Type of operat ion: REBAL
STATE
St at e of operat ion: QUEUED or RUNNING
POWER
Power request ed f or t his operat ion
ACTUAL
Power allocat ed t o t hi s operat ion
SOFAR
Number of allocat ion unit s moved so f ar
EST_WORK
Est imat ed number of remaining allocat ion uni t s
EST_RATE
Est imat ed number of allocat ion unit s moved per minut e
EST_MINUTES
Est imat ed amount of t ime ( in minut es) f or operat ion t erminat ion

Mi gr at i ng a Dat abase t o ASM
You can use OEM or RMAN as follows:
1. Shut down t he dat abase in a consist ent mode by using t he SHUTDOWN I MMEDI ATE
command.
2. Add t he DB_CREATE_FI LE_DEST and DB_CREATE_ONLI NE_LOG_DEST_n paramet ers, as
well as t he new flash recovery area init ializat ion paramet ers, DB_RECOVERY_FI LE_DEST and
DB_ RECOVERY_FI LE_DEST_SI ZE, t o your dat abase paramet er file so you can use an OMF-
based file syst em. Make sure t hat t he t wo OMF paramet ers refer t o t he disk groups t hat you
want t o use in your ASM syst em.
DB_CREATE_FI LE_DEST = ' + dgroup1'
DB_RECOVERY_FI LE_DEST = ' + dgroup2'
3. Delet e t he cont rol file paramet er from t he SPFI LE, since Oracle will creat e new cont rol files
in t he OMF file dest inat ions by rest oring t hem from t he non- ASM dat abase cont rol files.
4. St art t he dat abase wit h t he STARTUP NOMOUNT command:
RMAN> CONNECT TARGET;
RMAN> STARTUP NOMOUNT;
5. Rest ore t he old cont rol file in t he new locat ion, as shown here:
RMAN> RESTORE CONTROLFI LE from ' / u01/ orcl/ oradat a/ cont rol1. ct l' ;
6. Mount t he dat abase:
RMAN> ALTER DATABASE MOUNT;
7. Use t he following command t o copy your dat abase files int o an ASM disk group:
RMAN> BACKUP AS COPY DATABASE FORMAT + dgroup1;
8. Use t he SWI TCH command t o swit ch all dat afiles int o t he ASM disk group:
RMAN> SWI TCH DATABASE TO COPY;
At t his point , all dat afiles will be convert ed t o t he ASM t ype. You st ill have your original
dat afile copies on disk, which you can use t o rest ore your dat abase if necessary.
9. Open t he dat abase wit h t he following command:
RMAN> ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
10. For each redo log member, use t he following command t o move it t o t he ASM syst em:
RMAN> SQL "alt er dat abase rename ' / u01/ t est / log1' t o ' + dgroup1' ";
11. Archive t he current online redo logs, and delet e t he old non- ASM redo logs. Since RMAN
doesnt migrat e t emp files, you must manually creat e a t emporary t ablespace using t he
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE st at ement or:
ALTER TABLESPACE TEMP ADD TEMPFI LE
ALTER DATABASE TEMPFI LE ' / u1/ t emp1' DROP
Movi ng a Tabl espace t o ASM
SQL>select name from v$datafile where ts# = (select x.ts# from v$tablespace x
where x.name='HRSTBS');

set oracle_sid=ora11g

rman target /

sql'alter tablespace hrstbs offline';

BACKUP AS COPY TABLESPACE hrstbs FORMAT '+dgroup1';

SWITCH TABLESPACE hrstbs TO COPY;

sql'alter tablespace hrstbs online';
Accessi ng an ASM i nst ance f r om DB Consol e
/* Method 1 */
drop and recreate the em repository:
emca -deconfig dbcontrol db -repos drop
emca -config dbcontrol db -repos create

/* Method 2 */
- Edit your listener.ora and add an entry for the ASM instance in the SID_LIST

(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = My_DB_SID)
(ORACLE_HOME=d:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_2)
(SID_NAME = +ASM)
)

- Restart your listener

- Access DBConsole (e.g. with SYS as SYSDBA)

- In the "Administration" or "Server" tab, click on the link called "Migrate
to ASM"

- Fill in the required fields and press continue (it wont do anything yet.
Its just the first step, to get ASM listen as a new OEM target).

- If it ever complains about ORA-1017, you need to recreate the ASM instance
paswordfile. Take a backup of it first if you feel better so.

The syntax for recreating the passwordfile can be, for example:

orapwd file=D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_2\database\PWD+ASM.ora
password=my_password force=y

(of course, you must replace the password and the path with the one that
serves your needs)

The ASM target should have been created.

Now, you only need to: click on the "Database" link on the right top of the DB
Console window, or access the DB Console page again. You should see the ASM
target link below the listener target. You only need to click the link and
youll get the ASM home administration page, from DBConsole.

If ASM hyperlink is not directly shown in the main DBconsole page, you can
still click on the Host name link in the left of the DBConsole main page (just
over the listener name link), and once there, again click in the "Targets"

link, and lastly in the "+ASM_your_DB_hostname" link, which then will take you
to the ASM Administration main page.

You also have the option of directly typing the following URL, after the ASM
target is created:
http://your_DB_hostname:your_DBConsole_port/em/console/database/osm/osmSitemap
?type=osm_instance&target=%2BASM_your_DB_hostname&event=doLoad
Managi ng ASM Fi l es
Types of ASM Fi l enames
1. Ful l y Qual i f i ed ASM Fi l enames ( Syst em Al i as)
You use t his fully qualified name for referencing exist ing ASM files. Heres t he synt ax of an
ASM file using a fully qualified filename:
+group/dbname/file_type/tag.file.incarnation
2. Numer i c ASM Fi l enames
ASM derives numeric filenames from fully qualified ASM filenames and uses t hem t o refer t o
exist ing files.
+group.file.incarnation
3. Al i as ASM Fi l enames
You can use ASM alias files bot h when creat ing new ASM files and when referring t o exist ing
files. Alias ASM filenames mean t hat t he files are not OMF-managed files. Thus, Oracle wont
aut omat ically remove t hese files when it does not have any furt her need for t hem.
+dgroup1/myfiles/control_file1
+dgroup2/mydir/second.dbf
4. I ncompl et e ASM Fi l enames
You can use an incomplet e ASM filename only when creat ing files.
+dgroup1
+dgroup1(datafile)
Al i as Fi l ename Management
Cr eat i ng Di sk Gr oup Di r ect or i es f or Al i as Fi l enames
You must creat e a direct ory st ruct ure t o support your alias filenaming convent ions.
ALTER DISKGROUP dgroup1 ADD DIRECTORY '+dgroup1/mydir';
Usi ng Templ at es w i t h Al i ases
dgroup(template_name)/alias
+dgroup1(spfile)/config1
Addi ng Al i ases
You can add a filename alias or rename an exist ing alias name, using t he ADD ALIAS or
RENAME ALIAS clause of t he ALTER DISKGROUP st at ement .
ALTER DISKGROUP dgroup1 ADD ALIAS '+dgroup1/mydir/second.dbf' FOR
'+dgroupA/sample/datafile/mytable.342.3'
You can ret rieve creat ed aliases using v$ASM_ALIAS. The REFERENCE_INDEX column is usable
only for ent ries t hat are direct ory ent ries in t he alias direct ory. For non-direct ory ent ries, it
equals t o zero.
Dr oppi ng Fi l es and Al i ases f r om a Di sk Gr oup
ALTER DISKGROUP dgroup1 DROP FILE '+dgroup1/payroll/compensation.dbf'

Usi ng ASMCMD Ut i l i t y
set oracle_home=c:\oracle\oradb11g
set oracle_sid=+ASM
asmcmd
help
Oracle 11g int roduces new commands in t he asmcmd ut ilit y and it also provides backward compat ibilit y
wit h Oracle Dat abase 10g ASM inst ances. Following are summary of some of t hem:
Comman d Sy n t ax Descr i pt i on an d Ex ampl es
lsct [-gH] [group]
List s inf ormat i on about current ASM client s.
>lsct dgroup1
lsdg [-gcH] [group] list s all diskgroups and t heir at t ribut es.
>lsdg dgroup2
lsdsk [-ksptagcHI] [-d
diskg_roup_name] [pattern]
list s t he disks t hat are visible t o ASM by scanning t he disk
headers of t he disks seen by t he value of t he ASM_DISKSTRING
>lsdsk -k -d DATA *_001
>lsdsk -s -d DATA *_001
>lsdsk -t -d DATA *_001
>lsdsk -c -t -d DATA *_001
>lsdsk -g -t -d DATA *_001
cp [-ifr] [connect_string:]src_fname
[connect_string:]tgt_fname
cp [-ifr]
[connect_string:]src_fnameN,
src_fnameN+1 ...
[connect_string:]tgt_directory

The connect_string is in t he f orm of :
user_name@host_name[.port_number].SID
- i int eract ive
- f f orce overwrit e ( aliases cannot be
overwrit t en)
- r recursive
Enables you t o copy f iles bet ween ASM disk groups on local
inst ances t o and f rom remot e inst ances.
>cp +dg1/vdb.ctf1 /backups/vdb.ctf1
>cp /home/oracle/encrypted.dmp +dg1
>cp vdb.ctf1 /tmp
# the target ASM instance must be registered with the
LISTENER
>cp +DATA/DBA11g/DATAFILE/DOCS_D1.289.631914611
sys@rac1.+ASM:+DATA/DBA11g1/datafile/xxx
remap
Repairs a range of physical blocks on disk ( only blocks exhibit ing
read disk I / O error s are repaired) excluding t hose wit h corrupt ed
cont ent s.
I nt ernally, it reads t he blocks f rom a good copy of an ASM mirror
and rewrit es t hem t o an alt ernat e locat ion on disk, if t he blocks
on t he original locat i on cannot be properly read.
remap <disk group name> <disk name> <block range>
> remap DISK_GRP1 DATA_0001 5000-5999
Back i n g u p an d Rest or i n g Di sk gr ou p Met adat a
The md_backup command capt ures inf ormat ion about ASM disks, diskgroup and f ailure group
conf igurat ions, and t emplat e and alias direct ory st ruct ures, and st ores t hem in a user- designat ed backup
t ext f ile. Following is t he basic synt ax of t he command:
md_backup [-b <backup_file_path> ] [-g diskgroup_name [-g diskgroup_name ]]
Following is an example of using t he command:
md_backup b /tmp/asm_backup.mdb -g dg1 g dg2
I f t he backup f ile already exist s, you should remove it bef ore issuing t he command.
I f you issue t he md_backup command wit hout any opt ion, it creat es a f ile named as
ambr_backup_intermediate_file which cont ains t he met adat a inf ormat ion of all t he mount ed
diskgroups.

The md_restore command reads t he backup f ile and rest ores a disk group. You can set it s opt ions t o
build a script f ile t hat cont ains t he SQL st at ement s required t o rebuild t he ASM component s f rom t he
backup f ile. Following is t he synt ax of t he command and descript ion of it s swit ches:
md_restore -b <backup_file> [-li]
[-t (full)|nodg|newdg] [-f <sql_script_file>]
[-g '<diskgroup_name>,<diskgroup_name>,...']
[-o '<old_diskgroup_name>:<new_diskgroup_name>,...']
-t
t ype of rest ore.
full t ag specif ies t hat all t he diskgroups should be recreat ed using t he same conf igurat ion f rom
t he MDB backup f ile.
nodg rest ore met adat a only and skip t he diskgroup creat ion.

newdg creat e disk group wit h a dif f erent name and rest ore met adat a; -o is required. This t ag is
used t o allow t he user t o change diskgroup name.
-f
writ e SQL commands t o <sql_script_file> inst ead of execut ing t hem.
-o
override opt ion is used only wit h t he newdg opt ion t o remap t he diskgroup name, disk name,
pat hs, and f ailure groups.
-i
ignore errors. By def ault , t he command abort s when it encount ers an error.
-l
log all messages t o a log f ile.
Following are examples of using t he command:
/* General Examples */
# To perform a restore of the dg1 diskgroup from the MDB backup file, use this:
md_restore b /tmp/backupfile t full g dg1 -i
# To just restore the metadata for the dg1 diskgroup (the diskgroup already
exists).
md_restore b /tmp/backupfile t nodg g dg1 i
# To create a different diskgroup name:
md_restore b /tmp/backupfile t newdg -o "DGNAME=dg1:dg3" i
# To apply the override options as specified in the dg_over.txt file and restore
# from the backup file:
md_restore b /tmp/backupfile t newdg of /tmp/dg_override.txt i

/* Scenario Example */
1. Back up a tablespace exising in a disk group:
RMAN> BACKUP TABLESPACE users;
2. Create a directory named test in the disk group DGROUPA. Also create an alias
called
+DGROUPA/test/users.f that points to the ASM datafile that contains the users
tablespace:
ASMCMD> mkdir +DGROUPA/test
ASMCMD> mkalias TBSSRA.123.123456789 +DGROUPA/test/users.f
3. Back up the metadata for the disk group DGROUPA using the md_backup command:
ASMCMD> md_backup g dgroupA
The md_backup command stores the backup metadata in the text file named
ambr_backup_
intermediate in the current directory.
4. Simulate a disk failure by dropping the disk group DGROUPA:
SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP dgroup1 DISMOUNT FORCE;
SQL> DROP DIKSGROUP dgroup1 FORCE INCLUDING CONTENTS;

The DISMOUNT FORCE clause in the ALTER DISKGROUP command dismounts the disk group
and
force drops it.
5. Execute the md_restore command to restore the ASM metadata for the dropped disk
group:
ASMCMD> md_restore b ambr_backup_intermediate_file
t full g data
6. Using the backup of the users tablespace from step 1, restore the users
tablespace:
RMAN>RESTORE TABLESAPCE users;
7. Exit from RMAN once the restore is completed.
Not e t hat md_backup is a backup of t he met adat a of t he ASM inst ance. The dat a is being backed up by
RMAN. Af t er t he diskgroup is creat ed, along wit h all t he direct ories, you can rest ore t he RMAN backup t o
t he diskgroup.
Bad Bl ock Recover y
I f ASM cannot read a physical block f rom a disk, it considers t hat t he block has I O error. I n t his case,
ASM will aut omat ically read a mirrored block and writ e a relocat ed copy t o produce successf ul copy.
However, you can manually repair blocks t hat have read disk I / O errors using t he remap command.
Following is t he synt ax of t he command:
remap <diskgroup name> <disk name> <block range>
Usi ng SYSASM Pr i vi l ege and OSASM Gr oup
This f eat ure int roduces a new SYSASM privilege t hat is specif ically int ended f or perf orming ASM
administ rat ion t asks. Using t he SYSASM privilege inst ead of t he SYSDBA privilege provides a clearer division
of responsibilit y bet ween ASM administ rat ion and dat abase administ rat ion.
Following are code examples illust rat ing how t o use t his privilege:
-- grant the privilege
GRANT SYSASM TO firas;

-- check the granted privilege
SELECT * FROM V$PWFILE_USERS;

-- ASM management commands are available to Adam
CONNECT firas/his_password
ALTER DISKGROUP dg1 DISMOUNT;
ALTER DISKGROUP dg2 MOUNT;
.. and so on.
Be aware t hat users wit h SYSOPER privilege have some ASM privileges. Following t able shows available
and rest rict ed ASM privilege f or users wit h SYSOPER privilege:
Av ai abl e ASM Pr i v i l ege Rest r i ct ed ASM Pr i v i l ege
STARTUP AND SHUTDOWN
ALTER DISKGROUP MOUNT
ALTER DISKGROUP DISMOUNT
ALTER DISKGROUP ONLINE DISK
ALTER DISKGROUP OFFLINE DISK
ALTER DISKGROUP REBALANCE
ALTER DISKGROUP CHECK
CREATE DISKGROUP / DISK
DROP DISKGROUPS / DISKS
ALTER DISKGROUP / DISK RESIZE

OSASM is a new operat ing syst em group t hat is used exclusively f or ASM. Members of t he OSASM group
can connect as SYSASM using operat ing syst em aut hent icat ion and have f ull access t o ASM.

Manual l y Upgr adi ng Or acl e AS f r om 10g t o 11g
Following are t he st eps you f ollow t o upgrade an exist ing Oracle 10g ASM t o 11g:
1. I nst all t he Oracle Dat abase 11g sof t ware t o a new ORACLE_HOME direct ory.
2. Updat e t he /etc/oratab or /var/opt/oracle/oratab f ile wit h t he new ASM ORACLE_HOME
locat ion.
3. Copy t he ASM init ializat ion f ile f rom t he old ORACLE_HOME t o t he new one.
4. Edit any direct ory- based paramet ers ( such as diag and dump) in t he ASM init ializat ion f ile as
required.
5. I f you are upgrading a non- RAC ASM inst ance, you should reconf igure t he Oracle CSS using t he new
ORACLE_HOME. You can do t his by execut ing t he localconfig command f rom t he new home. Once
t he CSS conf igurat ion is complet e, you need t o change your ORACLE_HOME t o t he new Oracle
version 11. 1 ORACLE_HOME and st art t he ASM inst ance.
cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
# ./localconfig reset
6. I f you are upgrading a ASM inst ance in a RAC environment s, you can modif y t he new ASM home
wit hin t he OCR using t he srvctl ut ilit y as f ollows:
srvctl modify asm -n racnode1 -i +ASM1 -o /apps/oracle/product/11.1.0/asm -p
init+ASM1.ora
7. Grant t he SYSASM role t o t he SYS
GRANT SYSASM to sys;
8. I f you have obsolet e init ializat ion paramet ers, you can address t hem now. To get a list ing of all t he
obsolet e init ializat ion paramet ers, ref er t o t he ASM alert log f ile.


Par t 7 Or acl e Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er

Or acl e RAC Possi bl e I n st al l at i on Con f i gur at i on s
For Oracle Soft ware homes, Vot ing and OCR, db files:
NTFS_RAW_ASM
NTFS_RAW_RAW
NTFS_OCFS_OCFS
OCFS_OCFS_OCFS

I nst al l i ng Or acl e 10g R2 RAC on Ent er pr i se Li nux 4
Not e: The met alink document RAC St art er Kit and Best Pract ices ( Linux) [ I D 811306. 1] is a
good source reference for t his t ask.
Emulat ion soft ware: VMWare Workst at ion ACE Edit ion 6. 0. 5 or VMWare Server 2.
RAC Nodes: 2 nodes wit h 2 GB RAM each , 2 et hernet cards.
OS: Oracle Linux Ent erprise 4. 5 for x86: kernel 2. 6.9
Oracle 10g R2 Clust erware for Linux x86 32-bit
Used Har dw ar e
I n t he VMWare: creat e one virt ual machine ( rac1) wit h t he following specs:
o 2 GB RAM
o Two et hernet cards: bot h can be configured as bridged or host - only in VMware.
o One local hardisk wit h 20 GB
o CPU Count : 2
o Creat e a folder in t he same direct ory st ruct ure level as t he parent folder cont aining t he
creat ed virt ual machine. Give it a meaningful name like ' shared_disks' . Creat e in t hat
folder t hree disks of 10 GB and t wo of 512 MB. All of t hem are of LSI Logic t ype and
SCI SI Persist ent . Make sure t hey are on SCI SI cont roller different from t he SCSI
cont roller of t he local hardisk. For example, if t he SCSI cont roller of local hardisk is
SCI SI 0, make t hose disks on cont roller SCSI 1.
2. Oracle Clust erware inst allat ion
4. Apply Pat chset 3 ( 10. 2. 0. 4) for Clust erware and Dat abase Soft ware
7. Perform ASM inst allat ion

8. Perform clust er dat abase creat ion

disks.
o Give t he first et hernet card I P 192.168. 4. 11 and t he second 192. 168. 0. 11 and t he
host name rac1.mydomain.com. Define a gat eway. I f it does not exist , make it same as
t he host I P address.
Deskt op
o X Window Syst em
o Gnome

Applicat ions
Servers
Development
o Development Tools
Syst em
o Syst em Tools
Miscellaneous
cat /etc/issue
# to know kernel version (and its errata level)
uname -r

# from CD 3
rpm -Uvh libaio*
rpm -Uvh openmotif21-2.1.30-11.RHEL4.6.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh openmotif-2.2.3-10.1.el4.i386.rpm

# those packages downloaded from http://rpm.pbone.net
rpm -e compat-libstdc++-296-2.96-132.7.2
rpm -Uvh compat-libstdc++-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh compat-libstdc++-devel-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh compat-gcc-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh compat-gcc-c++-7.3-2.96.128.i386.rpm

# confirm the required packages are installed:
rpm -qa|grep gcc-
rpm -qa|grep glibc-
rpm -qa|grep compat-db-
rpm -qa|grep compat-gcc-
rpm -qa|grep compat-gcc-c++-
rpm -qa|grep compat-libstdc++-
rpm -qa|grep compat-libstdc++-devel-
rpm -qa|grep control-center-2.8.0
rpm -qa|grep openmotif21-
rpm -qa|grep setarch-

SELINUX=disabled
shutdown -h now -r

# Install ASMLib 2.0 packages
# install the library for your kernel and CPU type
# oracleasm-*-version.cpu_type.rpm
# check installed packages
rpm -qa|grep asm
# install the packages from CD3
rpm -Uhv oracleasm-support-2.0.3-2.i386.rpm
rpm -Uhv oracleasm-2.6.9-55.0.0.0.2.EL-2.0.3-2.i686.rpm
rpm -Uhv oracleasm-2.6.9-55.0.0.0.2.ELsmp-2.0.3-2.i686.rpm

# download the package Userspace Library
# from
http://otn.oracle.com/software/tech/linux/asmlib/files/RPMS/rhel4/x86/2.0.4/or
acleasmlib-2.0.4-1.el4.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh oracleasmlib-2.0.4-1.el4.i386.rpm
# swap space: twice the amount of physical memory
chmod 600 tempswap
mke2fs tempswap
mkswap tempswap
swapon tempswap

# 400 MB disk space in /tmp
df -k /tmp
df

command:
# df -h /dev/shm/
Creat e t he required net work configurat ion ( rac2 will be creat ed lat er) :
# configure /etc/hosts if no domain server is used (both nodes)
vi /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
#Public
192.168.4.11 rac1.mydomain.com rac1
#VIP
192.168.4.13 rac1-vip.mydomain.com rac1-vip
#Inter-connect
192.168.0.11 rac1-priv.mydomain.com rac1-priv

Not e: To prevent net work hangs wit h failovers from public t o virt ual I P addresses wit h
RAC dat abases using NAS devices or NFS mount s, ent er t he following command as root t o
enable t he Name Service Cache Daemon: /sbin/service nscd start
Not e: userid and groupid must be t he same in all nodes. You can check t hem by id
oracle command.
# inventory and OSDBA groups (if needed, use -g <number> to specify the id)
# inventory group
groupadd -g 502 dba
# oracle software owner user (take note of userid)
passwd oracle
id nobody

# The oracle User Environment
# in /home/oracle/.bash_profile
# export DISPLAY if required
ulimit -p 16384
ulimit -n 65536
else
ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
fi
umask 022
fi
export EDITOR=vi
export ORA_CRS_HOME=/u01/crs
export ORACLE_PATH=$ORACLE_BASE/common/oracle/sql:.:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin
export ORACLE_SID=rac1
export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.WE8ISO8859P1
export NLS_DATE_FORMAT="mm/dd/yyyy hh24:mi:ss"
export PATH=.:${PATH}:$HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$ORA_CRS_HOME/bin
export PATH=${PATH}:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/local/bin
export PATH=${PATH}:$ORACLE_BASE/common/oracle/bin
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/oracm/lib
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib
export CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/JRE
export CLASSPATH=${CLASSPATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/jlib
export CLASSPATH=${CLASSPATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib
export CLASSPATH=${CLASSPATH}:$ORACLE_HOME/network/jlib
export THREADS_FLAG=native
# should NOT be on a shared disk
export TEMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=/tmp


# User Shell Limits
oracle soft memlock 3145728
oracle hard memlock 3145728

vi /etc/pam.d/login
session required /lib/security/pam_limits.so

vi /etc/sysctl.conf
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
# It should be equal to or larger than the largest SGA (max 4 GB)
kernel.shmmax = 536870912
/sbin/sysctl -p
Configure hangcheck- t imer kernel module:
# check hangcheck-timer Module Configuration
# with this module, if the kernel hangs, the machine will reboot
# verify the module is loaded
/sbin/lsmod | grep -i hang

# if not loaded, load it
vi /etc/modprobe.conf
options hangcheck-timer hangcheck_tick=30 hangcheck_margin=180
# execute and add in the file
vi /etc/rc.local
/sbin/modprobe hangcheck-timer
Part it ion t he disks and prepare t he raw disks
# Partition the devices
# for the disks /dev/sdb .. /dev/sdf
fdisk /dev/sdb
resource busy.
then, you can avoid restarting the machine by the following command:
partprobe

ls -lX /dev/sd*
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 0 Dec 1 20:35 /dev/sda
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 1 Dec 1 20:36 /dev/sda1
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 2 Dec 1 20:35 /dev/sda2
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 16 Dec 1 21:55 /dev/sdb
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 17 Dec 1 21:55 /dev/sdb1
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 32 Dec 1 21:57 /dev/sdc
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 33 Dec 1 21:57 /dev/sdc1
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 48 Dec 1 21:57 /dev/sdd
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 49 Dec 1 21:57 /dev/sdd1
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 64 Dec 1 21:58 /dev/sde
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 65 Dec 1 21:58 /dev/sde1
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 80 Dec 1 21:58 /dev/sdf
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 81 Dec 1 21:58 /dev/sdf1

# binding sdisks to raw devices
raw /dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sdb1
raw /dev/raw/raw2 /dev/sdc1
# list the raw devices
raw -qa
# add to the file
vi /etc/sysconfig/rawdevices
/dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sdb1
/dev/raw/raw2 /dev/sdc1

# Adjust the raw devices permission settings:
# Run the following commands AND add them the /etc/rc.local file:
# will be used by OCR
chown root:oinstall /dev/raw/raw1
chmod 660 /dev/raw/raw1
# will be used by voting disk
chown oracle:oinstall /dev/raw/raw2
chmod 644 /dev/raw/raw2
# will be used by ASM, if it is using raw device (NOT IN THIS CONFIGURATION)
# chown oracle:oinstall /dev/raw/raw3
# chmod 660 /dev/raw/raw3

# start the service
service rawdevices restart
Creat e t he required direct ories for t he Oracle clust erware and dat abase soft ware
more /etc/oratab

# in the example above, /u01 should be owned by the root user
# and writable by group oinstall
# directories must be same in all nodes:
mkdir /u01/stage10g
# clusterware must NOT be subdirectory of the ORACLE_BASE
mkdir /u01/crs

chown oracle:oinstall /u01/stage10g
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/crs
chmod -R 775 /u01/crs
o I n Oracle Linux: Applicat ions- > Preferences- > Screen Saver- > Mode: Disable Screen
Saver
o Do t he same aft er logging off and logging on again as oracle user.
Shut down rac1
Edit t he VMware file ( wit h vmx ext ensions) and add t he following ent ry t o allow sharing
t he disks ( make sure t he scsi cont roller number is t he one you used) :
disk.locking = "FALSE"
diskLib.dataCacheMaxSize = "0"
diskLib.dataCacheMaxReadAheadSize = "0"
diskLib.dataCacheMinReadAheadSize = "0"
diskLib.dataCachePageSize = "4096"

scsi1.sharedBus = "virtual"
scsi1:0.deviceType = "disk"
Copy t he folder cont aining rac1 int o a new folder in t he same direct ory st ruct ure level.
Let ' s name it "rac2". This will be t he second node in t he clust er.
Edit t he VMware file of rac1 and edit t he following: displayName = "rac2"
Open rac2 t hen probe it s net work cards, change it ' s I P addresses: I P 192. 168. 4. 12 and
192. 168. 0. 12. I t 's host name t o rac2.mydomain. com. You can use syst em- config- net work-
gui. Act ivat e t he net work and reboot t he vm.
I n rac2, perform:
# change the variable in the file
St art rac1
# as root ( on ALL NODES )
service oracleasm configure

Default user to own the driver interface []: oracle
Default group to own the driver interface []: dba
Writing Oracle ASM library driver configuration: [ OK ]
Creating /dev/oracleasm mount point: [ OK ]
Loading module "oracleasm": [ OK ]
Mounting ASMlib driver filesystem: [ OK ]
Scanning system for ASM disks: [ OK ]

# As the root user on node node1 (ONLY ONE NODE)
service oracleasm createdisk DISK1 /dev/sdd1

service oracleasm createdisk DISK2 /dev/sde1
service oracleasm createdisk DISK3 /dev/sdf1
# if any of the commands above fails, you can delete the disk
service oracleasm deletedisk DISK1
# in ALL NODES
service oracleasm scandisks
service oracleasm listdisks
Configure SSH in all t he nodes:
Not e: scp and ssh must be locat ed in t he pat h / usr/ local/ bin. I f not , t hen creat e a symbolic
link in / usr/ local/ bin t o t he locat ion where scp and ssh are found.
# Configuring SSH for Remote Installation
# make sure the ssh is running
# the following command shoudl return ssh process id
pgrep sshd

vi /etc/hosts.equiv
# add node names to /etc/hosts.equiv (all nodes)
rac1
rac2
# as oracle in node1
# whenever prompted for a passphrase leave it empty and press return
mkdir ~/.ssh
chmod 700 ~/.ssh
/usr/bin/ssh-keygen -t rsa
mkdir ~/.ssh
chmod 700 ~/.ssh
/usr/bin/ssh-keygen -t rsa
# as oracle on node1
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
ssh rac2 cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
scp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys rac2:/home/oracle/.ssh/

# Perform the following as the oracle user on node1 and then node2
# copy paste the following command in both nodes twice:
ssh rac1 date;ssh rac2 date;ssh rac1.mydomain.com date;ssh rac2.mydomain.com
date;ssh rac1-priv date;ssh rac2-priv date;ssh rac1-priv.mydomain.com date;ssh
rac2-priv.mydomain.com date;ssh localhost.localdomain date;ssh localhost date
# Note: the keys are session dependent. it's gone from memory on log off
# Execute (to load the keys in the memory):
exec /usr/bin/ssh-agent $SHELL
/usr/bin/ssh-add
2. Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e i nst al l at i on
# make sure system time of rac2 should be behind the system time of rac1
date; ssh rac2 date

# Identify the shared disks to use
# /dev/sdb & /dev/sdc will be used for OCR & Voting by the Cluster software
/sbin/fdisk l

# unzip the Oracle 10g R2 Clusterware for Linux in the stage folder (rac1)

# If you plan to use Oracle Clusterware on x86 (64-bit) (but not on
# Linux Itanium 64-bit), then you must run the rootpre.sh on all nodes

su -
cd /u01/stage10g/clusterware/rootpre
./rootpre.sh

# install cluvfy (in all nodes)
# in node1
su -
cd /u01/stage10g/clusterware/rpm
rpm -q cvuqdisk-1.0.1
export CVUQDISK_GRP=dba
rpm -ivh cvuqdisk-1.0.1-1.rpm
# in node2
su -
export CVUQDISK_GRP=dba
rpm -ivh cvuqdisk-1.0.1-1.rpm

# Verify Cluster Setup with cluvfy
# as oracle
# if the user equivalency is not loaded
/usr/bin/ssh-add
# then proceed:
cd /u01/stage10g/clusterware/cluvfy
export CV_NODE_ALL=rac1,rac2
./runcluvfy.sh stage -pre crsinst -n rac1,rac2 -verbose
# If only the VIP was the problem, then you're going in the right way!

# lunch OUI from the clusterware ( as oracle from node1)
# if logged in in Genome using another user, log out and log in as oracle
# to reload the user equivalency, if logged off: (as oracle)
/usr/bin/ssh-add
# if not turned off, turn off the screensaver IN ALL NODES
# then process:
cd /u01/stage10g/clusterware
./runInstaller

>Inventory Directory (displayed only in first time)
/u01/app/oracle/oraInventory
oinstall

>Home Details
/u01/crs

>Product-Specific Prerequisite Checks
They all should succeed

>Specify Cluster Configuration
Select 'Add' and add the details for node rac2. Enter all details. 'OK' to
continue.
rac2.mydomain.com
rac2-priv.mydomain.com
rac2-vip.mydomain.com
Click 'Next'


>Specify Network Interface Usage
Change the eth0 Interface Type to Public.
'Ok' to continue

>Specify Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) Location
Select External Redundancy and
specify the first raw device /dev/raw/raw1 as the OCR location
'Next' to continue.

>Specify Voting Disk Location
Select External Redundancy and
specify the first raw device /dev/raw/raw2 as the voting disk location
'Next' to continue.

>Summary
Review the summary and select 'Install' to start the installation

>Configuration Scripts
as the root user on each node, run the scripts. Do not run the scripts
simultaneously on both nodes.
if there is an error in scripts execution, it's reported in /u01/
/crs/log/<hostname>

output of running the script in node1:
Checking to see if Oracle CRS stack is already configured
/etc/oracle does not exist. Creating it now.

Setting the permissions on OCR backup directory
Setting up NS directories
Oracle Cluster Registry configuration upgraded successfully
assigning default hostname rac1 for node 1.
Successfully accumulated necessary OCR keys.
Using ports: CSS=49895 CRS=49896 EVMC=49898 and EVMR=49897.
node <nodenumber>: <nodename> <private interconnect name> <hostname>
node 1: rac1 rac1-priv rac1
Creating OCR keys for user 'root', privgrp 'root'..
Operation successful.
Now formatting voting device: /dev/raw/raw2
Format of 1 voting devices complete.
Startup will be queued to init within 90 seconds.
Adding daemons to inittab
Expecting the CRS daemons to be up within 600 seconds.
CSS is active on these nodes.
rac1
CSS is inactive on these nodes.
rac2
Local node checking complete.
Run root.sh on remaining nodes to start CRS daemons.

output of running the script in node2:
Checking to see if Oracle CRS stack is already configured
/etc/oracle does not exist. Creating it now.

Setting the permissions on OCR backup directory
Setting up NS directories

Oracle Cluster Registry configuration upgraded successfully
clscfg: EXISTING configuration version 3 detected.
clscfg: version 3 is 10G Release 2.
Successfully accumulated necessary OCR keys.
Using ports: CSS=49895 CRS=49896 EVMC=49898 and EVMR=49897.
node <nodenumber>: <nodename> <private interconnect name> <hostname>
clscfg: Arguments check out successfully.

NO KEYS WERE WRITTEN. Supply -force parameter to override.
-force is destructive and will destroy any previous cluster
configuration.
Oracle Cluster Registry for cluster has already been initialized
Startup will be queued to init within 90 seconds.
Adding daemons to inittab
Expecting the CRS daemons to be up within 600 seconds.
CSS is active on these nodes.
rac1
rac2
CSS is active on all nodes.
Waiting for the Oracle CRSD and EVMD to start
Oracle CRS stack installed and running under init(1M)
Running vipca(silent) for configuring nodeapps
The given interface(s), "eth0" is not public. Public interfaces should be used
to configure virtual IPs.

# you MUST run vipca in the LAST NODE (NODE2) before clicking OK in OUI
# from $ORA_CRS_HOME/bin
cd /u01/crs/bin
./vipca
# in vipca, click on vip address to auto fill
rac1 rac1-vip.mydomain.com 192.168.4.13
rac2 rac2-vip.mydomain.com 192.168.4.14

When the configuration is complete, the final result report will be:
Configuration ResultsThe VIP Configuration Assistant has successfully created
resource aplications for each cluster node
Click 'Exit'

Click 'OK' in the OUI.
All the checks should succeed.
Click 'Exit'

# To verify the installation:
-- 1
cd /u01/stage10g/clusterware/cluvfy
./runcluvfy.sh stage -post crsinst -n rac1,rac2 -verbose

-- 2
ping rac1-vip
ping rac2-vip
-- 3
/u01/crs/bin/crsctl check crs

# To Avoid Node Eviction
# In ALL NODES as root: (IMPORTANT)
vi /u01/crs/install/rootconfig
At line 356, change
CLSCFG_MISCNT="-misscount 60"
to
CLSCFG_MISCNT="-misscount 300"
# and then by the command
crsctl set css misscount 300

# check status of crs daemon processes (ALL NODES)
./crs_stat -t
Name Type Target State Host
------------------------------------------------------------
ora.rac1.gsd application ONLINE ONLINE rac1
ora.rac1.ons application ONLINE ONLINE rac1
ora.rac1.vip application ONLINE ONLINE rac1
# if State of any of them is UNKNOWN, try restarting the deamons
./crsctl stop crs
# then start again
./crsctl start crs
# to check their status (keep checking till all damons are up)
./crsctl check crs
# when they are all up, the output should be:
CSS appears healthy
CRS appears healthy
EVM appears healthy
# make sure all clusterware processes are running
/u01/crs/bin/crs_stat -t
# you can restart them
/u01/crs/bin/crsctl stop crs
/u01/crs/bin/crsctl start crs

# If not loaded, to load the keys in the memory:
/usr/bin/ssh-add

-- extract DB software in /u01/stage10g/database in node1
-- as oracle
mkdir /u01/stage10g/database

-- start OUI
cd /u01/stage10g/database
./runInstaller

Welcome 'Next' to skip the Welcome screen

Select Installation Type
'Next' to continue.

Install Location
Keep the default Oracle Base location /u01/app/oracle and
default Oracle Home location /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1
'Next' to continue.

Specify Hardware Cluster Installation Mode
Keep the default 'Cluster Installation' selection
and select both nodes.
'Next' to continue.

Product-Specific Prerequisite Checks
The OUI will now verify that the environment meets all the requirements. All
pre-requisite steps should complete successfully.
Select 'Next' to continue.

Select Configuration Option
Select 'Install Software Only'.
'Next' to continue.

Privileged Operating System Groups
Keep the default options dba, oinstall.
'Next' to continue

Summary
Review the summary and select 'Install' to start the installation.

Configuration Script
Once the installation is complete you will be prompted to run a script as the
root user. Open a
terminal window and execute the script as the root user on each node.
Select 'Ok' to continue after the script has been run successfully on both
nodes.

End of Installation
Once the installation is complete select 'Exit' to complete the installation
and exit the OUI.
4. Appl y Pat chset 3 ( 10.2. 0. 4) f or Cl ust er w ar e and Dat abase Sof t w ar e
Not e: This is t he pat chset applied for t his environment . Generally speaking, if t here is a newer
version, use it inst ead of t his version.
Not e: This pat ch includes t he Oracle Clust erware Process Monit or Daemon ( oprocd) which
when it det ect s a syst em hang, it rest art s t he hung node. This may rest art a node under
heavy workload. Check Oracle Clust eware I nst allat ion documenat ion for more informat ion.
# extract 10g Release 2 (10.2.0.4) Patch Set 3 for Linux x86 to
/u01/stage10g/patch10.2.0.4/Disk1
mkdir /u01/stage10g/patch10.2.0.4

/usr/bin/ssh-add

# you apply the patch on (1) clusterware then on (2) database software

# (1) Apply the patch on clusterware
# as oracle in rac1
cd /u01/stage10g/Patch10.2.0.4
./runInstaller
Select CRS Home then ->Next
Cluster Info displayed -> Next
Checks -> Next
->Install
After Installation is complete it will ask to apply a script on the nodes one-
by-one.
Following is a sample of the message that appears:
To complete the installation of this patchset, you must perform the following
tasks on each node:
1. Log in as the root user.
2. As the root user, perform the following tasks:
a. Shutdown the CRS daemons by issuing the following command:
/u01/crs/bin/crsctl stop crs
b. Run the shell script located at:
/u01/crs/install/root102.sh
This script will automatically start the CRS daemons on the patched node
upon completion.
3. After completing this procedure, proceed to the next node and repeat.

# following is the implementation of the above
su -
cd /u01/crs/bin
./crsctl stop crs
cd /u01/crs/install
./root102.sh
cd /u01/crs/bin
./crsctl query crs softwareversion
# REPEAT IN NODE2
# then check status of deamons
./crs_stat -t

# (2) Apply the patch on DB software
cd /u01/stage10g/patch10.2.0.4/Disk1
./runInstaller
Select path of ORACLE_HOME ->Next
After Installation is complete it will ask to apply a script on both the nodes
one-by-one.

# Run netca (not netmanager which is not clusteraware) from any node.
# as oracle
cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
./netca &
Select Cluster configuration and select both nodes.
Configure Listener
Then Configure Naming Methods: Local and Easy Connect


After installing listener check with below commands whether listener working
properly.
# as root
7. Per f or m ASM i nst al l at i on
# as oracle (in node1)
dbca &

Welcome
Keep the default selection Oracle RAC database. 'Next' to continue.

Operations Select
Configure ASM. 'Next' to continue.

Node Selection
Select ALL the nodes and 'Next' to continue.

Create ASM Instance
Select a SYS password for the ASM instance.
Select IFILE parameter file to create. 'Next' to continue.

Select OK to confirm creation of the ASM instances.

ASM Disk Groups
Select Create New to create new ASM disk groups.

Enter dg1 as the first disk group name.
Keep the default redundancy settings (Normal) and select the 2 data disks
DISK1 and DISK2.
'Ok' to continue
Select Create New again to add another disk group.
Enter dg2 as the disk group name.
This time select External for redundancy and select the remaining disk DISK3.
This group will be used as the recovery arae
'OK' to continue.
All the disk groups are now created. Finish to complete.

# An ASM instance will be created in every node named as ASMn
export ORACLE_SID=ASM1
sqlplus /nolog
SQL>conn / as sysdba
select name from v$asm_diskgroup ;
...
# after checking, return ORACLE_SID to its original value
8. Per f or m cl ust er dat abase cr eat i on
/usr/bin/ssh-add

# as oracle (in node1)
dbca &

Create Oracle RAC Database
'Next' to continue

Operations
Select Create a Database.
'Next' to continue.

Node
Select all the nodes
'Next' to continue.

Database Templates
Select the required template
'Next' to continue.

Database Identification
Enter rac as the global database name.
'Next' to continue.

Management Options
Keep the default settings Configure Enterprise Manager and Configure Database
Control for local management selected,
but Enable Alert Notifications and Enable Daily Disk Backup to Recovery Area
deselected.
'Next' to continue.

Database Credentials
Select Use the same Administrative Password for All Accounts and enter a
password.
'Next' to continue.

Storage Options
Select ASM for storage.
'Next' to continue.

ASM Disk Groups
Select both disk groups dg1 and dg2.
'Next' to continue.

Database File Locations
Keep the default Use Oracle-Managed Files.
Make sure +DG1 is entered as the Database Area.
'Next' to continue

Recovery Configuration:
Select Specify Flash Recovery Area and enter +DG2 as the Flash Recovery Area.
Set its size.
Select Enable archiving and click on the Edit Archive Mode Parameters button
and make sure the Flash Recovery area is pointing to +DG2.
'OK' and then
'Next' to continue.

Database Content
Select Sample Schemas if you want to install them.
Click 'Next'


Database Services:
Click Add button and enter Service Name such as: hrserv then click 'OK'
Make sure it's set to 'Preferred' in both nodes and select Basic for TAF.
Click 'Next'

Initialization Parameters:
Memory Size to 70%. You can leave all other settings as is.
'Next' to continue

Creation Options
Select Generate database creation scripts if you want to review these at a
later stage.
'Finish' to review the installation.

Summary
Select Ok to close the review page and
'Finish' to start the installation.

Once database creation is done a summary screen will be displayed.
'Exit' to exit the OUI.

As the oracle user edit the /etc/oratab file on both nodes.
Replace the database name with the instance name for the rac database
i.e. replace the rac keyword with rac1 or rac2 depending on the node.
Furthermore add details for your clusterware home to this file.
This will enable you to set the Clusterware home using the oraenv script.
Once edited the /etc/oratab file should contain the following:
vi /etc/oratab
On node RAC1:
+ASM1:/u01/app/oracle/products/10.2.0/db_1:N
rac1:/u01/app/oracle/products/10.2.0/db_1:N
crs:/u01/crs:N

On node RAC2
+ASM2:/u01/app/oracle/products/10.2.0/db_1:N
rac2:/u01/app/oracle/products/10.2.0/db_1:N
crs:/u01/crs:N

# verify the Cluster Registry configuration
srvctl config database -d rac

# backup the root.sh script

# Back up the voting disk
dd if=/dev/raw/raw2 of=~/vdisk.bak

https://rac1.mydomain.com:1158/em

10. Usef ul Post i nst al l at i on Task s
Following are t ips t o consider aft er t he successful inst allat ion t o make managing RAC
easier.
o Using rlwrap Ut ilit y wit h SQL* Plus in Unix- Based Syst em s
#!/usr/bin/ksh
#
#
# Description:
# Requirements:

RSC_KEY=$1
QSTAT=-u

$AWK \
printf "%-45s %-10s %-18s\n", "-----------", "------", "-----";}'

# Table body:
state == 0 {next;}
state=0;}'



alias db='cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin'
alias crs='cd $ORA_CRS_HOME/bin'

I nst al l i ng Or acl e 11g R2 RAC on Ent er pr i se Li nux 5
Not e: The met alink document RAC St art er Kit and Best Pract ices ( Linux) [ I D 811306. 1] is a
good source reference for t his t ask.
Mai n Changes i n Or acl e 11g Rel ease 2 RAC
SCAN: single client access name ( SCAN) is a domain name used by all client s connect ing
t o t he clust er. I t is regist ered t o t hree I P addresses, eit her in t he domain name service
( DNS) or t he Grid Naming Service ( GNS).
GNS: enables using DHCP, which must be configured in t he subdomain in which t he clust er
resides.
OCR and Vot ing can now be configured on an ASM diskgroup.
Passwordless aut omat ic SSH connect ivit y: t he inst aller can configure SSH for you.
I nt elligent Plat form Management int erface ( I PMI ) : provides a set of common int erfaces t o
comput er hardware and firmware t hat administ rat ors can use t o monit or syst em healt h
and manage t he syst em.
Time sync: The new Oracle Clust er Time Synchronizat ion Service is designed for
organizat ions whose Oracle RAC dat abases are unable t o access NTP services.
Grid I nfrast ruct ure home: Clust erware and ASM share t he same Oracle Home.
Hangcheckt imer replaced by t he clust er synchronizat ion service daemon Agent and
Monit or t o provide more accurat e recognit ion of hangs and t o avoid false t erminat ion.
Emulat ion soft ware: VMWare Workst at ion 7
RAC Nodes: 2 nodes wit h 2. 5 GB RAM each , 2 et hernet cards.
OS: Oracle Linux Ent erprise 5 for x86
Oracle Dat abase 11g Release 2 Grid I nfrast ruct ure ( 11. 2. 0. 1. 0) for Linux x86 32-bit
Used Har dw ar e
o 2. 5 GB RAM
o Two et hernet cards: bot h can be configured as bridged or host - only in VMware.
o One local hardisk wit h 24 GB on SCSI 0: 0.
o CPU Count : 2

o Creat e a folder in t he same direct ory st ruct ure level as t he parent folder cont aining t he
folder t he following disks:
Disk1: of 3 GB. Allocat e it s disk space. I t will be used for OCR and
Vot ing disk. Set it on cont roller SCSI 1: 1.
Disk2: of 4 GB. Allocat e it s disk space. I t will be used for + Dat a. Set it
on cont roller SCSI 1: 2.
Disk3: of 2 GB. Allocat e it s disk space. I t will be used for + Flash. Set it
on cont roller SCSI 1: 3.

