Rural Management
Rural Management
Rural Management
PRASANJEET BHATTACHARJEE
UNIT - I
Rural Management
Rural Management aims at creating an efficient rural system that integrates operations, marketing, financed, HR and IT functions for achieving the overall effectiveness and efficiency. Rural Management is a subject that studies the various aspects of rural life and business with a view to suggest strategies for the optimum utilization of available resources thereby resulting in increased efficiency.
Rural Management
Rural Management as a specialized field of a study aims to bring about an overall positive change in the rural society by effectively Planning, Organizing, Directing and Controlling various personal, professional and infrastructural aspects which are crucial for growth and development. The objective of Rural Management is to ensure the progress and development of backward and forward linkages of agri-businesses by the suitable application of various tools, techniques and concepts.
Limitations
NSSO ( Census)
Population density < 400 / Sq Km 75 percent of the male working population is engaged in agriculture No Municipal corporation / board
Planning Commission
Contd
LG Electronics NABARD All places other than the 7 metros All locations with a population upto 10, 000 considered rural Commercial establishments located in areas servicing less than 1000 population Only clarifies what are the cities Village & town characteristics not defined Population characteristics unknown
Sahara
rural products in rural and urban areas Agricultural inputs in rural areas Agricultural marketing Farming methods were primitive and mechanisation was low Markets unorganised
Contd
2 Phase Two ( 1960s to 1990s)
Green
Revolution Companies like Mahindra and Mahindra, Sri Ram Fertilisers and IFFCO emerge Rural products were also marketed through agencies like KVIC
Demand
for consumables and durables rise Companies find growth in urban markets stagnating or falling
Rural
Urban
Rural From
Urban
Rural to Rural
Rural to Urban Urban to Rural
Non food, cash crops Food Grain Crops Livestock & fisheries Manufacturing & services
On land activities
Farm Activities
Construction
Manufacturing
524.0
628.8
741.6
76.7
74.3
72.2
16.7
15.2
Contd
The joint family system is being replaced by the nuclear family system The occupational pattern shows a predominance of cultivators
Contd
Size of villages/ habitations are changing Role & influence of towns is changing Social interaction is a mix of rural and urban
Partnership innovations
Developmental role of rural marketing Scalability & replication of rural marketing programmes
Sewa
Ozhwar Sandhiyes
Housing
Rural Infrastructure
Transport Education Healthcare
Demographic Profile
Age Literacy Occupation and Income
Rural Marketing
Rural Marketing can be defined as a two way process, comprising a set of integrated activities which ensure the smooth exchange of products and services within the rural sector and also between rural and urban sectors
Socio-Economic Reforms
Rural Housing Land Reforms Rural Literacy Rural Employment Poverty Eradication Schemes
Consumer Durables
These are consumer durables that remain in operation for quite a long duration. Durables could be classified into following categories:
Agricultural input like tractors, tillers, pump sets, generator sets, etc. Non-agricultural goods like refrigerator, television, air cooler, mixer, automobiles, etc.
Table I Estimated households by annual income Annual income (in Rupees) at 1994-95 No. of households prices (in million)
Annual income (in Rupees) at 199495 prices <16,000 16,001-22,000 22,001-45,000 45,001-215,000 >215,000 Total no. of households
Classification
Number of households (in million) Urban 5.3 7.1 16.8 16.6 0.8 Rural 27.7 36.9 37.3 15.9 0.4 Total 33 44 54.1 32.5 1.2
<25,000 25,001-50,000 50,001-77,000 77,001-106,000 >106,000 Total no. of households: 164.9 million
46.6
118.2
164.8
Source: National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER). The above presentation has been slightly modified by IndiaOneStop.Com
Data on income distribution of households is insufficient in determining market size for different consumer products in India. This is because of the lack of homogeneity of the consuming class and the varying prices of a single product in different parts of India. For example, vegetables generally cost more in Mumbai than in Calcutta, hence vegetable-purchasing power for identical income groups would be different in the two places even though they are the two biggest cities in India with comparable populations. In other words, purchasing power is location-specific, not income specific. Consumption habits of households are therefore better determinants of consumer market size than income distribution. Of course, other factors are also to be considered and they are detailed below. While determining market size for a consumer product, the structure of the consuming class as seen in Table II above, can be both revealing as well as misleading depending on the kind of product. For example, any specific consuming class would be fit to be a market for consumer products like tea or soap, but a product such as vacuum cleaners would find market largely only in the "consumers" and "rich" segments of the market
Rural Demand
The rapid rise in surplus income has led to an increased demand for consumer durables in rural areas.
