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    FluxNumerical Methods

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    Luis Felipe Gutierrez Marcantoni
    The document discusses numerical flux methods for solving conservation equations using a finite volume formulation. It describes how the flux across each cell face is computed using values from neighboring cells. Central difference and upwind methods like Roe's upwind flux difference splitting method are covered. Roe's method computes flux differences based on eigenvalues and eigenvectors that represent wave propagation speeds and directions. Higher order methods use limiters to extrapolate cell values to faces while avoiding oscillations near discontinuities. Flux vector splitting is also introduced as an alternative to flux difference splitting.

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    FluxNumerical Methods

    Uploaded by

    Luis Felipe Gutierrez Marcantoni
    16 views16 pages
    The document discusses numerical flux methods for solving conservation equations using a finite volume formulation. It describes how the flux across each cell face is computed using values from neighboring cells. Central difference and upwind methods like Roe's upwind flux difference splitting method are covered. Roe's method computes flux differences based on eigenvalues and eigenvectors that represent wave propagation speeds and directions. Higher order methods use limiters to extrapolate cell values to faces while avoiding oscillations near discontinuities. Flux vector splitting is also introduced as an alternative to flux difference splitting.

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    The document discusses numerical flux methods for solving conservation equations using a finite volume formulation. It describes how the flux across each cell face is computed using values from neighboring cells. Central difference and upwind methods like Roe's upwind flux difference splitting method are covered. Roe's method computes flux differences based on eigenvalues and eigenvectors that represent wave propagation speeds and directions. Higher order methods use limiters to extrapolate cell values to faces while avoiding oscillations near discontinuities. Flux vector splitting is also introduced as an alternative to flux difference splitting.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    16 views16 pages

    FluxNumerical Methods

    Uploaded by

    Luis Felipe Gutierrez Marcantoni
    The document discusses numerical flux methods for solving conservation equations using a finite volume formulation. It describes how the flux across each cell face is computed using values from neighboring cells. Central difference and upwind methods like Roe's upwind flux difference splitting method are covered. Roe's method computes flux differences based on eigenvalues and eigenvectors that represent wave propagation speeds and directions. Higher order methods use limiters to extrapolate cell values to faces while avoiding oscillations near discontinuities. Flux vector splitting is also introduced as an alternative to flux difference splitting.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Flux Numerical Methods

    Flux Basics
    The finite-volume formulation of the conservation equations resulted in the equation

    dQ = PF dt

    where F was the flux of the flow across the control surface resulting from the approximation of the surface integral. For a finite-volume cell, the flux was expressed as

    F = Ff
    Where
    f =1

    nf

    = [ ( v g ) Q D] ( n dS ) Ff f f
    It was assumed that the flux was uniform over the cell face.

    Fluxes on a Hexahedral Cell


    A hexahedral cell contains 6 quadrilateral faces, thus

    F=
    where again,

    nf = 1 f =1

    Area normal vector for face f

    ( n dS ) f

    = [ ( v g ) Q D] ( n dS ) Ff f f

    Ff
    Face f ( f is an index for the face )

    Numerical Flux on a Cell Face


    The numerical flux on a cell face is

    = [ ( v g ) Q D] ( n dS ) Ff f f
    The normal area vector ( n dS ) f is usually easily defined for a quadrilateral or triangular cell face. The focus of the rest of this discussion is on numerical methods for computing

    [ ( v g ) Q D] f
    at a cell face.

    g is a known velocity for the cell face. We first will assume that

    Numerical Flux on a Cell Face


    We first consider that we have the states of the flow on the left and right of the cell face, QL and QR. Our objective is to find the cell face flux.

    F f = F f ( QL , QR )
    One can define

    FL = F f ( QL )

    FR = F f ( QR )

    QL
    ( n dS ) f

    Ff

    QR

    A consistency condition for the numerical flux is that if QL = QR , then

    FL = FR

    Central Difference Method


    A central difference method for computing the flux is simply

    = 1F +F Ff L R 1

    The central-difference method works okay for elliptic components of the flux because there is no preferred direction for the propagation of information. A simple central difference is often unstable, especially in the presence of strong gradients. One solution is to add some second-order and fourth-order dissipation (artificial viscosity) to the flux.
    ) ) = 1F + F + D ( 1 + D ( 1 Ff L R 1

    Methods for computing D(2) and D(4) vary, but generally use second and fourth-order differences with switches to handle variations in Q.