Hardware requirement s
Soft ware requirement s
Environment configurat ion
12. Oracle Grid I nfrast ruct ure inst allat ion
13. Oracle Grid I nfrast ruct ure Pat ching
14. Oracle Dat abase 11g R2 Soft ware I nst allat ion
15. Oracle Dat abase 11g R2 Soft ware Pat ching

17. ASM Diskgroups Creat ion
18. RAC Dat abase Creat ion
Not e: The inst allat ion is explained wit hout GNS and I PMI
Not e: For t his inst allat ion we will be using ASM for Clust erware and Dat abase st orage
disks.
o Configure t he swap area in t he local hardisk t o have 3 GB disk space.
o Give t he first et hernet card I P 192.0. 2.100 and t he second 172. 0. 2.100 and t he
host name rac1.mydomain.com. Define a gat eway. I f it does not exist , make it same as
t he host I P address.
Applicat ions
Development
o Development Tools
Servers
Base Syst em
o Syst em Tools
X Window Syst em
Complet e t he inst allat ion.
Aft er t he I nst allat ion compelet s, RHEL 5. 2 and below will hang on boot ing when it reaches
t o "st art ing udev" line. To solve t his problem, shut down t he Vmware machine and change
t he CPU count and Core Count t o only one. I mplement t he changes below, t hen shut down
t he machine, set CPU count back t o 2 and st art up t he machine.
put t he kernel command line paramet ers at t he end of t he "kernel" line:
vi /boot/grub/grub.conf
add divider=10 clocksource=acpi_pm

For example: kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18 .. clock=acpi_pm divider=10
For Vmware machines, inst all VMWare t ools and set it t o synchronize it s t ime wit h t he
guest : vmwaretoolbox. Alt ernat vily, you can use Oracle Clust er Time Synchronizat ion
Service ( ct ssd) ( met alink document 551704. 1)
# to know distribution and version of Linux (Red Hat Ent. 5.2 used)
cat /etc/issue
# to know kernel version (and its errata level) (2.6.18-92 or newer)
uname -r

elfutils-libelf \
gcc \
gcc-c++ \
glibc \
glibc-common \
glibc-devel \
glibc-headers \
ksh \
libaio \
libaio-devel \
libgcc \
libstdc++ \
libstdc++-devel \
make \
sysstat \
unixODBC \
unixODBC-devel

rpm -Uvh libaio-devel-0.3.106-3.2.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh unixODBC*

# Download the appropriate ASMLib RPMs from OTN.
# to know the kernel verion: uname -rm
# In this case we need:
oracleasm-2.6.18-92.el5-2.0.5-1.el5.i686.rpm
oracleasmlib-2.0.4-1.el5.i386.rpm
oracleasm-support-2.1.3-1.el5.i386.rpm

rpm -Uvh oracleasm*.rpm

SELINUX=disabled
shutdown -h now -r
# At least 1.5 GB of physical memory but practically 1.5 is not fine


free

chmod 600 tempswap
mke2fs tempswap
mkswap tempswap
swapon tempswap

df -h /tmp
df

command:
# df -h /dev/shm/
o Public and Privat e int erface names must be t he same for all nodes.
o This privat e host name does not need t o be resolvable t hrough DNS and should be
ent ered in t he / et c/ host s file.
o SCAN VI Ps must NOT be in t he / et c/ host s file, it must be resolved by DNS. But here
I ' ve defined it as a single I P address in t he "/ et c/ host s" file, which is wrong and will
cause t he clust er verificat ion t o fail, but it allows me t o complet e t he inst all wit hout t he
presence of a DNS.
o I f you are using a DNS, Oracle recommends t hat you add lines t o t he / et c/ host s file on
each node, specifying t he public I P, VI P and privat e addresses.
o I f you configured t he I P addresses in a DNS server, t hen, as t he root user, change t he
host s search order in / et c/ nsswit ch. conf on all nodes as shown:
Old: hosts: files nis dns
New: hosts: dns files nis
o Then rest art nscd daemon on each node: /sbin/service nscd restart
# configure /etc/hosts if no domain server is used (both nodes)
vi /etc/hosts
#eth0 - PUBLIC
#VIP
#eth1 - PRIVATE

172.0.2.100 rac1-priv
172.0.2.101 rac2-priv

# in real production: the follwing should not be there at all
# SCAN: cluster_name-scan.GNS_subdomain_name
192.0.2.104 rac-scan.mydomain.com rac-scan
Not e: userid and groupid must be t he same in all nodes. You can check t hem by id
oracle command.
/usr/sbin/groupadd -g 504 asmadmin
/usr/sbin/groupadd -g 506 asmdba
/usr/sbin/groupadd -g 507 asmoper
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 501 -g oinstall -G asmadmin,asmdba,asmoper grid
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 502 -g oinstall -G dba,asmdba oracle

# set passwords
passwd oracle
passwd grid

id nobody

# Oracle Settings
export EDITOR=vi
TMP=/tmp; export TMP
ORACLE_HOSTNAME=rac1.mydomain.com; export ORACLE_HOSTNAME
ORACLE_UNQNAME=RAC; export ORACLE_UNQNAME
ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1; export ORACLE_HOME
ORACLE_SID=RAC1; export ORACLE_SID
CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/JRE:$ORACLE_HOME/jlib:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib; export
CLASSPATH

vi /etc/profile
ulimit -p 16384
ulimit -n 65536
else
ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
fi
umask 022

fi

# for C shell
vi /etc/csh.login
limit maxproc 16384
endif
Not e: I f you make a mist ake wit h a paramet er set t ing and your syst em does not st art ,
t hen you must st art Linux in t he single- user runlevel ( runlevel 1) . At t his runlevel, t he
# Kernel Parameters
# to tune thme, refer to metalink document 169706.1
vi /etc/sysctl.conf

# kernel.shmmax not stated in 11g R2 (max: 4G) (169706.1)
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128

/sbin/sysctl -p

# User Shell Limits
grid soft nproc 2047
grid hard nproc 16384
grid soft nofile 1024
grid hard nofile 65536

vi /etc/pam.d/login
Creat e t he required direct ories for t he Oracle soft ware:
more /etc/oratab

# as a root

chown -R grid:oinstall /u01/app/oraInventory

# Grid Infrastructure Home Directory
mkdir -p /u01/11.2.0/grid
chown -R grid:oinstall /u01/11.2.0/grid
chmod -R 775 /u01/11.2.0/grid

mkdir /u01/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs

Shut down t he Vmware machine t hen edit t he VMware file ( wit h vmx ext ensions) and add
t he following ent ry t o allow sharing t he disks ( make sure t he scsi cont roller number is t he
one you used) :


St art up t he machine t hen part it ion t he disks:
Not e: On a real life st orage, you would creat e a single whole- disk part it ion wit h exact ly 1 MB
offset on each LUN t o be used as ASM Disk. I n fdisk: u ( t o change unit s from cylinder t o
sect ors) , n, p, 1, 2048, w.
# as a root, for the disks /dev/sdb .. /dev/sdd
# confirm they are seen:
ls /dev/sd*
fdisk /dev/sdb
command: partprobe

ls -lX /dev/sd*
Not e: I f you see t hat t he shared disks are not synced bet ween rac1 and rac2, one of t he
t hings you can examine is t o see if t here is any "debug" command in any of t he nodes'

vmx files. I f you find one, shut down t he node, remove t he command from t he vmx file and
rest art .
# as root (to be done in all nodes)
oracleasm configure -i

Default user to own the driver interface []: grid
Default group to own the driver interface []: asmdba
Writing Oracle ASM library driver configuration: [ OK ]
Creating /dev/oracleasm mount point: [ OK ]
Loading module "oracleasm": [ OK ]
Mounting ASMlib driver filesystem: [ OK ]
Scanning system for ASM disks: [ OK ]

# Load the kernel module using the following command:
/usr/sbin/oracleasm init
# If you have any problems, make sure you have the correct
# version of the driver:
/usr/sbin/oracleasm update-driver

# mark the shared disks: (one node)
/usr/sbin/oracleasm createdisk DISK1 /dev/sdb1
/usr/sbin/oracleasm createdisk DISK2 /dev/sdc1
/usr/sbin/oracleasm createdisk DISK3 /dev/sdd1

# check the disks are marked and seen:

# in other nodes:
/usr/sbin/oracleasm scandisks

#If you need to unmark a disk that was used in a createdisk command:
o I n Oracle Linux: Applicat ions- > Preferences- > Screen Saver
o Do t he same aft er logging off and logging on again as oracle and grid user.
Shut down rac1
Open rac2, t hen perform:
o in a t erminal issue: syst em- config- net work- gui.
o Remove t he devices wit h t he "%.bak" nicknames. To do t his, highlight a device,
deact ivat e, t hen delet e it .
o Highlight t he "et h0" int erface and click t he "Edit " but t on. Change it s I P addresses and
gat e way: I P 192. 0. 2. 101. Click on t he "Hardware Device" t ab and click t he "Probe"
but t on.

o For et h1 set it s ip address t o 172. 0. 2. 101. Do not define a gat eway.
o I n DNS t ab, change host name t o rac2.mydomain. com.
o Act ivat e t he net work cards.
I n rac2, perform:
# change the variable in the file
ORACLE_SID=RAC2; export ORACLE_SID
ORACLE_HOSTNAME=rac2.localdomain; export ORACLE_HOSTNAME
St art rac1. Make sure t he machines can see each ot her:
ping -c 3 rac1
ping -c 3 rac1-priv
ping -c 3 rac2
ping -c 3 rac2-priv
2. Or acl e Gr i d I nf r ast r uct ur e i nst al l at i on
# in rac1: copy the software in a staging folder
mkdir -p /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2gridinfra
chown -R grid:oinstall /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2gridinfra

mkdir -p /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2db
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2db

# in all nodes, make sure the asm disks are accessible:
/usr/sbin/oracleasm scandisks

# do not use cluvfy because SSH was not configured.

# lunch OUI from the clusterware ( as grid from rac1)
# if logged in in Genome using another user, log out and log in as grid
cd /u01/app/stage/ora11gr2gridinfra
./runInstaller

Installation Option
>Select radio button 'Install and Configure Grid Infrastructure for a Cluster'
>Next

Installation Type
>Select 'Advanced Installation'
>Next

Product Language
>Accept 'English' as language'
>Next

Grid Plug and Play
>cluster name: rac
>SCAN name:rac-scan.mydomain.com
>Make sure 'Configure GNS' is NOT selected
>Next


Cluster Node Information
>Add button
>Hostname:rac2.mydomain.com
>Virtual IP Name: rac2-vip.mydomain.com
>OK

>"SSH Connectivity" button
>Enter the password
>Setup button
>Test button

Network Interface Usage
>check the public and private networks are specified correctly
>Next

Storage Option
>Select 'Automatic Storage Management (ASM)'
>Next

Creat ASM Disk Group
>Disk Group Name: DGOCRVOTE (3GB disk: Disk1)
>Redundancy: external
>Next
NOTE: If you see an empty screen for you candidate disks it is likely that
ASMLib has not been properly configured. Try reconfigure them.
If you are sure that ASMLib has been properly configured click on 'Change
Discovery Path' and provide the correct destination.

ASM Password
>Specify and conform the password you want to use
>Next

Failure Isolation Support
>Select NOT to use IPMI
>Next

>Assign the correct OS groups for OS authentication (mostly default is OK)
>Next

>ORACLE_BASE: /u01/app/oracle
Software location: /u01/11.2.0/grid
>Next

Create Inventory
>Specify the locations: /u01/app/oraInventory
>Next

Perform Prerequisite Checks
>OUI performs certain checks
Note: in this example, NPS error can be ignored
>Next

Summary
>Finish

Execute Configuration Scripts
>Run the scripts as instructed in the screen
Note: The scripts must be run on one node at a time.
>OK

We expect the verification phase to fail with an error relating to the SCAN,
assuming you are not using DNS.
INFO: Checking Single Client Access Name (SCAN)...
INFO: Checking name resolution setup for "rac-scan.localdomain"...
INFO: ERROR:
INFO: PRVF-4664 : Found inconsistent name resolution entries for SCAN name
"rac-scan.localdomain"
INFO: ERROR:
INFO: PRVF-4657 : Name resolution setup check for "rac-scan.localdomain"
(IP address: 192.168.2.201) failed
INFO: ERROR:
INFO: PRVF-4664 : Found inconsistent name resolution entries for SCAN name
"rac-scan.localdomain"
INFO: Verification of SCAN VIP and Listener setup failed
Provided this is the only error, it is safe to ignore this
>Next

Message: The installation of the Grid Infrastructure was successfull.
>Close

Note: If your OS is SUSE Linux, shutting down on node will result in shutting
the other nodes. To workaround:
#cd /etc/rc3.d
#ln -s /etc/init.d/ohasd K07ohasd
3. Or acl e Gr i d I nf r ast r uct ur e Pat chi ng
Apply patch set, if there is any.
4. Or acl e Dat abase 11g R2 Sof t w ar e I nst al l at i on
# make sure all clusterware processes are running

# as oracle
./runInstaller

Configure Security Updates
>Provide your e-mail address, if you want
>Next

Installation Options
>Select 'Install Database software only'
>Next>

Install Type
>Select 'Real Application Clusters database installation', and select all
nodes.
>Use the 'SSH Connectivity' button to configure/test the passwordless SSH
connectivity.
>Next


Product Languages
>Confirm 'English'
>Next

Database Edition
>'Enterprise Edition' is ticked
>Next

>Oracle Base: /u01/app/oracle
Software Location: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1
>Next

>OSDBA: dba
>OSOPER: oinstall
>Next

Prerequisite Checks
..OUI performs prerequisite checks
>If you are sure the unsuccessfull checks can be ignored tick the box 'Ignore
All'
>Next

Summary
>Check summary info
>Finish

Install Product
..OUI installs the db software
>as a root, run the root.sh script on the first node then the other nodes (One
at a time)
>OK

Finish
>Close
5. Or acl e Dat abase 11g R2 Sof t w ar e Pat chi ng


7. ASM Di sk gr oups Cr eat i on
Not e: I t is Oracle's Best Pract ise t o have an OCR mirror st ored in a second disk group. To
follow t his recommendat ion add an OCR mirror. Mind t hat you can only have one OCR in a
diskgroup. To add OCR mirror t o an Oracle ASM disk group, ensure t hat t he Oracle
Clust erware st ack is running and
ocrconfig -add +ORADATA
ocrcheck
# as grid user: start the ASM Configuration Assistant (ASMCA)
#su - grid
cd /u01/11.2.0/grid/bin

./asmca

>Disk Groups tab
>Create button
>Disk Group Name: DGDATA
>Disk2
>OK

>Create button
>Disk Group Name: DGFLASH
>Disk3
>OK

>Exit
>Yes
8. RAC Dat abase Cr eat i on
# as oracle
./dbca

Welcome
Select 'Oracle Real Application Clusters database'
>Next

Operations
> choose option 'Create a Database'
>Next

Database Template
>Select General Purpose or any template
>Next

>Configuration Type: Admin
>Globale Database Name: rac
>SID: rac
>Select All button
>Next

Management Options
>Select the option you want
>Next

>Set the password(s)
>Next

>Database Area: +DGDATA
>Practically (but not in this case), you should define 'Multiplex Redo Logs
and Control Files'.
>Next

ASM Credentials

..If you chose to set up EM, you will be asked about ASMSNMP password
>Enter the password
>Ok button

Recovery Configuration
>Flash recovery area: +DGFLASH
>define the size: 2000 MB
If the size is smaller than recommended a warning will popup.
>Enable Archiving
>Next

Database Content
>Select if you want to have sample schemas created in your database
>Next

Initialization Parameters
>Review and change the settings for memory allocation, characterset etc.
>Next

Database Storage
>Review the database storage settings and change as required
>Next

Creation Options
>Make sure the tickbox 'Create Database' is ticked
>Finish

Summary
>OK
.. Database creation proceeding
>after completion Exit

# Confirmation

# to show the current configuration and status of the RAC database
srvctl config database -d rac

# check OEM (if configured):
https://rac1.mydomain.com:1158/em/
# if not started, you can start it:
su - oracle
export ORACLE_UNQNAME=rac
./emctl status dbconsole

# backup the root.sh script (on all nodes)
10. Gener al Usef ul Post i nst al l at i on Task s i n Li nux
easier.

#!/usr/bin/ksh
#
#
# Description:
# Requirements:

RSC_KEY=$1
QSTAT=-u

$AWK \
printf "%-45s %-10s %-18s\n", "-----------", "------", "-----";}'

# Table body:
state == 0 {next;}
state=0;}'



alias db='cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/bin'

# add the following to .bashrc of grid user
alias crs='cd /u01/app/oracle/crs/bin'

I nst al l i ng Or acl e 10g R2 RAC on Wi ndow s
Not e: The met alink document RAC St art er Kit and Best Pract ices (Windows) [ I D 811271. 1] is
a good source reference for t his t ask.
I nst al l at i on Met hods
NTFS_RAW_ASM (shown in t his document )
NTFS_RAW_RAM
NTFS_OCFS_OCFS
Emulat ion soft ware: VMWare Server 2 for Windows.
RAC Nodes: 2 nodes
OS: Windows 2003 Server St andard Edit ion 32-bit SP2
Oracle 10g R2 Clust erware for Windows 32-bit
Oracle Dat abase 10g Release 2 for Windows 32- bit
Used Vi r t ual Har dw ar e
o 2 GB RAM
o t wo et hernet cards: bot h can be configured as bridged or host - only in VMware.
o one local hardisk wit h 20 GB on cont roller SCI SI 0: 0.
o CPU Count : 2
o creat e a folder in t he same direct ory st ruct ure level as t he parent folder cont aining t he
folder t wo disks of 10 GB and t wo of 512 MB each. All of t hem are of LSI Logic t ype and
SCI SI Persist ent . Make sure t hey are on SCI SI cont roller different from t he SCSI 0. For
example, set t hem on SCSI 1.


2. Oracle Clust erware inst allat ion
3. Apply Pat ch Set 3 ( 10.2. 0.4) on Clust erware soft ware
4. Oracle ASM 10g Soft ware I nst allat ion
5. Apply Pat chset 3 ( 10. 2. 0. 4) on ASM soft ware
8. Creat e ASM I nst ance
9. I nst all Oracle RAC Dat abase Home Soft ware
10. Apply Pat chset 3 ( 10. 2. 0. 4) on Oracle RAC Soft ware Home
11. Perform clust er dat abase creat ion
12. Useful post inst allat ion st eps
The local admin username and password must be t he same on bot h nodes.
Give t he first et hernet card I P 192.168. 4. 11 and t he second 192. 168. 0. 11. Define a
gat eway. I f it does not exist , make it same as t he host I P address.
Not e: Gat eway must be defined and it s I P must be alive.
Set t he host name t o rac1.mydomain.com ( Deskt op-> right click My Comput er- >
Propert ies- > Comput er Name- > Change-> t ype comput er name: rac1 - > More- > t ype
Primary DNS Suffix: mydomain.com

/* Prepare the raw disks */
# enable raw disk auto mounting
diskpart
AUTOMOUNT ENABLE
exit
# then reboot

# start disk management
start-> run-> type: diskmgmt.msc-> Disk Initialization Wizard pops up->
Next->
mark all disks (1-4) to initialize->
make sure all disks are unmarked Next-> Finish

# all disks must be in Basic mode (not dynamic)

right click Disk1-> New Partition-> Next->
select the Extended partition radio button-> Next->
select the partition size to fill the disk-> Next-> Finish

right click on the partition and select the "New Logical Drive" -> Next->
Accept the default partition size Next->
select the "Do not assign a drive letter or drive path" option->
Next->
select the "Do not format this partition" option-> Next-> Finish

Repeat the previous partitioning steps for the remaining disks.

/* Time Sync */
-- make sure the time is synched in Vmwaretools
-- in Windows, in Date and Time Settings, there is an option "Automatically
syn with Internet Server" which can be configured, if connected to Web
# if no domain server is used (both nodes)
notepad C:\WINDOWS\system32\drivers\etc\hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
#Public
#VIP
#Inter-connect
Disable Windows Media Sensing, which allows Windows t o uncouple an I P address from a
card when t he link t o t he local swit ch is lost :
in the registry:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters
Add the following registry entry to the Parameters subkey:
Name: DisableDHCPMediaSense
Data type: REG_DWORD (Boolean)
Value: 1
Open t he "Net work Connect ions" screen (St art > All Programs > Accessories >
Communicat ions > Net work Connect ions) . Rename t he t wo connect ions t o "public" and
"privat e" respect ively, making sure you apply t he names t o t he appropriat e connect ions.

Ensure t he public int erface is first in t he bind order:
o Open t he "Net work Connect ions" dialog by right -clicking on t he "My Net work Places"
icon and select ing t he "Propert ies" menu opt ion.
o Select t he "Advanced > Advanced Set t ings. .. " menu opt ion.
o On t he "Adapt ers and Bindings" t ab, make sure t he public int erface is t he first
int erface list ed. Ot herwise, promot e it .
Disable screensavers
Shut down rac1
Edit t he VMware file ( wit h vmx ext ensions) and add t he following ent ry t o allow sharing
t he disks:
diskLib.maxUnsyncedWrites = "0"

St art rac2 t hen change it ' s I P addresses: I P 192. 168.4. 12 and 192. 168. 0. 12. I t ' s
host name t o rac2. mydomain.com. Modify t heir default gat eway accordingly.
Change host name t o rac2 and rest art t he virt ual machine.
St art rac1 and make sure it can ping rac2.
Perform Net Use t est , t o make sure files can be t ransfered:
# on rac1
net use \\rac2\c$
# on rac2
net use \\rac1\c$
Not e: The environment variables TMP & TEMP must point t o t he same direct ory in all RAC
nodes, which is t he case here.
St age Oracle soft ware (Clust erware, DB and pat ch set ) in rac1.
Run t he CVU t o check t he st at e of t he clust er prior t o t he inst all of t he Oracle Soft ware.
The messages ' The syst em cannot find t he file specified' and 'Could not find a suit able set
of int erfaces for VI Ps' can be ignored.
C:\temp\OracleClusterware\cluvfy>runcluvfy stage -post hwos -n rac1,rac2
C:\..\cluvfy>runcluvfy stage -pre crsinst -n rac1,rac2 -verbose
2. Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e i nst al l at i on
if you are using t erminal services t o perform t he inst allat ion, be sure t o invoke t he
t erminal services in ' console' mode:
mstsc -v:servername /F /console

OR, for some ( newer) versions of Windows:
mstsc -v:servername /F /admin
/* Stop Interrupting Services on both nodes */
# the MSDTC service may interrupt installation process
# it can be started after installation
stop the service: Distributed Transaction Coordinator

# lunch OUI from the clusterware software (on rac1)
cd C:\temp\OracleClusterware\
./setup.exe

>Welcome messge
>Next

>enter Home Details
OraCr10g
C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\crs

>Product-Specific Prerequisite Checks
They all should succeed

>Specify Cluster Configuration
Select 'Add' and add the details for node rac2. Enter all details
>OK
rac2.mydomain.com
rac2-priv.mydomain.com
rac2-vip.mydomain.com
>Next

>Specify Network Interface Usage
set the Public interface (subet net 192.168.4.*)
>Ok

>Specify Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) Location
>Highlight disk 1 and click the "Edit"
>select the "Place OCR(Primary) on this Partition" option >OK
>Highlight disk 2 and click the "Edit"
>Select the "Place Voting Disk on this Partition" option >OK
>Next and ignore the redundancy warnings
>OK

>Summary
>Install

>Wait while the configuration assistants run

If the Configuration Assistant fails, there is a problem that must be fixed
before proceeding. Metalink documents might help: 356535.1, 310791.1

VIPCA should fails, just click the "OK" button on the resulting error screen
>Next button and accept the subsequent warning
>Exit

On the RAC1 virtual machine, run the VIPCA manually:
cd c:\oracle\product\10.2.0\crs\bin
vipca.bat

>Welcome
>Next

>Highlight the "public" interface
>Next

>Enter the virtual IP alias and address for each node: rac1-vip.mydomain.com
Once you enter the first alias, the remaining values should default
automatically
>Next

>Summary
>Finish

# To verify the installation:
cd C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\crs\BIN
-- 1
cluvfy stage -post crsinst -n rac1,rac2
-- 2
ping rac1-vip
ping rac2-vip
-- 3
crsctl check crs

-- 4
# check status of crs daemon processes (ALL NODES)
crs_stat -t
Name Type Target State Host
------------------------------------------------------

# if State of any of them is UNKNOWN, try restarting the deamons
crsctl stop crs
# then start again
crsctl start crs
3. Appl y Pat ch Set 3 ( 10. 2. 0. 4) on Cl ust er w ar e sof t w ar e
There is a bug in Oracle Clust erware 10. 2. 0. 1 in which somet ime CRSS service is unable t o
access OCR disk. This issue is addressed by Pat ch Set 3. Therefore, t o avoid any possible
problem by t his issue, you should apply t he Pat ch Set at t his st age.
# (1) Apply the patch on clusterware
# in ALL NODES
# Stop the following services and make their startup type Manual (if
running):
Oracle Object Service
OracleClusterVolumeService
OracleCRService
OracleCSService
OracleEVMService

Open task manager and kill ons processes, if there is any.

# if any of the services is hang, you can change the startup type from regedit
then reboot (don't forget to stop the Distributed Transaction service after
reboot) :
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE -> SYSTEM -> CurrentControlSet -> Services ->
OracleCSService -> Select (Start) -> Edit -> Specify 3 in Value

# in RAC1: start oui
cd C:\temp\Patchset_10204\Disk1>
setup.exe
Welcome
>Next

>select Oracle Clusterware home
>Next
>Confirm nodes >Next
>Checking should pass >Next
>Summary
>Install
>Exit

# update the nodes
# make sure all related Oracle services are stopped, otherwise stop them
# apply the batch in node1 then node2:
C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\crs\install\patch102.bat
# it should end with the following message:
Successful upgrade of this node to Oracle Cluster Ready Services

# Oracle Process Manager service will automatically be installed

# check the updated verion
crsctl query crs activeversion

# then check status of deamons
crs_stat -t

# change the startup mode of the serives to AUTOMATIC
# startup Distributed Service, if it was stopped.
4. Or acl e ASM 10g Sof t w ar e I nst al l at i on
# make sure all clusterware processes are up and running
crs_stat -t

-- in rac1: start OUI
cd C:\temp\OracleDB10gR2
setup.exe

Welcome
>Next

Select Installation Type
>Next


Install Location
>Oracle Home name: OraDb10g
>Oracle Home location: C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1
>Next

>select both nodes
>Next

All pre-requisite steps should complete successfully.
>Next

>Install Software Only
>Next

Summary
>Finish

End of Installation
>Exit

Optionally, check and modify, if you wish, NLS_LANG in regedit.
5. Appl y Pat chset 3 ( 10.2. 0. 4) on ASM Sof t w ar e
Not e: This is t he pat chset applied for t his environment . Generally speaking, if t here is a newer
version, use it inst ead of t his version. I n all cases, same pat ch set applied t o Oracle soft ware
must also be applied t o Clust erware first .
#Apply the patch on DB software
setup.exe
Welcome
>Next

>select Oracle Database home
>Next
>Summary
>Install

>Exit

# not required, but recommended:
restart the nodes

# Run netca (not netmanager which is not clusteraware) from any node
cd C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\bin
netca.bat

>Select Cluster configuration and select both nodes.
>Configure Listener
>Configure Naming Methods: Local and Easy Connect

After installing listener check with below commands whether listener working
properly
C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\crs\bin\crs_stat -t
8. Cr eat e ASM I nst ance
# in rac1
cd C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\bin
dbca.bat

Welcome
Keep the default selection Oracle RAC database
>Next

Operations Select
>Configure ASM >Next

Node Selection
>Select ALL the nodes >Next

Create ASM Instance
Select a SYS password for the ASM instance.
Select IFILE parameter file to create
>Next
>OK (asm instances will be created)

# here's an issue faced in a case after creating the ASM instances:
# check that the Administrator (or the OS you're using) belong to ora_dba
# group in ALL the Nodes. If not there, add the user to the group.

# Stamp the disks for ASM
>Create New
>Stamp Disks
>Select the "Add or change label" option
>Next
>select the first Disk of size 10G
>type DATA in the prefix text field (don't type ASM)
>Next >Next >Finish

>stamp the second 10g disk: repeat above for the second disk

rac2 should see the changes:
asmtool -list

Note: if you want to clean the disk to redo the procedure above, you can:
(1) in rac1: DISKPART, select <DISK NAMe>, clean all, create part ext, create
part log
(2) in rac2: remove letter drive assigned to the partition

# create ASM Disk Groups
>Enter dgdata1 as the first disk group name.
>Set redundancy settings to External

>select the disk ORCLDISKDATA0
>Ok

Select Create New again to add another disk group named as dgfra. This group
will be used as the recovery arae
>OK
>Finish to complete.

Note: in an environment, I kept receiving ORA-15063 error. After making sure
that all the pre-requisits were applied, the issue was resolved by allocating
all the disk space at disk creation time.

# An ASM instance will be created in every node named as ASMn
set ORACLE_SID=ASM1
sqlplus /nolog
SQL>conn / as sysdba
select name from v$asm_diskgroup ;
...
9. I nst al l Or acl e RAC Dat abase Home Sof t w ar e
# make sure all clusterware processes are up and running
crs_stat -t

-- in rac1: start OUI
cd C:\temp\OracleDB10gR2
setup.exe

Welcome
>Next

Select Installation Type:
Enterprise Edition
>Next

Install Location
>Oracle Home name: OraDb10g2
>Oracle Home location: C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_2
>Next

>select both nodes
>Next

All pre-requisite steps should complete successfully
>Next

Upgrade an Existing Database
>select No
>Next

>Install Software Only
>Next


Summary
>Finish

End of Installation
>Exit

Optionally, check and modify, if you wish, NLS_LANG in regedit.
10. Appl y Pat chset 3 ( 10. 2.0.4) on Or acl e RAC Sof t w ar e Home
#Apply the patch on DB software
setup.exe
Welcome
>Next

>select Oracle RAC Database home
>Next
Oracle Configuration Manager
you can setup the Oracle Configuration Manager
>Summary
>Install

>Exit
11. Per f or m cl ust er dat abase cr eat i on
# in rac1: from Oracle Database home (not ASM)
c:\oracle/product/10.2.0/db_2/bin\dbca

Create Oracle RAC Database
'Next' to continue

Operations
Select Create a Database.
'Next' to continue.

Node
Select all the nodes
'Next' to continue.

Database Templates
Select the required template: like "General Purpose"
'Next' to continue.

Enter rac as the global database name.
'Next' to continue.

Management Options
Keep the default settings "Configure Database Control for Configure Enterprise
Manager" selected,
Keep "Enable Alert Notifications" and "Enable Daily Disk Backup to Recovery
Area" deselected.
'Next' to continue

Select Use the same Administrative Password for All Accounts and enter a
password.
'Next' to continue

Storage Options
Select ASM for storage
'Next' to continue

ASM Disk Groups
Select the disk groups dgdata1
'Next' to continue

Keep the default Use Oracle-Managed Files.
Make sure +DGDATA1 is entered as the Database Area.
'Next' to continue

Recovery Configuration:
Select Specify Flash Recovery Area and enter +DGFRA as the Flash Recovery
Area. Set its size.
Select Enable archiving and click on the Edit Archive Mode Parameters button
and make sure the Flash Recovery area is pointing to +DGFRA
'OK' and then
'Next' to continue.

Database Content
Select Sample Schemas if you want to install them.
Click 'Next'

Database Services:
Click Add button and enter Service Name such as: hrserv then click 'OK'
Make sure it's set to 'Preferred' in both nodes and select Basic for TAF.
Click 'Next'

Initialization Parameters:
Memory Size to 70%. You can leave all other settings as is.
'Next' to continue

Database Storage
Here you can review the placement of various database files
'Next' to continue

Creation Options
Select Generate database creation scripts if you want to review these at a
later stage.
'Finish' to review the installation.

Summary
Select Ok to close the review page and
'OK' to start the installation.

Once database creation is done a summary screen will be displayed.
Copy the OEM URL into clipboard. Save it in a file or the Internet Browser
'Exit' to exit the OUI.


12. Usef ul Post i nst al l at i on St eps
easier.
# Create links to Oracle crs and database homes.
notepad C:\WINDOWS\system32\crs.bat
cd /d C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\crs\BIN

notepad C:\WINDOWS\system32\db.bat
cd /d C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_2\BIN

notepad C:\WINDOWS\system32\asm.bat
cd /d C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\BIN


Cl eani ng Up Cl u st er w ar e I nst al l at i on on Wi ndow s
I f clust erware inst allat ion fails, somet imes you need t o clean up t he inst allat ion and redo
t he inst allat ion again. Following procedure j ust does t hat . The procedure applies on Oracle
10g R1, R2 and Oracle 11g R1.
1. Stop the following services on each node and set them to Manual:
OracleCSService
OracleCRService
OracleEVMService

2. To see the link names that have been assigned to, invoke the Oracle tool
<CRS_HOME>\bin\GuiOracleObjManager.exe
If you already remove the CRS_Home, you can download the tools from:
- metalink ID: 341214.1
- http://www.ahmedbaraka.com/oracle/cleanup.zip

3. If you're using RAW disks, invoke the Oracle tool logpatformat.exe to
reinitialize the headers of the disks:
run logpartformat /q <link name as shown in guioracleobjmanager tool>
For example: logpartformat /q \\.\ocrcfg
Repeat this step for all link names listed in guioracleobjmanager)

4. If you're using OCFS:
navigate to CRS_HOME\bin\
run logpartformat /q <DRIVELETTER>:
For example: logpartformat /q P:

5. Remove all the assigned link names using the GUIOracleobjmanager.exe tool
by clicking:
Placing a check mark in the check box for the given partition, then
choosing 'Commit' from the 'Options' menu.

6. Remove and recreate your logical drives on top of extended partitions from
Windows Disk Management.

7. Use the OUI to remove the software from the CRS home

8. Remove Oracle binaries using Windows explorer, both the CRS home and the
files located in: c:\program files\oracle

9. Check the registry on each node and ensure that the following services have
been removed from (remove them, if not):
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services
and
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSetXXX\Services

Services to be removed include:
ocfs
OracleCSService

OracleEVMService
OracleCRService
OracleObjectService
OracleClusterVolumeService
OraFenceService

10. Using Windows explorer, remove the following driver files from:
%systemroot%\windows\system32\drivers:
ocfs.sys
orafencedrv.sys
orafenceservice.sys

11. Reboot all servers in your RAC configuration

Si ngl e I nst an ce t o RAC Conv er si on
The Tool s t o Conver t a Si ngl e I nst ance DB t o RAC
DBCA: enables moving from host t hat will not be part of t he RAC
rconfig ut ilit y: t he single inst ance db host will be part of t he RAC
Ent erprise Manager
Conver si on Pr er equi si t es f or Or acl e 10g R2
Oracle Clust erware 10g Release 2 ( 10. 2) is inst alled, configured, and running.
Oracle Real Applicat ion Clust ers 10g Release 2 ( 10. 2) soft ware is inst alled.
The Oracle binary is enabled for RAC.
Shared st orage is available and accessible from all nodes.
User equivalence exist s for t he oracle user.
Usi ng r conf i g Ut i t l i t y
The example below applies on Oracle 10g R2.
Test rconfig before converting to RAC
#make copy of $ORACLE_HOME/assistants/rconfig/sampleXMLs/ConvertToRAC.xml

su - oracle
cd $ORACLE_HOME/assistants/rconfig/sampleXMLs/
cp ConvertToRAC.xml Ora10gToRac.xml

#edit the file: make changes as instructed in the comments
# make sure to set Convert verify = "ONLY"
# below is an example file:

xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.oracle.com/rconfig">
<n:ConvertToRAC>

<n:Convert verify="ONLY">


<n:SourceDBHome>/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1</n:SourceDBHome>


<n:TargetDBHome>/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1</n:TargetDBHome>

<n:SourceDBInfo SID="ora10g">
<n:Credentials>
<n:User>sys</n:User>
<n:Password>ora10g</n:Password>
<n:Role>sysdba</n:Role>
</n:Credentials>

</n:SourceDBInfo>

<n:ASMInfo SID="+ASM1">
<n:Credentials>
<n:User>sys</n:User>
<n:Password>welcome</n:Password>
<n:Role>sysdba</n:Role>
</n:Credentials>
</n:ASMInfo>

<n:NodeList>
<n:Node name="rac1"/>
<n:Node name="rac2"/>
</n:NodeList>

<n:InstancePrefix>rac</n:InstancePrefix>

<n:Listener port=""/>

<n:SharedStorage type="ASM">

<n:TargetDatabaseArea>+DG1</n:TargetDatabaseArea>

<n:TargetFlashRecoveryArea>+DG2</n:TargetFlashRecoveryArea>
</n:SharedStorage>
</n:Convert>
</n:ConvertToRAC>
</n:RConfig>

# run the tool for testing
rconfig Ora10gToRac.xml
Usi ng DBCA
The example below t est ed on an Oracle 10g R2 for Ent erprise Linux x86 ( version 4. 5) .
The DBCA:
o Aut omat es t he configurat ion of t he cont rol file at t ribut es
o Creat es t he undo t ablespaces and t he redo logs
o Makes t he init ializat ion paramet er file ent ries for clust er- enabled environment s
o Configures Oracle Net Services, Oracle Clust erware resources, and t he configurat ion for
RAC dat abase management for use by Oracle Ent erprise Manager or t he SRVCTL ut ilit y.

# (1) Create a preconfigured image of your single-instance database
$ORACLE_HOME\bin\DBCA

Welcome screen
>Next

Operations screen
>Manage Templates
>Next

Template Management screen
>select "Create a database" template
>"From an existing database (structure as well as data),"
>Next

Source Database screen,
>Select the database name
>Next

On the Template Properties screen
>enter a template name in the Name field.
>enter a description of the file in the Description field
>change the template file location in the Template data file field if you want
>Next

Location of Database Related Files screen
>"Maintain the file locations," so that you can restore the database to the
current directory structure
>Finish
The DBCA generates two files: a database structure file (template_name.dbc)
and a database preconfigured image file (template_name.dfb).

#(2) Copy the preconfigured database image to node1
on rac1 as oracle
scp
oracle@192.168.4.21:/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/assistants/dbca/templa
tes/Ora10gDB.* /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/assistants/dbca/templates

#(3) Create the RAC DB from the supplied template
In rac1, run DBCA to create a new database.
On the DBCA Template Selection screen, use the template that you copied.
Complete the installation.

Note: When I tested this procedure, DBCA returns unclear TNS error. I let the
DBCA generate the scritp but unfortunately I then realized that the generated
script will create a singl instance database!


Admi ni st er i ng RAC Dat abase


Admi ni st er i ng Or acl e Cl u st er w ar e Componen t s
Managi ng Cl user w ar e Daemons and Pr ocesses
Di spl ayi ng Cl ust er w ar e Pr ocesses
ps -ef | grep d.bin
ps -ef | grep -E "opro|racgimon|evmd|crsd|ocssd" | grep -v grep
St ar t i ng, St oppi ng, Enabl i ng and Di sabl i ng cr s St ack
# as root

# prevent CRS from starting on a reboot
crsctl disable crs

# start crs
crsctl start crs

# enable CRS on reboot:
crsctl enable crs

# disable CRS on reboot (not stopping current stack):
crsctl disable crs

# start crs
crsctl stop crs
CSS Par amet er s
MI SSCOUNT: Represent s net work heart beat t imeout s ( 600 s)
DI SKTI MEOUT: Represent s disk I / O t imeout s out side reconfigurat ion ( 200 s) . Should
always be less t han I / O lat ency ot herwise crs may t rigger node evict ion.
# to set disktimeout:
1. Shut down Oracle Clusterware on all nodes but one.
2. As root on available node, use (where M is the I/O latency):
crsctl get css disktimeout
crsctl set css disktimeout M+1
3. Reboot available node.
4. Restart all other nodes.

# to set misscount
# same as above except:
crsctl set css misscount 300
Admi ni st er i ng Vot i ng Di sk s i n RAC
Mul t i pl ex i ng Vot i ng Di sk s
Use one vot ing disk if it is st ored on a reliable disk.
Mult iplexed copies should be st ored on independent devices.

Use at least t hree mult iplexed copies.
A t ypical vot ing disk configurat ion comprises bet ween t hree and five disks.
Dynami cal l y Addi ng and Removi ng Vot i ng Di sk s af t er I nst al l i ng RAC
Recommendat ion is t o use symbolic links
# if you have multiple voting disks, you can add and remove voting disks
su -
crsctl delete css votedisk /dev/raw/raw2
crsctl add css votedisk /dev/raw/raw3

# if the command doesn't work online:
su -
# in all nodes
crsctl stop crs
crsctl add css votedisk /dev/raw/raw3 -force
# in all nodes
crsctl start crs
Back i ng up Vot i ng Di sk s
Do it when you add or remove a node.
Perform it on every vot ing disk.
# Back up the voting disk (can be online)
# usually 4K block size is OK
su -
# to list voting disks currently used
crsctl query css votedisk
# backup
dd if=/dev/raw/raw2 of=~/vdisk.bak bs=4k

# on Windows use ocopy
Recov er i ng Vot i ng Di sk s
# recoverying voting disk
dd if=~/vdisk.bak of=/dev/raw/raw2

# if you have multiple voting disks,
# you can add (multiplex) and remove voting disks
su -
crsctl delete css votedisk /dev/raw/raw2
crsctl add css votedisk /dev/raw/raw2
Admi ni st er i ng t he Or acl e Cl ust er Regi st r y ( OCR)
RAC environment s do not support more t han t wo OCRs ( OCR and it s mirror)
Using mirrored OCR is opt ional but recommended when not st ored on RAI D st orage.
Not e: The ocrconfig command cannot modify OCR configurat ion informat ion for nodes t hat
are shut down or for nodes on which t he Oracle Clust erware is not running.

Repl aci ng t he OCR
I f you receive from ocrcheck t he message: "Device/File needs to be synchronized
with the other device", it means OCR mirror is out of sync wit h t he primary OCR. I n
t his case, replace or relocat e your failing OCR wit h a copy of t he ot her healt hy OCR.
I f it is t he primary OCR file t hat is failing, and if your OCR mirror is st ill in good healt h, you
can use t he ocrconfig replace ocr < ocrfilename>
Execut ing ocrconfig replace ocr| ocrmirror filename adds t he primary or mirror OCR file t o
your environment if it does not already exist .
Execut ing ocr conf i g r epl ace ocr | ocr mi r r or removes t he primary or t he mirror OCR.
I f you remove a primary OCR file, t he mirror OCR file becomes primary.
# 1) verify the other OCR is online
# 2) verify crs is running in the node you are using to replace OCR
crsctl check crs
crs_stat -t
# 3) run one of the following
ocrconfig -replace ocr /dev/raw/raw5
ocrconfig -replace ocrmirror /dev/raw/raw6
# 4) In any node that is stopped in your RAC
ocrconfig -repair ocrmirror /dev/raw/raw2
Addi ng and Remov i ng t he OCR
# Adding an Oracle Cluster Registry
ocrconfig -replace ocr /dev/raw/raw5
ocrconfig -replace ocrmirror /dev/raw/raw6

# Removing an Oracle Cluster Registry
# If you remove a primary OCR, then the mirrored OCR becomes the primary OCR
# to remove the ocr
ocrconfig -replace ocr
# to remove the mirrored
ocrconfig -replace ocrmirror
Repai r i ng t he OCR
You may need t o repair an OCR configurat ion on a part icular node if your OCR
configurat ion changes while t hat node is st opped.
The OCR configurat ion informat ion is st ored in:
/ et c/ oracle/ ocr. loc on Linux and AI X
/ var/ opt / oracle/ ocr. loc on Solaris and HP- UX
Regist ry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHI NE\ SOFTWARE\ Oracle\ ocr on Windows
# Reparing an OCR (repairs only the ocr configuration info, not its itegrity)
# 1. the crs must be stopped
su -
crsctl stop crs
# 2. repair
ocrconfig -repair ocrmirror /dev/raw/raw2
# 3. start crs
crsctl start crs
Mak i ng Physi cal Back ups of t he OCR
Creat e manually copies of t he aut omat ically generat ed physical backups on daily basis.
Export t he OCR cont ent s before and aft er making significant configurat ion changes such as
adding or delet ing nodes from your environment , modifying Oracle Clust erware resources,
or creat ing a dat abase.