Consumer Market
India's Consumer Markets: identifying a plausible market size for products
This report is intended to assist consumer product companies in identifying a plausible market size for their product/s in India. The table below should be viewed in conjunction with the text that follows.
Table I Estimated households by annual income Annual income (in Rupees) at 1994-95 No. of households prices (in million)
Annual income (in Rupees) at 199495 prices <16,000 16,001-22,000 22,001-45,000 45,001-215,000 >215,000 Total no. of households
Classification
Number of households (in million) Urban 5.3 7.1 16.8 16.6 0.8 Rural 27.7 36.9 37.3 15.9 0.4 Total 33 44 54.1 32.5 1.2
<25,000 25,001-50,000 50,001-77,000 77,001-106,000 >106,000 Total no. of households: 164.9 million
46.6
118.2
164.8
Source: National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER). The above presentation has been slightly modified by IndiaOneStop.Com
Data on income distribution of households is insufficient in determining market size for different consumer products in India. This is because of the lack of homogeneity of the consuming class and the varying prices of a single product in different parts of India. For example, vegetables generally cost more in Mumbai than in Calcutta, hence vegetable-purchasing power for identical income groups would be different in the two places even though they are the two biggest cities in India with comparable populations. In other words, purchasing power is location-specific, not income specific. Consumption habits of households are therefore better determinants of consumer market size than income distribution. Of course, other factors are also to be considered and they are detailed below. While determining market size for a consumer product, the structure of the consuming class as seen in Table II above, can be both revealing as well as misleading depending on the kind of product. For example, any specific consuming class would be fit to be a market for consumer products like tea or soap, but a product such as vacuum cleaners would find market largely only in the "consumers" and "rich" segments of the market as defined in Table II above. Furthermore, even this may not be correct, because a taste for a vacuum cleaner is not necessarily a function of purchasing power but of culture and/or taste as well.
For instance: More than half the rural households own bicycles and mechanical wristwatch. About 49 per cent of the rural households have radios or Transistors.
Rural Communication
Rural consumer behavior differs from the urban consumer behavior and so requires developing communication strategies unique to the rural markets. A study of TV commercials for four brands brings out the differences in the comprehension of the messages between the rural and the urban consumers
Media Habits
Traditional approach High resistance more so initially Lavish at occasions (e.g. Marriage) Purchasing power also depending on weather- the crops Inequitable distribution of wealth Too many languages Culture
RURAL COMMUNICATION
Effective Communication goes a long way in establishing the right Messages and thereby more interaction with Potential Customers Communication, however, is not complete if there is no feedback, It is very important to reenforce messages in Rural areas
Rural Communication
Communicating in the Rural
Market Landscape This chapter examines the complexity in communication strategies due to the spread and heterogeneity of rural markets. Managerial actions for reducing the large heterogeneous market into smaller homogenous ones are considered in this chapter. A process perspective of communication is used to understand communication strategies in rural markets. The consumer influence on the communication process is examined to overcome the problem of selective comprehension. The influence of stage of readiness and involvement of the consumer on communication is discussed. These address the issue of selective comprehension by consumers. These different variables are put together by developing a taxonomy of communication strategies for rural markets. Rural consumer behavior differs from the urban consumer behavior and so requires developing communication strategies unique to the rural markets. A study of TV commercials for four brands brings out the differences in the comprehension of the messages between the rural and the urban consumers Variation in the Comprehension of Communication in Rural and Urban Markets The brands tested included Babool toothpaste (showing a young man in different situations dancing to a catchy jingle), Navaratna Oil (featuring Govinda and Rambha), Samsung Colour TV (sparks coming from the TV) and Asian Paints (Sunil Babu!). While the total understanding of the main message of all the four spots among the urban audience was calculated to be 100 per cent, it was only 3060 per cent among the rural audience. When it came to specifi c attributes, some of the comments from the rural folks were interesting. Let us take the example of Babool toothpaste: Too quick to understand. Confused with a toothpowder. Is it for a shaving cream? No one will dance simply for a toothpaste. What is a dog doing in a toothpaste advertisement? Characters are not actually recommending the toothpaste. The jingle was catchy, but I cannot relate to the person.
