Building lime innovation

Hemp Lime Technology

Hemp Lime Technology

Tradical Hemcrete Information Downloads

Contents
1. Introduction 2. Benets & Capabilities 3. Materials

Introduction to Tradical Hemcrete

Technical & Practical

1. Technical section a) Environmental Carbon sequestration Life cycle analyses b) Thermal Insulation Thermal Mass Air-tightness Comfort Health Research and Monitoring c) Acoustic d) Fire e) Durability f) Structural 2. Practical - Introduction to Walls a) Wall Designs (Illustrations of wall sections) b) Construction Shuttered, cast and tamped Spray applied c) Maintenance d) Demolition and Alteration e) Economics

FAQs

Frequently Asked Questions

Case Studies
Case studies Information

Practical Information Useful Contacts

Hemp Lime Technology

Tradical Hemcrete Information Downloads

Introduction to Tradical Hemcrete

1. Introduction
Tradical construction materials are developed products of the Lhoist Group based on high purity manufactured lime materials. The Lhoist Group is an international business focussed on the supply of high purity lime products to many industries including the construction industry. Tradical Hemcrete is a unique, highly sustainable construction product for the creation of insulating walls as well as insulation layers for oors and roofs. Hemcrete is a blend of specially prepared hemp shiv (Tradical HF) and a special lime based binder (Tradical HB). Together these products form a bio-composite building material that can be used both for the creation of buildings that have excellent thermal and acoustic properties as well as creating a healthy living and working environment. Additionally Tradical Hemcrete has the ability to make an impact on the future of sustainable building. Helping to reverse the damaging effects of greenhouse gases, Tradical Hemcrete locks up approximately 110kg of CO2 per m3 of wall and provides one of the best value materials for low impact, sustainable and commercially viable construction. Produced mainly from renewable sources, Tradical Hemcrete is mixed on site for fast track construction and delivers high levels of insulation, air-tightness and vapour permeability. Properties: Low density High thermal insulation High sound insulation High thermal inertia Good vapour permeability Good exibility Fire and pest resistant Can signicantly reduce CO2 emissions Inherently airtight structures Low waste

Hemcrete Products Components

Tradical HF Tradical HF is a hemp aggregate made from the stem of the hemp plant. It is chopped, graded and de-dusted to give a natural, sound and breathable product. Cultivated in the UK without agrochemicals, it is harvested annually. A renewable primary material, the industrial processing is mechanical and requires little energy and zero toxic products. Tradical HB Tradical HB is a special binder based on the purest hydrated air lime blended manufactured to BS EN 459 part 1 with selected cementitious, hydraulic and inorganic materials. This ensures the perfect particle size distribution and setting characteristics to create the correct binder for use with Tradical HF hemp shiv. Hemcrete is available thanks to the collaboration of Lhoist UK Ltd., Lime Technology Ltd and Hemcore Ltd. Lhoist bring their expertise as the largest manufacturers of lime in the world and also the benet of many years research and development of binders for hemp in France. Lime Technology specialise in the development of lime based construction materials for environmental building uses. Hemcore are the pioneers of growing and processing industrial hemp in the UK.

Hemp Lime Technology

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2. Benets and Capabilities

Combining patented formulations of air-lime based binders with the chopped core of the industrial hemp plant stem, delivers a suite of new building products. These Tradical Hemp Lime products have excellent performance characteristics for durable, healthy, sustainable and ecologically sound buildings. Tradical Hemp Lime products deliver excellent application, durability and aesthetic performance characteristics combined with sustainability, economic, comfort and health qualities that architects, developers, contractors and customers will value. a) Design The adaptability of Tradical Hemp Lime products permits architects and their clients to have free reign on their imaginations for building layout and design. The products can be used with any structural framing system to provide the support for the insulating wall form of Tradical Hemcrete in new build and extension applications. The detailing is straightforward and air-tightness, crucial to economic, legislative and environmental performance, is readily achieved due to the nature of the Hemcrete. The lightweight nature of the wall form and insulation products means fewer supports and lighter foundations, saving cost and time. The most common structural frame is a timber frame and the vapour permeable Hemcrete provides a dry environment for the timber such that untreated timber can be used. Tradical products also have synergy with other building materials including compressed earth blocks as well as more advanced lightweight thermal insulation aircrete blocks. Tradical products are also available for renovation and improvement works providing increased insulation to existing buildings.