Do not perform an OCR rest ore as a correct ion t o revert t o previous configurat ions if some
of t hese configurat ion changes fail.
# backup OCR
# backup the backups that are automatically generated in ( every 4 hrs )
$CRS_HOME/cdata/CLUSTER_NAME
# the default directory can be obtained:
ocrconfig -showbackup

# it is a good idea to set the auto-backup directory to a shared storage:
ocrconfig backuploc /shared/bak
Recov er i ng t he OCR usi ng t he Physi cal Back ups
# make recovery only when you are sure there is an error in the
# ocr. use ocrcheck to check the ocr
# in unix:
# 1. Identify the OCR backups then review the contents of the backup
# backups done timings
ls -lt /u01/crs/cdata/crs/
./ocrdump -backupfile /u01/crs/cdata/crs/backup00.ocr
less OCRDUMPFILE
# 2. Stop the Oracle Clusterware software on ALL Nodes
su -
crsctl stop crs
# 3. Make sure that the OCR devices that you specify in the OCR configuration
file (/etc/oracle/ocr.loc) exist. Restore from an OCR backup file from Step 1:
ocrconfig -restore /u01/crs/cdata/crs/backup00.ocr
# 4. Restart the Oracle Clusterware on all of the nodes
su -
crsctl start crs
# 5. Verify the OCR integrity
cluvfy comp ocr -n all [-verbose]

# in Windows
# 1. Identify the OCR backups using the
ocrdump -backupfile <file_name>
# 2. On all of the remaining nodes, disable the following OCR clients:
OracleClusterVolumeService, OracleCSService, OracleCRService, and the
OracleEVMService
# 3. Apply the OCR backup file from Step 1
ocrconfig -restore c:\oracle\crs\cdata\crs\backup00.ocr
# 4. Start all of the services that were stopped in step 2. Restart all of the
nodes and resume operations in cluster mode.
# 5. Verify the OCR integrity where the -n all
Mak i ng Logi cal Back ups of t he OCR ( Expor t i ng)
Export t he OCR cont ent s before and aft er making significant configurat ion changes, such
as adding or delet ing nodes from your environment , modifying OracleClust erware
resources, or creat ing a dat abase.
# to export OCR contents (output file is a binary not-to-edit file)
ocrconfig export /u01/ocrbackup/ocr.bak
Mak i ng Logi cal Back ups of t he OCR ( I mpor t i ng)
# in Unix
# 1. Identify the OCR export file that you want to import
# 2. Stop Oracle Clusterware on all the nodes in your RAC database

su -
crsctl stop crs
# 3. Import the file
ocrconfig -import file_name
# 4. Restart Oracle Clusterware on all the nodes
su -
crsctl start crs
# 5. verify OCR integrity
cluvfy comp ocr -n all

# Import in Windows
1. Identify the OCR export file
2. Stop the following OCR clients on each node:
OracleClusterVolumeService, OracleCMService, OracleEVMService,
OracleCSService, and the OracleCRService.
3. Import the OCR export file
ocrconfig -import ocrexport.dat
4. Restart all of the affected services on all nodes.
5. Verify the OCR integrity where node_list is a list of all of the nodes:
Di agnosi ng OCR Pr obl ems w i t h t he OCRDUMP and OCRCHECK Ut i l i t i es
OCRDUMP view OCR cont ent s in a readable format .
ls -lt /u01/crs/cdata/crs/
./ocrdump -backupfile /u01/crs/cdata/crs/backup00.ocr
less OCRDUMPFILE

./ocrdump dumpoutput -backupfile /u01/crs/cdata/crs/backup00.ocr
./ocrdump -stdout -backupfile /u01/crs/cdata/crs/backup00.ocr -xml

# checks logs are reported in CRS_Home/log/hostname/client
./ocrcheck

Admi ni st er i ng St or age
Dat af i l e Access i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
Redo Log Fi l e St or age i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
Each inst ance has it s own online redo log groups which are referred t o as an inst ance' s
t hread of online redo.
/* instance Thread */
-- thread is unique to every node
select value from v$parameter where name='thread';

-- If you change the thread of an instance, it won't
-- take effect till you enable it (otherwise db restart will fail):
ALTER DATABASE ENABLE THREAD 3;

-- following commands remove thread 3 and replace it with thread 2
ALTER SYSTEM SET thread = 2 SCOPE=SPFILE SID='rac2';
/u01/crs11g/bin/srvctl stop instance -d rac -i rac2
/u01/crs11g/bin/srvctl start instance -d rac -i rac2
connect / as sysdba
alter database disable thread 3;

-- every thread has at least two groups
select thread#, group#, members, bytes/1024/1024 MB, status from v$log order
by thread#, group#;
select group#, member, status from v$logfile order by group#;

/* to add a redo log group */
-- if OMF or ASM is used
ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE THREAD 1 GROUP 5 SIZE 50M;
ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE THREAD 2 GROUP 6 SIZE 50M;
-- or
alter database add logfile thread 2
group 5 ('/../_g5_m1.dbf', '/../_g5_m2.dbf') SIZE 128M REUSE,
group 8 ('/../_g8_m1.dbf', '/../_g8_m2.dbf') SIZE 128M REUSE;

/* to drop a group */
-- make sure its inactive
select thread#, group#, members, bytes/1024/1024 MB, status from v$log order
by thread#, group#;
-- switch log if required
alter system switch loglife;
-- start archiving, if required: specific instance
alter system archive log instance 'rac1' next ;
-- drop the group
Aut omat i c Undo Management i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
# display undo tablespace used by the SID
SELECT VALUE FROM V$PARAMETER WHERE UPPER(NAME) in

('UNDO_TABLESPACE','INSTANCE_NAME');

# change undo tablespace for an instance
ALTER SYSTEM SET UNDO_TABLESPACE ='UNDORAC2' SID='rac2';
Admi ni st er i ng ASM I nst ances w i t h SRVCTL i n RAC
# to start, stop, and obtain the status of an ASM instance
srvctl start asm -n node_name [-i asm_instnace_name] [-o start_options] [-c
<connect_str> | -q]
srvctl stop asm -n node_name [-i asm_instance_name] [-o stop_options] [-c
<connect_str> | -q]
srvctl config asm -n node_name
srvctl status asm -n node_name

# to add configuration information about an existing ASM instance:
srvctl add asm -n node_name -i asm_instance_name -o oracle_home

# to remove an ASM instance:
srvctl remove asm -n node_name [-i asm_instance_name]

# to enable an ASM instance:
srvctl enable asm -n node_name [-i ] asm_instance_name

# to disable an ASM instance:
srvctl disable asm -n node_name [-i asm_instance_name]


Admi ni st er i ng Cl u st er Dat abases
Di spl ayi ng Cur r ent I nst ance i n SQL* Pl us Pr ompt
# in login.sql file (usually in $ORACLE_HOME/bin) add:
SET SQLPROMPT '_USER@ _CONNECT_IDENTIFIER> '
St ar t i ng and St oppi ng I nst ances and RAC Dat abases
St ar t i ng Up and Shut t i ng Dow n w i t h SQL* Pl us
-- on an instance on your local node
echo $ORACLE_SID
CONNECT / AS SYSDBA
SELECT VALUE FROM V$PARAMETER WHERE UPPER(NAME) ='INSTANCE_NAME';
-- the following command will wait for all trans in the db
SHUTDOWN TRANSACTIONAL
-- the following command will wait for the trans in the connected node only
SHUTDOWN TRANSACTIONAL LOCAL
-- connected instance will shutdown
STARTUP MOUNT

-- or
CONNECT /@db1 AS SYSDBA
..
I nt er mi t t ent Wi ndow s Shut dow n I ssue i n RAC Env i r onment s
Normal Windows shut down may hange, if t he inst ance was shut down using SQL* Plus. To
avoid it , shut down t he following using SRVCTL:
All services on t he node.
All dat abase inst ances on t he node.
All ASM inst ances on t he node.
All node applicat ions on t he node.
St ar t i ng Up and Shut t i ng Dow n w i t h SRVCTL
Shut t ing down a dat abase means shut t ing down all it s inst ances.
# specific instance(s)
# preferred and available services will also be started alongside
srvctl start instance -d db_name -i "inst_name_list" [-o start_options]
srvctl stop instance -d name -i "inst_name_list" [-o stop_options]
srvctl stop instance -d rac -i "rac1,rac2" -o immediate

# entire cluster database
# when you start, only non-running instances will be started
srvctl start database -d name [-o start_options]
srvctl start database -d rac -o mount
srvctl stop database -d name [-o stop_options]

Cust omi zi ng How Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e Manages RAC Dat abases
You may want t o:
prevent t he Oracle Clust erware from rest art ing your RAC dat abase when you rest art t he
syst em
avoid rest art ing failed inst ances more t han once
# when you make a service unavailable, it won't run under the Oracle crs
# for automatic startup, failover, or restart
srvctl disable database -d rac
srvctl disable instance -d rac -i "rac1,rac2"
srvctl disable service -d rac -s hrserv,marketing
# -n node name
srvctl disable asm -n crmnode1 -i asm1
Sw i t chi ng Bet w een t he Dat abase Aut omat i c and Manual Pol i ci es
When AUTO_START at t ribut e is set t o 2 ( MANUAL) for a resource, crs will not aut omat ically
st art it on reboot .
# to display the current policy
srvctl config database -d rac -a
..
POLICY: AUTOMATIC

# change the current policy to another one
srvctl modify database d database_name -y AUTOMATIC|MANUAL
Cust omi zi ng Resour ce Par amet er s ( l i k e AUTO_START)
You can cust omize t he following resource paramet ers for dat abase or ASM inst ances,
dat abases, services, and service members:
# when 1 ( 0) , it at uo- rest art s on syst em reboot
AUTO_START as
# rest art at t empt s before relocat e ( 1)
RESTART_ATTEMPTS ra
# applicat ion up-t ime t o be considered st able by crs
UPTI ME_THRESHOLD ut
# 1. retreive resource name
crs_stat t

# 2. update the OCR with the right attribute values for your resources
crs_register ora..inst -update -o as=2,ra=1,ut=7d
crs_register ora..asm -update -o as=2,ra=1,ut=7d
crs_register ora..db -update -o as=2,ra=1,ut=7d
crs_register ora..cs -update -o as=2,ra=0
crs_register ora..svr -update -o as=2,ra=0

Handl i ng I ni t i al i zat i on Par amet er Fi l es i n RAC
Set t i ng Ser v er Par amet er Fi l e Par amet er Val ues f or Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
Pract ically, each inst ance uses it s own PFI LE file t hat cont ains only one paramet er called
SPFI LE. The SPFI LE paramet er point s t o t he shared SPFI LE on your shared st orage.
/* about the parameters in spfile in RAC */
# to know wheather spfile or pfile was used when startup
SELECT DECODE(value, NULL, 'PFILE', 'SPFILE:'|| value) "Init File Type"
FROM sys.v_$parameter WHERE name = 'spfile';

-- spfile is shared by all instances
cat $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initrac1.ora
SPFILE='+DG1/rac/spfilerac.ora'

-- example
ALTER SYSTEM SET OPEN_CURSORS=500
COMMENT='Changed by Ahmed for testing on 16-dec-09'
SCOPE=BOTH
SID='*';
ALTER SYSTEM SET OPEN_CURSORS=1000 SPFILE=BOTH SID='rac1';

-- to remove a paramter from spifle
ALTER SYSTEM RESET timed_statistics SCOPE=SPFILE SID='*';
ALTER SYSTEM SET timed_statistics = '' SCOPE=SPFILE;
Par amet er s Used i n RAC Dat abases
CLUSTER_DATABASE must be TRUE
CLUSTER_DATABASE_INSTANCES
CLUSTER_INTERCONNECTS
DB_NAME
DISPATCHERS
INSTANCE_NAME
SERVICE_NAMES
SESSIONS_PER_USER I f SESSI ONS_PER_USER is set t o 1 for a user, t he user can log on t o t he
dat abase more t han once as long as each connect ion is from a different inst ance.
THREAD
SPFILE
MAX_COMMIT_PROPAGATION_DELAY deprecat ed in 10g R2
Par amet er s t hat Must Hav e I dent i cal Set t i ngs on Al l I nst ances
ACTIVE_INSTANCE_COUNT
ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET
CLUSTER_DATABASE
CLUSTER_DATABASE_INSTANCES number of inst ances in t he RAC
CONTROL_FILES
DB_BLOCK_SIZE
DB_DOMAIN
DB_FILES
DB_NAME
DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST_SIZE

DB_UNIQUE_NAME
UNDO_MANAGEMENT
Par amet er s That Must Hav e Uni que Set t i ngs on Al l I nst ances
THREAD
ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS
UNDO_TABLESPACE if aut omat ic is used
Par amet er s t hat Shoul d Hav e I dent i cal Set t i ngs on Al l I nst ances
I t is highly recommended t o set same value for paramet ers in t he following list in all t he
inst ances:
ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET
LICENSE_MAX_USERS
LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT
SPFILE
TRACE_ENABLED
UNDO_RETENTION
ASM I nst ance I ni t i al i zat i on Par amet er s and RAC
CLUSTER_DATABASE must be TRUE
ASM_DISKSTRING Mult iple inst ances can have different values ( not recommended)
ASM_POWER_LI MI T Mult iple inst ances can have different values
export ORACLE_SID=+ASM1

sqlplus /nolog
conn / as sysdba

select name, value
from v$parameter
where upper(name) in ('CLUSTER_DATABASE','ASM_DISKSTRING','ASM_POWER_LIMIT');
Dr oppi ng a RAC Dat abase
Opt ion 1: Aft er making sure t he crs and t he dat abase are up and running, issue dbca and
delet e t he dat abase.
Opt ion 2: issue t he commands below:
startup mount exclusive restrict;
drop database;
# to delete archived log and the backups as well
drop database including backups;

srvctl remove instance -d rac -i rac1
srvctl remove database -d rac


Wor k l oad Management i n RAC
Types of Wor k l oad Di st r i but i on
Connect ion load balancing:
o Client -side connect - t ime load balancing
o Client -side connect - t ime failover
o Server- side connect -t ime load balancing
Run- t ime connect ion load balancing can be implement ed by using connect ion pools in
middle t ier.
Connect i on Load Bal anci ng
Cl i ent - Si de Load Bal anci ng and Fai l ov er
I f you use connect - t ime failover, do not set GLOBAL_DBNAME in t he list ener. ora
# to enable Client-Side Load Balancing ONLY (i.e., no failover): send request
# randomly to one listener from the list.
CSLB_ONLY =
(DESCRIPTION =
(LOAD_BALANCE = ON)
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rac1-vip)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = racdb)
)
)

# use this settings for RAC database
# to enable failover (using TCP/IP time-out, the client make sure the host is
# alive before sending connection requrest) (in RAC, you use vip addresses)
CSLB_ONLY =
(DESCRIPTION =
(LOAD_BALANCE = ON)
(FAILOVER = ON)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = racdb)
)
)

Ser ver - Si de Load Bal anci ng
Target : which list ener should t ake t he connect ion.
-- Configuring Server-side connection load balancing
-- 1) define the service which will be used for the connection load balancing
-- 2) Add entries in every client's TNSNAMES.ORA file for the new alias

HRSERV =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rac1-vip.mydomain.com)(PORT = 1521))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rac2-vip.mydomain.com)(PORT = 1521))
)
(LOAD_BALANCE = ON) -- not related to server-side load balancing
(FAILOVER = ON) -- not related to server-side load balancing
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = hrserv)
)
)
-- 3) Add entries in the TNSNAMES.ORA file of every node to
-- include the REMOTE_LISTENER setting
LISTENERS_RAC =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rac1-vip.mydomain.com)(PORT =
1521))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rac2-vip.mydomain.com)(PORT =
1521))
)
-- 4) set the parameter to make PMON automatically register the database
-- with all the listeners in the nodes
ALTER SYSTEM SET REMOTE_LISTENER =LISTENERS_RAC SID='*' SCOPE=BOTH;

-- setting the default connection load balancing goal for the service hrserv
-- to LONG (long-lived apps like forms)(default), SHORT (short-lived apps)
execute dbms_service.modify_service (service_name => 'hrserv' , clb_goal =>
dbms_service.clb_goal_long);
execute dbms_service.modify_service (service_name => 'hrserv' , clb_goal =>
dbms_service.clb_goal_short);

-- view it (name is case sensitive)
SELECT CLB_GOAL FROM DBA_SERVICES WHERE NAME='hrserv';
Fast Appl i cat i on Not i f i cat i on ( FAN)
FAN publishing load balancing advisory event s and UP and DOWN info about services,
inst ances and nodes t o client applicait ons.
You can t ake advant age of FAN event s in t he following t hree ways:
1. Applicat ion can t ake advant age of FAN wit hout any programmat ic changes by ut ilizing
an int egrat ed Oracle Client like: Oracle Dat abase 10g JDBC, ODP. NET, and OCI .
2. Applicat ions can t ake advant age of FAN programmat ically by using t he Oracle
Not ificat ion Service ( ONS) Applicat ion Programming I nt erface ( API ) t o subscribe t o
FAN event s and execut e event handling act ions upon t he receipt of an event .
3. You can implement FAN wit h server side callout s on your dat abase t ier.
Usi ng Fast Appl i cat i on Not i f i cat i on Cal l out s
FAN callout s are server side execut ables t hat RAC execut es immediat ely when high
availabilit y event s occur.

# place an executable in the directory CRS_home/racg/usrco in all nodes
vi /u01/crs/racg/usrco/callout.sh
#! /bin/ksh
FAN_LOGFILE=/home/oracle/log/rac_`hostname`.log
echo $* "reported="`date` >> $FAN_LOGFILE &

# place an executable in the directory CRS_home/racg/usrco in all nodes
# example source is Oracle Documentation 10g R1
vi /u01/crs/racg/usrco/callout.sh
#!/usr/bin/sh#

# Description: wrapper script to enable RAC event logging and notification
# to generic third-party systems. The script showcases two possible
# methods to enable local or remote logging/notification of RAC-
# detected events.#

AWK=/usr/bin/awk
MY_CRS_HOME=/private/oracle/crs

# Scan and parse arglist:#
for ARGS in $*; do
PROPERTY=ècho $ARGS | $AWK -F"=" '{print $1}'`
VALUE=ècho $ARGS | $AWK -F"=" '{print $2}'`

#> map EVTTYPE to EVENT_TYP, NODE to HOST:
case $PROPERTY in
#> EVENT_TYP is one of: NODE, DATABASE, INSTANCE, SERVICE, SERVICEMEMBER
EVENT_TYP | event_typ) NOTIFY_EVENT_TYP=$VALUE ;;
VERSION | version) NOTIFY_VERSION=$VALUE ;;
SERVICE | service) NOTIFY_SERVICE=$VALUE ;;
DATABASE | database) NOTIFY_DBNAME=$VALUE ;;
INSTANCE | instance) NOTIFY_INSTANCE=$VALUE ;;
HOST | host) NOTIFY_HOST=$VALUE ;;
STATUS | status) NOTIFY_STATUS=$VALUE ;;
TIMESTAMP | timestamp) NOTIFY_SVRLOGDATE=$VALUE ;;
esac
done

# ###################################################
# [1] Notification Method 1: On-cluster file logging
# ###################################################
# This section simply writes one-line entries for each event published by RAC,
# and the log is written to standard RAC log directory. It will blindly
# record all RAC events, regardless of state (UP, DOWN or NOT_RESTARTING):

RACEVT_LOGFILE=$MY_CRS_HOME/racg/log/rac_${NOTIFY_SERVICE}_uptime.log

echo RAC$v$NOTIFY_VERSION$: $NOTIFY_STATUS event, type "$NOTIFY_EVENT_TYP",
\
ìf [ -n "$NOTIFY_SERVICE" ]; then \
echo "for service $NOTIFY_SERVICE"
fi` \
\[ìf [ -n "$NOTIFY_INSTANCE" ]; then \
echo "inst: $NOTIFY_INSTANCE"
fi` \
ìf [ -n "$NOTIFY_DATABASE" ]; then \
echo "db: $NOTIFY_DATABASE"
fi` \
ìf [ -n "$NOTIFY_HOST" ]; then \
echo "db: $NOTIFY_HOST"
fi` \

\] received on $NOTIFY_SVRLOGDATE >> $RACEVT_LOGFILE

# ########################################################
# [2] Notification Method 2: On-cluster program execution
# ########################################################
# Let's assume you have a custom client program in /tmp (say logTicket)
# to which you can pass certain arguments. This program connects to a
# customer-service application that processes incident tickets for your
# IT department:
# % /tmp/logTicket {serverside_timestamp} \
# {databasename} {servicename} \
# {instancename} {hostname}#

# Let us also assume that a ticket would be logged only for NOT_RESTARTING
# events, as they are the ones that exceeded RAC-monitored timeouts and
# seriously need human intervention for full resolution.#

# -------------------
# ONE SOLUTION TO [2]:
# -------------------
if [ $NOTIFY_STATUS = "NOT_RESTARTING" -o $NOTIFY_STATUS = "not_restarting"
]; then
/tmp/logTicket $NOTIFY_SVRLOGDATE $NOTIFY_DBNAME \
$NOTIFY_SERVICE \
$NOTIFY_INSTANCE $NOTIFY_HOST >> $RACEVT_LOGFILE
fi
Conf i gur i ng t he Ser ver - Si de ONS
When useocr= on in ons. config, racgons add_config command st ore t his dat a in OCR.
# target: to add rac3 node in the RAC ONS
# (1) obtain the remote nodes from rac1,rac2
# and set useocr=on
cat $CRS_HOME/opmn/conf/ons.config

# (2) in rac3:
racgons add_config rac1:6200 rac2:6200
racgons add_config rac3:6200

# (3) in rac1, rac2:
onsctl reconfig
Admi ni st er i ng Load Bal anci ng Advi sor y
The load balancing advisory has t he t ask of advising t he direct ion of incoming work t o t he
RAC inst ances t hat provide opt imal qualit y of service for t hat work.
To t est t he load balancing, you can use t he script s in t he appendix t o apply load and t he
following sect ion for monit oring.
-- view load balancing gaol of a current service
-- NONE means load balancing advisory is disabled
SELECT NAME, GOAL, CLB_GOAL FROM DBA_SERVICES;

-- SERVICE TIME: response-time based, like online shopping

execute dbms_service.modify_service (service_name => 'hrserv' -
, goal => dbms_service.goal_service_time -
, clb_goal => dbms_service.clb_goal_short);
-- THROUGHPUT: rat at which jobs are completed, like batch processing
, goal => dbms_service.goal_throughput -
, clb_goal => dbms_service.clb_goal_long);
-- NONE: LBA disabled
, goal => dbms_service.goal_none -
, clb_goal => dbms_service.clb_goal_long);
Moni t or i ng Load Bal anci ng Advi sor y
V$SERVI CEMETRI C : service met rics on t he most 5- second and 1-minut e int ervals
V$SERVI CEMETRI C_HI STORY : recent hi st or y of t he met ric values
SELECT
service_name
,TO_CHAR(begin_time,'hh24:mi:ss') beg_hist
,TO_CHAR(end_time,'hh24:mi:ss') end_hist
,inst_id
,goodness
,delta
,flags
,cpupercall
,dbtimepercall
,callspersec
,dbtimepersec
FROM gv$servicemetric
WHERE service_name ='hrserv'
ORDER BY service_name, begin_time DESC, inst_id;

SELECT SERVICE_NAME,
to_char(BEGIN_TIME,'hh24:mi:ss') BEGIN_TIME,
to_char(END_TIME,'hh24:mi:ss') END_TIME,
INTSIZE_CSEC, GROUP_ID "Service Metric Group",
CPUPERCALL "CPU time per call",
DBTIMEPERCALL "Elapsed time per call",
CALLSPERSEC "User Calls/s",
DBTIMEPERSEC "DB Time/s"
from V$SERVICEMETRIC_HISTORY
order by SERVICE_NAME, BEGIN_TIME desc;

-- aggregated
SELECT
SERVICE_NAME,
GROUP_ID "Service Metric Group",
round(sum(CPUPERCALL),2) "CPU time per call",
round(sum(DBTIMEPERCALL),2) "Elapsed time per call",
round(sum(CALLSPERSEC),2) "User Calls/s",
round(sum(DBTIMEPERSEC),2) "DB Time/s"
from V$SERVICEMETRIC_HISTORY
group by SERVICE_NAME, GROUP_ID
order by SERVICE_NAME;

Tr anspar ent Appl i cat i on Fai l over ( TAF)
TAF Basi c Conf i gur at i on w i t hout FAN ( Fr om Cl i ent Si de)
FAI LOVER_MODE must be configured in t nsnames. ora
I f using TAF, do not set t he GLOBAL_DBNAME paramet er in t he list ener. ora
# when you create the service
srvctl add service -d rac -s hrserv -r rac1,rac2 -P BASIC
srvctl start service -d rac -s hrserv

# in the client tnsnames.ora
# TYPE: SELECT, SESSION
hrserv =
(DESCRIPTION =(FAILOVER=ON)(LOAD_BALANCE=ON)
(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=rac1-VIP)(PORT=1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = hrserv)
(FAILOVER_MODE =
(TYPE=SESSION)
(METHOD=BASIC)
(RETRIES=100)
(DELAY=5))))
TAF Basi c Conf i gur at i on w i t h FAN ( Ser ver - Si de)
You not need t o specify TAF paramet ers in t he t nsnames. ora
srvctl add service -d rac -s hrserv -r rac1,rac2

srvctl start service -d RACDB -s AP

exec dbms_service.modify_service ( ,-
service_name => 'hrserv' ,-
aq_ha_notifications => true ,-
failover_method => dbms_service.failover_method_basic ,-
failover_type => dbms_service.failover_type_session ,-
failover_retries => 100, failover_delay => 5 ,-
clb_goal => dbms_service.clb_goal_long);

hrserv =
(CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = hrserv)))
TAF Pr econnect Conf i gur at i on
Fast failover but more resources.
The shadow service is always named using t he format < service_name> _PRECONNECT.
# configure the preferred and available nodes
srvctl add service -d rac -s hrserv -r rac1 -a rac2 -P PRECONNECT
srvctl start service -d rac -s hrserv

HRSERV =

(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=rac1-vip)(PORT=1521))
(CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = hrserv)
(FAILOVER_MODE = (BACKUP=HRSERV_PRECONNECT)
(TYPE=SESSION)(METHOD=PRECONNECT))))

HRSERV_PRECONNECT =
(CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = HRSERV_PRECONNECT)))
Ver i f y i ng TAF Conf i gur at i on
SELECT machine, failover_method, failover_type,
failed_over, service_name, COUNT(*)
FROM v$session
GROUP BY machine, failover_method, failover_type,
failed_over, service_name;

select instance_name from v$instance;
Enabl i ng Di st r i but ed Tr ansact i on Pr ocessi ng f or Ser vi ces
# For services that you are going to use for distributed transaction
processing,
# define only one instance as the preferred instance
srvctl add service -d crm -s xa_01.service.us.oracle.com -r RAC01 -a RAC02,
RAC03
# mark the service for distributed trans processing by setting DTP to TRUE:
execute dbms_service.modify_service(service_name
=>'xa_01.mydomain.com',DTP=>TRUE);

Admi ni st er i ng Ser v i ces
Ser vi ce At t r i but es
Global unique name
Net work name
Load Balancing Advisory goal: best service qualit y ( service response t ime) , or best
t hroughput ( how much work is complet ed in a unit of t ime) .
Dist ribut ed t ransact ions flag
Advance queuing not ificat ion charact erist ics for OCI and ODP. NET client s
Failover charact erist ics
Connect ion load-balancing algorit hm: SHORT: Use Load Balancing Advisory, LONG: Using
session count by service
Threshold: for response t ime and CPU consumpt ion
Priorit y: services t o consumer groups mapping
High-availabilit y configurat ion: how t he service is dist ribut ed across inst ances when t he
syst em first st art s
Admi ni st er i ng Ser vi ces w i t h DBCA
1. On the DBCA Welcome page, select the Oracle Real Application Clusters
option ->Next
2. On the DBCA Operations: select Services Management ->Next
3. On the DBCA List of Databases: select the cluster database ->Next

-- confirm
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='SERVICE_NAMES'
Admi ni st er i ng Ser vi ces w i t h PL/ SQL
/* Create a Service (not a recommended method in RAC)*/
-- some attributes can only be modified using PL/SQL
-- service_name and network_name are mandatory
-- others are optional will NULL defaults
begin
DBMS_SERVICE.CREATE_SERVICE(
service_name =>'olapserv',
network_name =>'olapserv', -- TNS name for connections to the service
goal =>DBMS_SERVICE.GOAL_SERVICE_TIME, -- or GOAL_THROUGHPUT, GOAL_NONE
dtp =>FALSE, -- is it for distributed transaction
aq_ha_notifications =>TRUE, -- should HA events sent to AQ
failover_method =>DBMS_SERVICE.FAILOVER_METHOD_BASIC, -- or _NONE
failover_type =>DBMS_SERVICE.FAILOVER_TYPE_SESSION, -- or _NONE _SELECT
failover_retries =>10,
failover_delay=>1 , -- in seconds
clb_goal=>DBMS_SERVICE.CLB_GOAL_SHORT -- or CLB_GOAL_LONG
);
end;

/

select name from dba_services ;

/* Modify a Service Charactaristic */
-- some attributes can only be modified using PL/SQL
-- if stopped, start it before modify
begin
DBMS_SERVICE.MODIFY_SERVICE(
service_name =>'olapserv',
goal =>DBMS_SERVICE.GOAL_SERVICE_TIME, -- or GOAL_THROUGHPUT, GOAL_NONE
dtp =>FALSE, -- is it for distributed transaction
aq_ha_notifications =>TRUE, -- should HA events sent to AQ
failover_method =>DBMS_SERVICE.FAILOVER_METHOD_BASIC, -- or _NONE
failover_type =>DBMS_SERVICE.FAILOVER_TYPE_SESSION, -- or _NONE _SELECT
failover_retries =>10,
failover_delay=>1 , -- in seconds
clb_goal=>DBMS_SERVICE.CLB_GOAL_SHORT -- or CLB_GOAL_LONG
);
end;
/

/* Delete Service */
begin
DBMS_SERVICE.DELETE_SERVICE( service_name =>'olapserv');
end;
/

/* Start a service */
begin
DBMS_SERVICE.START_SERVICE(service_name=>'hrserv',
instance_name => DBMS_SERVICE.ALL_INSTANCES, -- if NULL current inst
);
end;
/

/* Stop Service */
begin
DBMS_SERVICE.STOP_SERVICE(service_name=>'hrserv',
instance_name => DBMS_SERVICE.ALL_INSTANCES, -- if NULL current inst
);
end;
/

/* Disconnect Sessions */
-- sessions connected to the service are terminated
begin
-- CAUTION: control doesn't return till all sessions are terminated
DBMS_SERVICE.DISCONNECT_SESSION('hrserv');
end;
/

Admi ni st er i ng Ser vi ces w i t h SRVCTL
Creat ing a Service
srvctl add service -d dbname -s service_name -r preferred_list [-a
available_list] [-P TAF_policy]
taf policy: NONE, BASIC, or PRECONNECT
/* Creating Services */
# it does NOT add the required tnsnames.ora settings
srvctl add service d rac s GL -r RAC02 -a RAC01
srvctl add service d rac s ERP r RAC01,RAC02 -a RAC03,RAC04

/* Starting and Stopping Services */
srvctl start service -d dbname [-s service_name_list] [-i inst_name] [-o
start_options]
srvctl stop service -d dbname [-s service_name_list [-i inst_name]] [-c
connect_str]

/* Enabling and Disabling Services */
srvctl enable service -d dbname -s service_name_list [-i inst_name]
srvctl disable service -d dbname -s service_name_list [-i inst_name]

/* Relocating Services */
srvctl relocate service -d rac -s hrserv -i rac2 -t rac3

/* upgrading an available instance as a preferred instance for a Service*/
-- see also next section
srvctl modify service d rac s hrserv -i rac3 r

/* Obtaining the Statuses of Services */
srvctl status service -d rac -s hrserv

/* Obtaining the Configuration of Services */
srvctl config service -d rac -s hrserv -a

/* Removing Services */
rvctl stop service -d rac -s hrserv
rvctl remove service -d rac -s hrserv
Cont r ol l i ng t he Pr ef er r ed and Avai l abl e I nst ances
/* Upgrading an Available instance as a Preferred instance for a Service */
-- -r upgrade instance to preferred
srvctl modify service d rac s hrserv -i rac3 r

/* the scenario below makes:
- i1-i4 preferred, i5-i6 available for dwserv
- i5-i6 preferred, i1-i4 available for hrserv
*/
-- changes take effect on next services restart
-- if used, -f Disconnect all sessions during stop
srvctl modify service d PROD s dwserv n i I1,I2,I3,I4 a I5,I6
srvctl modify service d PROD s hrserv n i I5,I6 a I1,I2,I3,I4

-- f stops the services globally on your cluster

srvctl stop service d rac s dwserv,hrserv -f
srvctl start service d rac s dwserv,hrserv
Usi ng Ser vi ces w i t h Cl i ent Appl i cat i ons
/* TNS connection descriptor */
-- LOAD_BALANCE=on only enables a client-side connection load balancing
ERP=(DESCRIPTION=
(LOAD_BALANCE=on)
(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=node-1vip)(PORT=1521))
(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=ERP)))

/* JDBC connection description (1) */
url="jdbc:oracle:oci:@ERP"

/* JDBC connection description (2) */
url="jdbc:oracle:thin:@(DESCRIPTION=
(LOAD_BALANCE=on)
(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=ERP)))"
Ser vi ces and t he Schedul er
BEGIN
job_class_name => 'my_jobs_class',
SERVICE => 'hrserv');
END;
/

BEGIN
name => 'my_jobs_class',
attribute => 'service',
value => 'hrserv');
END;
/

begin
dbms_scheduler.create_job (
job_name => 'My_Job',
job_type => 'plsql_block', -- stored_procedure, plsql_block, executable,
chain
job_action => 'begin null; end;',
job_class => 'my_jobs_class',
start_date => SYSDATE+1,
repeat_interval => 'FREQ=MINUTELY; INTERVAL=2');
end;

/

BEGIN
name => 'My_Job',
attribute => 'INSTANCE_STICKINESS',
value => TRUE);
END;
/

BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_JOB('My_Job');
END;
/

BEGIN
DBMS_SCHEDULER.DROP_JOB_CLASS('my_jobs_class');
END;
/

DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_JOB_CLASS(
JOB_CLASS_NAME => 'HOT_BATCH_CLASS',
RESOURCE_CONSUMER_GROUP => NULL ,
SERVICE => 'HOT_BATCH_SERV' ,
LOGGING_LEVEL => DBMS_SCHEDULER.LOGGING_RUNS,
LOG_HISTORY => 30, COMMENTS => 'P1 batch');

DBMS_SCHEDULER.CREATE_JOB(
JOB_NAME => 'my_report_job',
JOB_TYPE => 'stored_procedure',
JOB_ACTION => 'my_name.my_proc();',
NUMBER_OF_ARGUMENTS => 4, START_DATE => SYSDATE+1,
REPEAT_INTERVAL => 5, END_DATE => SYSDATE+30,
JOB_CLASS => 'HOT_BATCH_CLASS',
ENABLED => TRUE,
AUTO_DROP => false, COMMENTS => 'daily status');
Measur i ng Per f or mance by Ser vi ce Usi ng t he AWR
/* Enabling Gather statiscitc on Service-Module-Action combination */
-- to display currently connected services, modules and actions
select SID, USERNAME, SERVICE_NAME, MODULE, ACTION from V$SESSION
where SERVICE_NAME in ('hrserv','oeserv')

-- service name and module name are mandatory
begin
DBMS_MONITOR.SERV_MOD_ACT_STAT_ENABLE(SERVICE_NAME => 'hrserv',
MODULE_NAME=>'PAYROLL',
ACTION_NAME => 'EXCEPTIONS PAY');
end;
/

-- gather stats for PAYROLL module and ACTION whose name is null
begin

ACTION_NAME => NULL);
end;
/

-- gather stats for PAYROLL module and All its ACTIONs
begin
ACTION_NAME => '###ALL_ACTIONS');
end;
/

-- to view enabled monitorings
-- types: SERVICE, SERVICE_MODULE, SERVICE_MODULE_ACTION
select A.AGGREGATION_TYPE, A.PRIMARY_ID , A.QUALIFIER_ID1 , A.QUALIFIER_ID2
from DBA_ENABLED_AGGREGATIONS a

-- to view gathered stats
select S.AGGREGATION_TYPE, S.SERVICE_NAME, S.MODULE, S.ACTION, N.CLASS,
decode(n.CLASS,
'1','User','2','Redo','4','Enqueue','8','Cache','16','OS','32','RAC','64','SQL
','128','Debug', N.CLASS) STAT_CLASS,
S.STAT_NAME, S.VALUE
from V$SERV_MOD_ACT_STATS s, V$STATNAME n
where S.STAT_ID = N.STAT_ID
order by N.CLASS, S.STAT_ID

-- call times and performance statistics views:
V$SERVICE_STATS
V$SERVICE_EVENTS
V$SERVICE_WAIT_CLASSES
V$SERVICEMETRIC
V$SERVICEMETRIC_HISTORY

/* To Disable Cumulative Stats */
-- stats will be removed from V$SERV_MOD_ACT_STATS
begin
DBMS_MONITOR.SERV_MOD_ACT_STAT_DISABLE(SERVICE_NAME => 'hrserv',
ACTION_NAME => 'EXCEPTIONS PAY');
end;
/

/* Service Quality Statistics */
-- script from Oracle documentation
-- provides service quality statistics every five seconds
SET PAGESIZE 60 COLSEP '|' NUMWIDTH 8 LINESIZE 132 VERIFY OFF FEEDBACK OFF
COLUMN service_name FORMAT A20 TRUNCATED HEADING 'Service'
COLUMN begin_time HEADING 'Begin Time' FORMAT A10
COLUMN end_time HEADING 'End Time' FORMAT A10
COLUMN instance_name HEADING 'Instance' FORMAT A10
COLUMN service_time HEADING 'Service Time|mSec/Call' FORMAT 999999999
COLUMN throughput HEADING 'Calls/sec'FORMAT 99.99
BREAK ON service_name SKIP 1
SELECT

service_name
, TO_CHAR(begin_time, 'HH:MI:SS') begin_time
, TO_CHAR(end_time, 'HH:MI:SS') end_time
, instance_name
, elapsedpercall service_time
, callspersec throughput
FROM gv$instance i
, gv$active_services s
, gv$servicemetric m
WHERE s.inst_id = m.inst_id
AND s.name_hash = m.service_name_hash
AND i.inst_id = m.inst_id
AND m.group_id = 10
ORDER BY service_name , i.inst_id , begin_time ;
Ser vi ce Thr eshol ds and Al er t s
For t he services, you can set alert s for:
o ELAPSED_TI ME_PER_CALL Elapsed t ime for each user call for each service (micro s)
o CPU_TI ME_PER_CALL CPU t ime for each user call for each service (micro s)
Thresholds must be set on each inst ance support ing t he service
-- thresholds must be set on each instance supporting the service
begin
METRICS_ID => DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.ELAPSED_TIME_PER_CALL
, WARNING_OPERATOR => dbms_server_alert.operator_ge
, WARNING_VALUE => '500000' -- = 0.5 seconds
, CRITICAL_OPERATOR => dbms_server_alert.operator_ge
, CRITICAL_VALUE => '750000' = 0.75 seconds
, OBSERVATION_PERIOD => 30 -- in mins
, CONSECUTIVE_OCCURRENCES => 5 -- tolerance occurance before alerts
, INSTANCE_NAME => NULL -- must be NULL in this case
, OBJECT_TYPE => dbms_server_alert.object_type_service
, OBJECT_NAME => 'hrserv');
end;
/

-- Verify the threshold configuration
SELECT METRICS_NAME, INSTANCE_NAME, WARNING_VALUE, CRITICAL_VALUE,
OBSERVATION_PERIOD
from dba_thresholds
where OBJECT_NAME => 'hrserv' ;

-- most recent 60 s
SELECT service_name, elapsedpercall, cpupercall
FROM V$SERVICEMETRIC;

-- last hour
SELECT service_name, elapsedpercall, cpupercall
FROM V$SERVICEMETRIC_HISTORY;

Ser vi ce Per f or mance Vi ew s
There are more t han 300 performance- relat ed st at ist ics t hat are t racked and visible in
V$SYSSTAT. Of t hese, 28 st at ist ics are t racked for services. To see t he st at ist ics measured
for services, run t he following query: SELECT DI STI NCT st at _name FROM v$service_st at s.
For service met rics, see Monit oring Load Balancing Advisory
-- general stats per service
-- DB time (response time)= DB CPU + wait time
select V.SERVICE_NAME,
decode(n.CLASS,
'1','User','2','Redo','4','Enqueue','8','Cache','16','OS','32','RAC','64','SQL
','128','Debug', N.CLASS) STAT_CLASS
, V.STAT_NAME , VALUE
from V$SERVICE_STATS V , V$STATNAME N
where V.STAT_ID = N.STAT_ID
order by 1,2;

-- aggregated waits (by wait class)
SELECT *
FROM V$SERVICE_WAIT_CLASS
WHERE SERVICE_NAME NOT LIKE 'SYS$%'
ORDER BY SERVICE_NAME, TIME_WAITED DESC

-- aggregated waits (by wait event)
SELECT *
FROM V$SERVICE_EVENT
WHERE SERVICE_NAME NOT LIKE 'SYS$%'
AND EVENT NOT IN ('SQL*Net message from client')
ORDER BY SERVICE_NAME, TIME_WAITED DESC;

-- stats for a specific combination of service/module/action
-- When statistics collection for specific modules and actions is enabled
select *
from V$SERV_MOD_ACT_STATS
ORDER BY 1,2,3,4

-- information about enabled on-demand statistic aggregation
select *
from DBA_ENABLED_AGGREGATIONS;

-- information about enabled SQL traces
selct *
from DBA_ENABLED_TRACES;
Rest r i ct ed Sessi on and Ser vi ces
I f t he rest rict ed inst ance is manually regist ered in t he list ener, t he incoming connect ion
requrest s may be rout ed t o t he inst ance, refused by t he inst ance and ret urns error.
I f t he rest rict ed inst ance is dynamically regist ered in t he list ener, t he incoming connect ion
requrest s will not be rout ed t o t he inst ance, even for users wit h RESTRI CTED SESSI ON
privilege.

Conf i g ur i ng Recov er y Manager and Ar chi v i ng
Back up Possi bl e Di st r i but i ons i n RAC
Net w or k back up ser v er : dedicat ed backup server manages backups for t he whole RAC.
One l ocal dr i v e: one node has access t o a local backup appliance.
/* Multiple Drives CFS Backup Scheme */
-- cfs = all nodes have their archived log in shared storage
-- one time setup
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE sbt PARALLELISM 3;
CONFIGURE CHANNEL 1 DEVICE TYPE sbt CONNECT 'user1/passwd1@node1';

-- backup is then distributed in all backup tapes in the cluster
BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG DELETE INPUT;

Mul t i pl e dr i v es: each node has access t o a local backup appliance.
RMAN Rest or e Scenar i os f or Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
Cl ust er Fi l e Syst em Rest or e Scheme
1. Make t he Backup media and all t he Archived Log files available t o t he available node.
2. Then Rest ore using RESOTRE DATABASE and RECOVER DATABASE commands.
Non- Cl ust er Fi l e Sy st em Rest or e Scheme
1. You must configure a net work file syst em file so t hat t he recovery node can read t he
archiving direct ories on t he remaining nodes.
2. Then Rest ore using RESOTRE DATABASE and RECOVER DATABASE commands.
RMAN and Or acl e Net i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
Connect ion server must be dedicat ed.
Each net service name must specify only one inst ance.
Connect i ng t o Speci f i c Node
rman TARGET=SYS/ORACLE@RAC1 CATALOG=RMAN/RMAN@RMAN

I nst ance Recover y i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
Si ngl e Node Fai l ur e i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
When one inst ance performs recovery for anot her inst ance, t he surviving inst ance reads
online redo logs generat ed by t he failed inst ance and uses t hat informat ion t o ensure t hat
commit t ed t ransact ions are recorded in t he dat abase.
Mul t i pl e- Node Fai l ur es i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
I f all inst ances of an Oracle RAC dat abase fail, t hen Oracle aut omat ically recovers t he
inst ances t he next t ime one inst ance opens t he dat abase.
Conf i gur i ng t he RMAN Snapshot Cont r ol Fi l e Locat i on
The snapshot cont rol file is a t emporary snapshot cont rol file t hat RMAN creat es t o re-
synchronize from a read- consist ent version of t he cont rol file.
-- configured location of the snapshot control file
SHOW SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME;

-- to change it (globally in all nodes)
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/scf/snap_prod.cf';
Conf i gur i ng t he RMAN Cont r ol Fi l e and SPFI LE Aut oback up Feat ur e
# switch it on
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;

# Auto control file and spfile backup must be configured in a shared location.
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT = '/u02/oradata/RAC/cf_%F';
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '+FRA';

# in the recovery destination
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F';
Conf i gur i ng Channel s f or RMAN i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
Conf i gur i ng Channel s t o use Aut omat i c Wor k l oad Bal anci ng
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE [disk | sbt] PARALLELISM number of channels;

# configure the SQL Net service name with load balancing turned on
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE SBT CONNECT 'sys/pwd1@<service_name>'
Conf i gur i ng Channel s t o Use a Speci f i c I nst ance
# manual instance assignment
# To configure channels to use a specific instance, use the following syntax:
CONFIGURE CHANNEL 1 DEVICE TYPE sbt CONNECT 'SYS/pss@rac1'
CONFIGURE CHANNEL 2 DEVICE TYPE sbt CONNECT 'SYS/pss@rac2'

# Automatic instance assignment

# you can configure special service for rman jobs
# service workload will be used
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE sbt CONNECT='sys/rac@rmanserv';
# also, parallel configuration will distribute the job on multiple instances

# configuring channels manually
RUN
{
ALLOCATE CHANNEL CH1 CONNECT 'user1/pwd1@node1';
BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVED LOG;
}
Node Af f i ni t y Aw ar eness of Fast Connect i ons
When deciding which channel t o use t o back up a part icular dat afile, RMAN gives
preference t o t he nodes wit h fast er access t o t he dat afiles t hat you want t o back up.
Ar chi ved Redo Log Fi l e Convent i ons i n RAC
show parameter LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT
alter system set LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT='log_%t_%s_%r.arc' scope=spfile sid='*';
Ar chi ve Redo Log Conf i gur at i on Scenar i os
Aut omat i c St or age Management and CFS Ar chi v i ng Scheme
The preferred configurat ion for RAC is t o use Aut omat ic St orage Management ( ASM) for a
recovery area wit h a different disk group for your recovery set t han for your dat afiles.
show parameter archive_dest
show parameter recovery

# each node archives to a directory with the same name on all instances
sid1.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1="LOCATION=/arc_dest"
Non- Cl ust er Fi l e Sy st em Local Ar chi v i ng Scheme
I n t he non-clust er file syst em local archiving scheme, each node archives t o a uniquely
named local direct ory. The direct ory in each node can be read only mount ed from t he
ot her nodes.
# archived log stored locally and the other locations can be read by the node
# (for recovery)
sid1.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1="LOCATION=/arc_dest_1"

Changi ng t he Ar chi vi ng Mode i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
select log_mode from v$database;

srvctl stop database -d rac
set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n
show parameter LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST
-- no instance in OPEN mode
STARTUP MOUNT
ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
srvctl start database -d rac
Del et i ng Ar chi ved Redo Logs af t er a Successf ul Back up
# if automatic channels are configured
DELETE ARCHIVELOG ALL BACKED UP n TIMES TO DEVICE TYPE device_type;

# configuring the channels manually
ALLOCATE CHANNEL FOR MAINTENANCE DEVICE TYPE DISK CONNECT 'SYS/oracle@node1';
DELETE ARCHIVELOG ALL BACKED UP n TIMES TO DEVICE TYPE device_type;
Moni t or i ng t he Ar chi ver Pr ocesses
SELECT A.INST_ID, A.PROCESS, A.STATUS, A.LOG_SEQUENCE, A.STATE
FROM GV$ARCHIVE_PROCESSES A
WHERE STATUS<>'STOPPED'
ORDER BY A.INST_ID

# archived log files
SELECT INST_ID , THREAD#, NAME FROM GV$ARCHIVED_LOG;
Log_Ar chi ve_Dest _1 Set To Def aul t Even When DB_Recover y_Fi l e_Dest I s
Set ( Bug 6373164)
You should t ake t his bug int o considerat ion on Oracle 11. 1. 0. 6. I f you j ust leave DEST_10
point ing t o t he flash recovery areas ( as t he default case) , DEST_1 will also point t o t he default
locat ion: ORACLE_HOME\ RDBMS
Here are t he st eps t o reproduce t he bug:
When I disable LOG_ARCHI VE_DEST_1, t he v$paramet er and V$ARCHI VE_DEST are
correct ly updat ed. But aft er I rest art t he db, t he LOG_ARCHI VE_DEST_1 is NULL in
v$paramet er but it point s t o C: \ app\ Administ rat or\ product \ 11. 1. 0\ db_1\ RDBMS in
V$ARCHI VE_DEST.
DEST_10 is point ing t o t he recovery area but it ' s shown by V$ARCHI VE_DEST and not by
v$paramet er. I also not iced Oracle writ es archive log files in t he bot h dest inat ions:
DB_RECOVERY_FI LE_DEST and t he default one.

Wor k ar ound: Explicit ly set LOG_ARCHI VE_DEST_1 t o
LOCATI ON= USE_DB_RECOVERY_FI LE_DEST
SQL> select schedule, destination
2 from V$ARCHIVE_DEST
3 where dest_name='LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1';

SCHEDULE DESTINATION
-------- ----------------------------------------------
ACTIVE C:\app\Administrator\product\11.1.0\db_1\RDBMS

SQL> select name, value
2 from v$parameter
3 where upper(name) like 'LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1';

NAME VALUE
------------------------------ ------------------
log_archive_dest_1

SQL> alter system set LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='' scope=both;
System altered.


-------- ---------------------------------
INACTIVE

SQL> shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.

SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 431038464 bytes
Fixed Size 1333676 bytes
Variable Size 343934548 bytes
Database Buffers 79691776 bytes
Redo Buffers 6078464 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

2 from v$parameter

NAME VALUE
------------------------------ ------------------

log_archive_dest_1


-------- ----------------------------------------------
ACTIVE C:\app\Administrator\product\11.1.0\db_1\RDBMS


-------- ----------------------------------
ACTIVE USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST

2 from v$parameter

NAME VALUE
------------------------------ -------------------
log_archive_dest_10
Medi a Recover y i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
Same as st andalone dat abase.
Par al l el Recover y i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s
When parallelism is configured, Oracle aut omat ically use t he opt imum degree of
parallelism for recovery.
# Disabling Instance and Crash Recovery Parallelism
configure RECOVERY_PARALLELISM to 0

# Disabling Media Recovery Parallelism
RMAN> RECOVER DATABASE NOPARALLEL
SQL>ALTER DATABASE RECOVER NOPARALLEL
Usi ng a Fl ash Recover y Ar ea i n RAC
Set t he paramet er DB_RECOVERY_FI LE_DEST t o a shared locat ion and must be t he same
value on all inst ances.