In the case of the Navaratna Oil fi lm, the audience in Tamil Nadu could not recognise Govinda while the UP audience did not recognize Rambha. In both markets, the rural audience was surprised that a character with a headache can dance so vigorously. So the conclusions from the study, which only endorsed the already established beliefs, were as under: Rural folks do not understand clever, gimmicky, quick (fast-paced), suggestive and hitech fi lms. Use of unrelated symbols, characters and icons confuse and distance them. They want a clear connection between the problem and the solution offered by a brand.
Conventional Radio Television Cinema Personal Selling Hoardings Point of Purchase (POP)
Non-ConventionalPuppet Shows Wall Paintings Trolleys Folk Theatres Mobile Vans Demo Contests Direct Mail
UNIT - II
Rural Infrastructure
Transport Education Healthcare
Demographic Profile
Age Literacy Occupation and Income
SocioEconomic Reforms
Rural Employment
Rural Literacy
FACTORS
Socio-cultural factors
Status Family Reference Groups Festivals / Ceremonies Customs
Personal Factors
Age and Lifecycle Occupation Lifestyle Personality
Psychological Factors
Perception Attitude Motivation Learning
Need Recognition
Information Search
Evaluation of Alternatives
Purchase Decision
Market Segmentation
It is important for marketers to thoroughly understand the market and indentify that particular groups which can offer maximum returns. Segmentation is like profiling buyer groups and clubbing together people with similar needs and demands. This activity of identifying groups with similar habits , needs, behavior, socio-psychological traits, etc. is known as market segmentation. It is about moving from generic to specific.
Benefits of Segmentation
It helps the marketers identify those sections of the market that provide the best business opportunities. They can compare across various segments that are available and select the one that promises the best potential for their products. Selecting a particular segment helps the marketers channelize their resources and efforts on that particular group which can offer the maximum returns. Marketers find it easy to identify the needs of a homogeneous group as compared to the entire population which is highly heterogeneous. It is easy to serve a limited number of people who exhibit similar characteristics. In case of any change in customers preferences, tastes, needs etc. marketers can quickly modify their marketing strategies. In their targeted segments, marketers can introduce unique products thereby minimizing competition from rival firms, it helps them assess their competitive strategies and redesign the marketing approach, if necessary.
Land Holding
Village Size
Demograhic
Occupational Segmentation
The occupation that they follow depends on a number of factors like inheritance, availability of resources, terrain, climate, etc. Following are some of the important occupations practiced in rural areas: Farming Livestock Fishing Artisanship
Sociological Segmentation
Rural Market could be segmented into six types on the basis of social standing:
Proprietors of Land Rich farmers Small Peasants or Marginal farmers Tenant Farmers Agricultural Laborers Artisans
Potters Blacksmiths Carpenters
Agricultural-related variables
1. Agricultural Laborers 2. Gross Cropped Area 3. Gross Irrigated Area 4. Area under Non-Food Crops 5. Pump Sets 6. Fertilizer Consumption 7. Tractors 8. Rural Credit 9. Rural Deposits 10. Villages Electrified
Linquest
Market mapping tool from AP Lintas was the predecessor of Lincompass. IT ranked districts on 42 variables. It was available for Rs. 75000 in the year 1999
MICA Ratings
Though there were many scientific methods for studying markets and predicting their potential yet a need was felt to have an index that was on entire countrys data. MICA ratings seems to be answer. Credit for its development goes to Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad; hence the name of MICA. It collaborated with ML Infomap Pvt. Ltd., and came up with MICA Rural Market Ratings (MRMR). While MICA is one of the best institutes for training communication professionals, ML Infomap is a consulting firm. Together, they carried out the research work and prepared what is the best guide to rural India. MRMR is important because it gives marketers a wider range of information needed to judge the potential of various rural markets. The Rural Market Index is a comprehensive guide to rural India, which the marketers find quite useful. Because it was conducted all across the country the index indicates the market potential of all districts. The comprehensive research covered: 579 Districts 79 Urban Agglomerations (UA) 5154 Towns 42 Variables
MICA Ratings
Methodology The research was done simultaneously for urban and rural sectors. Following are the steps involved during the development of the index: Identifying Variables Demographic Ownership Financial Services Agricultural Amenities Market potential Index District Market Potential Rating
Product
Product refers to anything that is capable of or can be offered to satisfy a need or want . The term product includes both tangible goods and intangible services. It involves a decision on the number of variants, sizes, packaging, color, logo and the brand name. However a product must deliver a minimum level of performance; otherwise even the best work on the other elements of the marketing mix wont do any good in the long run.