b) Application Tradical Hemp Lime products have workability characteristics that make them easy to use and forgiving in application. The longer pot-life of the binders combined with excellent plasticity increases the efciency in the building process and reduces on site waste. The products can be cast into shuttering, moulds or forms or can be spray applied just like concrete or render. The dry spray concrete process needs only slight modication to achieve high output, consistent Hemcrete application c) Durability Tradical Hemp Lime products have physical characteristics that can cope with the exure that naturally occurs in buildings. The products are rodent, mould and fungus resistant and have excellent re resistance to conform to current building regulations. The lime based binder has the extended durability common to lime construction products that have easily outlasted their designers. d) Aesthetics Tradical Hemp Lime products provide the possibility for a wide range of excellent quality nishes. The Hemcrete, render and plaster products can be nished in the normal manner of such products with nishes ranging from as cast to a smooth nish. The Hemp Lime products form an ideal substrate for the application of Tradical renders, plasters and decorative products. The tight quality control regimes in manufacture ensure consistency and conformity in the selected nal appearance. e) Sustainability Tradical Hemp Lime products are among the most ecologically sound of building products. Hemp does not require agrochemicals in its cultivation. The hemp, in common with all similar plants, transforms carbon dioxide during its rapid growth and captures the carbon, releasing the oxygen to atmosphere. This has an immediate positive effect in

Hemp Lime Technology

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achieving the sequestration of the principal greenhouse gas CO2. The air lime based binders are formulated with products that have lower energy demands in manufacture and distribution. The lower kiln temperatures and lower density of air limes make the products less energy intensive than other common alternatives. Carbonation of the binder as it sets absorbs more of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide. Tradical Hemp Lime products can be used in place of or alongside bricks and blocks, thus reducing the energy required to form building walls, to the benet of the planet. f) Economic Tradical Hemp Lime products are low energy building products. Construction costs can be lower than for current traditional building materials. The products are lightweight, low density and this allows greater efciency in transportation and handling as well as requiring shallower foundations thus saving cost. The hardened product ductility characteristics mean that costly movement joints may be avoided. The enhanced insulation characteristics of hemp lime products can deliver lower running costs through reduced heating and cooling requirements. The vapour permeability of the hemp lime products also means a reduction in the requirements for forced ventilation and de-humidication through the use of air-conditioning installations. The inherent durability of the lime binders means that the buildings will require less ongoing maintenance making them cheaper to own.

g) Comfort & Health Tradical Hemp Lime products have a high thermal insulation that means they are comfortable to touch and can radiate a warmth in a room. Their high vapour permeability that facilitates the through transfer of humidity, avoids the development of condensation and trapped moisture within the building. This has combined effects of improving the air quality and controlling the humidity as well as reducing the potential for growth of irritant moulds and fungi that may affect occupants health. The complete absence of solvents from the Tradical product range protects builders, occupants, the environment and our workforce. h) Carbon Balance The combination of patented air-lime based binders and the woody core of the industrial hemp plant results in construction products that achieve the capture of signicant amounts of carbon from the atmosphere. Calculations show that approximately 110kg of CO2 per m3 of Hemcrete walling material is sequestrated more for roof insulation. This carbon is then locked into the fabric of the buildings constructed with the Tradical Hemcrete products thus having benecial effects through reversing the carbon debt.

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3. Materials
Tradical Hemcrete is a bio-composite building material made by mixing specially prepared hemp shiv (Tradical HF) with a lime based binder (Tradical HB).

a) Lime

Lime is produced by heating calcium carbonate (limestone, chalk, shells, coral etc.) in a kiln to a temperature of approx. 900C. At this temperature the calcium carbonate is chemically changed, or calcined, to form calcium oxide (known as quick lime or lump lime). Air Limes and Hydraulic Limes The raw material - calcium carbonate, will vary according to its point of origin. Calcium Carbonate sources that are pure are used to produce high purity limes and these are known as air limes. These high purity limes are used in applications that require the characteristics of consistently manufactured chemical products. Calcium Carbonate sources that are contain impurities are inevitably the more common in geology. Some of these impurities provide the characteristic of hydraulicity in limes. Hydraulicity is a term that relates to the nature of the setting mechanism of lime in a mortar form. Setting of Lime Mortars The setting mechanism for mortars with hydraulic limes is a combination of the principal setting where water is required for the formation of cementitious compounds incorporating the impurities; and air where carbon dioxide is absorbed in the recarbonation of the lime to calcium carbonate.

Water and quicklime are combined in a process known as hydration to produce hydrated lime. If only an exact amount of water is added, the end product is a dry powder and is generally known as hydrated lime or lime hydrate. If an excess of water is used (always putting the quick lime into the water) the process is normally referred to as slaking or slacking and the end product is a colloidal gel, often sold in plastic tubs and known as lime putty. The setting mechanism for high purity air limes is where only the carbon dioxide absorption provides the setting process. Tradical air lime is one of the purest air limes produced anywhere in the world.

b) Tradical HB Hemp binder

Tradical HB is a pre-formulated binder based on a high purity air lime manufactured in accordance with the requirements of BS EN 459. It is a blend of UK produced Tradical lime, Cement and other pozzolanic and mineral additions. It has been carefully formulated and tested over many years to ensure consistent, quality results when used with hemp. Other Binders Please note that cementitious or hydraulic binders that have not been designed to be used with hemp may produce unacceptable results. The failure is often related to there being a competition for water between the binder and the hemp. If the binder has insufcient moisture for the hyrdraulic components to set, then the result can be a mixture of damp hemp and/or dry powder.