Managi ng Back up and Recov er y

Admi ni st r at i v e Opt i ons
Usi ng Ent er pr i se Manager Gr i d Cont r ol t o Di scover Nodes and I nst ances
To discover t arget s if a dat abase is creat ed aft er agent s are inst alled or if a dat abase is not
aut omat ically discovered at agent inst all t ime:
1. Log in t o Ent erprise Manager and click t he Tar get s t ab.
2. Click t he Dat abase t ab t o view all of t he available t arget s. The column labeled Ty pes
shows t he Oracle RAC dat abases using t he ent ry "Cl ust er Dat abase".
3. Select t he t ar get name, t hen clicking Add. The Add Dat abase Target : Specify Host page
appears, which enables you t o add dat abases, List eners, and Aut omat ic St orage
Management ( ASM) as monit ored t arget s.
4. Click t he f l ashl i ght i con t o display t he available host names, select a host , t hen click
Cont i nue. The Add Dat abase: Specify Source page appears.
5. Eit her request Ent erprise Manager t o discover only single- inst ance dat abases and
List eners, or t o discover all clust er dat abases, single- inst ance dat abases, and List eners on
t he clust er, t hen click Cont i nue.
6. Ent erprise Manager performs discovery t o locat e and display t he clust er dat abase and it s
associat ed inst ances. The Target s Discovered on Clust er page appears. I f t his procedure
did not discover your reconfigured clust er dat abase and all of it s inst ances, you can use
t his page t o manually configure your clust er dat abases and single- inst ance dat abases.
Addi t i onal I nf or mat i on About SQL* Pl us i n RAC
How SQL* Pl us Commands Af f ect I nst ances
Most SQL st at ement s affect t he current inst ance.
ALTER SYSTEM SWI TCH LOGFI LE affect s only t he current inst ance.
o To force a global log swit ch, use t he ALTER SYSTEM ARCHI VE LOG CURRENT
st at ement .
o The I NSTANCE opt ion of ALTER SYSTEM ARCHI VE LOG enables you t o archive each
online redo log file for a specific inst ance.
Di spl ayi ng Runni ng I nst ances
SHOW INSTANCE

SELECT * FROM V$ACTIVE_INSTANCES;
Di spl ayi ng Connect I dent i f i er
use SQLPROMPT Command _CONNECT_IDENTIFIER
SET SQLPROMPT "_CONNECT_IDENTIFIER _USER > "

Qui esci ng RAC Dat abases
The ALTER SYSTEM QUI ESCE RESTRI CTED and ALTER SYSTEM UNQUI ESCE st at ement s
affect all inst ances in an Oracle RAC environment .
ALTER SYSTEM QUIESCE RESTRICTED;
To set t he dat abase in t he QUI ESCE st at e, t he Dat abase Resource Manager must be
act ivat ed in all t he inst ances.
-- to make sure the resource manager is active (not null)
select value from v$parameter where upper(name)='RESOURCE_MANAGER_PLAN';
Qui esced St at e and Col d Back ups
You cannot use t he quiesced st at e t o t ake a cold backup.
Tr anspar ent Dat a Encr ypt i on and Wal l et s i n RAC
One wallet shared by all inst ances on shared st orage.
One copy of t he wallet on each local st orage: Local copies need t o be synchronized each
t ime mast er key is changed.
The wallet must reside in the directory specified by the setting for the
WALLET_LOCATION or ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION parameter in sqlnet.ora.
Admi ni st er i ng Syst em and Net w or k I nt er f aces w i t h oi f cf g
Def i ni ng Net w or k I nt er f aces w i t h oi f cf g
Sy nt ax and Commands f or t he oi f cf g Command- Li ne Tool
Oracle Interface Configuration

oifcfg -help

oifcfg iflist

oifcfg getif [ [-global | -node nodename] [-if if_name[/subnet]] [-type
if_type] ]

# store the interface hme0, with the subnet 139.185.141.0, as a global
# interface (to be used as an interconnect for all of the RAC instances in
your cluster)
oifcfg setif -global hme0/139.185.141.0:cluster_interconnect

# create the cms0 interface in rac1 and rac2
oifcfg setif -node rac1 cms0/139.185.142.1:cluster_interconnect
oifcfg setif -node rac2 cms0/139.185.142.2:cluster_interconnect

# deleting an interface
# CAUTION: when no option provided, all interfaces will be deleted:
oifcfg delif -global qfe0/204.152.65.16
# all global interfaces will be deleted
oifcfg delif -global

Changi ng Publ i c or I nt er connect I P Subnet Conf i gur at i on
A net work int erface can be st ored as a global int erface or as a node-specific int erface. An
int erface is st ored as a global int erface when all t he nodes of a RAC clust er have t he same
int erface connect ed t o t he same subnet ( recommended). I t is st ored as a node- specific
int erface only when t here are some nodes in t he clust er t hat have a different set of
int erfaces and subnet s.
su -
$CRS_HOME/bin/oifcfg getif

oifcfg delif -global eth0
oifcfg setif global eth0/139.2.166.0:public

oifcfg delif global eth1
oifcfg setif global eth1/192.168.1.0:cluster_interconnect

oifcfg getif
Changi ng VI P Addr esses
I f only t he I P address is changed, it is not necessary t o make changes t o t he list ener. ora,
t nsnames. ora and init ializat ion paramet er files, provided t hey are using t he virt ual host
names. I f changing bot h t he virt ual host name and t he VI P address for a node, it will be
necessary t o modify t hose files wit h t he new virt ual host name. For t he list ener.ora
file, you can use net ca t o remove t he old list ener and creat e a new list ener. I n addit ion,
changes will need t o be made t o t he t nsnames. ora file of any client s connect ing t o t he old
virt ual host name.
1. Confirm the current IP address for the VIP by running the ifconfig a
command. On Windows, run the ipconfig /all command.
ifconfig a

2. Stop First, the database instance, and then the ASM instance. When done,
stop nodeapps.
srvctl stop instance ..
srvctl stop asm ..
srvctl stop nodeapps

3. Verify that the VIP is no longer running by executing the ifconfig -a
command again:
ifconfig a

If the interface still online, this is an indication that a resource which is
dependent on the VIP is still running. The crs_stat -t command can help to
show resources that are still online:
crs_stat -t

4. Make any changes necessary to all nodes' /etc/hosts files (on UNIX), or
\WINNT\System32\drivers\etc\hosts files on Windows, and make the necessary DNS
changes, to associate the new IP address with the old host name.

5. Modify nodeapps and provide the new virtual IP address:
su -
srvctl modify nodeapps -n rac1 -A 192.168.2.125/255.255.255.0/eth0

6. Start nodeapps again.
srvctl start nodeapps -n rac1

7. Repeat the same steps for all the nodes in the cluster. You can stay
connected from the first node.

8. verifies the connectivity between all of the nodes.
cluvfy comp nodecon -n all [-verbose]

9. Restart all of the instances and node applications


Addi ng Nodes and I n st ances on UNI X- Based Sy st ems
Addi ng Nodes t o a RAC Envi r onment
I n adding nodes t o a clust er, t here are t hree procedures t hat can be used:
Cloning: copy images of Oracle Clust erware and RAC soft ware ont o t he ot her nodes t hat
have ident ical hardware and soft ware.
OEM: GUI of cloning.
I nt eract ive or silent procedures using script s and DBCA.
Cl oni ng Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e and RAC Sof t w ar e i n Gr i d Envi r onment s
Pr er equi si t es
Make t he required prerequisit es changes on OS t o prepare t he node for t he soft ware
cloning. The st eps st at ed in t he Preinst allat ion Tasks illust rat es t he st eps required for
Oracle 10g R2 for Oracle Linux Ent erprise 4. 5 for x86.
Met alink document I D 169706. 1 is quick reference of OS I nst allat ion and Configurat ion
Requirement s.
The DB Console should be inst alled so t hat t he required Perl files are inst alled in
$ORACLE_HOME/ clone/ bin
I f t he server has more t han one Perl version inst alled, it may be necessary t o specify
t he PERL5LI B environment variable so t hat t he versions of t he Perl modules mat ch
wit h t he Perl version used.
Cl oni ng Pr ocedur e St eps
Cl oni ng Or acl e10g Rel ease 2 on Or acl e Li nux Ent er pr i se 4. 5 f or x 86 Usi ng OUI :
1. To ensure t he int egrit y of t he copy, shut down any dat abases, list eners, agent s et c. t hat
are running from t he source home.
2. Clone t he Oracle Clust erware home t hen Oracle Dat abase home
cd /u01/crs
tar -cvf /tmp/sourcecrs.tar
cd /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0
tar -cvf /tmp/sourcedb.tar
3. Make sure t he required users and groups are t here on t he new node
id oracle
id oinstall
4. Ext ract t he t ar file
cd /u01/crs
tar -xvf /tmp/sourcecrs.tar
cd /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0
tar -xvf /tmp/sourcedb.tar
5. Run t he Oracle Universal I nst aller ( OUI ) in clone mode
/* Method 1 */
cd $ORACLE_HOME/clone/bin
perl clone.pl ORACLE_HOME="<target_home>" ORACLE_HOME_NAME="<unique_home_name>"
/* Method 2 */
cd $ORACLE_HOME/oui/bin
./runInstaller -clone -silent -ignorePreReq ORACLE_HOME="<target_home>"
ORACLE_HOME_NAME="<unique_home_name>"
I f necessary, add "- invPt rLoc < pat h> / oraI nst . loc" or "- ignoreSysPrereqs" t o t he command
line.

6. Run t he inst allat ion script s
$ORACLE_HOME/root.sh
7. Repeat st eps 1 t o 5 on Oracle home wit h RAC soft ware
8. Run t he Oracle Net Configurat ion Assist ant ( NETCA) on t he new node t o creat e a List ener.
9. Make if necessary, any modificat ion in t he t nsnames.ora file.
10. To st art t he dbconsole on t he new server, refer t o Met alink Not e 467598. 1 and Not e
278100.1 for
Qui ck - St ar t Node and I nst ance Addi t i on Pr ocedur es
Pr er equi si t es
Make t he required prerequisit es changes on OS t o prepare t he node for t he soft ware
cloning.
o The st eps st at ed in Preinst allat ion Tasks illust rat es t he st eps required for Oracle
10g R2 for Oracle Linux Ent erprise 4.5 for x86. Be careful about t he following
changes in t he st eps:
The examples in t his sect ions assumes t he node t o add has t he ip
addresses public: 192. 168.4. 15, vip: 192.168. 4. 17, priv: 192. 168.0. 15
wit h host name of rac3.
ORACLE_SI D= rac3 in t he .bash_profile file
Be careful NOT t o part it ion t he disks as t hey are already part it ioned
and used by t he ot her node(s) . However, raw disks must be binded.
Domain name resolut ion ( / et c/ host s) must apply in all nodes
Remot e inst allat ion procedure must be redone t o all nodes.
Met alink document I D 169706. 1 is quick reference of OS I nst allat ion and Configurat ion
Requirement s for t he support ed Operat ing Syst ems.
Addi ng an Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e Home t o a New Node
Pract ically, I not iced t he procedure does not work unless all t he exist ing nodes in t he RAC
are alive.
# (1) run add node in rac1
# as oracle
export CRS_HOME=/u01/crs
cd $CRS_HOME/oui/bin
./addNode.sh
# Specify the New Nodes then Next
# Verify the new node names in the Summary page then Finish (copy size:80 MB)
# run the scripts as indicated by OUI. They must be:
# /u01/app/oracle/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh in rac3
# /u01/crs/install/rootaddnode.sh in rac1
# in rac3: EDIT root.sh and fix the node list in its header BEFORE running it
# /u01/crs/root.sh in rac3
# exit the OUI

## if root.sh failed, you can cancel its effect by running:
# $CRS_HOME/install/rootdelete.sh

# (2) rac1 as oracle: run the Oracle Notification Service (RACGONS)
# obtain remote port number
cat $CRS_HOME/opmn/conf/ons.config
$CRS_HOME/bin/racgons add_config rac3:6200
#to verify
ping rac3-vip
crs_stat -t


# if you're using vmware, make backup of the environment now.
Addi ng an Or acl e Home w i t h RAC t o a New Node
OUI can be used int eract ively or in silent mode. This example shows t he int eract ive mode
st eps.
# (1) copy Oracle home
# in rac1 as oracle
./addNode.sh
# select node then Next
# verify info in the Summary page then Next
# about 1.5 GB will be copied to rac3
# run the required script

# (2) add Listener
# rac3 as oracle: run netca to add a listener in rac3 node (select rac3 ONLY)
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/netca

# (3) create db instance as descried in "Adding Database Instances to New
Nodes"

# (4) Perform Postinstallation Steps. Be aware to check the ASM instance name
before editing /etc/oractab file: ps -ef | grep asm

# (5) Review $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora file and fix node
# names errors, if any.

# (6) preferably perform General Useful Postinstallation Tasks.
Det ai l ed Node and I nst ance Addi t i on Pr ocedur e
St ep 1: Connect i ng New Nodes t o t he Cl ust er
Making Physical Connect ions
I nst alling t he Operat ing Syst em
Creat ing Oracle Users
Verifying t he I nst allat ion wit h t he Clust er Verificat ion Ut ilit y
Checking t he I nst allat ion
St ep 2: Ex t endi ng Cl ust er w ar e and Or acl e Sof t w ar e t o New Nodes
Adding Nodes at t he Vendor Clust erware Layer
Adding Nodes at t he Oracle Clust erware Layer
St ep 3: Pr epar i ng St or age on New Nodes
Raw Device St orage Preparat ion for New Nodes

St ep 4: Addi ng Nodes at t he Or acl e RAC Dat abase Layer
St ep 5: Addi ng Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes
Using Ent erprise Manager t o Add Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes
Using DBCA in I nt eract ive Mode t o Add Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes
1. St art dbca in rac1:
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbca &
2. Follow: Real Applicat ion Clust er- > I nst ance Management - > Add I nst anc- > Select RAC
dat abase- > Next - > Ent er t he I nst ance Name, select node- > Ent er service info- >
$CRS_HOME/bin/crs_stat -t

srvctl start service -d rac -s "hrserv" -i rac3
srvctl start service -d rac -s "oeserv" -i rac3
Using DBCA in Silent Mode t o Add Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes

Del et i ng Nodes and I nst an ces on UNI X- Based Sy st ems
Opt i on 1: Qui ck - St ar t Node and I nst ance Del et i on Pr ocedur es
Oracle Dat abase home is always delet ed first , t hen t he Clust erware home is delet ed.
Quick- St art node and inst ance delet eion procedure could be t he convenient opt ion when
you want t o delet e one or t wo nodes.
Del et i ng an Or acl e Home w i t h RAC f r om an Ex i st i ng Node
The t arget here is t o delet e t he Oracle dat abase home. OUI can be used in int eract ive or
silent mode t o acheive t his t arget . I nt eract ive met hod is shown here.
The example below assumes t hat you remove Oracle Dat abase home from a node named
rac2:
1. Remove rac2 from t he available or preferred list of all t he services:
# list the services
srvctl status service -d rac

# stop the services in rac2
srvctl stop service -d rac -s hrserv -i rac2
srvctl stop service -d rac -s oeserv -i rac2

# check rac2 is used by any service
srvctl config service -d rac

# my services available only in the remaining nodes
srvctl modify service -d rac -s hrserv -n -i rac1
srvctl modify service -d rac -s oeserv -n -i rac1

# confirm
srvctl config service -d rac
2. From rac1, remove DB inst ance in rac2 using DBCA (OEM can also be used) . Follow t he
st eps as in t he sub-sect ion "Using DBCA in I nt eract ive Mode t o Delet e Dat abase
I nst ances from Exist ing Node ". To confirm: s
crs_stat -t
3. Delet e ASM inst ance as described in t he sub- sect ion "ASM I nst ance Clean- Up Procedures
for Node Delet ion".
4. Use NETCA t o remove t he list ener. To confirm:
crs_stat -t
5. St op nodeapps from rac2 t hen remove t hem.
su -
cd /u01/crs/bin
./srvctl stop nodeapps -n rac2
./crs_stat -t
./srvctl remove nodeapps -n rac2
6. On rac2, t o make t he OUI remove t he soft ware home only from rac2:
su - oracle
echo $ORACLE_HOME

./runInstaller -updateNodeList ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_HOME "CLUSTER_NODES={rac2}"
local
7. Run OUI from t he home and deinst all t his home. Make sure t hat you choose t he home t o
be removed and not j ust t he product s under t hat home.
./runInstaller &
8. On rac1, run t he following command where "CLUSTER_NODES= { remaining_list } ":
echo $ORACLE_HOME
./runInstaller -updateNodeList ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_HOME "CLUSTER_NODES={rac1}"
Del et i ng an Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e Home f r om an Ex i st i ng Node
The t arget here is t o delet e t he Oracle Clust erware home from a node. OUI can be used in
int eract ive or silent mode t o acheive t his t arget . I nt eract ive met hod is shown here.
The example below assumes t hat you remove Oracle Clust erware home from a node named
as rac2:
1. Makre sure Oracle Dat abase home was removed before going on t he clust erware home
delet ion procedure.
2. I f you ran t he Oracle I nt erface Configurat ion Tool ( OI FCFG) wit h t he - global flag during
t he inst allat ion, t hen skip t his st ep. Ot herwise, from a node t hat is going t o remain in
your clust er, from t he CRS_home/ bin direct ory, run t he following command:
./oifcfg delif node rac2
3. Obt ain t he remot e port number, which you will use in t he next st ep, using t he following
command from t he CRS_HOME/ opmn/ conf direct ory:
echo $CRS_HOME
cd $CRS_HOME/opmn/conf
cat ons.config
4. I n rac1: run t he Oracle Not ificat ion Service ( RACGONS)
cd $CRS_HOME/bin
./racgons remove_config rac2:remote_port
5. On rac2 as root :
su -
$CRS_HOME/install/rootdelete.sh
6. On rac1 as root : run ./rootdeletenode.sh node2,node2-number
su -
# if you want to identify the node number
$CRS_HOME/bin/olsnodes -n

$CRS_HOME/install/rootdeletenode.sh rac2,2
$CRS_HOME/bin/olsnodes -n

7. On rac2:
su - oracle
./runInstaller -updateNodeList ORACLE_HOME=$CRS_HOME "CLUSTER_NODES={rac2}"
CRS=TRUE -local
8. On rac2, deinst all t he Oracle Clust erware using t he OUI :
./runInstaller &
9. On rac1, where "CLUSTER_NODES= { remaining_nodes_list } ":
su - oracle
./runInstaller -updateNodeList ORACLE_HOME=$CRS_HOME "CLUSTER_NODES={rac1}"
CRS=TRUE

crs_stat -t
olsnodes -n
Opt i on 2: Det ai l ed Node and I nst ance Del et i on Pr ocedur e
Det ailed node and inst ance delet eion procedure could be more convenient when you want
t o delet e high number of nodes.
St ep 1: Del et i ng DB I nst ances f r om Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s Dat abases
Usi ng Ent er pr i se Manager t o Del et e Dat abase I nst ances f r om Ex i st i ng Nodes
Follow t he links: Clust er Dat abase Home page- > Maint enance- > Deployment s sect ion->
Delet e I nst ance- > Delet ion Wizard st art s
Usi ng DBCA i n I nt er act i v e Mode t o Del et e Dat abase I nst ances f r om Exi st i ng Nodes
1. On rac1, open DBCA from Oracle home.
2. On t he DBCA Welcome page select Oracle Real Applicat ion Clust ers Dat abase, click
Next
3. On t he DBCA Operat ions page, select I nst ance Management , click Next
4. On t he I nst ance Management page, Select Delet e I nst ance, click Next
5. On t he List of Clust er Dat abases page, select t he Oracle RAC dat abase. Ent er a
SYSDBA user name and password. Click Next
6. On t he List of Clust er Dat abase I nst ances page, select an inst ance t o delet e and click
Finish.
7. I f you have services assigned t o t his inst ance, t hen t he DBCA Services Management
page appears. Use t his feat ure t o reassign services from t his inst ance t o ot her
inst ances in t he clust er dat abase.
8. On t he Summary page and click OK.
9. DBCA removes t he inst ance and t he inst ance' s Oracle Net configurat ion.
10. Aft er complet ion, exit DBCA

Usi ng DBCA i n Si l ent Mode t o Del et e I nst ance f r om Ex i st i ng Nodes
1. General Synt ax:
dbca -silent -deleteInstance [-nodeList node] -gdbName gdbname instanceName
instname -sysDBAUserName sysdba -sysDBAPassword password
-- if running form rac2:
dbca -silent -deleteInstance -gdbName rac -instanceName rac2 -sysDBAUserName
sys -sysDBAPassword syspassword

-- if running from rac1:
dbca -silent -deleteInstance -nodeList rac2 -gdbName rac -instanceName rac2 -
sysDBAUserName sys -sysDBAPassword syspassword
St ep 2: Del et i ng Nodes f r om Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s Dat abases
The example assumes rac2 is t he node t o delet e and t hat Oracle home is local ( not shared) .
1. I f t here are inst ances on t he node t hat you want t o delet e, t hen perform one of t he
procedures in t he previous sect ion Set p1 .
2. Perform ASM clean up procedure as described in t he sub- sect ion "ASM I nst ance Clean-
Up Procedures for Node Delet ion".
3. Use NETCA t o remove t he list ener from rac2.
4. On rac2:
runInstaller -updateNodeList ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_HOME CLUSTER_NODES="" local
./runInstaller &
6. On rac1, where "CLUSTER_NODES= { node_list } ":
runInstaller -updateNodeList ORACLE_HOME=Oracle_home "CLUSTER_NODES={rac1}"
7. Remove node-specific int erface configurat ions:
# to obtain port number
echo $CRS_HOME
cd $CRS_HOME/opmn/conf
cat ons.config

racgons remove_config rac2:<remote_port>
oifcfg delif -node rac2
8. On rac2, disable t he Oracle Clust erware applicat ions t hat are on t he node:
echo $CRS_HOME
cd $CRS_HOME/install
# If the ocr.loc file is on a local file system
rootdelete.sh remote nosharedvar
# If the ocr.loc file is on a shared file system
rootdelete.sh remote sharedvar

9. On any remaining node in t he clust er ( rac1), t o delet e t he nodes from t he Oracle clust er
and t o updat e t he Oracle Clust er Regist ry (OCR) :
su -
echo $CRS_HOME
# to display node numbers
$CRS_HOME/bin/olsnodes -n.

# to delete the node
# general syntax: rootdeletenode.sh node1,node1-number,node2,node2-number,...
$CRS_HOME/install/rootdeletenode.sh rac2,2
10. On rac2:
$CRS_HOME/oui/bin/runInstaller -updateNodeList ORACLE_HOME=$CRS_HOME
CLUSTER_NODES="" local CRS=true
$CRS_HOME/oui/bin/runInstaller &
12. On rac1, where "CLUSTER_NODES= { ramining_nodelist } ":
runInstaller -updateNodeList ORACLE_HOME=CRS_home "CLUSTER_NODES=rac1"
13. Verify node removal:
cluvfy comp crs -n all [-verbose]
ASM I nst ance Cl ean- Up Pr ocedur es f or Node Del et i on
The t arget here is t o remove ASM inst ance from a node.
1. St op, if any, all of t he dat abases t hat use t he ASM inst ance. I f you follow t his procedure
as part of a node delet ion, t he Db inst ance must have been removed by t his st ep.
2. On rac2:
srvctl stop asm -n rac2

srvctl remove asm -n rac2

srvctl config asm -n rac2

srvctl config asm -n rac1

crs_stat -t
3. On rac2:
rm -r $ORACLE_BASE/admin/+ASM
rm -f $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/*ASM*


Addi ng and Del et i ng Nodes an d I nst ances on
Wi ndow s- Based Sy st ems

Cl oni ng Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e and RAC Sof t w ar e i n Gr i d Envi r onment s
Qui ck - St ar t Node and Dat abase I nst ance Addi t i on and Del et i on Pr ocedur es
Addi ng an Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e Home t o a New Node
Addi ng an Or acl e Home w i t h RAC t o a New Node
Del et i ng an Or acl e Home w i t h RAC f r om an Ex i st i ng Node
Del et i ng an Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e Home f r om an Ex i st i ng Node
Det ai l ed Node and Dat abase I nst ance Addi t i on and Del et i on Pr ocedur es
Over vi ew of Node Addi t i on Pr ocedur es
St ep 1: Connect i ng New Nodes t o t he Cl ust er
Mak i ng Physi cal Connect i ons
I nst al l i ng t he Oper at i ng Syst em
Ver i f y i ng t he I nst al l at i on w i t h t he Cl ust er Ver i f i cat i on Ut i l i t y
Check i ng t he I nst al l at i on
St ep 2: Ex t endi ng Or acl e Sof t w ar e t o New Nodes at t he Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e
St ep 3: Pr epar i ng St or age on New Nodes
Raw Dev i ce St or age Pr epar at i on f or New Nodes
St ep 4: Addi ng Nodes at t he Or acl e RAC Dat abase Layer
St ep 5: Addi ng Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes
Usi ng Ent er pr i se Manager t o Add Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes
Usi ng DBCA i n I nt er act i v e Mode t o Add Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes
Usi ng DBCA i n Si l ent Mode t o Add Dat abase I nst ances t o New Nodes
Connect i ng t o i SQL* Pl us af t er Addi ng a Node

Addi ng Nodes t hat Al r eady Have Cl ust er w ar e and Or acl e Sof t w ar e t o a
Cl ust er
Over vi ew of Node Del et i on Pr ocedur es
St ep 1: Del et i ng I nst ances f r om Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s Dat abases
Usi ng Ent er pr i se Manager t o Del et e Dat abase I nst ances f r om Ex i st i ng Nodes
Usi ng DBCA i n I nt er act i v e Mode t o Del et e Dat abase I nst ances f r om Exi st i ng Nodes
Usi ng DBCA i n Si l ent Mode t o Del et e I nst ance f r om Ex i st i ng Nodes
St ep 2: Del et i ng Nodes f r om Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s Dat abases
St ep 3: ASM I nst ance Cl ean- Up Pr ocedur es f or Node Del et i on

Moni t or i ng Per f or mance
RAC Common Tuni ng Ti ps
Applicat ion t uning is oft en t he most beneficial
Resizing and t uning t he buffer cache
I ncreasing sequence caches t o a high value: t o avoid index leaf cont ent ion caused by high
or bat ch insert s.
Reducing long full- t able scans in OLTP syst ems: t o reduce GCS request s.
Using Aut omat ic Segment Space Management
Using part it ioning t o reduce int erinst ance t raffic
Avoiding unnecessary parsing
Minimizing locking usage
Removing unselect ive indexes
Configuring int erconnect properly
I nst ance Recover y and RAC
_FAST_START_I NSTANCE_RECOVERY_TARGET init ializat ion paramet ers cont rols t he t ime in
seconds from t he st art of inst ance recovery t o t he t ime when GCD is open for lock
request s.
I f FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET is also configured, t he more aggressive will be used.
Pract ically, using eit her of t hem is useless because one of t he surviving inst ances is doing
t he recovery. You can however consider t he following:
o I ncrease PARALLEL_EXECUTI ON_MESSAGE_SI ZE (message size for parallelism and it s
buffer t aken from shared pool) from it s default of 2,148 byt es t o 4 KB or 8 KB.
o Set PARALLEL_MI N_SERVERS t o CPU_COUNT- 1. This will prespawn recovery slaves at
st art up t ime.
o Using asynchronous I / O is one of t he most crucial fact ors in recovery t ime. The first -
pass log read uses asynchronous I / O.
o I nst ance recovery uses 50 percent of t he default buffer cache for recovery buffers. I f
t his is not enough, you will see it in t he alert . log. I n t hat case, increase t he size of
your default buffer cache.
Gl obal Cache Wai t Event s
gc current / cr request
gc [ current / cr] [ 2/ 3] -way
gc [ current / cr] block busy
gc [ current / cr] grant 2- way: grant occurs before I / O
gc current grant busy
gc [ current / cr] [ block/ grant ] congest ed: congest ed means it is int ernally > 1ms
gc [ current / cr] [ failure/ ret ry]
gc buffer busy

Moni t or i ng Per f or mance i n Ent er pr i se Manager
Usi ng t he Cl ust er Dat abase Per f or mance Page
Chart : Clust er Host Load Average
Desc. : load on CPU in all clust er nodes
Vert ical: No of CPUs in all t he clust er
Not ice : I f t he load average is higher t han t he average of t he t ot al number of CPUs across all
of t he host s in t he clust er, t hen t oo many processes are wait ing for CPU resources.

Chart : Global Cache Block Access Lat ency
Desc. : end-t o-end elapsed t ime or lat ency for a block request
Vert ical: lat ency in ms
Not ice : - int erconnect delay - unopt imized SQL plans t o acheive local cache hit rat ion. - t o
resolve: drill down t o t he Clust er Cache Coherency page

Chart : Global Cache Block Transfer Rat e
Desc. : number of dat a blocks received by all inst ances
Not ice: drid down t ill segment t ype

Chart : Average Act ive Sessions
Desc. : average number of act ive sessions per wait class.
Not ice: Consider t uning t he dat abase, if t he Average Act ive Sessions chart displays a large
number of sessions wait ing, indicat ing int ernal cont ent ion, and t hroughput t he Dat abase
Throughput chart s is low.

Chart : Dat abase Throughput Chart s
Desc. : summarize any cont ent ions t hat appear in t he Average Act ive Sessions chart
Not es : drill down t o inst ance level t hen t op consumers

Chart : Top Segment s Page
Desc. : t o ident ify hot t ables or indexes in a dat abase
Not es : t racks t he number of CR and current blocks received by an obj ect .

Chart : Dat abase Locks Page
Desc. : t o det ermine whet her mult iple inst ances are holding locks for t he same obj ect .
Usi ng t he Cl ust er Dat abase I nst ance Per f or mance Page
To access it , Performance t ab- > inst ance name in t he bot t om.
I nst ance- level st at ist ics including generat ing ADDM and ASH report s.
AWR: gat her st at ist ics about each individual inst ance in t he RAC and not t he ent ire dat abase.
ADDM Repor t : creat e a new AWR snapshot and run ADDM on t his and t he previous snapshot .
exec dbms_advisor.set_default_task_parameter('ADDM','DB_ACTIVITY_MIN',30)
exec dbms_workload_repository.modify_snapshot_settings(interval=>600)

exec dbms_workload_repository.create_snapshot


ASH Repor t : creat e a performance dat a report of t he dat abase based on session- sampling
dat a over a specified period of t ime. This report is very useful for diagnosing small ( five- t o
t en-minut e) performance spikes t hat might be averaged out and consequent ly hidden or
minimized by ot her issues in t he 1- hour AWR report .
Usi ng t he Cl ust er Per f or mance Page
Wit h t his informat ion, you can det ermine whet her resources need t o be added, suspended, or
redist ribut ed.
Usi ng t he Cl ust er I nt er connect s Page
Home page- > I nt erconnect Findings
Home page- > Performance- > Clust er Cache Coherency- > I nt erconnect s
This page helps det ermine t he load added by individual inst ances and dat abases on t he
int erconnect . Somet imes you can immediat ely ident ify int erconnect delays t hat are due t o
applicat ions t hat are out side Oracle Dat abase.

Mak i ng Appl i cat i ons Hi ghl y Av ai l abl e Usi ng Or acl e
Cl ust er w ar e
Not e: You can inst all t he Oracle Clust erware high availabilit y Applicat ion Programming
I nt erface ( API ) from t he Oracle Dat abase 10g release 10. 2 client inst allat ion media.
Not e: Your List ener. ora file should cont ain one ent ry for t he virt ual int ernet prot ocol ( VI P)
address, using t he VI P' s name, and anot her ent ry for t he physical host , by I P address not
name.
Mak i ng an Appl i cat i on Hi ghl y Avai l abl e Ex ampl es
Ex ampl e1: Mak i ng an Appl i cat i on Hi ghl y Av ai l abl e
I f t he applicat ion is accessed by net work, define a VI P per applicat ion.
VI P is failed over t o anot her node t oget her wit h t he applicat ion(s) .
From t here, client s can st ill connect t hrough t he VI P.

1. Creat e an applicat ion profile by edit ing an ASCI I file or by running t he crs_profile command.
# file name format resource_name. cap
save file in
$CRS_HOME\ crs\ profile for root user
$CRS_HOME\ crs\ public for non- root user

# Required Ones
# resource- specific script ( st art , st op or check will be passed by crs)
ACTI ON_SCRI PT
# applicat ion name
NAME
# resource t ype ( must be APPLI CATI ON)
TYPE
# ordered list of clust er nodes ( use names as list ed by olsnodes)
HOSTI NG_MEMBERS

# Opt ional Ones
# descript ion of t he resource
DESCRI PTI ON= ' myapplicat ion'
# list of required resources ( must be regist ered)
REQUI RED_RESOURCES
# placement policy: (balanced), favored, or rest rict ed
PLACEMENT
# when 1 ( 0) , crs re-evaluat es t he placement of a resource
# during addit ion or rest art of a clust er node
ACTI VE_PLACEMENT= 0
# when 1 ( 0) , it at uo- rest art s on syst em reboot
AUTO_START= 1
# check int ervals in seconds ( 60)

CHECK_I NTERVAL
# failover int erval ( 0)
FAI LOVER_DELAY
# int erval ( s) during which crs applies t he failure t hreshold
FAI LURE_I NTERVAL
# ( max 20) number of failures wit hin FAI LURE_I NTERVAL aft er which
# t he resource is marked offline
FAI LURE_THRESHOLD
# space- delimit ed list e of resource used during placement decisions
OPTI ONAL_RESOURCES
# rest art at t empt s before relocat e ( 1)
RESTART_ATTEMPTS
# maint ained by crs
RESTART_COUNT
# t imeout in seconds t he script needs before ret urning an error ( 60)
SCRI PT_TI MEOUT
START_TI MEOUT
STOP_TI MEOUT
# applicat ion up-t ime t o be considered st able by crs
UPTI ME_THRESHOLD
# example 1
oracle$crs_profile -create postman -t application -B
/opt/email/bin/crs_postman \
-d "Email Application" -r network1 -l application2 \
-a postman.scr -o ci=5,ft=2,fi=12,ra=2

# in $CRS_HOME/crs/public
# will generate file postman.cap containing:
NAME=postman
TYPE=application
ACTION_SCRIPT=/oracle/crs/script/postman.scr
ACTIVE_PLACEMENT=0
AUTO_START=0
CHECK_INTERVAL=5
DESCRIPTION=email app
FAILOVER_DELAY=0
FAILURE_INTERVAL=12
FAILURE_THRESHOLD=2
HOSTING_MEMBERS=
OPTIONAL_RESOURCES=application2
PLACEMENT=balanced
REQUIRED_RESOURCES=network1
RESTART_ATTEMPTS=2
SCRIPT_TIMEOUT=60
...
# and script file postman.scr

# Create Application VIP
# create network1 VIP address application
# where eth0 is the public network nic
# 138.3.83.78 is the vip address
crs_profile create network1 -t application \

-a $CRS_HOME/bin/usrvip \
-o oi=eth0,ov=138.3.83.78,on=255.255.240.0

# as oracle, register network1
oracle$crs_register network1

# change the owner of the resource
crs_setperm network1 o root

# enable oracle user to run the script
crs_setperm network1 u user:oracle:r-x

# as oracle starts the vip
crs_start network1
2. Regist er t he applicat ion profile using t he crs_regist er command.
crs_register postman
# If you modify postman profile, then update the OCR:
crs_register -u postman
3. Run t he crs_st art command t o init iat e t he applicat ion profile and t hen t he Oracle
Clust erware runs t he act ion program command t hat you have included in t he profile t o st art
your applicat ion.
crs_start postman

# to start an application resource, even if one of the required resources
# is offline:
crs_start -f postman
4. The Oracle Clust erware periodically runs t he act ion program command t o check an
applicat ions st at us.
5. I n t he event of a check or node failure, t he Oracle Clust erware recovers t he applicat ions
eit her by rest art ing it on t he current node or by relocat ing t he applicat ion t o anot her node. To
manually relocat e t he applicat ion and it s resources t o anot her node:
# the application and its required resources must be offline
crs_relocate postman -c rac2
6. I f you run t he crs_st op command t o st op t he applicat ion, t hen t he Oracle Clust erware runs
t he act ion program command t o st op it .
crs_stop postman

# to stop an application that is required by an online resource
crs_stop -f postman
Ex ampl e2: Mak i ng an Appl i cat i on Hi ghl y Av ai l abl e
/* Making xclock program highly available */

#
# 1) create the action script file
# create following script in both nodes (in $CRS_HOME/crs/script)
# make the file executable
# you can then test it by passing start stop and check


su -
vi $CRS_HOME/crs/script/crsclock_action.scr
chmod 777 $CRS_HOME/crs/script/crsclock_action.scr

#!/bin/bash
# start/stop/check script for xclock example
# the script assumes xclock is there
# and DISPLAY variable is set
APP=/usr/X11R6/bin/xclock
BIN_NAME=xclock
LOG_DIR=/tmp

export DISPLAY=:0.0

echo `date +"%M:%S"` $0 $* $$>>/tmp/mylog.log

PID1=`ps -ef | grep $BIN_NAME | grep -v grep | grep -v xclock_app | awk '{
print $2 }'`

case $1 in
'start')
if [ "$PID1" != "" ]
then
status_p1="running"
else
if [ -x $APP ]
then
#umask 002
${APP} &
PID1=`ps -ef | grep $BIN_NAME | grep -v grep | grep -v xclock_app | awk
'{ print $2 }'`
echo `date +"%M:%S"` $* $PID1 $USER>>/tmp/mylog.log
status_p1="started"
else
echo `basename $0`": $APP: Executable not found"
fi
fi
echo "$APP: $status_p1"
;;
'stop')
if [ "${PID1}" != "" ]
then
kill -9 ${PID1} && echo "$APP killed"
else
echo "$BIN_NAME: no running Process!"
fi
;;
'check')
if [ "$PID1" != "" ]
then
echo "running"
exit 0
else
echo "not running"
echo `date +"%M:%S"` $0 $* "ERR">>/tmp/mylog.log
exit 1

fi
;;
*)
echo "Usage: "`basename $0`" {start|stop|check}"
;;
esac

#
# 2) create application resource profile named myClock
# if you copy paste, fix the hyphen issue
su -
$CRS_HOME/bin/crs_profile -create myClock -t application -a
crsclock_action.scr -p favored -h "rac1-vip rac2-vip" -o ci=5,ra=2

# check the generated file
cat $CRS_HOME/crs/profile/myClock.cap

#
# 3) Register the resource (in ONE node only)
# must be done as root and then permission is granted to oracle
su -
$CRS_HOME/bin/crs_register myClock
$CRS_HOME/bin/crs_setperm myClock -u user:oracle:r-x
$CRS_HOME/bin/crs_stat myClock

#
# 4) Start the resource
# as oracle
su - oracle
$CRS_HOME/bin/crs_start myClock

Managi ng Aut omat i c Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e Resour ce Oper at i ons f or Act i on Scr i pt s
/* Preventing Automatic Database Instance Restarts */
In the application profile, set AUTO_START to (lowercase only):
always, restore, never

/* Automatically Manage Restart Attempts Counter for Resources */
This is controlled by the attributes RESTART_ATTEMPTS and RESTART_COUNT.
Di spl ayi ng Cl ust er w ar e Appl i cat i on and Appl i cat i on Resour ce St at us I nf or mat i on
# application status
crs_stat postman

# all resources status
crs_stat -t
# specific resource status
crs_stat -t ora.rac1.ASM1.asm

# stats about the resources ( R=Restart, F=Fail)
crs_stat -v

# application profile

crs_stat -p
crs_stat -p ora.rac1.ASM1.asm
Unr egi st er i ng Appl i cat i ons and Appl i cat i on Resour ces
su -
$CRS_HOME/bin/crs_unregister postman

RAC Tr oubl eshoot i ng
Di agnosi ng t he Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e Hi gh Avai l abi l i t y Component s
Debuggi ng Recommnedat i on
Always make sure t hat your nodes have exact ly t he same syst em t ime. Use NTP.
Cl ust er w ar e Log Fi l es and t he Uni f i ed Log Di r ect or y St r uct ur e
# Cluster Ready Services Daemon (crsd)
# It is archived every 10 MB (crsd.l01, crsd.l02, )
$CRS_HOME/log/hostname/crsd

# Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR)
$CRS_HOME/log/hostname/client

# Cluster Synchronization Services (CSS)
# is archived every 20 MB (cssd.l01, cssd.l02, )
$CRS_HOME/log/hostname/cssd

# Event Manager (EVM)
$CRS_HOME/log/hostname/evmd

# RACG Log Files
$CRS_HOME/log/hostname/racg
$ORACLE_HOME/log/hostname/racg

# SRVM (srvctl) and OCR (ocrdump, ocrconfig, ocrcheck) logs
$ORA_CRS_HOME/log/<hostname>/client

# crs alerts
$ORA_CRS_HOME/log/<hostname>/alert<nodename>.log
Dynami c Debuggi ng
/* to Enable Debugging */
# as root
# for the Oracle Clusterware
crsctl debug log crs "CRSRTI:1,CRSCOMM:2"

# for EVM
crsctl debug log evm "EVMCOMM:1"

# for resources (1 is the debugging level)
crsctl debug log res "resname:1"
# example:
crsctl debug log res "ora.rac1.vip:1"
Component Lev el Debuggi ng
# to enable debugging for all of the modules
# where level 1 (least) to 5 (max)
set ORA_CRSDEBUG_ALL <level>

# to enable tracing for a specific sub-module

set ORA_CRSDEBUG_modulename
# to list the sub-modules
# where module is crs, evm, or css
crsctl lsmodules <module>
Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e Shut dow n and St ar t up
su -
crsctl stop crs
crsctl start crs
Enabl i ng and Di sabl i ng Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e Daemons
su -
crsctl enable crs
crsctl disable crs
Di agnost i cs Col l ect i on Scr i pt
Generat es t he following files in t he local direct ory:
basData_<hostname>.tar.gz
crsData _<hostname>. tar.gz
ocrData _<hostname>. tar.gz
oraData _<hostname>. tar.gz
# when asked by Oracle support
su -
export ORA_CRS_HOME=/u01/crs1020
export ORACLE_BASE= =/u01/app/oracle
cd $ORA_CRS_HOME/bin
$CRS_HOME/bin/diagcollection.pl -collect
The Or acl e Cl ust er w ar e Al er t s
# can be found in:
$CRS_Home/log/hostname/alerthostname.log
Resour ce Debuggi ng
# method 1: where 1 in the following example is the debugging level
crsctl debug log res "ora.node1.vip:1"

# method 2:
export USER_ORA_DEBUG=1
# .. then issue crsctl start, stop, or check
Check i ng t he Heal t h of t he Cl ust er w ar e
crsctl check crs
Tr oubl eshoot i ng t he Or acl e Cl ust er Regi st r y

Tr oubl eshoot i ng Host name Changes and CSS
I f you change t he host name for ASM, t hen t he Oracle CSS daemon will not st art . I n order t o
count er t his problem, please use t he following st eps:

Login as t he root user
Run localconfig delet e t o deconfigure CSS. This will remove any configurat ion relat ed files
on t he syst em t hat referenced t he old host name.
Run localconfig add t o reconfigure CSS using t he new host name.
Enabl i ng Addi t i onal Tr aci ng f or Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s Hi gh Av ai l abi l i t y

Di agnosi ng Or acl e Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s Component s

Wher e t o Fi nd Fi l es f or Anal yzi ng Er r or s

Usi ng I nst ance- Speci f i c Al er t Fi l es i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s

Enabl i ng Tr aci ng f or Jav a- Based Tool s and Ut i l i t i es i n Real Appl i cat i on Cl ust er s

Resol v i ng Pendi ng Shut dow n I ssues

Usi ng t he Cl ust er Ver i f i cat i on Ut i l i t y
Cl ust er Ver i f y Locat i ons
Download it from OTN
Oracle soft ware DVD:
./cluvfy/runcluvfy.sh
Oracle Clust erware home:
$ORA_CRS_HOME/bin/cluvfy
Oracle Home:
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/cluvfy
Cl ust er Ver i f y St ages
You can list verifiable st ages wit h t he cluvfy stage -list
Valid st age opt ions and st age names are ( ordered) :
-post hwos: Postcheck for hardware and operating system
-pre cfs: Precheck for OCFS setup
-post cfs: Postcheck for OCFS setup
-pre crsinst: Precheck for CRS installation
-post crsinst: Postcheck for CRS installation
-pre dbinst: Precheck for database installation
-pre dbcfg: Precheck for database configuration

Cl ust er Ver i f y Component s
You can list verifiable CVU component s wit h t he cluvfy comp - list
Verifiable CVU component s:
nodereach: Checks reachability between nodes
nodecon: Checks node connectivity
cfs: Checks Oracle Cluster File System integrity
ssa: Checks shared storage accessibility
space: Checks space availability
sys: Checks minimum system requirements
clu: Checks cluster integrity
clumgr: Checks cluster manager integrity
ocr: Checks OCR integrity
crs: Checks CRS integrity
nodeapp: Checks node applications existence
admprv: Checks administrative privileges
peer: Compares properties with peers
CVU Component Ver i f i cat i on Ex ampl es
#verify the minimal system requirements on the nodes before installing
Clusterware
cluvfy comp sys -n node1,node2 -p crs -verbose

#check the system requirements before installing RAC:
cluvfy comp sys -n node1,node2 -p database -verbose

#verify whether storage is shared among the nodes in your cluster database or
to identify all of the storage that is available on the system and can be
shared across the cluster nodes:
cluvfy comp ssa -n all -s /dev/sda1

#check there is 5 GB free in all nodes:
cluvfy comp space -n all -l /home/product -z 5G

#can node1 reach node2:
cluvfy comp nodereach -n node2 -srcnode node1

#checks whether node1 and node2 can communicate through the eth0 network
interface (without i, all interfaces are checked):
cluvfy comp nodecon -n node1,node2 i eth0 -verbose

#verify user equivalence for all the nodes:
cluvfy comp admprv -n all -o user_equiv -verbose

#verify existence of node applications, namely VIP, ONS, and GSD, on all
the nodes:
cluvfy comp nodeapp -n all -verbose

#compares all the nodes and determines whether any differences exist between
the values of preselected properties
cluvfy comp peer -n all verbose | more
Under st andi ng CVU Commands, Hel p, Out put , and Nodel i st Shor t cut s

Per f or mi ng Var i ous CVU Test s

Know n I ssues f or t he Cl ust er Ver i f i cat i on Ut i l i t y


Par t 8 Or acl e War ehousi ng

Or acl e War eh ou se Bui l der ( OWB)
Or acl e War ehouse Bui l der Ar chi t ect ur e

St ar t i ng and St opi ng t he Ser vi ce
Starting and Stopping OWB Service

-- stop service
sqlplus OWBSYS/<password> @<ORACLE_HOME>\stop_service.sql

-- start service
sqlplus OWBSYS/<password> @<ORACLE_HOME>\start_service.sql

-- if start fails, check the problem using the following script:
sqlplus OWBSYS/<password> @<ORACLE_HOME>\service_doctor.sql

-- if OWBSYS user is locked or its password was modified, the start
-- will fail. Store the changed password in the repository using:
sqlplus OWBSYS/<password> @<ORACLE_HOME>\set_repository_password.sql
Conf i gur i ng t he Reposi t or y and Wor k spaces
Got o St art > Oracle Home> Warehouse Builder> Administ rat ion> Reposit ory Assist ant
on UNI X, locat e OWB_ORACLE_HOME/ owb/ bin/ and run reposinst .sh
Select Manage Workspaces> Creat e a New Workspace> Workspace Owner> . . .
The user must have OWB_USER role.
Select a base language for t he reposit ory ( cannot be changed lat er)
Select Workspace users