Price
Price refers to the amount the customer has to pay in order to acquire a product or service. It depends on a host of factors that include: cost of production, segment targeted, ability of the market to pay, demand and supply of competing products and substitutes, pricing objective of the firm and host of other direct and indirect factors. Pricing involves not only a decision on the retail price but also decisions on dealer and dealer and retailer margins that need to be provided to the channel partners. There can be several types of pricing strategies each tied in with an overall business plan. Pricing can also be used as a tool to promote, differentiate and enhance the image of a product or service.
(b) Competitors Prices (d) Strategic and Pricing Objectives of the company
Pricing Methods
(a) (b) (c) (d) Cost plus Pricing Target-return Pricing Value-based Pricing Psychological Pricing
Promotion
This refers to all the activities undertaken to make the product or service known to and preferred amongst the user and trade. This can include advertising, word of mouth, press reports, incentives, commissions and awards to the traders; it can also include consumer schemes, direct marketing, contests and prizes. Advertising a paid form of non-personal communication from an identified sponsor using mass media to persuade or influence an audience is generally the most important element of the promotion mix. The 1990s and 2000s bought the concept of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC). IMC is the practice of unifying and synergizing all marketing communication tools so that they send a consistent and persuasive message promoting the companys goals to its target audiences. Sales Promotion: It refers to the value provided by the product or service by offering an extra incentive to purchase a brand or product.
Promotion Strategies
Think Global Act local Think in local Idiom Simplicity and Clarity Narrative Story Style Choice of Brand Ambassadors
The rural rich may have less exposure to brand but he is willing to pay the extra price for the premium products in the market. Brands like Onida KY Thunder and LG Golden Eye series were the highest selling brands in the rural markets.
UNIT - III
Government Efforts
Agricultural Marketing Regulations in India
The agricultural marketing system in India operates primarily by the supply and demand forces within the private sector Producers and consumers interests are well protected by the Indian Government, who are also interested in the promotion of organized marketing efforts for agricultural commodities. The following are organizations operated by the central government. who are involved in the marketing of agricultural goods in India :
Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices Food Corporation of India Cotton Corporation of India Jute Corporation of India
Government Efforts
Independently owned marketing operations are most often run by large enterprises producing agriculture in India. Medium-sized companies such as those who trade in rice, oil, cotton, and jute are often part of cooperative marketing efforts within the country. Various measures have been put into effect by the Indian Government in order to improve agricultural marketing, such as : Establishing Regulated Markets Constructing Warehouses Grading and Standardizing Produce Standardizing Weights and Measures Providing Information on Agricultural Prices over All India Radio Networks.
Government Efforts
The governments ultimate objective is to provide reasonable prices for basic food products throughout the country. This is achieved through the Public Distribution System, which is a network of 350,000 fair-price shops that are monitored by stategovernments. This ensures that all agricultural commodities remain at a stable level, and at a fair level for all consumers.
Challenges
There are several challenges involved in marketing of agricultural produce. There is limited access to the market information, literacy level among the farmers is low, multiple channels of distribution that eats away the pockets of both farmers and consumers. The government funding of farmers is still at nascent stage and most of the small farmers still depend on the local moneylenders who are leeches and charge high rate of interest. There are too many vultures that eat away the benefits that the farmers are supposed to get. Although we say that technology have improved but it has not gone to the rural levels as it is confined to urban areas alone. There are several loopholes in the present legislation and there is no organized and regulated marketing system for marketing the agricultural produce. The farmers have to face so many hardships and have to overcome several hurdles to get fair and just price for their sweat.