    Use of Central Difference Method


    For the Navier-Stokes equations, the viscous shear stress and heat flux terms in the viscous component DV of the non-convective component D are elliptic and those flux components can be computed with the central difference method. Similarly, the fluxes of the turbulence and chemistry equations can be computed using the central difference method. The convective portion of the flux and the pressure term in the inviscid component DI of the Navier-Stokes equation have a hyperbolic character. This wave nature can be put to use to compute the flux using upwind methods.

    Upwind Methods
    We expressed the non-convective portion of the flux of the Navier-Stokes equation as

    D NS = D INS + DV NS

    This results in the cell-face flux being expressed as

    F f = ( v g ) QNS D INS DV NS
    or

    ]
    I

    F f = F fI + F fV

    We will now focus on computing the inviscid flux F f using upwind methods. The focus will be on the use of Roes Upwind Flux-Difference Splitting Method.

    Roe Upwind Flux-Difference Method


    The Roe upwind flux-difference method computes the inviscid flux as:

    where F is the flux difference computed as,

    I = 1F I + F I 1 F Ff f L R 1 1

    F = F + + F = ( + ) r w F m m m
    + 1 m =1 1

    F = (m ) rm wm
    m =1

    Roes method is the default flux method in WIND.

    Roe Upwind Flux-Difference Method


    The m are the eigenvalues that represent the speed of the waves. The (+) indicate positive eigenvalues and the (-) indicates negative eigenvalues.

    The rm are the right eigenvectors that represent the direction of


    propagation of the waves.

    The wm are the Riemann invariants and represent the strength of the wave, p w1= 1 c w1 = n1w n1u

    w1= n1u n1v p w1 = + n1u + n1v + n1w c p w1= n1u + n1v + n1w c

    10

    Roe Upwind Flux-Difference Method


    The differentials are computed as

    = R L p = p R p L u = u R u L v = v R v L w = wR wL
    Flow properties at the face are computed using Roe-averaging

    1= R L
    / / 11 L + 11 R u L R u u= / / 11+ 11 L R

    Similar for computing v, w, and ht.

    11

    Higher-Order Projection
    The choice of values of QL and QR have several option: 1) Use the values of the finite-volume cells to the left and right of the face. This is a zero-order evaluation and will result in a spatially first-order flux. 2) Use an extrapolation of neighboring finite-volume cells to form a firstorder evaluation of Q at the face. This will result in a spatially secondorder flux.

    1 QL = Qi + ( Qi Qi 1 ) 1

    1 QR = Qi +1 ( Qi + 1 Qi +1 ) 1

    QL QR Qi-1 Qi

    Ff Q i+1

    Qi+2

    12

    Variation Limiting
    The simple extrapolation formulas assume a smooth variation of Q; however, discontinuities in Q are possible (i.e. shocks). Need some mechanism to sense such discontinuities and limit the variation of Q in these extrapolation formulas. Modify the extrapolations by introducing a limiter ,

    1 QL = Qi + ( Qi Qi 1 ) 1 1 QR = Qi +1 ( Qi + 1 Qi +1 ) 1

    This gets into the topic of TVD (Total Variational Diminishing) flux limiting methods, which we will not get into here. The essential role of the limiter is to make 0 in the presence of large variations, which make the flux spatially first-order. 13

    Examples of Limiters
    The possible functions (and theory) for limiters is varied. A couple examples include: Superbee: Chakravarthy:

    ) (r ) = max[ 1min ( 1,1 min ( r ,1] , r ),


    (r ) = max[ 1min{ r , } ] ,

    Where r is some ratio of the flow properties and indicates the amount of variation in the solution. An example is

    Qi +1 r= Qi
    The is a compression parameter 1 2, where a value toward 1 makes the limiter more dissipative.

    14

    Flux Vector Splitting


    An alternative to flux-difference splitting is flux-vector splitting that considers that the inviscid flux can be linearly separated

    F fI = F + + F
    van Leers flux-vector splitting has the general form of

    mass F = f 1 q 1 vn

    )v c 1 [( 1 n 1 ] +
    1

    1 u + n1( vn 1 ) c v + n1( vn 1 ) c w + n1( vn 1 ) c


    1

    [(

    1 1 1

    )]

    mass

    ) c ( M n 1 = 1

    vn = v n

    vn Mn = c 15

    Other RHS Methods


    Other methods for the right-hand-side (RHS) that will not be discussed: Methods available for 3rd to 5th order spatial accuracy. Roes method is modified to allow non-uniform grids. Roes method as used in the OVERFLOW code is available. Coakley method is available HLLE method is available (similar to Roes method)

    16

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