St eps of Usi ng War ehouse Bui l der
Design t he t arget st ruct ure
o Design a dimensional model and implement it in a dat abase as:
Relat ional implement at ion ( st ar schema)
Mult idimensional implement at ion ( OLAP)
Creat e a proj ect
Ti p: t o delet e a proj ect , expand anot her proj ect t hen right click on t he proj ect you want
t o delet e.
Creat e source module( s) :
o Oracle module: specify host name: port rat her t han using SQL* Net Connect ion.
o Non- Oracle module: creat e ODBC connect ion t o t he dat abase t hen configure Oracle t o
connect t o t he ODBC connect ion:
Copy t he file ORACLE_HOME\ hs\ admin\ init dg4odbc. ora t o init < odbc
connect ion> . ora
HS_FDS_CONNECT_INFO = <odbc data_source_name>
HS_FDS_TRACE_LEVEL = <trace_level>
For example:
HS_FDS_CONNECT_INFO = MYSQLSERVER
HS_FDS_TRACE_LEVEL = 0
Edit t he list ener. ora t hen rest art t he list ener:
# PROGRAM=dg4odbc in Oracle 11g
# PROGRAM=hsodbc in 10g
SID_LIST_LISTENER=
(SID_LIST=
(S Global Explorer> Secutiryt>Users >NewID_DESC=
(SID_NAME=mysqlserver)
(ORACLE_HOME=D:\app\bob\product\11.1.0\db_1)
(PROGRAM=dg4odbc)
)
)
Right - click on t he ODBC node in t he Design Cent er and select New
Edit t he connect ion. Make sure t hat bot h username and password are enclosed in
double quot es. Ent er t he Host where t he Oracle dat abase resides.
Ti p: t o del et e a connect ion, unregist er it first from Cont rol Manager t hen delet e it from
Design Cent er.
Not e: The t ransparent gat eway agent s must be purchased and inst alled separat ely from
t he Oracle Dat abase, and t hen configured t o support t he communicat ion wit h t he
ext ernal dat abase. The generic connect ivit y agent is included wit h t he Oracle Dat abase.
o I mport source met adat a from files:
Files> New> define pat h ( not file)
On t he creat ed obj ect > I mport .. > Sample> . . > Finish


I mport source met adat a: by using t he I mport Met adat a Wizard or manually. Manual
met hod: under Tables node, New> Dat a Obj ect Edit or.
Creat e t he t arget user
Global Explorer> Secut iryt > Users > New (always creat ed in t he db reposit ory)
Creat e t he t arget module
Creat e t arget dimensions in OWB:
o Dimension: Dimension At t ribut es, Levels, Level At t ribut es and Hierarchies
o Time dimension: Proj ect Explorer> Dat abases> Ourproj ect > Dimensions> New> Using
Time Wizard. A mapping and a sequence will be as a result creat ed.
Creat e t arget cubes in OWB
Design st aging area t able(s)
Creat e a mapping from source t o st aging t able: add source t ables, add t he st aging t arget
t able t hen link from source t o st aging t arget . Linking may include:
o Joiner: edit it t o add more I nput Groups, link source t ables t o it , define j oin condit ion.
Not e: Oracle 10. 2. 0. 4 ret urns "Bad expression ret urn t ype" error ( bug I D 7417869) .
o Aggregat or: link out put of Joiner t o it s input . Set it s Group By Clause set t ing. Add
required aggregat ion funct ions ( usually SUM) by right clicking on OUTGRP1> Open
det ails> Out put At t ribut es> Add but t on t o add somet hing like AMOUNT> OK> click on
AMOUNT in t he aggregat or> Propert ies Window> Expression> set t he funct ion> OK
o Transformat ion
Validat e t he mapping
Generat e t he mapping
Deploy t he mapping
Execut e t he mapping
Mappi ng Oper at or s
Sour ce and Tar get Oper at or s: Cube, Dimension, Ext ernal Table, Table, Const ant , View,
Sequence, Const ruct ( ret urns SYS_REFCURSOR)
Dat a Fl ow Oper at or s: Aggregat or, Deduplicat or (dist inct SQL funct ion) , Expression, Filt er,
Joiner, Key Lookup, Pivot , Set Operat ion, Split t er, Transformat ion, Table Funct ion
Pr e/ Post Pr ocessi ng Oper at or s: Mapping I nput Paramet er, Mapping Out put Paramet er,
Post -Mapping Process, Pre- Mapping Process
Pl uggabl e Mappi ngs: group of operat ors act as single operat or



Par t 9 Or acl e Dat abase Ut i l i t i es

Usi ng SQL* Pl u s
Usi ng SQL* Pl us Command- Li ne Opt i ons
sqlplus [ [<option>] [<logon>] [<start>] ]
<start> is: @<URL>|<filename>[.<ext>] [<parameter> ...]
The silent opt ion ( - S) : no out put on screen
The no-prompt logon opt ion ( - L) : no username/ password quest ion aft er login fail
The markup opt ion ( - M) : HTML generat ion
sqlplus help
St ar t i ng SQL* Pl us Sessi on
$export ORACLE_HOME= /u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1
$ORACLE_SID=orcl
$export ORACLE_SID
NLS_LANG and ORA_NLS11
sqlplus oe/oe@//myserver.mydomain:1521/testdb
sqlplus username/passwd
sqlplus username/passwd AS SYSDBA
sqlplus username/passwd@(DESCRIPTION =(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=sales-
server)(PORT=1521)(CONNECT_DATA= (SERVICE_NAME=orcl.mycompany.com)))
Cont r ol l i ng User Pr i vi l eges i n SQL* Pl us
Product _user_profile t able cont rols what commands a user can issue in SQL* Plus session.
The following commands can be prevent ed by using t his feat ure.
SQL: ALTER, AUDI T, ANALYZE, CREATE, DELETE, DROP, I NSERT, LOCK, NOAUDI T, RENAME,
SELECT, UPDATE, VALI DATE, TRUNCATE, GRANT, REVOKE, SET ROLE, SET TRANSACTI ON
PL/ SQL: DECLARE, BEGI N
SQL* PLUS: COPY, HOST, SET, EDI T, PASSWORD, SPOOL, EXECUTE, QUI T, START, EXI T,
RUN, GET, SAVE
You can use t he RESTRI CT command t o prevent users from using cert ain operat ing syst em
commands. I t disables t he commands even where t here are no connect ions t o t he server.
Command Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
EDI T Disabled Disabled Disabled
GET Disabled
HOST Disabled Disabled Disabled
SAVE Disabled Disabled
SPOOL Disabled Disabled
START Disabled
STORE Disabled Disabled

SQL> DESC product_user_profile
Name Null? Type
------------------------------
PRODUCT NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
USERID VARCHAR2(30)
ATTRIBUTE VARCHAR2(240) -- command to disable in upper case
SCOPE VARCHAR2(240)
NUMERIC_VALUE NUMBER(15,2)
CHAR_VALUE VARCHAR2(240) -- role name to disable
DATE_VALUE DATE
LONG_VALUE LONG

-- no insert
INSERT INTO product_user_profile VALUES
('SQL*PLUS','OE','INSERT',NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL);
-- no OS command
INSERT INTO product_user_profile (product,userid,attribute) VALUES
('SQL*Plus','myuser','HOST');
-- no set Role to DBA
insert into product_user_profile(product, userid, attribute, char_value)
values('SQL*Plus', 'APPS', 'ROLES', 'DBA');
-- Preventing access using PL/SQL
insert into system.product_profile (product, userid, attribute, char_value)
values ('SQL*Plus', 'AMAR', 'DECLARE', 'DISABLED');
insert into system.product_profile (product, userid, attribute, char_value)
values ('SQL*Plus', 'AMAR', 'BEGIN', 'DISABLED');

sqlplus -RESTRICT 1
Set t i ng t he SQL* Pl us Envi r onment w i t h t he SET Command
help index list of available commands by t yping
help set variable possible values
AUTO[ COMMI T] Specifies whet her commit s of t ransact ions are aut omat ic or manual.
DEF[ I NE] { &/ C/ ON/ OFF} Set s t he prefix charact er used during variable subst it ut ions.
ECHO { OFF/ ON} when ON, each command will be displayed before it s out put onscreen.
FEED[ BACK] { OFF/ ON} whet her t o show t he number of records ret urned by your query.
LONG { 80/ n} maximum widt h of t he LONG, CLOB, NCLOB, and XMLType values
NEWP[ AGE] { 1/ n/ none} Specifies t he number of blank lines at t he t op of each new page.
PAGES[ I ZE] { 24/ n} Specifies t he number of lines in each page
TI [ ME] { OFF/ ON} Displays t ime if set t o on.
TI MI [ NG] { OFF/ ON} Cont rols t he display of t iming for SQL commands.
VER[ I FY] { OFF/ ON} Specifies whet her SQL t ext is displayed aft er variable subst it ut ion.
Set t i ng SQL* Pl us Pr ef er ances
Globally glogin. sql
User level login. sql: in Oracle 11g, execut ed even aft er connect command

Loggi ng SQL* Pl us Er r or s
I n Oracle 11g, SET ERRORLOGGI NG ON command writ es all subsequent errors int o a t able
called sperrorlog.
SET ERRORLOGGING ON
SHOW ERRORLOGGING
Key SQL* Pl us " Wor k i ng" Commands
Setting SQLPROMPT Command
_USER
_CONNECT_IDENTIFIER
_PRIVILEGE as sysdba
_DATE
SET SQLPROMPT "_USER > "
host
HOST cp /u01/app/oracle/new.sql /tmp
SPOOL { file_name[.ext] [CRE[ATE]|REP[LACE]|APP[END]]| OFF}
SPOOL /u01/app/oracle/data/employees.txt;
SELECT * FROM hr.employees;
SPOOL OFF;
-- ACCEPT and PROMPT Commands
ACCEPT MYTITLE PROMPT 'Title: '
-- using PAUSE to check long listing output
SQL> SHOW PAUSE
PAUSE is OFF
SQL> SET PAUSE ON
SQL> very long list is displayed
Cr eat i ng Command Fi l es i n SQL* Pl us
SAVE status.sql
-- set the search directory using env var ORACLE_PATH
@myscriptfile.sql

-- Creating a Windows Batch Script
sqlplus username/password@connect_identifier @C:\temp\testscript.sql

-- substitution vars
DEFINE owner = '&1'
SELECT segment_name,segment_type,extents
FROM dba_segments
WHERE owner = upper ('&owner');
Copyi ng Tabl es w i t h t he COPY Command
commit s while dat a are moved
slower t han CREATE TABLE . . AS SELECT
SQL> COPY
usage: COPY FROM <db> TO <db> <opt> <table> { (<cols>) } USING <sel>
<db> : database string, e.g., hr/your_password@d:chicago-mktg
<opt> : ONE of the keywords: APPEND, CREATE, INSERT or REPLACE

<table>: name of the destination table
<cols> : a comma-separated list of destination column aliases
<sel> : any valid SQL SELECT statement

set ARRAYSIZE 100
SQL> COPY FROM sysadm/sysadm1@finance1-
> CREATE test01 -
> USING SELECT * FROM employee;
Cr eat i ng Web Pages Usi ng SQL* Pl us
SQLPLUS -MARKUP "HTML ON"
SQL> SET MARKUP HTML ON SPOOL ON
SQL> commands here . . .
SQL> SET MARKUP HTML OFF SPOOL OFF
Usi ng SQL t o Gener at e SQL
SET ECHO OFF HEADING OFF FEEDBACK OFF
SPOOL test.txt
SELECT 'grant connect, resource to '||username||';' FROM dba_users;
@test.txt
Enabl i ng AUTOTRACE f or a User
-- create plan_table (if not there)
desc plan_table
conn / as sysdba
@E:\oracle\OraDB11g\RDBMS\ADMIN\utlxplan.sql

-- create plustrace role
@E:\oracle\OraDB11g\sqlplus\admin\plustrce.sql

grant plustrace to scott;

SET AUTOTRACE
ON
ON STATISTICS
ON EXPLAIN
TRACEONLY
TRACEONLY STATISTICS
OFF
Usi ng r l w r ap Ut i l i t y w i t h SQL* Pl us i n Uni x - Based Syst ems
rlwrap ut ilit y allows you t o navigat e hist ory of commands in SQL* Plus and edit t hem.
/* Install */
# Option 1: for rpm version:
# can be downloaded from:
# http://rpm.pbone.net
# http://ivan.kartik.sk

rpm -ivh rlwrap*.rpm

# Option 2: for tar version
# download rlwrap-0.30.tar.gz (search the net or from
http://www.ahmedbaraka.com/download/oracle/rlwrap-0.30.tar.gz )
# unzip the file and install
su -
gunzip rlwrap-0.30.tar.gz
tar -xvf rlwrap-0.30.tar
cd rlwrap-0.30
./configure
make
make install

/* Recommended */
vi /home/oracle/.bashrc
alias sqlpus='rlwrap sqlplus /nolog'
# or
echo "alias sqlpus='rlwrap sqlplus /nolog'" >> /home/oracle/.bashrc


Usi ng SQL* Loader Ut i l i t y
I nvok i ng SQL* Loader
SQLLDR keyword=value [,keyword=value,. . .]
Paramet ers can be specified in a paramet er file:
sqlldr PARFILE=c:\...\myparfile.txt
You specify t he command- line paramet ers ( which also could be specified in t he cont rol file) :
USERID = usrname/passwored
CONTROL = '/../mycontrol.ctl'
DATA = '/../mydata.dat'
LOG = '/.../mylog.log'
BAD = '/.../mybadfile.bad' if not specified, Oracle will creat e one
DISCARD='/../mydiscard.dat' discarded dat a do not meet t he crit eria
DISCARDMAX=100
SKIP = 235550
in convent ional pat h mode, bind size in byt es OR number of rows
BINDSIZE = 512000
ROWS = 64000
DIRECT=true
UNRECOVERABLE=Y ( see direct load opt ions in t he following sect ions)
ERRORS = 0 no errors t olerat ed
LOAD = 10000 maximum number of logical records t o be loaded int o t he t able
SILENT = ALL all generat ed message are NOT displayed
PARALLEL=true only when DI RECT= t rue
RESUMABLE=true default is false
RESUMABLE_NAME = finance1_load
RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT = 3660 in seconds
Usi ng SQL* Loader Cont r ol Fi l e
Dat afile:
o I nput File
Ext ernal I nput file: INFILE='/a01/app/oracle/oradata/load/consumer.dat'
I nline Dat a: INFILE = * then BEGINDATA ...
o Physical and Logical Records
CONCATENATE n RECLEN m every n rows of dat a is considered one logical row,
and t he row lengt h is m charact ers
CONTINUEIF THIS (1:4) = 'next' if SQL* Loader finds t he four let t ers next at
t he beginning of a line, it should t reat t he dat a t hat follows as a cont inuat ion of
t he previous line
CONTINUEIF LAST = '&' cont inue if last charact er is &
o Record Format
specific record t erminat or: by default new line. To change it t o somet hing else
like t he pipe for example:
infile "test.dat" "str '|\n'"

in t his case, t he following dat a are t wo records ( mult i- line fields):
one line;hello dear world;|
two lines;Dear world,
hello!;|
Fixed record format : INFILE '..' "fix 12" ( 12-byt e- size records)
ahmed,1234, johnso,1234= "ahmed,1234, " and "12johnson,1234"
Variable record format : INFILE '..' "var 2"
05ahmed12johnson,1234 = "ahmed" and "12johnson,1234"
Loading:
o defining dest inat ion t able( s): INTO TABLE .. INSERT | REPLACE | APPEND
o defining rej ect ion condit ion: WHEN <condition>
WHEN(activity_type <>'H') and (activity_type <>'T')
Not e: OR operat or cannot be used in t he WHEN condit ion. To workaraound, load int o mult iple
t ables. Check t he examples.
Table- and Field- Mapping
o Fields posit ion ( eit her you use t his or t he delimit ers)
Relat ive: employee_name t o st art in posit ion 7 and cont inue for 30 charact ers
employee_id POSITION(*) NUMBER EXTERNAL 6
employee_name POSITION(*) CHAR 30
Absolut e
employee_id POSITION(1:6) INTEGER EXTERNAL
employee_name POSITION(7:36) CHAR
Not e: a field can be skipped using FI LLER keyword.
o Dat a Types:
I NTEGER( n) binary int eger, where n can be 1, 2, 4, or 8
SMALLI NT
CHAR
I NTEGER EXTERNAL
FLOAT EXTERNAL
DECI MAL EXTERNAL
LOBFI LE
o Delimit ers: using POSI TI ON is fast er t han delimit ers
TERMINATED BY WHITESPACE
TERMINATED BY ","
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
o Dat a Transformat ion Paramet ers: SQL funct ion(s) is specified aft er t he dat a t ype and
should be enclosed in double quot at ion marks
field_name CHAR TERMINATED BY "," "SUBSTR(:field_name, 1, 10)"
employee_name POSITION 32-62 CHAR "UPPER(:ename)"
salary position 75 CHAR "TO_NUMBER(:sal,'$99,999.99')"
commission INTEGER EXTERNAL "":commission * 100"
Command- Line Paramet ers in t he Cont rol File
USERID = usrname/passwored
CONTROL = '/../mycontrol.ctl'
DATA = '/../mydata.dat'
LOG = '/.../mylog.log'
BAD = '/.../mybadfile.bad' if not specified, Oracle will creat e one
DISCARD='/../mydiscard.dat' discarded dat a do not meet t he crit eria
DISCARDMAX=100

SKIP = 235550
in convent ional pat h mode, bind size in byt es OR number of rows
BINDSIZE = 512000
ROWS = 64000
DIRECT=true ( see direct load opt ions in t he following sect ions)
ERRORS = 0 no errors t olerat ed
LOAD = 10000 maximum number of logical records t o be loaded int o t he t able
SILENT = ALL all generat ed message are NOT displayed
PARALLEL=true only when DI RECT= t rue
RESUMABLE=true default is false
RESUMABLE_NAME = finance1_load
RESUMABLE_TIMEOUT = 3660 in seconds
Generat ing Dat a
o Const ant
loaded_by CONSTANT "sysadm"
o Expression: SQL or PL/ SQL funct ion ( doesnt work in direct loading)
column_name EXPRESSION "SQL string"
o Record Number in t he dat afile
record_num RECNUM
o Syst em Dat e
loaded_date sysdate
o Sequence
loadseq SEQUENCE(max,1)

/* Example 1 */
-- tabe separated with nulls in the data
Data to Import:
1 Ahmed Baraka 1000 1.87 1-1-2000
2 John Rice 5000 2.4 10-5-1998
3 Emme Rak 2500 2.34
4 King Size 2700
5 Small Size 3000 31-3-2001

Table Structure
PERSONS
(ID NUMBER,
PNAME VARCHAR2(100),
BALANCE NUMBER,
RATE NUMBER,
JOIN_DATE DATE );

Control File:
OPTIONS ( ERRORS=0)
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'C:\temp\data\persons.dat'
BADFILE 'C:\temp\data\persons.bad'
DISCARDFILE 'C:\temp\data\persons.dsc'

INTO TABLE "HR"."PERSONS" REPLACE
FIELDS TERMINATED BY X'9' TRAILING NULLCOLS

(ID INTEGER EXTERNAL,
PNAME CHAR,
BALANCE INTEGER EXTERNAL,
RATE FLOAT EXTERNAL,
JOIN_DATE date 'dd-mm-yyyy')

/* Example 2 */
-- positional columns
load data
infile *
replace
into table departments
( dept position (02:05) char(4),
deptname position (08:27) char(20)
)
begindata
COSC COMPUTER SCIENCE
ENGL ENGLISH LITERATURE
MATH MATHEMATICS
POLY POLITICAL SCIENCE

/* Example 3 */
-- data transformation
LOAD DATA
INFILE *
INTO TABLE modified_data
( rec_no "my_db_sequence.nextval",
region CONSTANT '31',
time_loaded "to_char(SYSDATE, 'HH24:MI')",
data1 POSITION(1:5) ":data1/100",
data2 POSITION(6:15) "upper(:data2)",
data3 POSITION(16:22)"to_date(:data3, 'YYMMDD')"
)
BEGINDATA
11111AAAAAAAAAA991201
22222BBBBBBBBBB990112

LOAD DATA
INFILE 'mail_orders.txt'
BADFILE 'bad_orders.txt'
APPEND
INTO TABLE mailing_list
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ","
( addr,
city,
state,
zipcode,
mailing_addr "decode(:mailing_addr, null, :addr, :mailing_addr)",
mailing_city "decode(:mailing_city, null, :city, :mailing_city)",
mailing_state,
move_date "substr(:move_date, 3, 2) || substr(:move_date, 7, 2)"
)

/* Example 4 */

-- loading from multiple input files
LOAD DATA
INFILE file1.dat
INFILE file2.dat
INFILE file3.dat
APPEND
INTO TABLE emp
( empno POSITION(1:4) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
ename POSITION(6:15) CHAR,
deptno POSITION(17:18) CHAR,
mgr POSITION(20:23) INTEGER EXTERNAL
)

/* Example 5 */
-- loading into multiple tables
-- skipping columns (FILLER)
-- POSITION(1:4) in the example is a must to resent the pointer back
-- to the beginning of the row
-- In delimited formats, use "POSITION(1)" after the first
-- column to reset the pointer
LOAD DATA
INFILE *
INTO TABLE tab1 WHEN tab = 'tab1'
( tab FILLER CHAR(4),
col1 INTEGER
)
INTO TABLE tab2 WHEN tab = 'tab2'
( tab FILLER POSITION(1:4),
col1 INTEGER
)
BEGINDATA
tab1|1
tab1|2
tab2|2
tab3|3

-- another example
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'mydata.dat'
REPLACE
INTO TABLE emp
WHEN empno != ' '
( empno POSITION(1:4) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
ename POSITION(6:15) CHAR,
deptno POSITION(17:18) CHAR,
mgr POSITION(20:23) INTEGER EXTERNAL
)
INTO TABLE proj
WHEN projno != ' '
( projno POSITION(25:27) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
empno POSITION(1:4) INTEGER EXTERNAL
)

/* Example 6 */
-- work around on being unable to use OR in the WHEN condition
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'mydata.dat' BADFILE 'mydata.bad' DISCARDFILE 'mydata.dis'

APPEND
INTO TABLE my_selective_table
WHEN (01) <> 'H' and (01) <> 'T'
(
service_key POSITION(01:11) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
call_b_no POSITION(12:29) CHAR
)
INTO TABLE my_selective_table
WHEN (30:37) = '20031217'
(
service_key POSITION(01:11) INTEGER EXTERNAL,
call_b_no POSITION(12:29) CHAR
)

/* Example 7 */
-- load records with multi-line fields
-- doesn't work with inline data
load data
infile "test.dat" "str '|\n'"
into test_table
fields terminated by ';' TRAILING NULLCOLS
(
desc, txt
)

test.dat:
one line;hello dear world;|
two lines;Dear world,
hello!;|

/* Example 8 */
-- loading binary files (word, images, video... etc)
CREATE TABLE image_table (
image_id NUMBER(5),
file_name VARCHAR2(30),
image_data BLOB);

Control File:

LOAD DATA
INFILE *
INTO TABLE image_table
REPLACE
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
(
image_id INTEGER(5),
file_name CHAR(30),
image_data LOBFILE (file_name) TERMINATED BY EOF
)
BEGINDATA
001,image1.gif
002,image2.jpg

003,image3.jpg

/* Example 9 */
-- using specified characterset

LOAD DATA
CHARACTERSET WE8EBCDIC500
INFILE data.ebc "fix 86 buffers 1024"
BADFILE data.bad'
DISCARDFILE data.dsc'
REPLACE
INTO TABLE temp_data
(
...

/* Example 10 */
-- Loading a Sequence Number
LOAD DATA
INFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/load/testload.txt'
INSERT INTO TABLE test123
(test_seq.nextval,. . .)
Loadi ng Excel Fi l e i nt o a Tabl e usi ng SQL* Loader
1. I f any cell dat a has newline charact ers ( Alt + ENTER) , remove t hem using t he following
Excel script :
' Removing tabs and carriage returns from worksheet cells
Sub CleanUp()
Dim TheCell As Range
On Error Resume Next

For Each TheCell In ActiveSheet.UsedRange
With TheCell
If .HasFormula = False Then
.Value = Application.WorksheetFunction.Clean(.Value)
End If
End With
Next TheCell
End Sub
2. Save Excel file as CSV
3. Use SQL* Loader t o load from CSV.
Loadi ng Lar ge Fi el ds i nt o a Tabl e
I f you t ry t o load any field larger t han 255 byt es int o a t able, even if t he t able column is
defined as VARCHAR2( 2000) or a CLOB, "Field in dat afile exceeds maximum lengt h" error will
be ret urned. You need t o specify t he size of t he t able column in t he cont rol file:
LOAD DATA
INFILE '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/load/testload.txt'
INSERT INTO TABLE test123

FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
(text CHAR(2000))
Usi ng Di r ect Load Opt i ons
DIRECT = t rue
DATA_CACHE: ( default 1000) used if you have duplicat e dat a and t imest amp values in your
dat a.
ROWS: save dat a every number of ROWS
UNRECOVERABLE=Y ( default N) used wit h direct = t rue and disables redo log generat ion
SKIP_INDEX_MAINTENANCE=true (default false) do not bot her maint aining t he indexes during
t he load.
COLUMNARRAYROWS: number of rows loaded before t he building of t he st ream buffer
STREAMSIZE: t he size of t he st ream buffer
MULTITHREADING: ( default t rue) parallel conversion of column arrays t o st ream buffers and
st ream buffer

Dat a Pu mp Ex por t and I mpor t
Dat a Pump Component s
Th e DBMS_DATAPUMP pack age: t hi s is t he main engine of t he Dat a Pump ut ilit ies. I t cont ains
procedures t hat do t he export and import act ions.
Th e DBMS_METADATA pack ag e: t his package is used t o ext ract and modif y dat a dict ionary met adat a.
Th e comman d- l i n e cl i en t s, expdp an d impdp.
Dat a Pump Ex por t I nt er f aces
Using t he Command Line
expdp system/manager directory=dpump_dir1 dumpfile=expdat1.dmp
Using a Paramet er File
expdp parfile=myfile.txt
paramerer f ile may cont ain:
SCHEMAS=HR
DIRECTORY=dpump_dir1
DUMPFILE=system1.dmp
SCHEMAS=hr ...
Using I nt eract ive-command Dat a Pump Export
This mode is enabled by pressing [ Ct rl] + [ C] during an export operat ion st art ed wit h t he command-
line int erf ace or t he paramet er f ile int erf ace.
Using EM Dat abase Cont rol
St art t he Dat abase Cont r ol and go t o t he Maint enance | Ut ili t ies page.
Ex por t Modes Par amet er s
FULL (requires EXPORT_FULL_DATABASE role), SCHEMAS, TABLES, TABLESPACES,
TRANSPORT_TABLESPACES, and TRANSPORT_FULL_CHECK
I nvok i ng Ex por t Dat a Pump Ex ampl es
CREATE DIRECTORY dpump_dir1 AS '/u01/mydir';
GRANT READ, WRITE ON DIRECTORY dpump_dir1 TO baraka;

# schema mode is the default
expdp baraka/password DIRECTORY=dpump_dir1 dumpfile=testexp01.dmp
LOGFILE=dpump_dir2:mylog.log

# tables mode
expdp baraka/password tables=employees DIRECTORY=dpump_dir1
dumpfile=testexp01.dmp
expdp system/password tables=hr.employees ..

# nolog file (by default export.log is generated)
expdp nologfile=y


# overwrite existing dumpfiles
expdp REUSE_DUMPFILES=y

# compression: ALL, DATA_ONLY, METADATA_ONLY, NONE
expdp COMPRESSION=NONE
Ex por t Fi l t er i ng Par amet er s
/* EXCLUDE & INCLUDE */
EXCLUDE=INDEX
EXCLUDE=PROCEDURE
EXCLUDE=TABLE:"LIKE 'EMP%'"
EXCLUDE=SCHEMA:"='HR'"
INCLUDE=TABLE:"IN ('EMP', 'DEPT')"

# When used in command line, use slashes to escape double quotation:
expdp .. schemas=SCOTT EXCLUDE=TABLE:\"='EMP'\"

/* QUERY */
QUERY=OE.ORDERS: "WHERE order_id > 100000 ORDER BY order_date desc"
Ex por t Remappi ng Par amet er s
/* REMAP_DATA (11g) */
-- the remapping function shouldnt have commit or rollback
REMAP_DATA=[schema.]tablename.column_name:[schema.]pkg.function

expdp hr/passwd DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=remap.dmp
TABLES=hr.employees REMAP_DATA=hr.employees.last_name:hr.remap_pckg.modifychar
Sampl i ng Ex por t Dat a
SAMPLE=[[schema_name.]table_name:]sample_pct
SAMPLE=10
SAMPLE="HR"."EMPLOYEES":50
Ex por t Encr ypt i on Par amet er s
( 11g) : To secure t he export ed dump f ile, t he f ollowing new paramet ers are present ed in Oracle 11g
Dat a pump: ENCRYPTI ON, ENCRYPTI ON_PASSWORD and ENCRYPTI ON_ALGORI THM. To enable
encrypt ion, you must specif y eit her t he ENCRYPTI ON or ENCRYPTI ON_PASSWORD paramet er , or
bot h.
ENCRYPTION = {all | data_only | encrypted_columns_only | metadata_only | none}
ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHM = { AES128 | AES192 | AES256 }
ENCRYPTION_MODE = { DUAL | PASSWORD | TRANSPARENT }
expdp hr DUMPFILE=dp_dir.hr_enc.dmp JOB_NAME=enc ENCRYPTION=data_only
ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD=mypassword

expdp hr DIRECTORY=dp_dir DUMPFILE=hr_enc.dmp
ENCRYPTION=all ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD=mypassword
ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHM=AES256 ENCRYPTION_MODE=dual

Ex por t Est i mat i ng Par amet er s
ESTIMATE={BLOCKS | STATISTICS}
ESTIMATE_ONLY=y
expdp system/pswd estimate_only=y
Ex por t Net w or k Li nk Par amet er
Get dat a f rom a remot e dat abase t hrough db link.
Read Only DB can st ill be loaded f rom.
expdp hr/hr DIRECTORY=dpump_dir1 NETWORK_LINK=source_database_link
DUMPFILE=network_export.dmp
I mpor t Modes Par amet er s
You can perf orm a Dat a Pump import in various modes, usi ng t he TABLE, SCHEMAS, TABLESPACES,
and FULL
Fi l e- and Di r ect or y- Rel at ed Par amet er s
The Dat a Pump import ut ilit y uses t he PARFILE, DIRECTORY, DUMPFILE, LOGFILE, and NOLOGFILE
commands in t he same way as t he Dat a Pump export ut ilit y.
SQLFILE
This paramet er enables you t o ext ract t he DDL f rom t he export dump f ile, wit hout import ing any dat a.
impdp salapati/sammyy1 DIRECTORY=dpump_dir1 DUMPFILE=finance.dmp
SQLFILE=dpump_dir2:finance.sql
REUSE_DATAFILES
This paramet er t ell s Dat a Pump whet her it should use exist i ng dat af iles f or creat ing t ablespaces during an
import .
Usi ng TABLE_EXI STS_ACTI ON Par amet er
TABLE_EXISTS_ACTION=SKIP,APPEND,TRINCATE,REPLACE
I mpor t Fi l t er i ng Par amet er s
Same as export f ilt ering paramet ers
I mpor t Remappi ng Par amet er s
/* REMAP_TABLE (11g) */
-- rename table during export or import
-- it wont work if table already exists
impdp dumpfile=dp_dir:docs.dmp REMAP_TABLE=hr.docs:docs2 userid=hr/password
impdp dumpfile=dp_dir:docs.dmp REMAP_TABLE=hr.docs.part1:docs3
userid=hr/password

REMAP_SCHEMA

impdp system/manager dumpfile=newdump.dmp REMAP_SCHEMA=hr:oe

REMAP_DATAFILE
Changes t he name of t he source dat afile t o t he t arget dat afile name in all SQL st at ement s
where t he source dat afile is referenced: CREATE TABLESPACE, CREATE LIBRARY, and CREATE
DIRECTORY.
Remapping dat afiles is useful when you move dat abases bet ween plat forms t hat have
different file naming convent ions.
impdp hr/hr FULL=y DIRECTORY=dpump_dir1 DUMPFILE=db_full.dmp
REMAP_DATAFILE='DB1$:[HRDATA.PAYROLL]tbs6.f':'/db1/hrdata/payroll/tbs6.f'

REMAP_TABLESPACE
This paramet er enables you t o move obj ect s from one t ablespace int o a different t ablespace
during an import .
impdp hr/hr REMAP_TABLESPACE='example_tbs':'new_tbs' DIRECTORY=dpump_dir1
PARALLEL=2 JOB_NAME=cf1n02 DUMPFILE=employees.dmp NOLOGFILE=Y
I gnor i ng Nondef er r ed Const r ai nt s
( 11g) : set t ing t he DATA_OPTI ONS paramet er t o SKI P_CONSTRAI NT_ERRORS will cause t he import
program t o skip errors generat ed by t he nondef erred dat abase const rai nt s. I n t he case of def erred
const raint s, i mport s wi ll always be rolled back.
impdp Robert/robert DIRECTORY=data_pump_dir DUMPFILE=remap.dmp
tables=ROBERT.NAMES data_options=SKIP_CONSTRAINT_ERRORS
I mpor t Net w or k Li nk Par amet er
Get dat a f rom a remot e dat abase t hrough db link.
Read Only DB can st ill be loaded f rom.
expdp hr/hr DIRECTORY=dpump_dir1 NETWORK_LINK=source_database_link
DUMPFILE=network_export.dmp
I mpor t Fl ashback Par amet er s
FLASHBACK_TI ME and FLASHBACK_SCN enable you t o import dat a consist ent as of t he f lashback
t ime you specif y in your import j ob.
impdp system/manager FLASHBACK_TIME="TO_TIMESTAMP('01-06-2009 07:00:00;','DD-
MM-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')"
Moni t or i ng a Dat a Pump Jobs
# data pump jobs
SELECT * FROM dba_datapump_jobs;

# data pump sessoins
SELECT sid, serial#
FROM v$session s, dba_datapump_sessions d
WHERE s.saddr = d.saddr;

# viewing job progress
SELECT opname, target_desc, sofar, totalwork
FROM v$session_longops;

LogMi ner
Types of Suppl ement al Loggi ng
Uncondit ional supplement al log group: column values are always logged.
ALTER DATABASE ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA (ALL) COLUMNS;
ALTER DATABASE ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA (UNIQUE) COLUMNS;
ALTER DATABASE ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA (FOREIGN KEY) COLUMNS;
Condit ional supplement al log group: column values are logged if changed.
Level s of Suppl ement al Loggi ng
Dat abase Level: more resourse consuming, least required level is:
ALTER DATABASE ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA (UNIQUE) COLUMNS;
Table Level:
ALTER TABLE HR.EMPLOYEES ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA (ALL) COLUMNS;
ALTER TABLE HR.EMPLOYEES ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA (PRIMARY KEY) COLUMNS;
ALTER TABLE HR.EMPLOYEES ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA (UNIQUE) COLUMNS;
Table- Level User- Defined Supplement al Log Groups
o User- defined uncondit ional log groups
ALTER TABLE HR.EMPLOYEES ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG GROUP emp_parttime
(EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, DEPARTMENT_ID) ALWAYS;
o User- defined condit ional supplement al log groups
-- always keyword isn't used:
ALTER TABLE HR.EMPLOYEES ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG GROUP emp_fulltime
(EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME, DEPARTMENT_ID);
ALTER TABLE HR.EMPLOYEES ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG GROUP emp_parttime(
DEPARTMENT_ID NO LOG, EMPLOYEE_ID);
Not e: you must enable at least minimal supplement al logging prior t o generat ing log files
which will be analyzed by LogMiner.
Di sabl i ng Dat abase- Level Suppl ement al Loggi ng
ALTER DATABASE DROP SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA (PRIMARY KEY) COLUMNS;
ALTER DATABASE DROP SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA (UNIQUE) COLUMNS;
ALTER DATABASE DROP SUPPLEMENTAL LOG DATA;

LogMi ner Di ct i onar y Opt i ons
Using t he Online Cat alog: use it , if you believe no DDL is performed during Analysis.
Ext ract ing a LogMiner Dict ionary t o t he Redo Log Files: good if DDL might be t here during
analysis
Ext ract ing t he LogMiner Dict ionary t o a Flat File: forget t his opt ion!
Redo Log Fi l e Opt i ons
Aut omat ically: required redo log is aut omait cally det ect ed and used by t he ut ilit y.
Manually: you provide list of t he redo files t o analyse.
OPTI ONS possi bl e val ues i n DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR:
DI CT_FROM_ONLI NE_CATALOG : Using t he Online Cat alog
DI CT_FROM_REDO_LOGS : St art LogMiner
CONTI NUOUS_MI NE : Redo Log File Opt ions
COMMI TTED_DATA_ONLY : Showing Only Commit t ed Transact ions
SKI P_CORRUPTI ON : Skipping Redo Corrupt ions
NO_SQL_DELI MI TER : Format t ing Reconst ruct ed SQL St at ement s for Reexecut ion
PRI NT_PRETTY_SQL : Format t ing t he Appearance of Ret urned Dat a for Readabilit y
NO_ROWI D_I N_STMT : Format t ing Reconst ruct ed SQL St at ement s for Reexecut ion
DDL_DI CT_TRACKI NG : Tracking DDL St at ement s in t he LogMiner Dict ionary ( not wit h
DI CT_FROM_ONLI NE_CATALOG)
Obt ai ni ng LogMi ner Oper at i onal I nf or mat i on
-- specified redo log files
-- STATUS: 0: the log file will be processed
1: the file will be the first redo log file to be processed
2: the file will not be processed by LogMiner (pruned)
4: the file is missing
select * from V$LOGMNR_LOGS;

-- optional LogMiner parameters
select * from V$LOGMNR_PARAMETERS;

-- current settings for supplemental logging
select SUPPLEMENTAL_LOG_DATA_FK, SUPPLEMENTAL_LOG_DATA_ALL,
SUPPLEMENTAL_LOG_DATA_UI, SUPPLEMENTAL_LOG_DATA_MIN
from V$DATABASE;

select * from DBA_LOG_GROUPS;

select * from ALL_LOG_GROUPS;

select * from USER_LOG_GROUPS;


select * from DBA_LOG_GROUP_COLUMNS;

select * from ALL_LOG_GROUP_COLUMNS;

select * from USER_LOG_GROUP_COLUMNS;
Ex ampl es of Usi ng LogMi ner
Wi t hout Sepeci f y i ng t he Redo Fi l es
Example:
LogMiner Dictionary: Online Catalog,
Redo Log File Options: Automatically

-- check Supplemental Logging is enabled
(see the examples above)

-- start LogMiner
ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS';
begin
DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR(
STARTTIME => '01-Jan-2003 08:30:00',
ENDTIME => '01-Jan-2003 08:45:00', -- future value can be set SYSDATE+5/24
OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.DICT_FROM_ONLINE_CATALOG +
DBMS_LOGMNR.CONTINUOUS_MINE +
DBMS_LOGMNR.COMMITTED_DATA_ONLY +
DBMS_LOGMNR.PRINT_PRETTY_SQL );
end;
/

-- query V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS
SELECT USERNAME AS usr,(XIDUSN || '.' || XIDSLT || '.' || XIDSQN) as XID,
SQL_REDO FROM V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS
WHERE SEG_OWNER IS NULL OR SEG_OWNER NOT IN ('SYS', 'SYSTEM') AND
TIMESTAMP > '10-jan-2003 15:59:53';

SELECT OPERATION, SQL_REDO, SQL_UNDO
FROM V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS
WHERE SEG_OWNER = 'OE' AND SEG_NAME = 'ORDERS' AND
OPERATION = 'DELETE' AND USERNAME = 'RON';

-- Querying Based on Column Values
SELECT SQL_REDO FROM V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS
WHERE
SEG_NAME = 'EMPLOYEES' AND
SEG_OWNER = 'HR' AND
OPERATION = 'UPDATE' AND
DBMS_LOGMNR.MINE_VALUE(REDO_VALUE, 'HR.EMPLOYEES.SALARY')
DBMS_LOGMNR.MINE_VALUE(UNDO_VALUE, 'HR.EMPLOYEES.SALARY');

-- end the Miner session
EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.END_LOGMNR;

Wi t Sepeci f y i ng t he Redo Fi l es
Example:
LogMiner Dictionary: Using the LogMiner Dictionary in the Redo Log Files,
Redo Log File Options: list of files provided
Redo log file that contains the end of the dictionary extract must have been
created before the redo log file that you want to analyze, but should be as
recent as possible.
Assume: you want to analyze file no 210

-- check Supplemental Logging is enabled
(see the examples above)

- TO extract the data dictionary to the redo logs (must be done before the
redo to analyze)
EXECUTE sys.DBMS_LOGMNR_D.build( OPTIONS =>
sys.DBMS_LOGMNR_D.store_in_redo_logs);

- Find a redo log file that contains the end of the dictionary extract
SELECT NAME, SEQUENCE#, DICTIONARY_BEGIN d_beg, DICTIONARY_END d_end
FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG
WHERE SEQUENCE# = (SELECT MAX (SEQUENCE#) FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG
WHERE DICTIONARY_END = 'YES' and SEQUENCE# <= 210);

- Find the redo log file that contains the start of the data dictionary
extract that matches the end of the dictionary found in the previous step:
SELECT NAME, SEQUENCE#, DICTIONARY_BEGIN d_beg, DICTIONARY_END d_end
FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG
WHERE SEQUENCE# = (SELECT MAX (SEQUENCE#) FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG
WHERE DICTIONARY_BEGIN = 'YES' and SEQUENCE# <= 208);

- Specify the list of the redo log files of interest. Order doesn't matter:
EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.ADD_LOGFILE(-
LOGFILENAME => '/usr/oracle/data/db1arch_1_210_482701534.dbf', -
OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.NEW);
LOGFILENAME => '/usr/oracle/data/db1arch_1_208_482701534.dbf');
LOGFILENAME => '/usr/oracle/data/db1arch_1_207_482701534.dbf');

- Query the V$LOGMNR_LOGS :
SELECT FILENAME AS name, LOW_TIME, HIGH_TIME FROM V$LOGMNR_LOGS;

- Start LogMiner:
EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR(-
OPTIONS => DBMS_LOGMNR.DICT_FROM_REDO_LOGS + -
DBMS_LOGMNR.COMMITTED_DATA_ONLY + -
DBMS_LOGMNR.PRINT_PRETTY_SQL);

- Query the V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS:
SELECT USERNAME AS usr, SQL_REDO FROM V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS
WHERE SEG_OWNER IS NULL OR SEG_OWNER NOT IN ('SYS', 'SYSTEM') AND
TIMESTAMP > '10-jan-2003 15:59:53';

- to display all the DML statements that were executed as part of the CREATE

TABLE DDL statement:
SELECT SQL_REDO FROM V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS
WHERE XIDUSN = 1 and XIDSLT = 2 and XIDSQN = 1594;

-- end the Miner session
EXECUTE DBMS_LOGMNR.END_LOGMNR;

Par t 10 Mi scel l aneous Or acl e Dat abase Topi cs

Managi ng Or acl e Dat abase Con t r ol
Conf i gur i ng and Usi ng t he Dat abase Cont r ol
-- manually configuring db control
emca -config dbcontrol db

http://localhost:5500/em
$ORACLE_HOME/install/portlist.ini

isqlplusctl start
I mpl ement i ng EM Dat abase Cont r ol Aut o St ar t up
# (1) as root create oraemctl file
su -
vi /etc/init.d/oraemctl

#!/bin/bash
#
# oraemctl Starting and stopping Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control.
# Script is valid for 10g and 11g versions.
#
# chkconfig: 35 80 30
# description: Enterprise Manager DB Control startup script


. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions

ORACLE_OWNER="oracle"
ORA_HOME="/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1"

case "$1" in
start)
echo -n $"Starting Oracle EM DB Console:"
su - $ORACLE_OWNER -c "$ORA_HOME/bin/emctl start dbconsole"
echo "OK"
;;
stop)
echo -n $"Stopping Oracle EM DB Console:"
su - $ORACLE_OWNER -c "$ORA_HOME/bin/emctl stop dbconsole"
echo "OK"
;;
*)
echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop}"
esac


# (2) change permissions and runlevels
chmod 750 /etc/init.d/oraemctl
chkconfig --add oraemctl --level 0356

I nst al l i ng Or acl e 10g R5 ( 10. 2 ) Ent er pr i se Manager
Gr i d Cont r ol f or Li n ux x 8 6
Following are t he basic inst allat ion st eps t o inst all Oracle 10.2. 0.5 Ent erprise Manager Grid
Cont rol on Linux on a new dat abase.
Not e: Since Ent erprise Manager 10g Grid Cont rol Release 4 or higher are pat ch set s, you need
t o use t he ' I nst alling Soft ware-Only and Configuring Lat er' inst allat ion met hod as indicat ed
below. This met hod is not support ed by t he int eract ive OUI .
OS: Redhat Ent erprise Linux 5. 2 for x86 32-bit
Oracle Ent erprise Manager Grid Cont rol 10. 2. 0. 1 for Linux x86 32- bit
Oracle Ent erprise Manager Grid Cont rol 10. 2. 0. 5 for Linux x86 32- bit
The int erim RDBMS pat ch# 4329444
Oracle Dat abase Pat ch Set Not es 10g Release 1 ( 10. 1. 0. 5) Pat ch Set for Linux x86
Used Har dw ar e
o 2 GB RAM
o One et hernet card configured as bridged or host - only in VMware
o CPU Count : 2
o Disk1: 40 GB on SCSI 0: 0 used t o inst all t he OS and soft ware
I nst al l at i on St eps
1. Har dw ar e ans Sof t w ar e Requi r ement s
Not e: A reference t o t he requirement s is Not e I D 419646. 1.