Challenges
Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two-thirds of Indias people depend on rural employment for a living. Current agricultural practices are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and India's yields for many agricultural commodities are low. Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost universal lack of good extension services are among the factors responsible. Farmers' access to markets is hampered by poor roads, rudimentary market infrastructure, and excessive regulation. World Bank: "India Country Overview 2008"
Challenges
The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors:
According to World Bank, Indian Branch: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development", India's large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity-enhancing investment. Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty. Government intervenes in labor, land, and credit markets. India has inadequate infrastructure and services. World Bank also says that the allocation of water is inefficient, unsustainable and inequitable. The irrigation infrastructure is deteriorating. The overuse of water is currently being covered by over pumping aquifers, but as these are falling by foot of groundwater each year, this is a limited resource. Illiteracy, general socio-economic backwardness, slow progress in implementing land reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and marketing services for farm produce.
Challenges
Inconsistent government policy. Agricultural subsidies and taxes often changed without notice for short term political ends.
The average size of land holdings is very small (less than 20,000 m) and is subject to fragmentation due to land ceiling acts, and in some cases, family disputes. Such small holdings are often over-manned, resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labor.
Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of technology is inadequate, hampered by ignorance of such practices, high costs and impracticality in the case of small land holdings. Irrigation facilities are inadequate, as revealed by the fact that only 52.6% of the land was irrigated in 200304,which result in farmers still being dependent on rainfall, specifically the Monsoon season. A good monsoon results in a robust growth for the economy as a whole, while a poor monsoon leads to a sluggish growth. Farm credit is regulated by NABARD, which is the statutory apex agent for rural development in the subcontinent. At the same time over pumping made possible by subsidized electric power is leading to an alarming drop in aquifer levels.
Agricultural Marketing
Agriculture Marketing
The bridge that links producer & consumer
What Is Marketing?
The process of determining the needs and wants of consumers & being able to satisfy those needs & wants Marketing includes all of the activities necessary to move a product from the producer to the consumer
What Is a Market?
Buyers Sellers
What Is a Market?
A market is made up of buyers & sellers Buyers are people who need or want a product or service and have the money to buy it A market must also have sellers who are willing & able to produce goods & services for sale
Product market
This is the market where final products are sold to consumers Eggs and potatoes from farms Shoes from shoe stores
Production
The goal is to add value through effective management:
Inputs (Resources) Labor
Production
Vegetables Value Added Dairy products Other
Equipment
Operating inputs
Product market
This is the market where final products are sold to consumers Eggs and potatoes from farms Shoes from shoe stores
A Value Chain
Customer Input supplier Farmer Equipment supplier Wholesaler Cooperative Retail Sales
Exporter
A Value Chain
Customer Input supplier Farmer Equipment supplier Wholesaler Cooperative Retail Sales
Exporter
A Value Chain
Customer Input supplier Farmer Equipment supplier Wholesaler Cooperative Retail Sales
Exporter
One of the best methods of obtaining information about a particular market is to create a survey and send it out to potential customers
Price
Marketing Network
A set of interrelated organizations that work in close coordination to ensure timely delivery and availability of a product or service.
Secondary
Clearing & Forwarding Agents Warehousing Firms Financial Institutions
RELIGIOSITYFaith in religion and universal power is found in the life of the villages. The major occupation is agriculture which involves dependence on nature. Farmers worship forces of nature. The life of the village is the joint family system. Family has a strict control and administrative powers over the individual. All the members of the family share the burden of the family occupation. In this way of working together the villagers maintain sense of cooperation among themselves. In the life of the villagers group feeling occupies an important place. They respect the judgment and obey the orders of their elders and the panchayats. Society, caste and panchayat have control over the individual.