Hemp Lime Technology

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c) Tradical HF Hemp shiv

Tradical HF is industrial hemp that is grown under licence in the UK and processed exclusively for Lhoist UK to be used for construction purposes. The processing of the hemp removes the bre and chops, grades and de-dusts the shiv ready for construction use. Hemp History It is said that production from the hemp plant has 25,000 known uses. Certainly it was grown as a staple crop to provide oil for lighting and bre for ropes, nets, rigging, cloth and paper. Hemp has been used for Paper production for centuries. In fact the Magna Carter and American Declaration of Independence were written on hemp paper as was the rst King James Bible.

Henry VIII passed a law requiring all farms over 60 acres to grow hemp to satify his naval requirements. However by the mid 20th century the growing of hemp was outlawed because of its narcotic content (cannabis). The narcotic content has been selectively bred out of the industrial crop and the rst licences for industrial grade hemp farming were issued by the UK Government in 1993. Industrial hemp is now undergoing a renaissance in numerous industries. As well as construction, hemp products are being used today in the automotive industry. The renaissance for hemp cultivation is being actively supported by DEFRA and the NNFCC.

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Technical & Practical

1. Technical Section
Tradical Hemcrete is a material that will cause a revolution in the construction industry. For any material to be used in the increasingly environmental conscious world it must live up to a number of key criteria. The materials used in the construction of the walls of a typical house are responsible for tens of tonnes of CO2 emissions. Replacing all, or some, of these materials with Tradical Hemcrete can make a saving of up to 50T of CO2 per house. Current Government targets are to improve the thermal performance of buildings to such an extent that the emissions from heating fuels can be reduced by 1T per year per house. The Chancellor has recently announced that he wants all houses to be zero-carbon by 2016. Tradical Hemcrete is better than zero-carbon because it locks up carbon as well as being thermally efcient. The thermal efciency of Tradical Hemcrete is also better than many conventional walling materials and this achieves even better insulation. Making a difference of 50 tonnes of CO2 emissions per house is a powerful weapon in the ght against climate change. Life cycle analyses The French Government have now carried out a full and detailed life cycle analysis of Tradical Hemcrete in accordance with ISO 14040. This extensive report is available in French and is currently being translated into English. Despite the fact that certain very conservative assumptions are made, the LCA shows Tradical Hemcrete to be an extremely environmentally friendly material and validates the information given in this pack.

a) Environmental

There is now a much greater awareness of the environmental impact of the way we live, than at any time in the past. International agreements like Kyoto and reports such as the Stern report show that we must act now to combat climate change. They start to set out a framework for reducing our carbon emissions in order to minimise climate change but recognise that change is already a reality. Tradical Hemcrete is a material that has a very low environmental impact, locks up carbon (negative emissions) and can create very thermally efcient, healthy, comfortable buildings. Carbon Sequestration The construction and use of buildings accounts for over 50% of the UKs CO2 emissions. It is vital that we design and construct buildings that use as little energy as possible in their use. However, it is also possible to make a signicant additional contribution to the reduction of CO2 emissions by building with Tradical Hemcrete. When hemp grows it takes in CO2 and converts it into glucose, cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. The CO2 molecule is broken down, with the carbon locked up in the plant and the oxygen given back to the atmosphere. It takes 1.84 tonnes of CO2 to make each tonne of dry hemp. Therefore each tonne of Tradical Hemcrete has carbon trapped within it equivalent to 330kg of CO2. The more Hemcrete we use, the more CO2 is removed from the atmosphere.

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b) Thermal

The thermal performance of buildings is very complicated. Heat moves by three mechanisms, conduction, convection and radiation. However, building regulations have focussed on the heat lost by conduction. Consequently most building professionals have become obsessed by the U-value of building elements. The U-value gives a gure for the heat energy conducted through a square metre of wall, oor or roof for each degree difference in temperature on each side (in watts per square metre per degree centigrade). This simplication of the true thermal dynamics of building materials leads to some erroneous conceptions of thermal performance of buildings. Insulation To calculate the thermal conductivity of a material it is measured in a laboratory test involving a hot plate/hot box. The nature of this test dries the material. Their actual performance in buildings where a degree of moisture is present may be very different from the dry laboratory test. Consequently very few buildings perform thermally as predicted at the design stage. Some buildings perform better, but most fail to perform as well as anticipated by the designer, despite their following current best practice. Thermal Mass There is no doubt that walls with the same U-values transmit heat at the same rate when they are in a steady state. However, walls in buildings are very rarely, if ever, in a steady state. In fact only a portion of the heat energy on one side of a wall is conducted through to the other side. The rest is simply stored and then released later. The higher the heat capacity of a material, the greater its ability to store heat. Tradical Hemcrete exhibits the property of good thermal mass.