# OS and Kernel version
Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control Certification Checker [ID 412431.1]
For OEM 10.2.0.1 in Linux 5.2, only software will be installed (no config)

# swap space: if RAM=2G, swap=4GB

free

chmod 600 tempswap
mke2fs tempswap
mkswap tempswap
swapon tempswap

# required packs
glibc- \
make- \
gcc- \
libaio- \
glibc-common- \
setarch- \
pdksh- \
openmotif22 \
sysstat- \
libstdc++- \
libstdc++-devel- \
compat-libstdc++- \
compat-db- \
control-center- \

# install missed packages
rpm -Uvh libXp-1.0.0-8.1.el5.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh openmotif22-2.2.3-18.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh compat-db-4.2.52-5.1.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh compat-gcc-34-3.4.6-4.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh compat-gcc-34-c++-3.4.6-4.i386.rpm

Note: for pdksh-5.2.14-36.el5.i386.rpm, it isn't used in EL 5.2
2. Conf i gur e k er nel par amet er s and shel l l i mi t s
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
# mark existing ones
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.shmmax = 536870912
# semaphores: semmsl, semmns, semopm, semmni
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
# the following setting is removed because default value is higher
# fs.file-max = 65536

# old values (1024 65000) not recommended

net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 262144 262144 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4194304 4194304 4194304

# then run:
/sbin/sysctl -p

* soft nproc 2047
* hard nproc 16384
* soft nofile 1024
* hard nofile 65536

vi /etc/pam.d/login

# in Linux 5.X run:
ln -s /usr/lib/libgdbm.so.2.0.0 /usr/lib/libdb.so.2

SELINUX=disabled
shutdown -h now -r
3. Cr eat e t he r equi r ed net w or k conf i gur at i on:
# /etc/hosts file must contain a fully qualified name:
# <IP-address> <fully-qualified-machine-name> <machine-name>
vi /etc/hosts
192.168.4.107 srv107.localdomain srv107

ping srv07

4. Cr eat e and conf i gur e t he r equi r ed OS user s, gr oups and di r ect or i es
groupadd -g 502 dba
# oracle software owner user
passwd oracle

# oracle parent direcotry
# Oracle homes will be created as subdirectories under this parent directory
mkdir -p /u01/app
mkdir /u01/stage
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01
chmod 775 /u01/app
chmod 775 /u01/stage

# will be used instead of /tmp by oracle
mkdir /home/oracle/oratemp
chown -R oracle:oinstall /home/oracle/oratemp


TMP=/home/oracle/oratemp; export TMP
ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db10g; export ORACLE_HOME
AGENT_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/agent10g; export AGENT_HOME
OMS_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/oms10g; export OMS_HOME
ORACLE_HOSTNAME=srv107.localdomain; export ORACLE_HOSTNAME
ORACLE_SID=oemdb; export ORACLE_SID
CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/JRE:$ORACLE_HOME/jlib:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib; export
CLASSPATH

vi /etc/profile
ulimit -p 16384
ulimit -n 65536
else
ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
fi
fi
5. I nst al l t he Sof t w ar e
# edit the response file
vi /u01/stage/gc10.0.2.1/Disk1/response/em_with_new_db.rsp

FROM_LOCATION="../rdbms/Disk1/stage/products.xml"
BASEDIR="/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0"
INSTALLATION_NAME="OEMGC 10.2.0.5"
s_gdbName="oemdb"
s_mountPoint="/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/oradata"
s_operGroup="dba"
s_adminGroup="dba"
s_securePassword="qwer5"
s_securePasswordConfirm="qwer5"
b_lockedSelected=false
b_passwordsDifferent=false
b_passwordsSame=true
s_reposPwd="qwer5"
s_reposPwdConfirm="qwer5"
UNIX_GROUP_NAME="dba"

# invoke the installer:
# Note: if the folder exists and not empty, add -force switch
cd /u01/stage/gc10.0.2.1/Disk1
./runInstaller -noconfig -silent -responseFile
/u01/stage/gc10.0.2.1/Disk1/response/em_with_new_db.rsp | tee output.txt

# as a root user in a new terminal:
# (if this is the first Oracle product you just installed on the host):

/u01/app/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh
# execute (answer n to y/n questions):
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db10g/allroot.sh

# stop all the OPMN processes:
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/oms10g/opmn/bin/opmnctl stopall

# verify the processes were stopped:
ps -ef | grep opmn
6. Appl y t he pat ches on t he r eposi t or y dat abase home
# Apply the interim RDBMS patch# 4329444 to the Oracle home of the database
export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db10g
cd /u01/stage/4329444
export OBJECT_MODE=32_64
export PATH=$PATH:/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db10g/OPatch
opatch apply

# Apply 10.1.0.5 Patch Set
cd /u01/stage/db10.1.0.5/Disk1
./runInstaller -ignoreSysPrereqs
>select db10g home
>next, next till you finish applying the patch set
7. Appl y t he pat ch set 10. 2. 0. 5 on OMS and Agent homes
# as root: run the following command:
ln -s /usr/lib/libgdbm.so.2.0.0 /usr/lib/libdb.so.2

/* Apply the patch on oms */
# edit the response file:
vi /u01/stage/gc10.0.2.5/3731593/Disk1/response/patchset.rsp
UNIX_GROUP_NAME="dba"
b_softwareonly=true
s_sysPassword="qwer5"
sl_pwdInfo={ "qwer5" }
ORACLE_HOME="/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/oms10g"
oracle.iappserver.st_midtier:szl_InstanceInformation={"ias_password"}
SHOW_SPLASH_SCREEN=false
SHOW_SUMMARY_PAGE=false
SHOW_INSTALL_PROGRESS_PAGE=false
SHOW_REQUIRED_CONFIG_TOOL_PAGE=false
SHOW_CONFIG_TOOL_PAGE=false
SHOW_XML_PREREQ_PAGE=false
HOW_END_OF_INSTALL_MSGS=false
SHOW_ROOTSH_CONFIRMATION=false
SHOW_END_SESSION_PAGE=false

# apply the patch set
cd /u01/stage/gc10.0.2.5/3731593/Disk1
/u01/stage/gc10.0.2.5/3731593/Disk1/response/patchset.rsp -force | tee
outputoms.txt

# open terminal as root and run (no output expected):

/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/oms10g/root.sh

/* Apply the patch on agent */
# change only the following parameters in the file:
vi /u01/stage/gc10.0.2.5/3731593/Disk1/response/patchset.rsp
ORACLE_HOME="/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/agent10g"

# apply the patch on agent:
cd /u01/stage/gc10.0.2.5/3731593/Disk1
/u01/stage/gc10.0.2.5/3731593/Disk1/response/patchset.rsp -force | tee
outputagent.txt

# as root run:
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/agent10g/root.sh
8. Conf i gur e t he Ent er pr i se Manager Gr i d Cont r ol
export PERL5LIB=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/oms10g/perl/lib/5.6.1

/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/oms10g/perl/bin/perl
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/oms10g/sysman/install/ConfigureGC.pl
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0

# to verify the configured OEM release:
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/oms10g/bin/emctl status oms
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/agent10g/bin/emctl status agent
9. Runni ng Ent er pr i se Manager Gr i d Cont r ol 10.2. 0. 5
#find the EM port:
cat /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/oms10g/install/portlist.ini | grep
"Enterprise Manager Central Console Port"

# access the URL:
http://srv107.localdomain:4889/em/

# login as sysman

Remot e Di agnost i c Agent ( RDA)
Usi ng Remot e Di agnost i c Agent ( RDA)
Ref er t o not e 314422. 1

Par t 11 PL/ SQL Sampl es

PL/ SQL Basi cs
PL/ SQL Dat a Types
/* character */
-- max length in 11g: 32767
DECLARE
v_string VARCHAR2(10);

DECLARE
v_string VARCHAR2(10 CHAR);
...

/* number */
BINARY_DOUBLE
BINARY_FLOAT
BINARY_INTEGER
NUMBER
PLS_INTEGER 2147483647 to +2147483647

/* data time */
-- TIMESTAMP
select SYSTIMESTAMP from dual;

-- TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
v_datetime TIMESTAMP (3) WITH TIME ZONE := SYSTIMESTAMP;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_datetime);
END;
/

-- TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
v_datetime TIMESTAMP (0) WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE := SYSTIMESTAMP;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_datetime);
END;
/

/* inerval */
INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH
INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND

DECLARE
v_college_deadline TIMESTAMP;
BEGIN

v_college_deadline := TO_TIMESTAMP('06/06/2004', 'DD/MM/YYYY')
+ INTERVAL '12-3' YEAR TO MONTH + INTERVAL '19 9:0:0.0' DAY TO SECOND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('My daughter leaves for college in ' ||
v_college_deadline);
END;
/

/* REF CURSOR */
-- a pointer to a result set
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE cust_sel
( cv_results IN OUT SYS_REFCURSOR)
IS
BEGIN
OPEN cv_results FOR
SELECT customer_id, cust_last_name from customers;
END;
/

VARIABLE x REFCURSOR
EXEC cust_sel(:x)
PRINT x

/* REF */
REF value simply as a pointer to an object instance in an object table or
object view.
Cont r ol l i ng Compi l e- Ti me Di spl ayed War ni ngs
PLSQL_WARNINGS is a system and session levels.
={ ENABLE | DISABLE | ERROR }:
{ ALL | SEVERE | INFORMATIONAL | PERFORMANCE | { integer | (integer [, integer
] ...) }}

SHOW PARAMETER PLSQL_WARNINGS
-- it can take one value
PLSQL_WARNINGS='ENABLE:PERFORMANCE'

-- it can take multiple values
PLSQL_WARNINGS='ENABLE:PERFORMANCE', 'ENABLE:SEVERE'

-- more examples:
PLSQL_WARNINGS = 'ENABLE:SEVERE', 'DISABLE:INFORMATIONAL';
PLSQL_WARNINGS = 'DISABLE:ALL';
PLSQL_WARNINGS = 'DISABLE:5000', 'ENABLE:5001',
'ERROR:5002';
PLSQL_WARNINGS = 'ENABLE:(5000,5001,5002)',
'DISABLE:(6000,6001)';

-- setting the parameter using DBMS_WARNING
SELECT DBMS_WARNING.GET_WARNING_SETTING_STRING() WARNING_LEVEL FROM dual;

CALL DBMS_WARNING.SET_WARNING_SETTING_STRING('ENABLE:ALL', 'SESSION');
CALL DBMS_WARNING.SET_WARNING_SETTING_STRING('DISABLE:ALL', 'SESSION');

Cat chi ng Ret ur ned Er r or s
..
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Exception: '||sqlerrm);
..
Hi di ng Code
wrap iname=input_file.sql oname=output_file.plb
Cont r ol l i ng Pr ogr am Fl ow
/* IF */
IF condition THEN
action
ELSIF condition THEN
action
ELSE
action
END IF;

/* CASE */
CASE expression
WHEN test1 THEN action;
WHEN test2 THEN action;
...
ELSE
...
END CASE;

CASE v_category
WHEN 'Oracle Basics'
THEN v_discount := .15;
WHEN 'Oracle Server'
THEN v_discount := .10;
ELSE v_discount := .5;
END CASE;

/* Searched CASE */
CASE
WHEN <exp> THEN
actions;
WHEN <exp> THEN
actions;
ELSE
actions;
END CASE;

/* Case Expressions */

appraisal :=
CASE grade
WHEN 'A' THEN 'Excellent'
WHEN 'B' THEN 'Very Good'
WHEN 'C' THEN 'Good'
ELSE 'No such grade'
END;

appraisal :=
CASE
WHEN grade = 'A' THEN 'Excellent'
WHEN grade IN ('B','C') THEN 'Good'
ELSE 'No such grade'
END;

/* Loop */
LOOP
..
EXIT [WHEN condition]
END LOOP;

-- loops and lablels
BEGIN
<<Outer_loop>>
LOOP
counter := counter+1;
EXIT WHEN counter>10;
<<Inner_loop>>
LOOP
...
EXIT Outer_loop WHEN total_done = 'YES';
-- Leave both loops
EXIT WHEN inner_done = 'YES';
-- Leave inner loop only
...
END LOOP Inner_loop;
...
END LOOP Outer_loop;
END;
/

/* Numeric FOR Loop */
FOR counter IN [reverse] low_number .. high_number LOOP
action;
END LOOP;

begin
for i in reverse 1..10 loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);
end loop;
end;
/


/* WHILE Loop */
WHILE condition LOOP
..
END LOOP;

/* Goto and Labels */
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('BEGINNING OF BLOCK');
GOTO l_Last_Line;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('GOTO didn''t work!');
RETURN;
<<l_Last_Line>>
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Last Line');
END;
/

Usi ng Cur sor s
CURSOR cursor_name [parameter_list]
[RETURN return_type]
IS query [FOR UPDATE [OF (column_list)][NOWAIT]];

OPEN cur1;
OPEN cur1(50);

FETCH cursor_name INTO variable_name(s) | PL/SQL_record;

CLOSE cursor_name;

Cursor Attributes:
%BULK_ROWCOUNT number of rows changed during the operation
%ROWCOUNT number of rows fetched from the cursor at any given time
%FOUND
%ISOPEN
%NOTFOUND
-- example 1
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
v_first_name AUTHORS.FIRST_NAME%TYPE;
v_last_name AUTHORS.LAST_NAME%TYPE;
v_row_count PLS_INTEGER := 0;
v_book_count PLS_INTEGER := 0;
CURSOR auth_cur IS
SELECT a.first_name, a.last_name, count(b.title)
FROM authors a, books b
WHERE a.id = b.author1
OR a.id = b.author2
OR a.id = b.author3
GROUP BY a.first_name, a.last_name
HAVING count(b.title) > 0
ORDER BY a.last_name;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE(1000000);
OPEN auth_cur;
LOOP
FETCH auth_cur INTO v_first_name, v_last_name, v_book_count;
EXIT WHEN auth_cur%NOTFOUND;
v_row_count := auth_cur%ROWCOUNT;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_row_count||' rows processed so far');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_last_name ||', ' ||v_first_name ||' wrote '
||v_book_count ||' book(s).');
END LOOP;
CLOSE auth_cur;
IF auth_cur%ISOPEN = FALSE THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Cursor closed');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The cursor is still open');
END IF;
EXCEPTION

WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM);
END;
/

-- example 2
..
WHILE auth_cur%FOUND LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_author.last_name);
FETCH auth_cur INTO v_author;
END LOOP;
..

-- example 3
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
CURSOR auth_cur IS
SELECT * FROM authors;
BEGIN
FOR v_author IN auth_cur LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_author.last_name);
END LOOP;
END;
/

/* Cursor Variables */
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
TYPE book_typ IS REF CURSOR RETURN BOOKS%ROWTYPE;
cv_books book_typ;
v_books BOOKS%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN cv_books FOR
SELECT * FROM books WHERE isbn = '78824389';
FETCH cv_books INTO v_books;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_books.title||' is '||v_books.price);
CLOSE cv_books;
END;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE authors_sel
( cv_results IN OUT SYS_REFCURSOR)
IS
BEGIN
OPEN cv_results FOR SELECT id, first_name, last_name
FROM authors;
END;
/
VARIABLE x REFCURSOR
EXEC authors_sel(:x)
PRINT x

/* Handling Implicit Cursors */
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
BEGIN
UPDATE books
SET price = price * .90
WHERE isbn = '78824389';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQL%ROWCOUNT||' rows updated');
IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Unable to update isbn 78824389');
END IF;
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS
THEN
END;
/

/* Cursor Subqueries */
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
cv_author SYS_REFCURSOR;
v_title BOOKS.TITLE%TYPE;
v_author AUTHORS%ROWTYPE;
v_counter PLS_INTEGER := 0;
CURSOR book_cur IS
SELECT b.title,
CURSOR (SELECT *
FROM authors a
WHERE a.id = b.author1
OR a.id = b.author2
OR a.id = b.author3)
FROM books b WHERE isbn = '78824389';
BEGIN
OPEN book_cur;
LOOP
FETCH book_cur INTO v_title, cv_author;
EXIT WHEN book_cur%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Title from the main cursor: '||v_title);
LOOP
FETCH cv_author INTO v_author;
EXIT WHEN cv_author%NOTFOUND;
v_counter := v_counter + 1;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Author'||v_counter||': '
||v_author.first_name||' '||v_author.last_name);
END LOOP;
END LOOP;
CLOSE book_cur;
END;
/


/* Using Where Current of */
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
DECLARE
v_isbn INVENTORY.ISBN%TYPE;
v_amount INVENTORY.AMOUNT%TYPE;
CURSOR inventory_cur
IS
SELECT isbn, amount
FROM inventory
WHERE status = IN STOCK
AND isbn IN (SELECT isbn
FROM books
WHERE price > 40)
FOR UPDATE OF amount;
BEGIN
FOR y IN inventory_cur
LOOP
FETCH inventory_cur INTO v_isbn, v_amount;
EXIT WHEN inventory_cur%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_isbn||Amount IN STOCK before: ||v_amount);
v_amount := v_amount + 250;
UPDATE inventory
SET amount = v_amount
WHERE CURRENT OF inventory_cur;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_isbn||Amount IN STOCK after: ||v_amount);
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
ROLLBACK;
END;
/

Usi ng Recor ds
DECLARE
TYPE individual_record IS RECORD
(individual_id INTEGER
,first_name VARCHAR2(30 CHAR)
,middle_initial individuals.middle_initial%TYPE
,last_name VARCHAR2(30 CHAR));

-- Define a variable of the record type.
individual INDIVIDUAL_RECORD;
BEGIN
-- Initialize the field values for the record.
individual.individual_id := 2;
individual.first_name := 'John';
individual.middle_initial := 'P';
individual.last_name := 'Morgan';

-- Insert into the table.
INSERT
INTO individuals
VALUES
(individual.individual_id
,individual.first_name
,individual.middle_initial
,individual.last_name);
-- Commit the work.
COMMIT;
END;
/

-- nested records
DECLARE
-- Define a record type.
TYPE individual_record IS RECORD
(individual_id INTEGER
,first_name VARCHAR2(30 CHAR)
,middle_initial VARCHAR2(1 CHAR)
,last_name VARCHAR2(30 CHAR));

TYPE address_record IS RECORD
(address_id INTEGER
,individual_id INTEGER
,street_address1 VARCHAR2(30 CHAR)
,street_address2 VARCHAR2(30 CHAR)

,street_address3 VARCHAR2(30 CHAR));

-- Define a record type of two user-defined record types.
TYPE individual_address_record IS RECORD
(individual INDIVIDUAL_RECORD
,address ADDRESS_RECORD);

-- Define a user-defined compound record type.
individual_address INDIVIDUAL_ADDRESS_RECORD;

BEGIN
-- Initialize the field values for the record.
individual_address.individual.individual_id := 3;
individual_address.individual.first_name := 'Ulysses';
...

-- Record Types can be explicitly defined as Object Type as well

-- Defining and Using Record Types as Return Values
DECLARE
FUNCTION get_row (individual_id_in INTEGER)
RETURN INDIVIDUAL_RECORD IS
-- Define a cursor to return a row of individuals.
CURSOR c (individual_id_cursor INTEGER) IS
SELECT *
FROM individuals
WHERE individual_id = individual_id_cursor;
BEGIN
-- Loop through the cursor for a single row.
FOR i IN c(individual_id_in) LOOP
-- Return a %ROWTYPE from the INDIVIDUALS table.
RETURN i;
END LOOP;
END get_row;

Usi ng Tabl e Fun ct i ons
/* Table Function (not pipelined) */
-- not pipelined: row set will be returned when all rows are fetched
/* */
CREATE TYPE BookType AS OBJECT (
isbn CHAR(10),
title VARCHAR2(100)
)
/

CREATE TYPE BookTypes AS TABLE OF BookType;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION SomeBooks(p_Category IN books.category%TYPE)
RETURN BookTypes AS
v_ResultSet BookTypes := BookTypes();
CURSOR c_SomeBooks IS
SELECT isbn, title
FROM books
WHERE category = p_Category;

BEGIN
FOR v_Rec IN c_SomeBooks LOOP
v_ResultSet.EXTEND;
v_ResultSet(v_ResultSet.LAST) := BookType(v_Rec.isbn, v_Rec.title);
END LOOP;
RETURN v_ResultSet;
END SomeBooks;
/

SELECT SomeBooks('Oracle Basics') FROM dual;

COLUMN title FORMAT a60

SELECT *
FROM TABLE (SomeBooks('Oracle Basics'));

-- Since SomeBooks will always return the same output given the same
-- input, we can use the DETERMINISTIC keyword.
-- its supposed positive impact is not proved though
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION SomeBooks(p_Category IN books.category%TYPE)
RETURN BookTypes DETERMINISTIC AS

/* Example of using pipelined table functions in data transformation */
-- with pipelined table functions, each row will be returned as soon
--- as it is created

-- sample destination table
CREATE TABLE yearly_store_sales
(store_name VARCHAR2(25),
sales_year NUMBER,
total_sales NUMBER);

-- (1) create type
CREATE TYPE yearly_store_sales_row AS
OBJECT(

store_name varchar2(25),
sales_year number,
total_sales number);

-- (2) create PL/SQL table of the type
CREATE TYPE yearly_store_sales_table
AS
TABLE OF yearly_store_sales_row;

-- (3) create package, or function
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE sales_package
AS
TYPE sales_cursor_type IS REF CURSOR RETURN sales_data%ROWTYPE;

FUNCTION modify_sales_data (INPUTDATA IN sales_cursor_type)
RETURN yearly_store_sales_table PIPELINED;

END;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY sales_package
AS
FUNCTION modify_sales_data(inputdata IN sales_cursor_type)
RETURN yearly_store_sales_table PIPELINED
IS
inputrec sales_data%ROWTYPE;
outputrow_2001 yearly_store_sales_row :=
yearly_store_sales_row(NULL,NULL,NULL);
outputrow_2002 yearly_store_sales_row :=
yearly_store_sales_row(NULL,NULL,NULL);
BEGIN
LOOP
FETCH inputdata INTO inputrec;
EXIT WHEN inputdata%NOTFOUND;
IF INPUTREC.SALES_2001 IS NOT NULL THEN
outputrow_2001.store_name := inputrec.store_name;
outputrow_2001.sales_year := 2001;
outputrow_2001.total_sales:= inputrec.sales_2001;
pipe row (outputrow_2001);
END IF;
IF INPUTREC.SALES_2002 IS NOT NULL THEN
outputrow_2002.store_name := inputrec.store_name;
outputrow_2002.sales_year := 2002;
outputrow_2002.total_sales:= inputrec.sales_2002;
pipe row (outputrow_2002);
END IF;
END LOOP;
RETURN;
END;
END sales_package;
/

-- (4) usage
SELECT *
FROM
TABLE(sales_package.modify_sales_data( CURSOR(select
store_name,sales_2001,sales_2002 FROM sales_data)));

Usi ng Col l ect i on s
Varrays Fixed: may not be used in t ables
Nest ed t ables Fixed: may be used in t ables
Associat ive arrays ( index- by PL/ SQL t ables) Dynamic

Mult iset Operat or I t s Equivalent in SQL
MULTISET EXCEPT MINUS
MULTISET INTERSECT INTERSECT
MULTISET UNION UNION ALL
SET DISTINCT
Usi ng VARRAYS
Alt hough VARRAYS can be st ored as part of a t able, it is best suit ed for PL/ SQL
proccessing.
TYPE type_name IS {VARRAY | VARYING ARRAY} (size_limit)
OF element_type [ NOT NULL ];
-- initialized in the declaration section
DECLARE
TYPE integer_varray IS VARRAY(3) OF INTEGER;
Declare and initialize a varray that allows nulls.
varray_integer INTEGER_VARRAY := integer_varray(NULL,NULL,NULL);
BEGIN
Assign values to subscripted members of the varray.
varray_integer(1) := 11;
FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('Integer Varray ['||i||'] '||
'['||varray_integer(i)||']');
END LOOP;
END;
/

-- initialized with zero rows in the declaration
-- then dynamic initialization in the execution
DECLARE
Define a varray of integer with 3 rows.
TYPE integer_varray IS VARRAY(3) OF INTEGER;
Declare and initialize a null set of rows.
varray_integer INTEGER_VARRAY := integer_varray();
BEGIN
Loop through the three records.

FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP
Initialize row.
varray_integer.EXTEND;
Assign values to subscripted members of the varray.
varray_integer(i) := 10 + i;
END LOOP;
Loop through the records to print the varrays.
FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP
Print the contents.
dbms_output.put ('Integer Varray ['||i||'] ');
dbms_output.put_line('['||varray_integer(i)||']');
END LOOP;
END;
/

-- Varrays as Object Types
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE integer_varray
AS VARRAY(3) OF INTEGER;

-- initializing by Collection API
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE integer_varray
AS VARRAY(100) OF INTEGER NOT NULL;
/
DECLARE
Declare and initialize a null set of rows.
varray_integer INTEGER_VARRAY := integer_varray();
BEGIN
Loop through all records.
FOR i IN 1..varray_integer.LIMIT LOOP
Initialize row.
varray_integer.EXTEND;
END LOOP;

dbms_output.put ('Integer Varray Initialized ');
dbms_output.put_line('['||varray_integer.COUNT||']');
END;
/

-- Using Varrays as Column Data Types in Tables
-- it doesn't produce meaningful output
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE address_varray
AS VARRAY(3) OF VARCHAR2(30 CHAR);
/
CREATE TABLE addresses
(address_id INTEGER NOT NULL
..

,street_address ADDRESS_VARRAY NOT NULL
..
);

INSERT INTO addresses
VALUES
(..,address_varray('MyAddress','450 West Paseo Redondo','Suite 200'),..);

-- you can insert only one element of the varray
INSERT
INTO addresses
VALUES (12 ,12 ,address_varray('Office of Senator Kennedy') ,..);

-- it gives though unmeaningful output
SELECT street_address FROM addresses;
STREET_ADDRESS
-
ADDRESS_VARRAY('MyAddress','450 West Paseo ...

UPDATE addresses
SET street_address =
address_varray('Your Address' ,'2400 E. Arizona Biltmore Cir.'
,'Suite 1150')
WHERE address_id = 11;

-- to update a portion of a varray column, you must use pl/sql
DECLARE
Define a record type for a row of the addresses table.
TYPE address_type IS RECORD .. ;
Define a variable of the addresses table record type.
address ADDRESS_TYPE;
Define a cursor to return the %ROWTYPE value.
CURSOR get_street_address
(address_id_in INTEGER) IS
SELECT *
FROM addresses
WHERE address_id = address_id_in;
BEGIN
Open the cursor.
OPEN get_street_address(11);
Fetch a into the record type variable.
FETCH get_street_address
INTO address;
Close the cursor.
CLOSE get_street_address;
Reset the first element of the varray type variable.
address.street_address(1) :=
'Office of Senator John McCain';
Update the varray column value.

UPDATE addresses
SET street_address = address.street_address
WHERE address_id = 11;
END;
Usi ng Nest ed Tabl es
Nest ed t ables may be used in t able, record, and obj ect definit ions. They may be accessed
in SQL and PL/ SQL.
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE type_name
AS TABLE OF element_type [ NOT NULL ];
-- basic example
DECLARE
-- Define a nested table of variable length strings.
TYPE card_table IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(5 CHAR);

-- Declare and initialize a nested table with three rows.
cards CARD_TABLE := card_table(NULL,NULL,NULL);
BEGIN
-- Assign values to subscripted members of the varray.
cards(1) := 'Ace';
cards(2) := 'Two';
cards(3) := 'Three';
END;
/

-- dynamic initialization and assignment in the execution section
DECLARE
-- Define a nested table of variable length strings.
TYPE card_suit IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(5 CHAR);

-- Declare and initialize a null set of rows.
cards CARD_SUIT := card_suit();
BEGIN
-- Loop through the three records.
FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP
-- Initialize row.
cards.EXTEND;
-- Assign values to subscripted members of the varray.
IF i = 1 THEN
cards(i) := 'Ace';
ELSIF i = 2 THEN
cards(i) := 'Two';
ELSIF i = 3 THEN
cards(i) := 'Three';
END IF;
END LOOP;
END;
/

-- Nested Tables as Column Data Types in Tables

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE address_table
AS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(30 CHAR) NOT NULL;
/

CREATE TABLE addresses
( ..
,street_address ADDRESS_TABLE
...)
NESTED TABLE street_address
STORE AS nested_street_address;

-- any number of elements can be inserted
INSERT INTO addresses
VALUES
( .. ,address_table('Office of Senator McCain'
,'450 West Paseo Redondo','Suite 200'),...);

-- arrange generated output
-- the normal output:
SELECT street_address FROM addresses;
ADDRESS_TABLE('Office of Senator McCain', '450 West Paseo ...
-- to arrange it:
SELECT column_value
FROM THE (SELECT street_address FROM addresses WHERE id = 1);

-- updating a nested-table using pl/sql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION many_to_one
(street_address_in ADDRESS_TABLE) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS
Define a return variable and initial it.
retval VARCHAR2(4000) := '';
BEGIN
Loop from the beginning to end of the nested table.
FOR i IN 1..street_address_in.COUNT LOOP
Append the next value and a line break.
retval := retval || street_address_in(i) || CHR(10);
END LOOP;
RETURN retval;
END many_to_one;
/

-- You can update a portion of a nested table column directly in SQL:
UPDATE THE (SELECT street_address
FROM addresses
WHERE address_id = 21)
SET column_value = 'Office of Senator John McCain'
WHERE column_value = 'Office of Senator McCain';
Usi ng Associ at i ve Ar r ays
Associat ive arrays cannot be used in t ables. They are t he key t o using t he FORALL
st at ement or BULK COLLECT clause.
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE type_name

AS TABLE OF element_type [ NOT NULL ] INDEX BY [ PLS_INTEGER | BINARY_INTEGER |
VARCHAR2(size) ]
-- index by integer
DECLARE
-- Define an associative array of strings.
TYPE card_table IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(5 CHAR) INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
cards CARD_TABLE;
BEGIN
cards(2) := 'test';
cards(10) := 'test';
cards(1) := 'test';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(cards.first);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(cards.last);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(cards.count);
END;
/

-- index by string
..
-- Loop through all the associative array elements.
FOR i IN 1..calendar.COUNT LOOP
-- Check if the first element in the loop.
IF i = 1 THEN
-- Assign the first character index to a variable.
current := calendar.FIRST;
-- Use the derived index to find the next index.
element := calendar(current);
ELSE
-- Check if next index value exists.
IF calendar.NEXT(current) IS NOT NULL THEN
-- Assign the character index to a variable.
current := calendar.NEXT(current);
-- Use the derived index to find the next index.
element := calendar(current);
ELSE
-- Exit loop since last index value is read.
EXIT;
END IF;
END IF;
END LOOP;
..

-- Using Associative Arrays with BULK COLLECT and FORALL
-- BULK COLLECT to retrieve a record set into associative arrays or nested
tables
-- FORALL to send DML statements in batches

-- using FORALL
CREATE TABLE bulk_numbers
(number_id NUMBER
,CONSTRAINT number_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (number_id));

DECLARE

TYPE number_table IS TABLE OF bulk_numbers.number_id%TYPE
INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
number_list NUMBER_TABLE;
BEGIN

FOR i IN 1..10000 LOOP
-- Assign number value.
number_list(i) := i;
END LOOP;

-- Loop through all to do a bulk insert.
FORALL i IN 1..number_list.COUNT
INSERT
INTO bulk_numbers
VALUES (number_list(i));

COMMIT;
END;
/

-- Using a BULK COLLECT
DECLARE
TYPE number_table IS TABLE OF bulk_numbers.number_id%TYPE
INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Check if calendar has no elements.
SELECT number_id
BULK COLLECT
INTO number_list
FROM bulk_numbers
ORDER BY 1;

FOR i IN number_list.FIRST..number_list.LAST LOOP
-- print only the first and last two
IF i <= 2 OR i >= 9999 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Number ['||number_list(i)||']');
END IF;
END LOOP;
END;
/
Usi ng Col l ect i on API
API Fu n ct i on
or Pr ocedu r e
Not es Ret u r n Ty pe
COUNT
PLS_I NTEGER
DELETE(n)
NONE
DELETE(n,m)
n= minimum m= maximum NONE
EXISTS(n)
TRUE or FALSE
EXTEND
not in Associat ive Tables NONE
EXTEND(n)
n = number of element s t o add NONE

EXTEND(n,i)
i= number of replicat ed element s NONE
FIRST
t he lowest
subscript
I NTEGER or VARCHAR2
LAST
t he highest
subscript
LIMIT

I NTEGER
NEXT(n)
I f t here is no next element , it will ret urn null.
PRIOR(n)
I f t here is no previous element , it will ret urn
null.
TRIM
removes t he highest
subscript ed value from a collect ion
NONE
TRIM(n)
removes t he
number or element s passed
NONE
Er r or s r et ur ned by Col l ect i ons:
COLLECTION_IS_NULL An attempt to use a null collection.
NO_DATA_FOUND An attempt to use a subscript that has
been deleted or is a nonexistent
unique string index value in an
associative array.
SUBSCRIPT_BEYOND_COUNT This error applies only to varrays and
nested tables.
SUBSCRIPT_OUTSIDE_LIMIT

-- using DELETE method
DECLARE
-- Define a nested table type of INTEGER.
TYPE number_table IS TABLE OF INTEGER;
-- Define a variable of the nested table type.
-- Define a local procedure to check and print elements.
PROCEDURE print_list
(list_in NUMBER_TABLE) IS
BEGIN
-- Loop through the possible index values of the list.
FOR i IN list_in.FIRST..list_in.LAST LOOP
-- Check if the subscripted element is there.
IF list_in.EXISTS(i) THEN
-- Print the element.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('List ['||list_in(i)||']');
END IF;
END LOOP;
END print_list;
BEGIN
-- Check if a subscript element of one does not exists.
IF NOT number_list.EXISTS(1) THEN
-- Construct the collection.
number_list := number_table(1,2,3,4,5);
END IF;
-- Print a title.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Nested table before a deletion');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('------------------------------');

-- Print the list.
print_list(number_list);
-- Delete an element.
number_list.DELETE(2,4);
-- Print a title.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(CHR(10)||
'Nested table after a deletion');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('-----------------------------');
-- Print the list.
END;
/

-- using EXTEND
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON SIZE 1000000
DECLARE
-- Define a nested table type of INTEGER.
TYPE number_table IS TABLE OF INTEGER;
-- Define a variable of the nested table type.
number_list NUMBER_TABLE := number_table(1,2);
(list_in NUMBER_TABLE) IS
BEGIN
FOR i IN list_in.FIRST..list_in.LAST LOOP
-- Check if the subscripted element is there.
IF list_in.EXISTS(i) THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('List ['||list_in(i)||']');
END IF;
END LOOP;
END print_list;
BEGIN
-- Print a title.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Nested table before extension');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('-----------------------------');
-- Print the list.
-- Allocate two null elements.
number_list.EXTEND(2);
-- Allocate three elements and copy element two
number_list.EXTEND(3,2);
-- Print a title.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(CHR(10)||
'Nested table after extension');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('----------------------------');
-- Print the list.
END;
/

-- using LIMIT Method (function)
DECLARE
-- Define a varray type of INTEGER.

TYPE number_varray IS VARRAY(5) OF INTEGER;
-- Define a variable of the varray type.
number_list NUMBER_VARRAY := number_varray(1,2,3);
(list_in NUMBER_VARRAY) IS
BEGIN
FOR i IN list_in.FIRST..list_in.COUNT LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(
'List Index ['||i||'] '||
'List Value ['||list_in(i)||']');
END LOOP;
END print_list;
BEGIN
-- Print a title.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Varray after initialization');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('---------------------------');
-- Print the list.
-- Extend null element to maximum limit.
number_list.EXTEND(number_list.LIMIT - number_list.LAST);
-- Print a title.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT(CHR(10));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Varray after extension');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('----------------------');
-- Print the list.
END;
/

-- using TRIM Method
DECLARE
-- Define a varray type of INTEGER.
TYPE number_varray IS VARRAY(5) OF INTEGER;
-- Define a variable of the varray type.
number_list NUMBER_VARRAY := number_varray(1,2,3,4,5);
(list_in NUMBER_VARRAY) IS
BEGIN
FOR i IN list_in.FIRST..list_in.COUNT LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(
'List Index ['||i||'] '||
'List Value ['||list_in(i)||']');
END LOOP;
END print_list;
BEGIN
-- Print a title.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Varray after initialization');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('---------------------------');
-- Print the list.

number_list.TRIM;
-- Print a title.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Varray after a single element trim');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('----------------------------------');
-- Print the list.
number_list.TRIM(3);
-- Print a title.
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Varray after a three element trim');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('---------------------------------');
-- Print the list.
END;
/

Handl i ng Er r or s
Pr edef i ned Except i ons
Oracle Error Equivalent Except ion Descript ion
ORA-0001 DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX
Unique const raint violat ed.
ORA-0051 TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE
Time- out occurred while wait ing for resource.
ORA-1001 INVALID_CURSOR
I llegal cursor operat ion.
ORA-1012 NOT_LOGGED_ON
Not connect ed t o Oracle.
ORA-1017 LOGIN_DENIED
I nvalid user name/ password.
ORA-1403 NO_DATA_FOUND
No dat a found.
ORA-1410 SYS_INVALID_ROWID
Conversion t o a universal rowid failed.
ORA-1422 TOO_MANY_ROWS
A SELECT.I NTO st at ement mat ches more t han
one row.
ORA-1476 ZERO_DIVIDE
Division by zero.
ORA-1722 INVALID_NUMBER
Conversion t o a number failed; for example,
' 1A' is not valid.
ORA-1725 USERENV_COMMITSCN_ERROR
1
I ncorrect usage of t he USERENV( 'COMMI TSCN' )
funct ion.
ORA-6500 STORAGE_ERROR
I nt ernal PL/ SQL error raised if PL/ SQL runs out
of memory.
ORA-6501 PROGRAM_ERROR
I nt ernal PL/ SQL error.
ORA-6502 VALUE_ERROR
Truncat ion, arit hmet ic, or conversion error.
ORA-6504 ROWTYPE_MISMATCH
Host cursor variable and PL/ SQL cursor variable
have incompat ible row t ypes.
ORA-6511 CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN
At t empt t o open a cursor t hat is already open.
ORA-6530 ACCESS_INTO_NULL
At t empt t o assign values t o t he at t ribut es of a
NULL obj ect .
ORA-6531 COLLECTION_IS_NULL
At t empt t o apply collect ion met hods ot her t han
EXI STS t o a NULL PL/ SQL t able or varray.
ORA-6532 SUBSCRIPT_OUTSIDE_LIMIT
Reference t o a nest ed t able or varray index
out side t he declared range ( such as 1).
ORA-6533 SUBSCRIPT_BEYOND_COUNT
Reference t o a nest ed t able or varray index
higher t han t he number of element s in t he
collect ion.
ORA-6548 NO_DATA_NEEDED1
Caller of a pipelined funct ion does not need
more rows.
ORA-6592 CASE_NOT_FOUND2
No mat ching WHEN clause in a CASE st at ement
is found.
ORA-30625 SELF_IS_NULL
At t empt t o call a met hod on a null obj ect
inst ance.
Usi ng User - Def i ned Except i ons
I t is impossible for an except ion handler t o be defined for more t han one except ion
simult aneously; i. e. : WHEN exception1 AND exception2 will raise a compilat ion error.
Examining t he Error St ack: Use SQLCODE and SQLERRM OR:
DBMS_UTI LI TY. FORMAT_ERROR_STACK provides a funct ion FORMAT_ERROR_STACK t hat
ret urns t he same informat ion as SQLERRM, also limit ed t o 2000 byt es.

DECLARE
-- Exception to indicate an error condition
e_DuplicateAuthors EXCEPTION;
-- IDs for three authors
v_Author1 books.author1%TYPE;

BEGIN
/* Find the IDs for the 3 authors of 'Oracle9i DBA 101' */
SELECT author1, author2, author3
INTO v_Author1, v_Author2, v_Author3
FROM books
WHERE title = 'Oracle9i DBA 101';

/* Ensure that there are no duplicates */
IF (v_Author1 = v_Author2) OR (v_Author1 = v_Author3) OR
(v_Author2 = v_Author3) THEN
RAISE e_DuplicateAuthors;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN e_DuplicateAuthors THEN
INSERT INTO log_table (info)
VALUES ('Oracle9i DBA 101 has duplicate authors');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
INSERT INTO log_table (code, message, info) VALUES
(NULL, SUBSTR(DBMS_UTILITY.FORMAT_ERROR_STACK, 1, 200),'Oracle error
occurred');
END;
/

/* The EXCEPTION_INIT Pragma */
DECLARE
e_MissingNull EXCEPTION;
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(e_MissingNull, -1400);
BEGIN
INSERT INTO authors (id) VALUES (NULL);
EXCEPTION
WHEN e_MissingNull then
INSERT INTO log_table (info) VALUES ('ORA-1400 occurred');
END;
/
Usi ng RAI SE_APPLI CATI ON_ERROR
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(error_number, error_message, [keep_errors]);
error_number is a value bet ween 20,000 and 20, 999
The error_message must be fewer t han 512 charact ers
I f keep_errors is TRUE, t he new error is added t o t he list of errors already raised ( if one
exist s). I f it is FALSE, which is t he default , t he new error will replace t he current list of
errors.
..

IF v_AuthorCount = 0 THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001,
'Author1 ' || p_Author1 || ' does not exist');
..

Aut onomou s Tr an sact i on s
Aut onomous t ransact ions are st art ed by a parent , or main, t ransact ion but operat e
independent ly of t he parent for t ransact ion cont rol. I f a commit or rollback is used in t he
aut onomous or main t ransact ion, or if a failure occurs for any reason, it does not impact
t he ot her t ransact ion.
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE logging_ins (
i_username IN VARCHAR2, i_datetime IN TIMESTAMP)
IS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO logging (username, datetime)
VALUES (i_username, i_datetime);
commit; -- commit is a must here in Autonomous proc othewise ORA-06519
returned
END;
/

Some St or ed Subpr obr ams Con cept s
Ser i al l y Reusabl e Pack ages
Serially Reusable Packages NonSerially Reusable Packages
Run-time state is kept in shared memory and is
freed after every database call.
Run-time state is kept in process memory and lasts
for the life of the database session.
The maximum memory used is proportional to the
number of concurrent users of the package.
The maximum memory used is proportional to the
number of concurrently logged-on users, which is
typically much higher.

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE TEST_PCK
IS
-- display number of rows passed
PROCEDURE DISPLAY_ROWS(P_N IN NUMBER);

END;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY TEST_PCK
IS
-- this cursor keeps opening in the session life
CURSOR CR IS SELECT CUSTOMER_ID FROM CUSTOMERS ORDER BY CUSTOMER_ID;

PROCEDURE DISPLAY_ROWS(P_N IN NUMBER)
IS
V_ID NUMBER;
I NUMBER := 0;
V_DONE BOOLEAN := FALSE;
BEGIN
IF NOT CR%ISOPEN THEN
OPEN CR;
END IF;
-- display only passed number of rows
WHILE NOT V_DONE LOOP
FETCH CR INTO V_ID;
IF CR%NOTFOUND THEN
CLOSE CR;
V_DONE := TRUE;
ELSE
I := I + 1;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(V_ID);
IF I >= P_N THEN
V_DONE := TRUE;
END IF;
END IF;
END LOOP;
END DISPLAY_ROWS;
END TEST_PCK;
/

-- if you add PRAGMA SERIALLY_REUSABLE, CR will at reset every call

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE TEST_PCK
IS
PRAGMA SERIALLY_REUSABLE;
..

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY TEST_PCK
IS
PRAGMA SERIALLY_REUSABLE;
..
St or ed Subpr ogr ams and Rol es
I f a st ored subprogram refers t o an obj ect in anot her schema, t hat obj ect should be
grant ed direct ly t o t he subprogram owner, not via a role.
CONN SA/s

CREATE ROLE R1;

GRANT SELECT ON CUSTOMERS TO R1;

GRANT R1 TO USER1;

CONN USER1/U

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE USER1.TEST_PCK
IS
PROCEDURE DISPLAY_ROW;
END;
/

-- the following will not compile because CUSTOMERS granted
-- to USER1 via role (not directly)
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY USER1.TEST_PCK
IS
PROCEDURE DISPLAY_ROW
IS
N NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT CUSTOMER_ID INTO N
FROM SA.CUSTOMERS
WHERE CUSTOMER_ID=101;
END DISPLAY_ROW;
END TEST_PCK;
/
I nvok er s vs. Def i ner s Ri ght s
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name
[parameter_list] RETURN return_type
[AUTHID {CURRENT_USER | DEFINER}] {IS | AS}

Pi nni ng an Pr ogr amuni t i n t he Shar ed Pool
To pin an obj ect :
DBMS_SHARED_POOL.KEEP(name VARCHAR2, flag CHAR DEFAULT 'P')
flag Determines the type of the object:
P Package, function, or procedure
Q Sequence
R Trigger
T Object type (Oracle8 and higher)
JS Java source (Oracle8i and higher)
JC Java class (Oracle8i and higher)
JR Java resource (Oracle8i and higher)
JD Java shared data (Oracle8i and higher)
C SQL cursor

To echo t he cont ent s of t he shared pool of obj ect s great er t han minisize t o t he screen:
DBMS_SHARED_POOL.SIZES(minsize NUMBER)

Usi ng Tr i gger s
General Synt ax of creat ing any t rigger:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name
{BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF} triggering_event
[referencing_clause]
[WHEN trigger_condition]
[FOR EACH ROW]
trigger_body
Rest r i ct i ons on Tr i gger s
A t rigger may not issue any t ransact ion cont rol st at ement sCOMMI T, ROLLBACK,
SAVEPOI NT, or SET TRANSACTI ON.
The t rigger body cannot declare any LONG or LONG RAW variables.
Code in a t rigger body may reference and use LOB ( Large OBj ect ) columns, but it may not
modify t he values of t he columns. This is also t rue for obj ect columns.
Usi ng DML Tr i gger s
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER UpdateCategoryStats
AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON books
DECLARE
CURSOR c_Statistics IS
SELECT category,
COUNT(*) total_books,
AVG(price) average_price
FROM books
GROUP BY category;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM category_stats;

FOR v_StatsRecord in c_Statistics LOOP
INSERT INTO category_stats (category, total_books, average_price)
VALUES (v_StatsRecord.category, v_StatsRecord.total_books,
v_StatsRecord.average_price);
END LOOP;
END UpdateCategoryStats;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER GenerateAuthorID
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON authors
REFERENCING new AS new_author
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
/* Fill in the ID field of authors with the next value from
author_sequence. Since ID is a column in authors, :new.ID
is a valid reference. */
SELECT author_sequence.NEXTVAL
INTO :new_author.ID

FROM dual;
END GenerateAuthorID;
/

-- using WHEN keyword
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER CheckPrice
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OF price ON books
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (new.price > 49.99)
BEGIN
..
END;
/

-- using Trigger Predicates
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER LogInventoryChanges
BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE ON inventory
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
v_ChangeType CHAR(1);
BEGIN
/* Use 'I' for an INSERT, 'D' for DELETE, and 'U' for UPDATE. */
IF INSERTING THEN
v_ChangeType := 'I';
ELSIF UPDATING THEN
v_ChangeType := 'U';
ELSE
v_ChangeType := 'D';
END IF;
..
END LogInventoryChanges;
/
Usi ng I nst ead- of Tr i gger s
All inst ead- of t riggers are row level, whet her or not t he FOR EACH ROW clause is present .
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER InsertBooksAuthors
INSTEAD OF INSERT ON books_authors
DECLARE
v_Book books%ROWTYPE;
v_AuthorID authors.id%TYPE;
BEGIN
-- Figure out the ID of the new author
BEGIN
SELECT id
INTO v_AuthorID
FROM authors
WHERE first_name = :new.first_name
AND last_name = :new.last_name;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
-- No author found, create a new one
INSERT INTO authors (id, first_name, last_name)

VALUES (author_sequence.NEXTVAL, :new.first_name, :new.last_name)
RETURNING ID INTO v_AuthorID;
END;
SELECT *
INTO v_Book
FROM books
WHERE isbn = :new.isbn;
-- Figure out whether the book already has 1 or 2 authors, and update
-- accordingly
IF v_Book.author2 IS NULL THEN
UPDATE books
SET author2 = v_AuthorID
ELSE
UPDATE books
SET author3 = v_AuthorID
END IF;
END InsertBooksAuthors;
/
Usi ng Syst em Tr i gger s
Syst em t rigger fires on t wo different kinds of event s: DDL or dat abase.
Because syst em t riggers are generally commit t ed anyway, declaring t hem as aut onomous
will not have any effect .
Required privilege on dat abase t riggers: ADMI NI STER DATABASE TRI GGER
CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER [schema.]trigger_name
{BEFORE | AFTER}
{ddl_event_list | database_event_list}
ON {DATABASE | [schema.]SCHEMA}
[when_clause]
trigger_body;

Dat abase Event s:
Even t Wh en Tr i gger Fi r es Con di t i on s Rest r i ct i on s Tr an sact i on
At t r i bu t e
Fu n ct i on s
STARTUP
When t he dat abase is
opened.
None
allowed
No dat abase
operat ions
allowed in t he
t rigger.
Ret urn st at us
ignored.
St art s a
separat e
t ransact i on
and commit s it
af t er f iring t he
t riggers.
ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
SHUTDOWN
Just bef ore t he server
st art s t he shut down of
an inst ance.
This let s t he car t ridge
shut down complet ely.
For abnormal inst ance
shut down, t hi s t riiger
None
allowed
No dat abase
operat ions
allowed in t he
t rigger.
Ret urn st at us
ignored.
St art s a
separat e
t ransact i on
and commit s it
t riggers.
ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name

Even t Wh en Tr i gger Fi r es Con di t i on s Rest r i ct i on s Tr an sact i on
At t r i bu t e
Fu n ct i on s
might not f ire.
DB_ROLE_CH
ANGE
When t he dat abase is
opened f or t he f irst t ime
af t er a role change.
None
allowed
Ret urn st at us
ignored.
St art s a
separat e
t ransact i on
and commit s it
t riggers.
ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
SERVERERRO
R
When t he error eno
occur s. I f no condit ion is
given, t hen t his t rigger
f ires whenever an error
occur s.
The t rigger does not f ire
on ORA- 1034, ORA-
1403, ORA- 1422, ORA-
1423, and ORA- 4030
because t hey are not
t rue errors or are t oo
serious t o cont inue
processing. I t also f ails
t o f ire on ORA- 18 and
ORA- 20 because a
process is not available
t o connect t o t he
dat abase t o record t he
error.
ERRNO =
eno
Depends on
t he error.
Ret urn st at us
ignored.
St art s a
separat e
t ransact i on
and commit s it
t riggers.
ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_server_err or
ora_is_servererror
space_error_inf o

Schema or Client Event s:
Ev ent When Tr i gger Fi r es At t r i but e Funct i ons
BEFORE ALTER

AFTER ALTER
When a cat alog obj ect is alt ered. ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_dict _obj _t ype
ora_dict _obj _name
ora_dict _obj _owner
ora_des_encrypt ed_password
( for ALTER USER event s)
ora_is_alt er_column
( for ALTER TABLE event s)
ora_is_drop_column
( for ALTER TABLE event s)
BEFORE DROP

AFTER DROP
When a cat alog obj ect is dropped. ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_dict _obj _name
BEFORE ANALYZE

AFTER ANALYZE
When an analyze st at ement is issued ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name

ora_dict _obj _name
BEFORE
ASSOCIATE
STATISTICS

AFTER
ASSOCIATE
STATISTICS
When an associat e st at ist ics st at ement is
issued
ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_dict _obj _name
ora_dict _obj _name_list
ora_dict _obj _owner_list
BEFORE AUDIT
AFTER AUDIT

BEFORE NOAUDIT
AFTER NOAUDIT
When an audit or noaudit st at ement is
issued
ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
BEFORE COMMENT

AFTER COMMENT
When an obj ect is comment ed ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_dict _obj _name
BEFORE CREATE

AFTER CREATE
When a cat alog obj ect is creat ed. ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_dict _obj _name
ora_is_creat ing_nest ed_t able
( for CREATE TABLE event s)
BEFORE DDL

AFTER DDL
When most SQL DDL st at ement s are issued.
Not fired for ALTER DATABASE, CREATE
CONTROLFI LE, CREATE DATABASE, and DDL
issued t hrough t he PL/ SQL subprogram
int erface, such as creat ing an advanced
queue.
ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_dict _obj _name
BEFORE
DISASSOCIATE
STATISTICS

AFTER
DISASSOCIATE
STATISTICS
When a disassociat e st at ist ics st at ement is
issued
ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_dict _obj _name
ora_dict _obj _name_list
ora_dict _obj _owner_list
BEFORE GRANT

AFTER GRANT
When a grant st at ement is issued ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name

ora_dict _obj _name
ora_grant ee
ora_wit h_grant _opt ion
ora_privileges
BEFORE LOGOFF
At t he st art of a user logoff ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
AFTER LOGON
Aft er a successful logon of a user. ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_client _ip_address
BEFORE RENAME

AFTER RENAME
When a rename st at ement is issued. ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_dict _obj _name
BEFORE REVOKE

AFTER REVOKE
When a revoke st at ement is issued ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_dict _obj _name
ora_revokee
ora_privileges
AFTER SUSPEND
Aft er a SQL st at ement is suspended because
of an out - of-space condit ion. The t rigger
must correct t he condit ion so t he st at ement
can be resumed.
ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_server_error
ora_is_servererror
space_error_info
BEFORE
TRUNCATE

AFTER TRUNCATE
When an obj ect is t runcat ed ora_sysevent
ora_login_user
ora_inst ance_num
ora_dat abase_name
ora_dict _obj _name

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER LogCreations
AFTER CREATE ON SCHEMA
BEGIN
INSERT INTO ddl_creations (user_id, object_type, object_name,
object_owner, creation_date)
VALUES (USER, ORA_DICT_OBJ_TYPE, ORA_DICT_OBJ_NAME,

ORA_DICT_OBJ_OWNER, SYSDATE);
END LogCreations;
Handl i ng Mut at i ng Tabl es i n Tr i gger s
SQL st at ement s in a t rigger body may not :
o Read from or modify any mut at ing t able of t he t riggering st at ement . This includes t he
t riggering t able it self.
o Read from or modify t he primary- , unique- , or foreign- key columns of a const raining
t able of t he t riggering t able. They may, however, modify t he ot her columns if desired.
o These rest rict ions apply t o all row- level t riggers. They apply for st at ement t riggers
only when t he st at ement t rigger would be fired as a result of a DELETE CASCADE
operat ion.
I f an I NSERT st at ement affect s only one row, t he before- and aft er- row t riggers for t hat
row do not t reat t he t riggering t able as mut at ing. This is t he only case where a row- level
t rigger may read from or modify t he t riggering t able. St at ement s such as I NSERT I NTO
t able SELECT . . . always t reat t he t riggering t able as mut at ing, even if t he subquery
ret urns only one row.
-- the following trigger will return ORA-4091
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER LimitMajors
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OF major ON students
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
v_MaxStudents CONSTANT NUMBER := 5;
v_CurrentStudents NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*)
INTO v_CurrentStudents
FROM students
WHERE major = :new.major;

-- If there isn't room, raise an error.
IF v_CurrentStudents + 1 > v_MaxStudents THEN
'Too many students in major ' || :new.major);
END IF;
END LimitMajors;
/

To workaround: create two triggers: one statement level and the other row
level. The statement trigger store the SELECT result into a PL/SQL table in a
package. The row-level trigger will read that data from the package.