UNIT - IV
Marketing Research
the systematic gathering, recording and analysing of data about problems relating to the marketing of goods and services American Marketing Association
Method
Overall Purpose
Advantages -can complete anonymously -inexpensive to administer -easy to compare and analyze -administer to many people -can get lots of data -many sample questionnaires already exist
Challenges -might not get careful feedback -wording can bias client's responses -are impersonal -in surveys, may need sampling expert - doesn't get full story
when need to quickly and/or easily get lots of information from people in a non threatening way
interviews
when want to fully understand someone's impressions or experiences, or learn more about their answers to questionnaires
-get full range and depth of information -develops relationship with client -can be flexible with client
-can take much time -can be hard to analyze and compare -can be costly -interviewer can bias client's responses
documentation review
when want impression of how program operates without interrupting the program; is from review of applications, finances, memos, minutes, etc.
-get comprehensive and historical information -doesn't interrupt program or client's routine in program -information already exists -few biases about information
-often takes much time -info may be incomplete -need to be quite clear about what looking for -not flexible means to get data; data restricted to what already exists -can be difficult to interpret seen behaviors -can be complex to categorize observations -can influence behaviors of program participants -can be expensive
observation
to gather accurate information about how a program actually operates, particularly about processes
-view operations of a program as they are actually occurring -can adapt to events as they occur
focus groups
explore a topic in depth through group discussion, e.g., about reactions to an experience or suggestion, understanding common complaints, etc.; useful in evaluation and marketing
-quickly and reliably get common impressions -can be efficient way to get much range and depth of information in short time - can convey key information about programs
-can be hard to analyze responses -need good facilitator for safety and closure -difficult to schedule 6-8 people together
case studies
to fully understand or depict client's experiences in a program, and conduct comprehensive examination through cross comparison of cases
-fully depicts client's experience in program input, process and results -powerful means to portray program to outsiders
-usually quite time consuming to collect, organize and describe -represents depth of information, rather than breadth
Sources of Finance
Non-Institutional Credit:
This source incorporates private sources like money lenders, commission agents. Merchants, friends and relatives. Mutual trust and past pattern of refunds rule the game. Normally the interest burden is twice compared to that of banks in case of private credit facility. Generally small farmers use private credit.
Institutional Credit:
There are cooperative societies, state cooperatives apex banks, commercial banks and nationalized banks. There will be paperwork and some kind of guarantee or mortgage is involved. Processing units, large size cultivation, single owner of land and progressive farmers find it easy to get credit from institutions. The interest rate is governed by rules of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
NABARD
NABARD is set up as an apex Development Bank with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for promotion and development of agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts. It also has the mandate to support all other allied economic activities in rural areas, promote integrated and sustainable rural development and secure prosperity of rural areas. In discharging its role as a facilitator for rural prosperity NABARD is entrusted with 1. Providing refinance to lending institutions in rural areas 2. Bringing about or promoting institutional development and 3. Evaluating, monitoring and inspecting the client banks
NABARD
Besides this pivotal role, NABARD also: Acts as a coordinator in the operations of rural credit institutions Extends assistance to the government, the Reserve Bank of India and other organizations in matters relating to rural development Offers training and research facilities for banks, cooperatives and organizations working in the field of rural development Helps the state governments in reaching their targets of providing assistance to eligible institutions in agriculture and rural development Acts as regulator for cooperative banks and RRBs
NABARD is an apex institution accredited with all matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas.
It is an apex refinancing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas It takes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions, training of personnel, etc.
It co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all the institutions engaged in developmental work at the field level and maintains liaison with Government of India, State Governments, Reserve Bank of India and other national level institutions concerned with policy formulation. It prepares, on annual basis, rural credit plans for all districts in the country; these plans form the base for annual credit plans of all rural financial institutions It undertakes monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it. It promotes research in the fields of rural banking, agriculture and rural development
Functions of NABARD
NABARD's credit functions cover planning, dispensation and monitoring of credit. This activity involves: Framing policy and guidelines for rural financial institutions Providing credit facilities to issuing organizations Preparation of potential-linked credit plans annually for all districts for identification of credit potential Monitoring the flow of ground level rural credit
There are two types of schemes covered under automatic refinance schemes as under: Composing loan up to Rs. 50000 which covers term loan and working capital Integrated loan up to Rs. 7.50 Lakhs, term loan plus working capital
Thank you