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE StudentData AS
TYPE t_Majors IS TABLE OF students.major%TYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;
TYPE t_IDs IS TABLE OF students.ID%TYPE INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER;

v_StudentMajors t_Majors;
v_StudentIDs t_IDs;
v_NumEntries BINARY_INTEGER := 0;
END StudentData;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER RLimitMajors
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OF major ON students
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
StudentData.v_NumEntries := StudentData.v_NumEntries + 1;
StudentData.v_StudentMajors(StudentData.v_NumEntries) := :new.major;
StudentData.v_StudentIDs(StudentData.v_NumEntries) := :new.id;
END RLimitMajors;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER SLimitMajors
AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OF major ON students
DECLARE
v_MaxStudents CONSTANT NUMBER := 2;
v_CurrentStudents NUMBER;
v_StudentID students.ID%TYPE;
v_Major students.major%TYPE;
BEGIN
/* Loop through each student inserted or updated, and verify
that we are still within the limit. */
FOR v_LoopIndex IN 1..StudentData.v_NumEntries LOOP
v_StudentID := StudentData.v_StudentIDs(v_LoopIndex);
v_Major := StudentData.v_StudentMajors(v_LoopIndex);

-- Determine the current number of students in this major.
SELECT COUNT(*)
INTO v_CurrentStudents
FROM students
WHERE major = v_Major;

-- If there isn't room, raise an error.
IF v_CurrentStudents > v_MaxStudents THEN
'Too many students for major ' || v_Major ||
' because of student ' || v_StudentID);
END IF;
END LOOP;

-- Reset the counter so the next execution will use new data.
StudentData.v_NumEntries := 0;
END SLimitMajors;
Dr oppi ng and Di sabl i ng Tr i gger s
DROP TRIGGER <triggername>;
ALTER TRIGGER triggername {DISABLE | ENABLE};
ALTER TABLE authors {DISABLE | ENABLE} ALL TRIGGERS;

Usi ng Dy nami c SQL
Wor k i ng w i t h Nat i ve Dynami c SQL
Using Dynamic SQL
Working with Native Dynamic SQL

-- DDL
statement := 'CREATE SEQUENCE '||sequence_name||CHR(10)
|| ' INCREMENT BY 1' ||CHR(10)
|| ' START WITH 1' ||CHR(10)
|| ' CACHE 20' ||CHR(10)
|| ' ORDER';

-- encapsulates a PL/SQL block SELECT-INTO.
PROCEDURE increment_sequence
( sequence_name IN VARCHAR2,
sequence_value IN OUT NUMBER ) IS
-- Define local native dynamic SQL variables.
statement VARCHAR2(2000);
BEGIN

-- Build dynamic SQL statement as anonymous block PL/SQL unit.
statement := 'BEGIN' ||CHR(10)
|| ' SELECT hr.'||sequence_name||'.nextval'||CHR(10)
|| ' INTO :retval' ||CHR(10)
|| ' FROM DUAL;' ||CHR(10)
|| 'END;';

-- Execute dynamic SQL statement.
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement
USING OUT sequence_value;
END increment_sequence;

-- DML without bind variables.
PROCEDURE insert_into_table
( table_name IN VARCHAR2
, table_column_value1 IN NUMBER
, table_column_value2 IN VARCHAR2
, table_column_value3 IN VARCHAR2) IS
-- Define local variables.
BEGIN

-- Build dynamic SQL statement.
statement := 'INSERT '
|| 'INTO '||table_name||' '
|| 'VALUES ('
|| ''''||table_column_value1||''','
|| ''''||table_column_value2||''','
|| ''''||table_column_value3||''')';


-- Execute the NDS statement.
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement;

-- Commit the records.
commit;
END insert_into_table;

-- a DML with ordered bind variables.
PROCEDURE inserts_into_table
BEGIN
|| 'VALUES (:col_one, :col_two, :col_three)';

-- Execute the NDS statement.
USING table_column_value1
, table_column_value2
, table_column_value3;

-- Commit the records.
commit;
END inserts_into_table;

-- select single row , single col (DQL)
PROCEDURE single_row_return IS
value_out VARCHAR2(1);
BEGIN
statement := 'SELECT ''A'' FROM DUAL';

-- Use NDS to query a static string.
INTO value_out;
END single_row_return;

-- select single row, mutiple col (DQL)
PROCEDURE single_row_return
( table_name VARCHAR2
, column_name1 VARCHAR2
, column_name3 VARCHAR2 ) IS


cvalue_out1 VARCHAR2(20);
nvalue_out NUMBER;
BEGIN
statement := 'SELECT '
|| column_name1 ||','
|| column_name3 ||' '
|| 'FROM '|| table_name;

INTO nvalue_out, cvalue_out1, cvalue_out2;

-- SELECT multiple row of single col (DQL)
-- Create a Varray of a one character string.
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE varchar2_table1 IS
VARRAY(100) OF VARCHAR2(1);
/

PROCEDURE multiple_row_return IS
value_out VARCHAR2_TABLE1;
BEGIN
-- using an anonymous block is mandatory, otherwise ORA-03001
statement := 'BEGIN '
|| 'SELECT ''A'' '
|| 'BULK COLLECT INTO :col_val '
|| 'FROM DUAL;'
|| 'END;';

-- Use Bulk NDS to query a static string.
USING OUT value_out;

-- Use a range loop to read the values.
FOR i IN 1..value_out.COUNT LOOP
-- Print output message.
dbms_output.put_line(value_out(i));
END LOOP;
END multiple_row_return;

-- multiple row with columns (DQL)
-- NDS can use bulk collections only from within an anonymous-block
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE card_number_varray IS VARRAY(100) OF NUMBER;
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE card_name_varray IS VARRAY(100) OF VARCHAR2(2000);
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE card_suit_varray IS VARRAY(100) OF VARCHAR2(2000);

PROCEDURE multiple_row_return

-- Define local Native Dynamic SQL variables.
cvalue_out1 CARD_NAME_VARRAY;
cvalue_out2 CARD_SUIT_VARRAY;
nvalue_out CARD_NUMBER_VARRAY;
BEGIN
statement := 'BEGIN '
|| 'SELECT '
|| 'BULK COLLECT INTO :col1, :col2, :col3 '
|| 'FROM '|| table_name ||';'
|| 'END;';

-- Execute native dynamic SQL.
USING OUT nvalue_out, OUT cvalue_out1, OUT cvalue_out2;

FOR i IN 1..nvalue_out.COUNT LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('Value from ['||column_name1||'] '|| 'is:
['||nvalue_out(i)||']');
['||SUBSTR(cvalue_out1(i),1,20)||']');
['||SUBSTR(cvalue_out2(i),1,30)||']');
END LOOP;
Usi ng DBMS_SQL
DBMS_SQL st ill has a maj or feat ure t hat is not delivered in NDS. I t does not need t o know
beforehand t he number and t ypes of argument s it will receive and process.
To use dbms_sql:
GRANT EXECUTE ON dbms_sys_sql TO SYSTEM WITH GRANT OPTION;
GRANT EXECUTE ON dbms_sql TO SYSTEM WITH GRANT OPTION;

-- Working with DDL and DML Without Bind Variables
-- Procedure to close DBMS_SQL open cursor.
PROCEDURE close_open_cursor ( c IN OUT INTEGER) IS
BEGIN
IF dbms_sql.is_open(c) THEN
dbms_sql.close_cursor(c);
END IF;
END close_open_cursor;

PROCEDURE create_sequence
( sequence_name IN VARCHAR2) IS
c INTEGER := dbms_sql.open_cursor;
fdbk INTEGER;
BEGIN

statement := 'CREATE SEQUENCE '||sequence_name||CHR(10)
|| ' INCREMENT BY 1' ||CHR(10)
|| ' START WITH 1' ||CHR(10)
|| ' CACHE 20' ||CHR(10)
|| ' ORDER';

-- Parse and execute the statement.
dbms_sql.parse(c,statement,dbms_sql.native);
fdbk := dbms_sql.execute(c);
-- Close the open cursor.
END create_sequence;

-- encapsulates a PL/SQL block SELECT-INTO.
PROCEDURE increment_sequence
( sequence_name IN VARCHAR2
, sequence_value IN OUT NUMBER ) IS

-- Define local DBMS_SQL variables.
fdbk INTEGER;

BEGIN
/*
|| Debugging Tip:
|| =============
|| When you are using a SELECT-INTO-FROM within DBMS_SQL, which is a
|| reserved PLSQL syntax not directly supported by DBMS_SQL. You
|| need to encapsulate it in a PLSQL wrapper. When you use a PLSQL
|| wrapper, the semicolons must be used in the statement and the
|| PLSQL block because DBMS_SQL adds a single semicolon to execute
|| the PLSQL block. If you forget to encapsulate the SQL in a
|| PLSQL wrapper, you will raise the following error message.
|| -------------------------------------------------------------------
|| ORA-01006: bind variable does not exist
*/

-- Build dynamic SQL statement as anonymous block PL/SQL unit.
statement := 'BEGIN'||CHR(10)
|| ' SELECT PLSQL.'||sequence_name||'.nextval'||CHR(10)
|| ' INTO :retval'||CHR(10)
|| ' FROM DUAL;'||CHR(10)
|| 'END;';

-- Parse the statement.

/*
|| Technical Note:
|| ==============
|| The BIND_VARIABLE procedure is returning a NUMBER
|| and does not require parameter four.
*/


-- Bind variable retval to an output sequence value.
dbms_sql.bind_variable(c,'retval',sequence_value);

-- Execute the dynamic cursor.

-- Copy the variable value from the bind variable.
dbms_sql.variable_value(c,'retval',sequence_value);


dbms_output.put('Sequence <'||sequence_name||'> ');

dbms_output.put_line('Value <'||sequence_value||'>');
END increment_sequence;

-- a DML with ordered bind variables
PROCEDURE insert_into_table

fdbk INTEGER;
BEGIN
/*
|| Debugging Tip:
|| =============
|| Statement strings are terminated by a line return CHR(10) to
|| ensure that a space is not missing between concatenated segments.
|| Using a BIND variable provides efficiencies in SQL statements
|| because it avoids the reparsing of the statement. Therefore,
|| they should be used as follows for performance gains:
||
|| SQL STATEMENTS PREDICATES
|| -------------- ----------
|| SELECT WHERE
|| UPDATE SET
|| WHERE
|| DELETE WHERE
||
|| Error Explanations:
|| ------------------
|| 1. An explicit size is always required for a VARCHAR2 variable
|| and the overloaded procedure has an output size variable in the
|| fourth position that you may need to use. The output length is
|| provided below to demonstrate it.
|| 2. A bad bind variable message typically means the identifier is
|| outside of the VARCHAR2 string and treated as a session level
|| undefined bind variable.
|| 3. A "missing SELECT keyword" can occur on an insert statement
|| if you put bind variables into the INTO clause for column

|| names.
|| 4. If you have quote marks around VARCHAR2 bind variables, you
|| may raise the "bind variable does not exist" error. If you
|| need to use that syntax, you can encapsulate the DML in a
|| PLSQL wrapper.
|| -------------------------------------------------------------------
|| 1. ORA-06502: PL/SQL: numeric or value error
|| 2. PLS-00049: bad bind variable
|| 3. ORA-00928: missing SELECT keyword
|| 4. ORA-01006: bind variable does not exist
*/

|| 'VALUES '
|| '( :table_column_value1'
|| ', :table_column_value2'
|| ', :table_column_value3)';


-- Bind each bind variable.
dbms_sql.bind_variable(c,'table_column_value1',table_column_value1);



commit;
dbms_output.put_line('Value inserted <'||table_column_value1||'>');
END insert_into_table;

-- a DML with ordered bind variables.
PROCEDURE inserts_into_table
, table_column_values1 IN DBMS_SQL.NUMBER_TABLE
, table_column_values2 IN DBMS_SQL.VARCHAR2_TABLE
, table_column_values3 IN DBMS_SQL.VARCHAR2_TABLE) IS

fdbk INTEGER;

BEGIN
|| '( card_number '
|| ', card_name '

|| ', card_suit)'
|| 'VALUES '
|| '( :card_number'
|| ', :card_name'
|| ', :card_suit)';


-- Bind each bind variable.
dbms_sql.bind_array(c,'card_number',table_column_values1);
dbms_sql.bind_array(c,'card_name',table_column_values2);
dbms_sql.bind_array(c,'card_suit',table_column_values3);



commit;

-- Use a for-loop to print values.
FOR i IN 1..table_column_values1.COUNT LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(
'Value inserted <'||table_column_values1(i)||'>');
END LOOP;
END inserts_into_table;

-- multiple row DQL
PROCEDURE multiple_row_return IS
fdbk INTEGER;
BEGIN


-- Define the column mapping to the value_out variable.
dbms_sql.define_column(c,1,value_out,1);

LOOP
-- Exit when no more rows to fetch.
EXIT WHEN dbms_sql.fetch_rows(c) = 0;
-- Copy the contents of column #1 to the value_out variable.
dbms_sql.column_value(c,1,value_out);
dbms_output.put_line('Value from COLUMN_VALUE <'||value_out||'>');
END LOOP;


-- multiple row with columns DQL.
PROCEDURE multiple_row_return
, column_name3 VARCHAR2 )IS

fdbk INTEGER;
nvalue_out NUMBER;

BEGIN


-- Parse dynamic SQL statement.

/*
|| Debugging Tip:
|| =============
|| Define the column values and DO NOT forget to assign a size
|| parameter for a string datatype, like VARCHAR2; however, if you
|| forget, the error message is:
|| -------------------------------------------------------------------
|| PLS-00307: too many declarations of 'DEFINE_COLUMN' match this call
*/

dbms_sql.define_column(c,1,nvalue_out);
dbms_sql.define_column(c,2,cvalue_out1,2000);


-- Use a loop to read all rows.
LOOP
-- Exit when no more rows to fetch.
EXIT WHEN dbms_sql.fetch_rows(c) = 0;

dbms_sql.column_value(c,1,nvalue_out);
dbms_sql.column_value(c,2,cvalue_out1);

'Value from ['||column_name1||'] '||
'is: ['||nvalue_out||']');
'is: ['||SUBSTR(cvalue_out1,1,5)||']');
'is: ['||SUBSTR(cvalue_out2,1,8)||']');
END LOOP;

-- single row DQL.
/*
|| Demonstrate a single row return using the DEFINE_COLUMN and COLUMN_VALUE
|| program unit, as you would in an explicit cursor.
*/
PROCEDURE single_row_return IS

fdbk INTEGER;

BEGIN


-- Parse the dynamic SQL statement.

/*
|| Debugging Tip:
|| =============
|| -------------------------------------------------------------------
||
|| This is the message returned because the DEFINE_COLUMN procedure
|| is overloaded and it doesn't know how to implicitly cast without
|| the OUT_VALUE_SIZE argument. Only CHAR, RAW and VARCHAR2 support
|| a fourth argument.
*/

dbms_sql.define_column(c,1,value_out,1);

fdbk := dbms_sql.execute_and_fetch(c);


dbms_sql.column_value(c,1,value_out);

'Value from COLUMN_VALUE <'||value_out||'>');



-- single row DQL.
PROCEDURE single_row_return

fdbk INTEGER;
nvalue_out NUMBER;

BEGIN


-- Parse the dynamic SQL statement.

/*
|| Debugging Tip:
|| =============
|| -------------------------------------------------------------------
||
|| This is the message returned because the DEFINE_COLUMN procedure
|| is overloaded and it doesn't know how to implicitly cast without
|| the OUT_VALUE_SIZE argument. Only CHAR, RAW and VARCHAR2 support
|| a fourth argument.
*/

dbms_sql.define_column(c,1,nvalue_out);


fdbk := dbms_sql.execute_and_fetch(c);

dbms_sql.column_value(c,1,nvalue_out);

-- Print output message.
dbms_output.put_line('Value from COLUMN_VALUE <'||nvalue_out||'>');
dbms_output.put_line('Value from COLUMN_VALUE <'||cvalue_out1||'>');
dbms_output.put_line('Value from COLUMN_VALUE <'||cvalue_out2||'>');


Cal l i ng Jav a f r om PL/ SQL
Pre- requisit s:
o set CLASSPATH should cont ain:
. current direct ory
Oracle 11g: %ORACLE_HOME%/ j dbc/ lib/ oj dbc5. j ar ( or 6 but not bot h)
ORACLE_HOME/ j lib/ orai18n. j ar
Oracle 10g: %ORACLE_HOME%/ j dbc/ lib/ classes12. zip
Java JDK or J2SE 5. n or 6.n
I n Oracle 11g, t he oracle. j dbc.driver.* classes, t he oj dbc4. j ar file, and t he
OracleConnect ionCacheI mpl class are no longer support ed or available.
o Make sure PATH point s t o JDK home.
/* to create a Thick Java client program to Oracle 11g */
-- JDBCExample.java
import java.sql.*;
import oracle.jdbc.pool.OracleDataSource;

public class JDBCExample {
public static void main(String args[]) throws SQLException
/* Declare the type of Oracle Driver you are using */
{ DriverManager.registerDriver(new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver());

/* Create a database connection for the JDBC program */
Connection conn=
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@srv01:1521:ora11g","HR","h");
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

/* Pass a query to SQL and store the results in the result set rs */
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select employee_id, last_name from
employees");

/* Using the while loop, result set rs is accessed row by row */
while(rs.next()){
int number = rs.getInt(1);
String name= rs.getString(2);
System.out.println(number+" "+name);
}

/* Close the JDBC result set and close the database connection */
rs.close();
conn.close();
}
}

-- load that into the database :
loadjava -r -f -o -user HR/h JDBCExample.class

Conf i g ur i ng Or acl e Dat abase t o Use Ex t er nal Rou t i nes
o For furt her det ails refer t o t he document at ion or Oracle Dat abase 10g PL/ SQL
Programming by Ron Hardman, Michael McLaughlin and Scot t Urman, Oracle Press.
Configure one listener for the database and one for the the extproc agent
#(1) In listener.ora
# remove the IPC protocol from the standard settings
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS =
(PROTOCOL = TCP)
(HOST = srv01)
(PORT = 1521)
)
)
)
)

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = ora11g)
(ORACLE_HOME = E:\oracle\OraDB11g)
)
)

# another listener. "extproc" lowercase
CALLOUT_LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS =
(PROTOCOL = IPC)
(KEY = extproc)
)
)
)
)

# "PLSExtProc" case sensitive
# (ENV =
"EXTPROC_DLLS=ONLY:<custom_dll_directory>/<custom_shared_library>,LD_LIBRARY_P
ATH=E:\oracle\OraDB11g\LIB")
SID_LIST_CALLOUT_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = PLSExtProc)
(ORACLE_HOME = E:\oracle\OraDB11g)
(PROGRAM = extproc)
(ENV =
"EXTPROC_DLLS=ONLY:C:\myfiles\dll/C:\myfiles\lib,LD_LIBRARY_PATH=E:\oracle\Ora

DB11g\LIB")
)
)

# if there is an ASM instance
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = ora11g.srv01)
(ORACLE_HOME=E:\oracle\OraDB11g\database)
(SID_NAME = +ASM)
)

#(2) Add the following in to the tnsnames.ora
EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)
(KEY = extproc))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = PLSExtProc)
(PRESENTATION = RO)
)
)

#(3) rebuild the original listener service and create new one
# In Windows
lsnrctl stop
# use NETCA to delete the original service and then re-create it.
# build a new service for the second listener CALLOUT_LISTENER. A new
linstener.ora will
# be created so paste again the code above in the file.

# In Unix
lsnrctl stop LISTENER
# backup the original linstener.ora and tnsnames files
# copy the new ones
lsnrctl start LISTENER
lsnrctl start CALLOUT_LISTENER
# verify
ps ef | grep v grep | grep tnslsnr

#(4) verify the configuration
tnsping EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA
If you get a TNS-12541 error when using tnsping, the likelihood is that there
is a mismatch between the ADDRESS parameter values in the listener.ora and
tnsnames.ora files.

# the following command should return the following error:
sqlplus plsql/plsql@EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA
ORA-28547: connection to server failed, probable Oracle Net admin error

Working with a C Shared Library
Define a C shared library:

#include <stdio.h>

/* Declare a writestr function. */
void writestr1(char *path, char *message)
{
/* Declare a FILE variable. */
FILE *file_name;

/* Open the File. */
file_name = fopen(path,"w");

/* Write to file the message received. */
fprintf(file_name,"%s\n",message);

/* Close the file. */
fclose(file_name);

}

Unix C Compiler that supports the G option
cc G o writestr1.so writestr1.c
Unix C Compiler that supports the shared option
cc shared o writestr1.so writestr1.c
- OR -
gcc shared o writestr1.so writestr1.c

# Defining and Calling the PL/SQL Library Wrapper
CREATE OR REPLACE LIBRARY library_write_string AS
'<oracle_home_directory>/<custom_library>/<file_name>.<file_ext>';
/

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE write_string
(path VARCHAR2 ,message VARCHAR2) AS EXTERNAL
LIBRARY library_write_string
NAME "writestr"
PARAMETERS (path STRING ,message STRING);
/

-- Available online as part of create_library1.sql
BEGIN
-- Call the external procedure.
write_string('/tmp/file.txt','Hello World!');
END;
/

Usi ng Lar ge Ob j ect s ( LOBs)
Cr eat i ng LOB
To specify different st orage opt ions, use t he following synt ax in your creat e t able
st at ement :
CREATE TABLE table_name ( .. lob_column lob_datatype )
LOB (lob_column,..) STORE AS [lob_segment_name]
[(TABLESPACE tablespace
{ENABLE|DISABLE} STORAGE IN ROW
STORAGE storage_clause
CHUNK int
PCTVERSION int
CACHE
CACHE READS [[NO]LOGGING]
NOCACHE [[NO]LOGGING])
PCTVERSI ON default s t o 10
NOCACHE is t he default
ENABLE STORAGE I N ROW, which is t he default set t ing, says t hat if t he LOB value is less
t han 4K ( including cont rol informat ion) , st ore it inline.
CREATE TABLE book_samples (
book_sample_id NUMBER (10) PRIMARY KEY,
isbn CHAR(10 CHAR),
description CLOB,
nls_description NCLOB,
book_cover BLOB,
chapter_title VARCHAR2(30 CHAR),
chapter BFILE
)
LOB (book_cover)
STORE AS blob_seg ( TABLESPACE blob_ts
CHUNK 8192
PCTVERSION 0
NOCACHE
NOLOGGING
DISABLE STORAGE IN ROW)
LOB (description, nls_description)
STORE AS ( TABLESPACE clob_ts
CHUNK 8192
PCTVERSION 10
NOCACHE
LOGGING
ENABLE STORAGE IN ROW);
Usi ng SQL w i t h I nt er nal LOBs
Wit h SQL, you can insert , updat e, and delet e int ernal LOBs.
SQL does not yet support piecewise manipulat ion of LOBs.
SET LONG 64000

SELECT description FROM book_samples;

-- empty_clob() creates a locator
INSERT INTO book_samples (
book_sample_id,
isbn,
description,
nls_description,
book_cover,
chapter)
VALUES (
1,
'72230665',
'The ...',
EMPTY_CLOB(),
EMPTY_BLOB(),
BFILENAME('BOOK_SAMPLES_LOC', '72230665.jpg'));

UPDATE book_samples SET description = EMPTY_CLOB() WHERE description IS NOT
NULL;
Usi ng LOBs i n PL/ SQL
A opened BFI LE should be closed aft er handling it .
SESSI ON_MAX_OPEN_FI LES cont rols t he number of BFI LEs t hat can be open at any one
t ime.
/* APPEND */
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE LOBAPPEND (
io_lob_source IN OUT NCLOB,
io_lob_destination IN OUT NCLOB)
AS
BEGIN
DBMS_LOB.OPEN(io_lob_source, DBMS_LOB.LOB_READONLY);
DBMS_LOB.OPEN(io_lob_destination, DBMS_LOB.LOB_READWRITE);

DBMS_LOB.APPEND(io_lob_destination, io_lob_source);

-- always close lob after handling them
DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(io_lob_source);
DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(io_lob_destination);
END;
/

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON

DECLARE
v_source_lob_loc NCLOB;
v_destination_lob_loc NCLOB;
v_combined_lob NCLOB;
BEGIN
-- for update is a must here
SELECT nls_description
INTO v_source_lob_loc
FROM book_samples_nls
FOR UPDATE;

INTO v_destination_lob_loc
FROM book_samples
FOR UPDATE;

LOBAPPEND(v_source_lob_loc, v_destination_lob_loc);

INTO v_combined_lob
from book_samples;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SUBSTR(v_combined_lob, 1, 150));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SUBSTR(v_combined_lob, 151, 300));
END;
/

/* COMPARE */
If 0 is returned, then the LOBs are the same. If 1 is returned, then they are
different.
FUNCTION COMPARE RETURNS NUMBER(38)
Argument Name Type In/Out Default?
-
LOB_1 CLOB IN
LOB_2 CLOB IN
AMOUNT NUMBER(38) IN DEFAULT
OFFSET_1 NUMBER(38) IN DEFAULT
OFFSET_2 NUMBER(38) IN DEFAULT

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE CLOB_COMPARE (
v_lob1 IN OUT CLOB,
v_lob2 IN OUT CLOB)
AS
v_compare PLS_INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
DBMS_LOB.OPEN(v_lob1, DBMS_LOB.LOB_READONLY);
DBMS_LOB.OPEN(v_lob2, DBMS_LOB.LOB_READONLY);
-- buffer size used 32K (the max)
v_compare := DBMS_LOB.COMPARE(v_lob1,v_lob2, 32768, 1, 1);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The value returned by COMPARE is: '||v_compare);

DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(v_lob1);
DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(v_lob2);
END;
/
DECLARE
v_lob1 CLOB;
v_lob2 CLOB;
v_lob3 CLOB;
BEGIN
SELECT description
INTO v_lob1
FROM book_samples
WHERE book_sample_id = 1;

SELECT description
INTO v_lob2
FROM book_samples

SELECT description
INTO v_lob3
FROM book_samples

CLOB_COMPARE(v_lob1, v_lob2);

CLOB_COMPARE(v_lob1, v_lob3);
END;
/

/* CONVERTTO..LOB */
PROCEDURE CONVERTTOBLOB
DEST_LOB BLOB IN/OUT
# in CONVERTTOCLOB the following is SRC_BLOB
SRC_CLOB CLOB IN
AMOUNT NUMBER(38) IN
DEST_OFFSET NUMBER(38) IN/OUT
SRC_OFFSET NUMBER(38) IN/OUT
BLOB_CSID NUMBER IN
LANG_CONTEXT NUMBER(38) IN/OUT
WARNING NUMBER(38) OUT

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE CONVERT_ME (
v_blob_or_clob IN NUMBER, -- if 0 TOBLOB, if 1 TOCLOB
v_blob IN OUT BLOB,
v_clob IN OUT CLOB,
v_amount IN OUT NUMBER,
v_blob_offset IN OUT NUMBER,
v_clob_offset IN OUT NUMBER,
v_lang_context IN OUT NUMBER,
v_warning OUT NUMBER)
AS
BEGIN

DBMS_LOB.OPEN(v_blob, DBMS_LOB.LOB_READWRITE);
DBMS_LOB.OPEN(v_clob, DBMS_LOB.LOB_READWRITE);

IF v_blob_or_clob = 0
THEN
DBMS_LOB.CONVERTTOBLOB(v_blob,
v_clob,
v_amount,
v_blob_offset,
v_clob_offset,
1,
v_lang_context,
v_warning);
ELSE

DBMS_LOB.CONVERTTOCLOB(v_clob,
v_blob,
v_amount,
v_clob_offset,
v_blob_offset,
1,
v_lang_context,
v_warning);
END IF;

DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(v_blob);
DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(v_clob);

END;
/

DECLARE
v_clob_or_blob NUMBER;
v_blob_locator BLOB;
v_clob_locator CLOB;
v_blob_offset NUMBER;
v_clob_offset NUMBER;
v_lang_context NUMBER := DBMS_LOB.DEFAULT_LANG_CTX;
v_warning NUMBER;
v_string_length NUMBER(10);
v_source_locator BLOB;
v_destination_locator BLOB;
v_amount PLS_INTEGER;
v_string CLOB;
BEGIN

-- CONVERT CLOB TO BLOB

SELECT description
INTO v_clob_locator
FROM book_samples
WHERE book_sample_id = 1
FOR UPDATE;

SELECT misc
INTO v_blob_locator
FROM book_samples
FOR UPDATE;

v_string_length := DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(v_blob_locator);
v_amount := DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(v_clob_locator);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The initial length of the BLOB is:
'||v_string_length);

v_clob_or_blob := 0; -- Convert clob to blob
v_clob_offset := 1;
v_blob_offset := 1;

CONVERT_ME(v_clob_or_blob,

v_blob_locator,
v_clob_locator,
v_amount,
v_blob_offset,
v_clob_offset,
v_lang_context,
v_warning);

v_string_length := DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(v_blob_locator);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The length of the BLOB post-conversion is:

-- COPY BLOB FOR ONE ROW TO BLOB IN ANOTHER
v_source_locator := v_blob_locator;

SELECT misc
INTO v_destination_locator
FROM book_samples
FOR UPDATE;

DBMS_LOB.COPY(v_destination_locator, v_source_locator, 32768, 1, 1);

v_string_length := DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(v_destination_locator);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The length of the BLOB post-copy is:

-- COPY BLOB FOR RECORD 2 BACK TO A CLOB

SELECT description
INTO v_clob_locator
FROM book_samples
FOR UPDATE;

SELECT misc
INTO v_blob_locator
FROM book_samples
FOR UPDATE;

v_string_length := DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(v_clob_locator);
-- v_ammount must equal to BLOB size, otherwise ORA-22993 will return
v_amount := DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(v_blob_locator);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The initial length of the CLOB (record 2) is:

v_clob_or_blob := 1; -- Convert blob to clob
-- must be reset to 1 because its value changed by the
-- previous call of CONVERT_ME
v_clob_offset := 1;
v_blob_offset := 1;

CONVERT_ME(v_clob_or_blob,
v_blob_locator,

v_clob_locator,
v_amount,
v_clob_offset,
v_blob_offset,
v_lang_context,
v_warning);

v_string_length := DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(v_clob_locator);

SELECT description
INTO v_string
FROM book_samples

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The length of the CLOB post-conversion is:

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The converted CLOB');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('==================');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SUBSTR(v_string,1,150));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SUBSTR(v_string,151,300));
END;
/

/* BFILE FILEEXISTS */
-- This function tests whether a file exists by the name specified in the
insert statement

book_sample_id,
isbn,
description,
nls_description,
misc,
bfile_description)
VALUES (
1,
'72230665',
EMPTY_CLOB(),
EMPTY_CLOB(),
EMPTY_BLOB(),
BFILENAME('BOOK_SAMPLES_LOC', 'bfile_example.pdf'));

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE CHECK_FILE ( v_bfile IN BFILE)
AS
v_exists PLS_INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN

v_exists := DBMS_LOB.FILEEXISTS(v_bfile);

IF v_exists = 0
THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('The file does not exists in the directory
specified');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('The file exists and the directory valid!');

END IF;
END;
/

DECLARE
v_bfile BFILE;
BEGIN
SELECT bfile_description
INTO v_bfile
FROM book_samples

CHECK_FILE(v_bfile);
END;
/

/* BFILE FILEOPEN/OPEN */
-- Oracle recommends that OPEN be used instead of FILEOPEN.
PROCEDURE OPEN
-
FILE_LOC BINARY FILE LOB IN/OUT
OPEN_MODE BINARY_INTEGER IN DEFAULT

OPEN_MODE: DBMS_LOB.LOB_READONLY or DBMS_LOB.LOB_READWRITE

/* BFILE FILEISOPEN/ISOPEN */
-- ISOPEN should be used in place of FILEISOPEN when possible.
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE CHECK_STATUS (
v_bfile IN BFILE)
AS
v_isopen PLS_INTEGER := 0;
BEGIN
v_isopen := DBMS_LOB.ISOPEN(v_bfile);
IF v_isopen = 0
THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('The file is not open. You must open the');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('The file is open already.');
END IF;
END;
/
DECLARE
v_bfile BFILE;
BEGIN
INTO v_bfile
FROM book_samples

CHECK_STATUS(v_bfile);
END;
/


/* BFILE FILECLOSE/CLOSE/FILECLOSEALL */
FILECLOSE and CLOSE both close one BFILE at a time, while FILECLOSEALL closes
all open BFILEs. It is recommended by Oracle that CLOSE be used rather than
FILECLOSE for all new development. CLOSE can be used with all LOB types, not
just BFILEs.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE CLOSE_ALL_FILES
AS
v_isopen PLS_INTEGER := 0;
v_counter PLS_INTEGER := 0;
v_bfile BFILE;

CURSOR cur_bfile IS
FROM book_samples;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Open all BFILEs in the table');
OPEN cur_bfile;
LOOP
FETCH cur_bfile INTO v_bfile;
EXIT WHEN cur_bfile%NOTFOUND;
BEGIN
v_counter := v_counter + 1;
DBMS_LOB.OPEN(v_bfile);
v_isopen := DBMS_LOB.ISOPEN(v_bfile);
IF v_isopen = 0
THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('File number '||v_counter||' is closed');
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('File number '||v_counter||' is open');
END IF;
END;
END LOOP;

CLOSE cur_bfile;

DBMS_LOB.FILECLOSEALL();
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' DONE ');
END;
/

/* LOADFROMFILE/LOADCLOBFROMFILE/LOADBLOBFROMFILE */
load file contents to CLOB and BLOB columns. It is
recommended that LOADCLOBFROMFILE and LOADBLOBFROMFILE be used for
their specific datatypes rather than using the generic overloaded
LOADFROMFILE.

PROCEDURE LOADBLOBFROMFILE
------------------------------ ----------------------- ------ --------
DEST_LOB BLOB IN/OUT
SRC_BFILE BINARY FILE LOB IN

PROCEDURE LOADCLOBFROMFILE
------------------------------ ----------------------- ------ --------
DEST_LOB CLOB IN/OUT
SRC_BFILE BINARY FILE LOB IN
BFILE_CSID NUMBER IN
LANG_CONTEXT NUMBER(38) IN/OUT
WARNING NUMBER(38) OUT

set serveroutput on

DECLARE
v_dest_blob BLOB;
v_dest_clob CLOB;
v_source_locator1 BFILE := BFILENAME('BOOK_SAMPLES_LOC',
'bfile_example.pdf');
v_source_locator2 BFILE := BFILENAME('BOOK_SAMPLES_LOC',
'bfile_example.txt');
v_source_offset NUMBER := 1;
v_dest_offset NUMBER := 1;
v_lang_context NUMBER := DBMS_LOB.DEFAULT_LANG_CTX;
v_warning PLS_INTEGER;
BEGIN
-- Empty the description and misc columns
UPDATE book_samples
SET description = EMPTY_CLOB(), misc = EMPTY_BLOB()

-- Retrieve the locators for the two destination columns
SELECT description, misc
INTO v_dest_clob, v_dest_blob
FROM book_samples
FOR UPDATE;

-- Open the BFILEs and destination LOBs
DBMS_LOB.OPEN(v_source_locator1, DBMS_LOB.LOB_READONLY);
DBMS_LOB.OPEN(v_source_locator2, DBMS_LOB.LOB_READONLY);
DBMS_LOB.OPEN(v_dest_blob, DBMS_LOB.LOB_READWRITE);
DBMS_LOB.OPEN(v_dest_clob, DBMS_LOB.LOB_READWRITE);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Length of the BLOB file is:
'||DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(v_source_locator1));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Length of the CLOB file is:
'||DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(v_source_locator2));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Size of BLOB pre-load:
'||DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(v_dest_blob));
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Size of CLOB pre-load:
'||DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(v_dest_clob));

-- Load the destination columns from the source
DBMS_LOB.LOADBLOBFROMFILE(v_dest_blob, v_source_locator1,
DBMS_LOB.LOBMAXSIZE, v_dest_offset, v_source_offset);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Size of BLOB post-load: '||(v_dest_offset -1));

v_dest_offset := 1;
v_source_offset := 1;

DBMS_LOB.LOADCLOBFROMFILE(v_dest_clob,
v_source_locator2,
DBMS_LOB.LOBMAXSIZE,
v_dest_offset,
v_source_offset,
DBMS_LOB.DEFAULT_CSID,
v_lang_context,
v_warning);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Size of CLOB post-load: '||(v_dest_offset -1));

-- Close the LOBs that we opened
DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(v_source_locator1);
DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(v_dest_blob);
DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(v_dest_clob);

EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS
THEN
DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(v_dest_blob);
DBMS_LOB.CLOSE(v_dest_clob);
END;
/

SET LONG 64000
SELECT description
FROM book_samples
Per f or mance Consi der at i ons
Usi ng Ret ur ni ng Cl ause
RETURNI NG is a keyword added t o t he end of t he I NSERT st at ement allowing you t o work
wit h t he LOB immediat ely, wit hout any addit ional st eps.
DECLARE
v_clob CLOB;
BEGIN
book_sample_id,
isbn,
description,
nls_description,
book_cover,
chapter)
VALUES (

1,
'72230665',
'The ...',
EMPTY_CLOB(),
EMPTY_BLOB(),
BFILENAME('BOOK_SAMPLES_LOC', '72230665.jpg'))
RETURNING description INTO v_clob;
COMMIT;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_clob);
END;
/
Usi ng CONTEXT I ndex
You can apply many indexing t ypes. The examples here show how t o use CONTEXT index.
Using t he CONTEXT index, we are able t o perform t he following t ypes of queries:
o Boolean searches AND, OR, NOT.
o Exact mat ches Search for t he exact word or phrase inside t he t ext .
o I nexact mat ches Search using st emming ( a search for mice finds mouse) , wildcard,
soundex ( one word sounds like anot her).
o Proximit y A word is near anot her.
o Ranking A value is provided based on relevance t o t he keywords used in t he query.
o Theme searches Search on what a document or t ext is about .
Refer to Oracle Text documentation for further details.
/* Creating CONTEXT Index */
-- 1) create named preferences
-- If you want to index text in another language: eg JAPANESE_LEXER and
JAPANESE_VGRAM_LEXER
-- WORLD_LEXER that can detect the language of the text
BEGIN
ctx_ddl.create_preference ('lob_lexer', 'basic_lexer');
ctx_ddl.set_attribute ('lob_lexer', 'index_text', 'true');
ctx_ddl.set_attribute ('lob_lexer', 'index_themes', 'false');
END;
/

-- 2) create Wordlist
BEGIN
ctx_ddl.create_preference ('lob_wordlist', 'basic_wordlist');
ctx_ddl.set_attribute ('lob_wordlist', 'substring_index', 'true');
END;
/

-- 3) Create the index on the column
-- role ctxapp and resource must be granted first
-- STOPLIST refers to noise words. It can also take DEFAULT_STOPLIST
CREATE INDEX lob_indx ON book_samples(description)
INDEXTYPE IS CTXSYS.CONTEXT
PARAMETERS ( 'lexer lob_lexer
wordlist lob_wordlist
stoplist ctxsys.empty_stoplist' )
/

To examine the tokens:

set pages 9999
SELECT token_text FROM DR$LOB_INDX$I;

/* Using the Index */
SELECT SCORE(1), book_sample_id
FROM book_samples
WHERE CONTAINS(description, 'website', 1) > 0;
Mi gr at i ng f r om LONGs t o LOBs
ALTER TABLE long_to_lob MODIFY text CLOB;


Par t 12 Appendi x es

Pr ogr am Uni t s and Scr i pt s Used i n t he Docu men t
Ret ur n Par amet er Val ue f or Nor mal User
Used by normal user who do not have access on v$paramet er.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION GET_PAR ( P_PARAMETER VARCHAR2)
RETURN VARCHAR2
IS
parnam VARCHAR2(256);
intval BINARY_INTEGER;
strval VARCHAR2(256);
partype BINARY_INTEGER;
V VARCHAR2(1000);
BEGIN
partype := dbms_utility.get_parameter_value(P_PARAMETER, intval, strval);
IF partype = 1 THEN
RETURN 'TYPE:STRING - Value:' || STRVAL;
ELSE
RETURN 'TYPE:INTEGER - Value:' || TO_CHAR(intval);
END IF;
END;
/


Appl yi ng Random Load on Dat abase Sampl e 1
Script s t o apply loads on Oracle DB on a single t able. Applicable on Unix and Windows.
Set up
Dat abase Side
/* Create Schema cotaining target objects */
create tablespace hrstbs ;
create user hrs identified by h
default tablespace hrstbs
quota unlimited on hrstbs ;
grant create table, create view, create procedure, create session, create
sequence, plustrace to hrs;
grant execute on DBMS_LOCK to hrs;
grant execute on DBMS_RANDOM to hrs;

/* Create Schema Objects */
conn hrs/h
CREATE TABLE NAMES
( ID NUMBER , NAME VARCHAR2(50), HDATE DATE, SAL NUMBER, REGION VARCHAR2(1));

CREATE SEQUENCE S cache 1000;

/* Create Random Load Package */
-- Generates various different loads on the target database
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE LOAD_GENERATOR
IS
-- insert batch rows into NAMES table
PROCEDURE INSERT_NAMES ( P_ROWS IN NUMBER);
-- high CPU calls
PROCEDURE SpinCPUs(P_ITERATION IN NUMBER);
-- high CPU+DB calls
PROCEDURE SpinCycles (P_ITERATION IN NUMBER);
-- random query: from NAMES
PROCEDURE RandomQuery(P_ITERATION IN NUMBER, P_MAX IN NUMBER);
-- random DML on NAMES
PROCEDURE RandomDML(P_ITERATION IN NUMBER, P_MAX IN NUMBER);
END load_generator;
/

-- unmark the SLEEP function, if you wish
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE Body LOAD_GENERATOR
IS
-- generate random text: its lengnth between 4 and the passed value
FUNCTION G_TEXT(P_SIZE IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2
IS
V VARCHAR2(2000);
BEGIN
FOR I IN 1..DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(4,P_SIZE) LOOP
V := V || CHR(ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(65,90))); -- 122
END LOOP;
RETURN V;
END;

PROCEDURE INSERT_NAMES ( P_ROWS IN NUMBER)
IS
V1 VARCHAR2(15);
V2 VARCHAR2(15);
BEGIN
FOR I IN 1..P_ROWS LOOP
V1 := G_TEXT(15);
V2 := G_TEXT(15);
INSERT INTO NAMES VALUES ( S.NEXTVAL, -- ID
V1 || ' ' || V2, -- NAME
TRUNC(SYSDATE-DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(60,1800)), -- HDATE
ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1000,55000)), -- SAL
DECODE( TO_CHAR(ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,4))),
'1','N','2','W','3','E','4','S') ); -- REGION
IF MOD(I,100) = 0 THEN
COMMIT;
END IF;
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
END INSERT_NAMES;

PROCEDURE SpinCPUs (P_ITERATION IN NUMBER)
IS
N NUMBER;
BEGIN
FOR I IN 1.. P_ITERATION LOOP
-- pure CPU processing (no physical or logical read)
N := SQRT(ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,1000)));
-- DBMS_LOCK.SLEEP(round(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(0.01,0.05),2)); -- in seconds
END LOOP;
END SpinCPUs;

PROCEDURE SpinCycles (P_ITERATION IN NUMBER)
IS
N NUMBER;
BEGIN
FOR X IN 1.. ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,10)) LOOP
END LOOP;
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO N FROM NAMES;
-- DBMS_LOCK.SLEEP(ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(0.01,1),2)); -- in seconds
END LOOP;
END SpinCycles;

PROCEDURE RandomQuery(P_ITERATION IN NUMBER, P_MAX IN NUMBER)
IS
V_START NUMBER;
V_END NUMBER;
N NUMBER;
BEGIN
V_END := P_MAX;
V_START := ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,V_END));
SELECT COUNT(ID) INTO N FROM NAMES
WHERE ID BETWEEN V_START AND V_END;

-- DBMS_LOCK.SLEEP(ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(0.01,3),2));
END LOOP;
END RandomQuery;

PROCEDURE RandomDML(P_ITERATION IN NUMBER, P_MAX IN NUMBER)
IS
N NUMBER;
M NUMBER;
V_NEW_SAL NUMBER;
V1 VARCHAR2(15);
V2 VARCHAR2(15);
BEGIN
N := ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,3));
IF N=1 THEN
V1 := G_TEXT(15);
V2 := G_TEXT(15);
INSERT INTO NAMES VALUES ( S.NEXTVAL, -- ID
V1 || ' ' || V2, -- NAME
TRUNC(SYSDATE)-DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(60,1800), -- HDATE
ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1000,55000)), -- SAL
DECODE( TO_CHAR(ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,4))),
'1','N','2','W','3','E','4','S') ); -- REGION
ELSIF N=2 THEN
M := ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,P_MAX));
V_NEW_SAL := ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1000,55000));
UPDATE NAMES SET SAL = V_NEW_SAL
WHERE ID = M;
ELSIF N=3 THEN
M := ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,P_MAX));
DELETE NAMES WHERE ID = M;
END IF;
COMMIT;
END LOOP;
END RandomDML;
END load_generator;
/

-- load some rows in names table
execute load_generator.insert_names(10000);
OS side: Unix
-- in a folder create the following scripts
-- (1) loadcpu1.sh
#!/bin/bash
# apply CPU load on Oracle DB
# parameters: 1 connections, 2 Iterations
users=$1
SRVC="hrserv"
UNPW="hrs/h"
SQLCMD="/home/oracle/scripts/load/loadcpu1.sql"
x=1
y=$users
ITER=$2


while [ $x -le $y ]
do
sqlplus -s $UNPW@$SRVC @$SQLCMD $ITER &
x=èxpr $x + 1`
done

-- (2) loadcpu1.sql
begin
hrs.LOAD_GENERATOR.SpinCPUs(&1);
end;
/
exit

-- (3) loadcpu2.sh
#!/bin/bash
# apply CPU+DB Calls load on Oracle DB
users=$1
SRVC="hrserv"
UNPW="hrs/h"
SQLCMD="/home/oracle/scripts/load/loadcpu2.sql"
x=1
y=$users
ITER=$2

while [ $x -le $y ]
do
x=èxpr $x + 1`
done

-- (4) loadcpu2.sql
begin
hrs.LOAD_GENERATOR.SpinCycles(&1);
end;
/
exit

-- (5) loadquery.sh
#!/bin/bash
# apply random queries load on Oracle DB
# parameters: 1 connections, 2 Iterations, 3 rows in names
users=$1
SRVC="hrserv"
UNPW="hrs/h"
SQLCMD="/home/oracle/scripts/load/loadquery.sql"
x=1
y=$users
ITER=$2
MAX=$3

while [ $x -le $y ]
do
sqlplus -s $UNPW@$SRVC @$SQLCMD $ITER $MAX &
x=èxpr $x + 1`
done


-- (6) loadquery.sql
begin
hrs.LOAD_GENERATOR.RANDOMQUERY (&1, &2);
end;
/
exit

-- (7) loaddml.sh
#!/bin/bash
# apply random DML load on Oracle DB
users=$1
SRVC="hrserv"
UNPW="hrs/h"
SQLCMD="/home/oracle/scripts/load/loaddml.sql"
x=1
y=$users
ITER=$2
MAX=$3

while [ $x -le $y ]
do
sqlplus -s $UNPW@$SRVC @$SQLCMD $ITER $MAX &
x=èxpr $x + 1`
done

-- (8) loaddml.sql
begin
hrs.LOAD_GENERATOR.RANDOMDML (&1, &2);
end;
/
exit
OS side: Windows
-- (1) loadcpu1.bat
REM apply CPU load on Oracle DB
REM parameters: 1 connections, 2 Iterations

set users=%1
set SRVC=hrserv
set UNPW=hrs/h
set SQLCMD=C:\TEMP\load\loadcpu1.sql
set x=1
set y=%users%
set ITER=%2

for /L %%i in (1,1,%y%) do (start /d "E:\oracle\OraDB11g" sqlplus -S
%UNPW%@%SRVC% @%SQLCMD% %ITER%)

-- (2) loadcpu1.sql
begin
hrs.LOAD_GENERATOR.SpinCPUs(&1);
end;
/

exit

-- (3) loadcpu2.bat
REM apply CPU+DB Calls load on Oracle DB

set users=%1
set SRVC=hrserv
set UNPW=hrs/h
set SQLCMD=C:\TEMP\load\loadcpu2.sql
set x=1
set y=%users%
set ITER=%2


-- (4) loadcpu2.sql
begin
hrs.LOAD_GENERATOR.SpinCycles(&1);
end;
/
exit

-- (5) loadquery.bat
REM apply random queries load on Oracle DB
REM parameters: 1 connections, 2 Iterations, 3 rows in names

set users=%1
set SRVC=hrserv
set UNPW=hrs/h
set SQLCMD=C:\TEMP\load\loadquery.sql
set x=1
set y=%users%
set ITER=%2
set MAX=%3

%UNPW%@%SRVC% @%SQLCMD% %ITER% %MAX%)

begin
hrs.LOAD_GENERATOR.RANDOMQUERY (&1, &2);
end;
/
exit

-- (7) loaddml.bat
REM apply random DML load on Oracle DB
set users=%1
set SRVC=hrserv

set UNPW=hrs/h
set SQLCMD=C:\TEMP\load\loaddml.sql
set x=1
set y=%users%
set ITER=%2
set MAX=%3

%UNPW%@%SRVC% @%SQLCMD% %ITER% %MAX%)

-- (8) loaddml.sql
begin
hrs.LOAD_GENERATOR.RANDOMDML (&1, &2);
end;
/
exit
Usi ng t he Load Gener at or Scr i pt s
/* in Unix and Windows */
## Using the Load Generator #
# 5 connections 1000 iterations 100000 number of rows in NAMES table
loadcpu1 5 1000
loaddml 5 1000 100000


Appl yi ng Random Load on Dat abase Sampl e 2
Script s t o apply loads on Oracle DB on a schema named as SA. Tables in t his schema
t aken from t he default Oracle OE schema. Applicable on Unix and Windows. Following is
t he ERD of t he SA schema:

Set up
Dat abase Side
/* Create sa Schema (if not already there) */
create tablespace satbs
datafile 'C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA11G\satbs1.dbf' size 100m
autoextend on next 12m maxsize 4g
extent management local
segment space management auto ;

create user sa identified by s
default tablespace satbs
quota unlimited on satbs ;
grant create table, create view, create procedure, create session, create
sequence to sa;
grant execute on DBMS_LOCK to sa;
grant execute on DBMS_RANDOM to sa;
grant SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE tO sa;
grant alter session to sa;
grant create role to sa;

grant plustrace to sa;
-- if role doesn't exist
@C:\oracle\product\11.1.0\db_1\RDBMS\ADMIN\utlxplan.sql

@C:\oracle\product\11.1.0\db_1\sqlplus\admin\plustrce.sql
# in unix:
@/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/rdbms/admin/utlxplan.sql
@/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/sqlplus/admin/plustrce.sql

/* Create Schema Objects */
conn sa/s
-- execute code in:
@ http://www.ahmedbaraka.com/oracle/scripts/populatesa.sql

-- the package
/* Create Random Load Package */
-- Generates various different loads on the target database
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE sa.LOAD_GENERATOR
IS
-- global vars
G_MAX_ORDER_ID NUMBER;
G_MIN_ORDER_ID NUMBER;

-- initialize the package
PROCEDURE INITIALIZE;

-- insert batch rows into NAMES table
PROCEDURE INSERT_ORDERS ( P_ROWS IN NUMBER, P_DAYS IN NUMBER DEFAULT 30 );

-- high CPU calls
PROCEDURE SpinCPUs(P_ITERATION IN NUMBER);

-- random query: from ORDERS
PROCEDURE RandomQuery(P_ITERATION IN NUMBER);

-- random DML on NAMES
PROCEDURE RandomDML(P_ITERATION IN NUMBER);
END load_generator;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE Body sa.LOAD_GENERATOR
IS
PROCEDURE INITIALIZE
IS
BEGIN
SELECT MAX(ORDER_ID) , MIN(ORDER_ID) INTO G_MAX_ORDER_ID, G_MIN_ORDER_ID
FROM ORDERS;
END INITIALIZE;
PROCEDURE INSERT_ORDERS ( P_ROWS IN NUMBER, P_DAYS IN NUMBER DEFAULT 30 )
IS
V_ORDER_ID NUMBER;
V_ORDER_DATE DATE;
V_ORDER_MODE VARCHAR2(8);
V_CUSTOMER_ID NUMBER;
V_ORDER_STATUS NUMBER;
V_SALES_REP_ID NUMBER;
V_PRODUCT_ID NUMBER;
V_PROD_PRICE NUMBER;

V_CHANGE_PRICE NUMBER;
V_QUANTITY NUMBER;
V_ORDER_TOTAL NUMBER;
V_ITEMS_COUNT NUMBER;
N NUMBER;
M NUMBER;
-- 97 customers
TYPE CUST_ID_TYPE IS VARRAY(100) OF INTEGER;
V_CUST_IDS CUST_ID_TYPE := CUST_ID_TYPE
(341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,360,361,363,378,380,447,448,4
49,450,451,452,453,454,458,463,466,467,468,470,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480
,481,482,483,487,488,492,496,605,606,607,609,615,621,627,712,713,715,717,719,7
21,727,729,731,754,755,756,757,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,782,825,826,827,828
,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847);
-- 275 PRODUCTS
TYPE PROD_ID_TYPE IS VARRAY(275) OF INTEGER;
V_PROD_IDS PROD_ID_TYPE := PROD_ID_TYPE
(1750,1755,1761,1763,1768,1769,1770,1772,1774,1775,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,17
87,1788,1791,1792,1794,1797,1799,1801,1803,1804,1805,1806,1808,1820,1822,1825,
1910,1912,1940,1948,2004,2005,2030,2049,2056,2058,2091,2093,2144,2152,2211,223
1,2236,2243,2245,2252,2253,2254,2255,2257,2259,2260,2261,2262,2264,2266,2268,2
270,2272,2274,2276,2278,2289,2293,2299,2302,2308,2311,2316,2319,2322,2323,2326
,2330,2334,2335,2336,2337,2339,2340,2350,2351,2359,2365,2370,2371,2373,2374,23
75,2377,2378,2380,2381,2382,2384,2387,2394,2395,2396,2400,2402,2403,2404,2406,
2408,2409,2410,2411,2412,2414,2415,2416,2417,2418,2419,2422,2423,2424,2430,243
9,2449,2452,2453,2457,2459,2462,2464,2467,2468,2470,2471,2492,2493,2494,2496,2
497,2522,2536,2537,2594,2596,2631,2638,2721,2722,2725,2751,2752,2761,2779,2782
,2783,2808,2810,2870,2878,2879,2944,2976,2982,2986,2995,2999,3000,3001,3003,30
04,3020,3051,3054,3057,3060,3061,3064,3065,3069,3071,3072,3073,3077,3082,3083,
3086,3087,3088,3090,3091,3097,3099,3101,3106,3108,3110,3112,3114,3117,3123,312
4,3127,3129,3133,3134,3139,3140,3143,3150,3155,3163,3165,3167,3170,3171,3172,3
173,3175,3176,3177,3178,3179,3182,3183,3187,3189,3191,3193,3197,3204,3208,3209
,3216,3220,3224,3225,3234,3245,3246,3247,3248,3250,3251,3252,3253,3255,3256,32
57,3258,3260,3262,3277,3290,3300,3301,3331,3334,3337,3350,3353,3354,3355,3359,
3361,3362,3391,3399,3400,3501,3502,3503,3511,3515);
BEGIN
FOR I IN 1..P_ROWS LOOP
SELECT SEQ_ORDER_ID.NEXTVAL INTO V_ORDER_ID FROM DUAL;
V_ORDER_DATE := TRUNC(SYSDATE- P_DAYS );
IF N = 1 THEN
V_ORDER_MODE := 'direct';
ELSE
V_ORDER_MODE := 'online';
END IF;
V_CUSTOMER_ID := ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,96));
V_ORDER_STATUS:= ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,10));
V_SALES_REP_ID:= ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(153,163));
INSERT INTO ORDERS
(ORDER_ID,ORDER_DATE,ORDER_MODE,CUSTOMER_ID,ORDER_STATUS,
ORDER_TOTAL,SALES_REP_ID)
VALUES
( V_ORDER_ID,
V_ORDER_DATE,
V_ORDER_MODE,
V_CUST_IDS(V_CUSTOMER_ID),
V_ORDER_STATUS,
0,
V_SALES_REP_ID);

V_ORDER_TOTAL := 0;
V_ITEMS_COUNT := ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,10));
M := 1;
FOR X IN 1..V_ITEMS_COUNT LOOP
V_PRODUCT_ID:= ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,275));
SELECT LIST_PRICE INTO V_PROD_PRICE
FROM PRODUCT_INFORMATION
WHERE PRODUCT_ID=V_PROD_IDS(V_PRODUCT_ID);
V_CHANGE_PRICE := ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,4));
-- discount (MAX 20%) may be given to 25% of entered items
IF V_CHANGE_PRICE=4 THEN
V_PROD_PRICE := ROUND(V_PROD_PRICE -
(ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,20))/100)*V_PROD_PRICE);
END IF;
V_QUANTITY:=ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(1,20));
V_ORDER_TOTAL := V_ORDER_TOTAL + V_QUANTITY*V_PROD_PRICE;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO
ORDER_ITEMS(ORDER_ID,LINE_ITEM_ID,PRODUCT_ID,UNIT_PRICE,QUANTITY)

VALUES(V_ORDER_ID,M,V_PROD_IDS(V_PRODUCT_ID),V_PROD_PRICE,V_QUANTITY );
M := M + 1 ;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
IF UPPER(SQLERRM) LIKE '%ORDER_ITEMS_UK%' THEN
NULL;
ELSE
RAISE;
END IF;
END ;
END LOOP; -- X loop
UPDATE ORDERS SET ORDER_TOTAL = V_ORDER_TOTAL WHERE ORDER_ID =
V_ORDER_ID;
IF MOD(I,100) = 0 THEN
COMMIT;
END IF;
END LOOP; -- I loop
COMMIT;
END INSERT_ORDERS;
PROCEDURE SpinCPUs (P_ITERATION IN NUMBER)
IS
N NUMBER;
BEGIN
-- pure CPU processing (no physical or logical read)
-- DBMS_LOCK.SLEEP(round(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(0.01,0.05),2)); -- in seconds
END LOOP;
END SpinCPUs;
PROCEDURE RandomQuery(P_ITERATION IN NUMBER)
IS
V_START NUMBER;
V_END NUMBER;
N NUMBER;
BEGIN
V_END := G_MAX_ORDER_ID;
V_START := ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(G_MIN_ORDER_ID,G_MAX_ORDER_ID));

FOR R IN (SELECT O.ORDER_ID, O.ORDER_DATE, C.CUST_LAST_NAME,
O.ORDER_TOTAL
FROM ORDERS O , CUSTOMERS C
WHERE O.CUSTOMER_ID = C.CUSTOMER_ID
AND ORDER_ID BETWEEN V_START AND V_END) LOOP -- just retreive data
NULL;
END LOOP;
END LOOP;
END RandomQuery;
PROCEDURE RandomDML(P_ITERATION IN NUMBER)
IS
N NUMBER;
V_ORDER_ID NUMBER;
V_LINE_ITEM_ID NUMBER ;
V_MAX_ORDERI_ID NUMBER;
V_MIN_ORDERI_ID NUMBER;
V_PRICE NUMBER;
BEGIN
IF N=1 THEN
INSERT_ORDERS(1);
ELSIF N=2 THEN
-- pick up an item and modify its price
V_ORDER_ID := ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(G_MIN_ORDER_ID,G_MAX_ORDER_ID));
BEGIN
SELECT MAX(LINE_ITEM_ID), MIN(LINE_ITEM_ID)
INTO V_MAX_ORDERI_ID, V_MIN_ORDERI_ID
FROM ORDER_ITEMS WHERE ORDER_ID=V_ORDER_ID;
V_LINE_ITEM_ID :=
ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(V_MIN_ORDERI_ID,V_MAX_ORDERI_ID));
SELECT UNIT_PRICE INTO V_PRICE FROM ORDER_ITEMS
WHERE ORDER_ID=V_ORDER_ID AND LINE_ITEM_ID=V_LINE_ITEM_ID;
V_PRICE := V_ORDER_ID + (ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(-
20,20))/100)*V_ORDER_ID;
UPDATE ORDER_ITEMS SET UNIT_PRICE=V_PRICE
WHERE ORDER_ID=V_ORDER_ID AND LINE_ITEM_ID=V_LINE_ITEM_ID;
UPDATE ORDERS SET ORDER_TOTAL=ORDER_TOTAL+V_PRICE
WHERE ORDER_ID=V_ORDER_ID;
EXCEPTION
-- if order has no items
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
NULL;
END;
ELSIF N=3 THEN
-- pick up an item to delete
V_ORDER_ID := ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(G_MIN_ORDER_ID,G_MAX_ORDER_ID));
SELECT MAX(LINE_ITEM_ID), MIN(LINE_ITEM_ID)
INTO V_MAX_ORDERI_ID, V_MIN_ORDERI_ID
FROM ORDER_ITEMS WHERE ORDER_ID=V_ORDER_ID;
V_LINE_ITEM_ID :=
ROUND(DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE(V_MIN_ORDERI_ID,V_MAX_ORDERI_ID));
DELETE ORDER_ITEMS WHERE ORDER_ID=V_ORDER_ID AND
LINE_ITEM_ID=V_LINE_ITEM_ID;
-- re-order the itmes in the order
DECLARE
CURSOR CR IS SELECT LINE_ITEM_ID FROM ORDER_ITEMS WHERE

ORDER_ID=V_ORDER_ID ORDER BY LINE_ITEM_ID FOR UPDATE;
BEGIN
N:=1;
FOR R IN CR LOOP
UPDATE ORDER_ITEMS SET LINE_ITEM_ID = N WHERE CURRENT OF CR;
N:=N+1;
END LOOP;
END ;
END IF;
COMMIT;
END LOOP;
END RandomDML;
Begin
INITIALIZE;
END load_generator;
/

-- initial data
exec load_generator.insert_orders(100000);

exec dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats('SA');
OS side: Unix
mkdir ~/scripts
cd ~/scripts
mkdir load
cd load
-- (1) loadcpu1.sh
vi loadcpu.sh
#!/bin/bash
# apply CPU load on Oracle DB
users=$1
SRVC="ora11gr2"
UNPW="sa/s"
SQLCMD="/home/oracle/scripts/load/loadcpu.sql"
x=1
y=$users
ITER=$2
while [ $x -le $y ]
do
x=èxpr $x + 1`
done

-- (2) loadcpu.sql
vi loadcpu.sql
begin
sa.LOAD_GENERATOR.SpinCPUs(&1);
end;
/
exit


-- (3) loadquery.sh
vi loadquery.sh
#!/bin/bash
# apply random queries load on Oracle DB
users=$1
SRVC="ora11gr2"
UNPW="sa/s"
SQLCMD="/home/oracle/scripts/load/loadquery.sql"
x=1
y=$users
ITER=$2

while [ $x -le $y ]
do
x=èxpr $x + 1`
done

vi loadquery.sql
begin
sa.LOAD_GENERATOR.RANDOMQUERY (&1);
end;
/
exit

-- (5) loaddml.sh
vi loaddml.sh
#!/bin/bash
# apply random DML load on Oracle DB
users=$1
SRVC="ora11gr2"
UNPW="sa/s"
SQLCMD="/home/oracle/scripts/load/loaddml.sql"
x=1
y=$users
ITER=$2
while [ $x -le $y ]
do
x=èxpr $x + 1`
done

-- (6) loaddml.sql
vi loaddml.sql
begin
sa.LOAD_GENERATOR.RANDOMDML(&1);
end;
/
exit

# make all sh files in current directory executables
for f in *.sh; do chmod 744 $f; done

OS side: Windows
-- (1) loadcpu.bat
REM apply CPU load on Oracle DB

set users=%1
set SRVC=ora11g
set UNPW=sa/s
set SQLCMD=C:\TEMP\load\loadcpu.sql
set x=1
set y=%users%
set ITER=%2


-- (2) loadcpu1.sql
begin
hrs.LOAD_GENERATOR.SpinCPU(&1);
end;
/
exit

-- (3) loadquery.bat
REM apply random queries load on Oracle DB

set users=%1
set SRVC=ora11g
set UNPW=sa/s
set SQLCMD=C:\TEMP\load\loadquery.sql
set x=1
set y=%users%
set ITER=%2


begin
hrs.LOAD_GENERATOR.RANDOMQUERY(&1);
end;
/
exit

-- (5) loaddml.bat
REM apply random DML load on Oracle DB
set users=%1
set SRVC=ora11g
set UNPW=sa/s
set SQLCMD=C:\TEMP\load\loaddml.sql
set x=1

set y=%users%
set ITER=%2


-- (6) loaddml.sql
begin
sa.LOAD_GENERATOR.RANDOMDML (&1);
end;
/
exit
Usi ng t he Load Gener at or Scr i pt s
## Using the Load Generator #
# 5 connections 1000 iterations 100000 number of rows in NAMES table
# in Windows:
loadcpu 5 1000
loaddml 5 1000

# in Unix:
./loadcpu.sh 5 1000

SQL Usage Sampl es
Mer ge Command
/* Marge Command */
MERGE INTO products p /* Destination table
USING product_changes s /* Source table
ON (p.prod_id = s.prod_id) /* Search/join condition
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE /* Update if join
SET p.prod_list_price = s.prod_new_price
WHERE p.prod_status <> 'EXPIRED' /* Conditional update
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT /* Insert if not join
SET p.prod_list_price = s.prod_new_price
WHERE s.prod_status <> 'EXPIRED' /* Conditional insert

-- using delete keyword with Merge command
-- only rows to update will be considered by the delete clause
MERGE INTO products p
USING product_changes s ON (p.prod_id = s.prod_id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE
SET p.prod_list_price = s.prod_new_price,
p.prod_status = s.prod_new_status
DELETE WHERE (p.prod_status = 'OLD_ITEM') -- it part of update
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT
(prod_id, prod_list_price, prod_status)
VALUES (s.prod_id, s.prod_new_price, s.prod_new_status);
Mul t i t abl e I nser t s
/* Multitable Inserts */
-- unconditional
INSERT ALL
INTO target1 VALUES (product_id, customer_id, sysdate, product_quantity)
INTO target2 VALUES (product_id,sysdate,product_price,product_discount)
SELECT s.product_id, s.customer_id, sysdate, s.product_quantity,
s.product_price, s.product_discount
FROM source s;

-- conditional ALL rows
-- a row can be on the two tables
INSERT ALL
WHEN product_id IN(SELECT product_id FROM primary) THEN
INTO target1 VALUES (product_id, customer_id, sysdate, product_quantity)
WHEN product_id IN (SELECT product_id FROM secondary) THEN
INTO target2 VALUES (product_id, sysdate, product_price, product_discount)
SELECT s.product_id, s.customer_id, sysdate, s.product_quantity,
s.product_price, s.product_discount
FROM source s;

-- conditional first rows
-- insert into table of first applied condition -> a row is in only one table
INSERT FIRST WHEN (sum_quantity_sold > 10 AND prod_weight_class < 5) AND
sum_quantity_sold >=1) OR (sum_quantity_sold > 5 AND prod_weight_class > 5)

THEN
INTO large_freight_shipping VALUES
(time_id, cust_id, prod_id, prod_weight_class, sum_quantity_sold)
WHEN sum_amount_sold > 1000 AND sum_quantity_sold >=1 THEN
INTO express_shipping VALUES
(time_id, cust_id, prod_id, prod_weight_class,
sum_amount_sold, sum_quantity_sold)
WHEN (sum_quantity_sold >=1) THEN INTO default_shipping VALUES
(time_id, cust_id, prod_id, sum_quantity_sold)
ELSE INTO incorrect_sales_order VALUES (time_id, cust_id, prod_id)
SELECT s.time_id, s.cust_id, s.prod_id, p.prod_weight_class,
SUM(amount_sold) AS sum_amount_sold,
SUM(quantity_sold) AS sum_quantity_sold
FROM sales s, products p
WHERE s.prod_id = p.prod_id AND s.time_id = TRUNC(SYSDATE)
GROUP BY s.time_id, s.cust_id, s.prod_id, p.prod_weight_class;

-- Mixed Conditional and Unconditional Insert
INSERT FIRST WHEN cust_credit_limit >= 4500 THEN
INTO customers_special VALUES (cust_id, cust_credit_limit)
ELSE INTO customers
SELECT * FROM customers_new;
Par al l el I nser t
/* Parallel loading into table */
-- must before the hint
ALTER SESSION ENABLE PARALLEL DML;
-- then use the hint
INSERT /*APPEND NOLOGGING PARALLEL */
INTO sales_data
SELECT product_id, customer_id, TRUNC(sales_date),
discount_rate, sales_quantity, sale_price
FROM sales_history;
-- if triggers are there, hint won't be used
Del et i ng Dupl i cat e Row s i n a Tabl e
-- delete duplicated rows in our_table based on col1, col2.. etc.
DELETE FROM our_table
WHERE rowid not in
(SELECT MIN(rowid)
FROM our_table
GROUP BY column1, column2, column3...) ;

Mor e DBA Scr i pt s
Compar e Tabl e Si zes i n Tw o Dat abases
-- compare tables in current db with same tables in other db
-- useful for checking after transferring too many tables

DECLARE
N NUMBER;
M NUMBER;
BEGIN
FOR S IN ( SELECT USERNAME FROM SCHEMA_NAMES WHERE USERNAME <>'MOL' ORDER BY
1) LOOP
FOR O in ( SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM DBA_TABLES@OLDORA11G WHERE OWNER =
S.USERNAME ) LOOP
BEGIN
N := 0;
M := 0;
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'SELECT COUNT(ROWID) FROM ' || S.USERNAME ||'."'||
O.TABLE_NAME || '"@OLDORA11G' INTO N;
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'SELECT COUNT(ROWID) FROM ' || S.USERNAME ||'."'||
O.TABLE_NAME || '"' INTO M;
IF M <> N THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(S.USERNAME || CHR(9) || O.TABLE_NAME);
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(S.USERNAME || CHR(9) || O.TABLE_NAME);
RAISE;
END;
END LOOP;
END LOOP;
END;
/

Usi ng Li nux f or Or acl e
Ver i f yi ng t he Ker nel
# is of format: <Base>-<Errata>.<Mod><Type>
# Mod= Modifier (developer)
# Type: None: Uniprocessor, smp: SMP up to 16 GB, hugemem: SMP up to 64 GB
uname -r
2.6.9-42.0.0.0.1.ELsmp

# name of the release
cat /etc/enterprise-release
Check i ng f or a Tai nt ed Ker nel
Usually, t aint ed kernelt is not support ed by Oracle. Some except ions: OCFS ( 276450.1)
and EMC Powerpat h driver ( 284823. 1)
# 0: not tainted 1:tainted
cat /proc/sys/kernel/tainted

# to list the status of modules
lsmod
Suppor t ed Har dw ar e
Syst ems list ed in Red Hat sit e ( ht t ps: / / hardware. redhat .com) are support ed by Oracle
Linux.
Usi ng Or acl e Rel i nk Ut i l i t y
I f t he operat ing syst em or Oracle obj ect files change, t hen Oracle execut ables should be
relinked t o creat e updat ed execut ables properly int egrat ed wit h t he operat ing syst em.
I f ut ilit y ret urns not hing, t hen it means it successfully finished.
Relinking occurs aut omat ically when a pat ch set is inst alled, but must be performed
manually when:
o An OS upgrade has occurred
o A change has been made t o t he OS syst em libraries. This can occur during t he
applicat ion of an OS pat ch.
o A new inst allat ion failed during t he relinking phase.
o An individual Oracle pat ch has been applied. Explicit relink inst ruct ions are usually
eit her included in README or int egrat ed int o t he pat ch inst all script .
1. Verify whether ORACLE_HOME is correctly set.
2. Set LD_LIBRARY_PATH to include $ORACLE_HOME/lib.
3. Execute the appropriate relink command to relink the
appropriate binaries:
relink all: All Oracle executables
relink oracle Database executables
relink network: Listener, cman, names

relink oemagent: Intelligent Agent
relink utilities: SQL*Loader, tkprof, rman,
impdp, expdp, imp, exp
relink ctx: Oracle Text
Cer t i f i ed and Suppor t ed Fi l e Syst ems
I n Linux, Oracle cert ifies t hree file syst ems:
o ext 3
o Aut omat ic St orage Management (ASM)
o Oracle Clust er File Syst em/ Oracle Clust er File Syst em 2 ( OCFS2)
Ent er pr i se Li nux Runl evel s
Runlevel 0: Halt . I t is used t o shut down t he syst em.
Runlevel 1: Single- user ( maint enance) mode. Only root may log in.
Runlevel 2: Mult iuser mode, t ext - based console only
Runlevel 3: Mult iuser mode wit h net working
Runlevel 4: For cust om use
Runlevel 5: The default mode; mult iuser wit h net working and act ive X session
Runlevel 6: Reboot . This shut s everyt hing down and t hen st art s it back.
Booting to a Nondefault Runlevel
Enterprise Linux:
>you press [E] then scroll down to select the kernel
>press [E] again
>press the spacebar
>enter the runlevel you want to boot to
>then press [B]

# to print previous and current runlevels:
runlevel
Usi ng / et c/ or at ab Fi l e and dbst ar t Ut i l i t y
Y or N in / et c/ orat ab indicat es t o t he dbst art ut ilit y whet her t he dat abase should be brought
up at syst em boot t ime.
ASM and dat abase inst ances creat ed wit hout using DBCA will not appear in t he orat ab file.
You should manually add t hem:
+ASM:/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1:Y
orcl:/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1:Y
The dbstart script that is provided with 10.2.0.1.0 contains an error.
The Metalink note 336299.1 documents this issue. To solve this problem,
perform the following steps:
1. Edit $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbstart
2. Go to line 78.
3. Replace the line with:

ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER=$ORACLE_HOME
4. Save the file and exit the editor.
5. Execute dbstart.
Aut omat i ng Jobs
Usi ng cr on
/* security */
Only users listed in the /etc/cron.allow file are allowed to use cron
Users listed in the /etc/cron.deny file cannot use cron.
If neither of these files exist, only the superuser can use cron.

/* Managing crontab files */
crontab used to install, deinstall or list the tables (crontabs).
-u user the user whose crontab is to be tweaked
-l display the current crontab file
-r remove the current crontab file
-e edit. After exit from the editor, the modified crontab will be installed

/* Using cron */
crontab format: <minute> <hour> <day> <month> <weekday> <cmd>
1.minute (from 0 to 59) or special keywords:
2.hour (from 0 to 23)
3.day of month (from 1 to 31)
4.month (from 1 to 12)
5.day of week (from 0 to 6) (0=Sunday)

Special keywords are:
@reboot Run once, at startup
@yearly Run once a year "0 0 1 1 *"
@annually (same as @yearly)
@monthly Run once a month "0 0 1 * *"
@weekly Run once a week "0 0 * * 0"
@daily Run once a day "0 0 * * *"
@midnight (same as @daily)
@hourly Run once an hour "0 * * * *"

If the administrator puts an executable script into one of the following
directories,
then cron runs the script at the appropriate interval:
/etc/cron.hourly
/etc/cron.daily
/etc/cron.weekly
/etc/cron.monthly

/* Mailing the crontab output */
By default cron saves the output in the user's mailbox on the local system.
But you can also configure crontab to forward all output to a real email
address:
crontab
MAILTO="yourname@yourdomain.com"


If want to receive only one cronjob's output in your mail,
make sure this package is installed:
aptitude install mailx
then change the cronjob like this:
*/10 * * * * /bin/execute/this/script.sh 2>&1 | mail -s "Cronjob ouput"
yourname@yourdomain

/* Examples */
>every Friday 1AM
0 1 * * 5 /bin/execute/this/script.sh

>14 minutes after 10 p.m. every Monday through Friday of every month
14 22 * * 1-5 su - oracle -c /usr/local/bin/backup.cmd >/dev/null 2>&1

>10 past after every hour on the 1st of every month
10 * 1 * * /bin/execute/this/script.sh

>every 10 minutes
0,10,20,30,40,50 * * * * /bin/execute/this/script.sh
*/10 * * * * /bin/execute/this/script.sh

>daily
@daily /bin/execute/this/script.sh
Usi ng anacr on
Most syst em cron j obs will run during t he night and will get done only if t he comput er is
swit ched on. The anacron mechanism on t he ot her hand assumes t hat t he comput er is not
running cont inuously. Aft er t he comput er is st art ed anacron will execut e j obs aft er a cert ain
delay.
anacron keeps t rack of t he day a given j ob has been execut ed. So t he short est period a j ob
can be execut ed is a day.
The anacron daemon is usually st art ed from an rc- script and will read an anacront ab which
has t he following format :
Period Delay Job-Identifier Command
The period is given in days, t he delay is in minut es, t he j ob- ident ifier can be any charact er
and t he command is usually of t he form run-parts /etc/cron.daily but can be any
command.
Example 9.4. Sample /etc/anacrontab
SHELL=/bin/sh
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
1 65 cron.daily run-parts /etc/cron.daily
7 70 cron.weekly run-parts /etc/cron.weekly
30 75 cron.monthly run-parts /etc/cron.monthly

Usi ng at command
The at command execut es a command once at a specified t ime.
By default at is rest rict ed t o t he root user. To override t his you must eit her have an empt y
/ et c/ at .deny or have a / et c/ at .allow wit h t he appropriat e names.
at j obs are saved in / var/ spool/ at /

at j obs are spooled in / var/ spool/ at /
at [time]
Where time can be expressed as:
now
now + 1 min
now + 1 hour
now + 1 day
3am + 2days
midnight
10:15 Apr 12
teatime
For complete list of valid time formats see /usr/share/doc/at-xxx/timespec

# execute the commands in the file
at -f myjobs.txt now + 1 hour

# list commands that are scheduled
at -l
atq

# remove a job
atrm <jobid>
Usi ng bat ch command
bat ch command execut es commands when syst em load average drops below 0. 8, or t he
value specified in t he invocat ion of at run.
batch [-V] [-q queue] [-f file] [-mv] [TIME]
Task Schedul er
There are GUI t ask schedulers available t hat are front ends for cron in bot h t he Gnome and
t he K( ommon) Deskt op Environment ( KDE) .
Conf i gur i ng Li nux Memor y f or Or acl e
32 bit Archit ect ure:
Wit h Linux 32-bit , Oracle is able t o use about 1. 7GB of address space for it s SGA. To
increase it , refere t o not ed 200266. 1. Be aware of t he consequenced limit at ions.
I n Red Hat Ent erprise Linux 3, 4 or 5 t he smp kernel can be used on syst ems wit h up t o 16
GB of RAM.
The hugemem kernel is required in order t o use all t he memory on syst ems t hat have more
t han 16GB of RAM up t o 64GB. However, it is recommend t o use t he hugemem kernel even
on syst ems t hat have 8GB of RAM.
I n Red Hat Ent erprise Linux 5, a 32 bit kernel is always a hugemem kernel so t here is no
need t o inst all a special kernel.
Usi ng Li nux Per f or mance Moni t or i ng Tool s
Not e: OS Wat cher uses most commonly used Linux t ools and st ore t heir out put in files. I t is a
nice frame work t o implement using t hose t ools. To learn more about using it , see Using OS
Wat cher.

About Li nux Tool s
top: useful for diagnosing CPU and I / O issues, t hough not as reliable for Oracle memory
issues. I ndividual process memory numbers should not be relied upon.
sar: report s syst em act ivit y including memory, I / O, and CPU usage.
sar samples t he / proc file syst em at 10-minut e int ervals and records t he dat a in / var/ log/ sa
as a sa# file where # is t he day of t he mont h. A full mont hs wort h of st at ist ics are ret ained
so t hat t he administ rat or can use sar t o view past st at ist ics as well as current . For example,
t o view t he CPU st at ist ics for t he 23rd of t he mont h:
sar u 2 4 f / var/ log/ sa/ sa29
- o [ < fnmae> ] save out put t o filename (default / var/ log/ sa/ sadd ) (cannot be used
wit h X)
- f [ < fnmae> ] read from filename ( default / var/ log/ sa/ sadd )
- X pid | SELF | ALL Report st at ist ics for t he child processes of t he process whose PI D is pid.
SELF st at ist ics of t he child processes of t he sar process it self
ALL st at ist ics of t he child processes of all t he syst em processes.
vmstat: act ivit y on processes, memory, paging, block I / O, t raps, and CPU act ivit y ( best for
memory)
iostat: disk act ivit y
Syst em Log Files: / var/ log/ message .. / syslog
free command displays t he t ot al amount of free and used physical and swap memory in
t he syst em, as well as t he shared memory and buffers used by t he kernel.
mpst at : report er on CPU st at ist ics.
Graphical Measurement Tools
Usi ng Li nux Tool s
/* CPU */
# how many CPUs
cat /proc/cpuinfo

# use top to see averae load (now, 5 minutes ago, and 10 minutes ago).
# load factor= load average/#CPUs
# if lf<1: no load on CPU,
# between 1 and 2: CPU running at capacity
# >2, CPU may be a bottleneck (use sar and vmstat to investigate)
# if you use "1" interactive command, you can see load per CPU
top

# CPU metrics
# all appended by <interval> <count>
vmstat
mpstat -P <CPU>|ALL
sar -u
# queue size: waiting for CPU
# (shouldn't be larger than CPU#)
sar -q
# display CPU stats only
iostat -c

# to know which session is consuming CPU

# get its PID from top
# then:
select pid, spid, pname, username, program
from v$process
where spid=20052;

select * from v$session
where paddr= ( select addr from v$process where spid=20304);

/* Memory */
# Total Memory
free -m, top, or cat /proc/meminfo

# higher "Pages In" indicate RAM shortage
top
free
cat /proc/meminfo
# paging info
sar -B
# memory metrics
sar -R

/* IO */
# storage vendors have their monitoring tools
# io activity by disk
# check avgrq-sz.await which gives the average wait time for requests
iostat -d
# by partition
iostat -p
# exetended output
iostat -d -x
# rtps/wtps requests per se
sar -d 2 10
# about overall io stats
vmstat
Check i ng Some Gener al Gui del i ne on Tr uni ng Or acl e i n Li nux
Use an appropriat ely sized dat abase block: general purpose: 8K, OLTP: 4K, DSS: 16K. Use a
larger block size if t he applicat ion has very large indexes ( 15> levels), or consider using
part it ioned indexes.
Use a larger redo log buffer t han default : for OLTP syst ems
Mult iprocessing ( SMP) machines.
Set t ing PRE_PAGE_SGA = t rue causes each server process t hat st art s t o t ouch every page
of t he SGA, t hus mapping all t he SGA pages t o physical memory. I t may slow down
connect ion t ime, t hough; so make sure you have enough free memory t o accomodat e all
SGA.
Use aut omat ic memory management .
Set t ing at ime off: I n Linux, by default , t he last t ime- read at t ribut e ( at ime) is updat ed every
t ime a file is read. For dat abase files, t his is not an import ant st at ist ic and you can t urn it
off t o reduce t he number of I / Os:

# This parameter can be set for a file with:
chattr +A <filename>
# for a directory with:
chattr -R +A <directory name>

# To make it persistent across reboots:
vi /etc/fstab file
/dev/hdb7 /u3/app/oracle/ ext3 rw,noatime 1 1
Tr oubl eshoot i ng Or acl e Dat abase i n Li nux
Usi ng OS Wat cher ( OSW)
OS Wat cher ( OSW) is a collect ion of UNI X shell script s int ended t o collect and archive
operat ing syst em and net work met rics t o aid support in diagnosing performance issues.
OSW operat es as a set of background processes on t he server and gat hers OS dat a on a
regular basis, invoking such Unix ut ilit ies as vmst at , net st at and iost at .
OSW will need access t o t he OS ut ilit ies: t op, vmst at , iost at , mpst at , net st at , and
t racerout e.
On RAC, you can inst all it in every node.
Aft er generat ing t he out put files, consider generat ing a profile from oswg ( next sect ion) .
Obt ain lat est version from Not e 301137. 1
/* Managing OSW */
# installing OSW (directory osw will be created):
tar xvf osw.tar

# Uninstalling OSW
rm -rf osw

# Setting up OSW for tracing private networks (RAC):
mv Exampleprivate.net private.net

# starting OSW
./startOSW.sh <interval in seconds> <hour# retention>
# to startup in background:
nohup ./startOSW.sh 30 12 &

# Stopping OSW
./stopOSW.sh

/* Diagnostic Data Output */
# archived files generated per hour with the following format:
<node_name>_<OS_utility>_YY.MM.DD.HH24.dat

# there are 3 entries for each timestamp. You should always ignore
# the first entry as this entry is always invalid. The second and

# third entry will be valid but the second entry will be 1 sec later
# than the timestamp and the third entry will be 2 seconds later than the
timestamp.

# oswiostat
# What to look for:
- Average service times greater than 20msec for long duration.
- High average wait times
r/s Shows the number of reads/second
w/s Shows the number of writes/second
kr/s Shows the number of kilobytes read/second
kw/s Shows the number of kilobytes written/second
wait Average number of transactions waiting for service (queue length)
actv Average number of transactions actively being serviced
wsvc_t Average service time in wait queue, in milliseconds
asvc_t Average service time of active transactions, in milliseconds
%w Percent of time there are transactions waiting for service
%b Percent of time the disk is busy
device Device name

# oswmpstat
What to look for
- Involuntary context switches (this is probably the more relevant statistic
when examining performance issues.)
- Number of times a CPU failed to obtain a mutex. Values consistently greater
than 200 per CPU causes system time to increase.
- xcal is very important, show processor migration

# oswnetstat
# the collisions should be 0.1 percent or less
Network collision rate = Output collision / Output packets
# Input Error Rate = Ierrs / Ipkts
If the input error rate is high (over 0.25 percent), the host is excessively
dropping packets.
# segment retransmission rate should be low
%segment-retrans=(tcpRetransSegs / tcpOutDataSegs) * 100

# oswprvtnet
check Interface is up and responding

# oswps
list of processes

# oswtop
# examine average load
# Large run queue
# A process which is "hogging" CPU is always suspect
# number of processes usually do not change over time

# oswvmstat

Usi ng OS Wat cher Gr aphs( OSWg)
Using OSWg

# to use Java shipped with Oracle
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/jre/1.4.2/bin
export PATH=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/jdk/jre/bin:$PATH

# invoking the oswg:
java -jar oswg.jar -i /home/oracle/osw/archive
# if you see: java.lang.OutOfMemoryError,
# you may have to increase the size of the java heap:
$java -jar -Xmx512M oswg.jar -i /home/oracle/osw/archive

Note: to generate a profile, mkdir profile under osw home

# Using OSWg: Menu Option
java -jar OSWg.jar -i <fully qualified path name of an osw archive directory>

# other starting options:
java -jar OSWg.jar -i <fully qualified path name of an osw archive directory>
-P <name> -L <name> -6 -7 -8 -B <time> -E <time>

-B <start time> Same as option T from the menu. The start time will allow the
user to select a start time from within the archive of files to graph/profile.
This overrides the default start time which is the earliest time entry in the
archive directory. The format of the start time is Mon DD HH:MM:SS YYYY.
(Example :Jul 25 11:58:01 2007). An end time is required if selecting this
option.
-E <end time> Same as option T from the menu. The end time will allow the user
to select an end time from within the archive of files to graph/profile. This
overrides the default end time which is the latest time entry in the archive
directory. The format of the end time is Mon DD HH:MM:SS YYYY. (Example :Jul
25 11:58:01 2007). A start time is required if selecting this option.
Usi ng t he On- Boar d Moni t or ( LTOM)
LTOM is an embedded real- t ime dat a Collect ion and diagnost ics plat form developed by
Cent er of Expert ise in Oracle.
LTOMg is embedded in LTOM.
I t s reference is Not e 352363. 1.
Usage det ails are in README file.
Aut omat ic Hang Det ect ion
o it st art s collect ing st at isics about hanged sessions
o t o use it for RAC, inst all LTOM in a single node. ( Ot her feat ures require inst alling it in all
nodes)
o uses a rule based hang det ect ion algorit hm configured in
$TOM_HOME/ init / hangDet ect .propert ies
Syst em Profiler
o The Syst em Profiler provides t he abilit y t o cont inually collect dat a from bot h t he
operat ing syst em and oracle and provides an int egrat ed snapshot of t he overall healt h
of t he operat ing syst em t oget her wit h t he dat abase.
o Once t he dat a is collect ed, t he dat a can be parsed and analyzed t hrough LTOMg.

Aut omat ic Session Tracing
o Aut omat ic Session Tracing uses a set of rules t o det ermine when t o t urn on SQL t race
for individual oracle sessions, using event 10046 level 12 t race.
/* installing ltom */
# Running LTOM
# os user must be member of dba group
# db user required with full dba priv
tar -xf ltom420.tar
# the script creates "tom" user which can be dropped after installation
cd ltom/tom_base/install
# if default java cannot help, use Oracle's one (add it to .bash_profile)
export PATH=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/jdk/jre/bin:$PATH
./autoinstall.sh

# uninstall
rm -rf tom_base

/* TOOL USAGE */
# insertactive
export TOM_HOME=/home/oracle/ltom/tom_base/tom
cd /home/oracle/ltom/tom_base/tom
./startltom.sh

# in the background:
see the README file

# running ltomg
java -jar LTOMg.jar -i
/home/oracle/ltom/tom_base/tom/recordings/profile/pro1284214950770.log
java -jar -Xmx512M LTOMg.jar -i
/u02/home/ltom/recordings/profile/pro1190754096675.log
Usi ng st r ace
St race is a ut ilit y t hat int ercept s and records t he syst em calls, which are called by a
process, and t he signals, which are received by a process.
strace o /tmp/helloworld.out ./helloworld.sh

strace aef Ttt o /tmp/date.out date

strace p 1287 o /tmp/ora_pmon_orcl.out

Oracle DBA Code Examples

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