Air-tightness Signicant amounts of heat are lost from buildings through air leakage. This simply means the hot air leaks through gaps and takes the heat with it. Hemcrete is a monolithic material that is inherently air-tight and it is easy to use. There is no need for lots of complicated layers. Just a simple solid cast or spayed wall. This high level of airtightness minimises the heat lost through air leakage and draughts. Air-tightness values of better than 2 air changes per hour are readily achievable. Comfort The human body perceives comfort by subconsciously averaging the air temperature and the surface temperature of surrounding walls. It is possible to feel cold in a warm room if the walls are cold. However it is also possible to feel warm in a cooler room if the walls are warm. The thermal effusivity of Hemcrete is low which is why it feels warm to the touch. This warm feeling greatly improves the thermal comfort of a building. Experience of Hemcrete buildings in France shows that sub-conscious feelings of thermal comfort are achieved at an air temperature of 1 to 2 degrees lower than in conventional masonry structures. This means that you feel warm even though the heating is turned down, potentially saving energy and money each year in reduced heating costs, as well as saving on further carbon emissions. Health It is now widely recognised that Healthy buildings are ones that deal well with moisture. The word breathability is often used to describe materials in these buildings. There are various ways in which materials deal with moisture (water vapour permeability, capillarity and hygroscopicity). Tradical Hemcrete performs well in all these and therefore naturally provides a healthy internal environment to all buildings, commercial as well as domestic.

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Research and Monitoring It is important to design and construct buildings that perform in reality rather than just on paper. In order to do this we need to understand all the properties of a material and how these properties relate to the real performance. There is no doubt that walls should prevent as much heat being lost as possible, and they should contribute to the feeling of comfort within the building. The hemp lime houses built at Haverhill in 2000 and monitored by the BRE yielded lots of interesting data that conrms the information above see www.projects.bre.co.uk/ hemphomes/. On paper the hemp houses had a very poor U-value (around 0.58W/m2.K) however the monitoring showed that they out performed the conventional brick and block, cavity-walled, neighbouring houses with a Uvalue of 0.3W/m2.K. Research in Belgium, France and Germany has shown that Hemcrete subjected to (simulated) sudden cooling of 20C takes over 100 hours to reach a steady state of heat transfer compared to 30 hours in cellular concrete and 12 hours in mineral wool of the same thickness. The amount of energy lost from the internal environment in the rst 24 hours is less in Hemcrete than mineral wool (despite the mineral wool having better thermal conductivity) and less than half that of cellular concrete despite having a similar thermal conductivity. Thermal diffusivity is very low for Tradical Hemcrete compared to other materials, which means it will take longer to heat up. When subjected to sudden heating of 20C, in the above test, it took 850 hours for the Hemcrete to achieve a steady state and the effect of latent heat transfer within the Hemcrete was shown to reduce the need for cooling by nearly 10%. This is very important as we see air conditioning costs already rising and set to rise still further in the future.

This research highlights the importance of considering the response of materials under dynamic conditions to assess their thermal performances. It also conrms that thermal performance of Hemcrete in transient conditions is very good. Just 250mm of Hemcrete was shown to completely dampen a sinusoidal change in external temperature of 20C to 0C over a 24hr cycle. Some conclusions of the research were that:

A specic combination of hygrothermal parameters gives strong thermal and hygric inertia to Hemcrete. A high thermal capacity, with a medium density and a quite low thermal conductivity correspond to a low thermal diffusivity and a relatively low effusivity. These elements help to create a comfortable environment in winter as well as summer conditions. Bioclimatic architecture takes into account the dynamic reality of climate, and it appears that transient performances of such a wall element are denitely higher than what permanent transfer calculations would assess. This conclusion is often observed in wood and earth constructions. Combined parameters can be dened on the basis of materials transfer and storage parameters to help architects and designers to choose materials when they wish to optimize comfort feelings and low energy demand of their buildings.
Hemp plasters can also be used in the refurbishment of solid wall masonry structures to improve their thermal performance. In a recent French study 65mm of hemp plaster used as part of a range of energy saving measures reduced the heating bills of a traditional stone building by as much as 75%.

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c) Acoustic

Testing carried out by the BRE on the Haverhill houses see www.projects.bre. co.uk/hemphomes/ showed that hemp lime construction met the acoustic requirements of the building regulations. Further ongoing research shows that Tradical Hemcrete has the ability to absorb up to 90% of air-born sound. This research is continuing in order to maximise the potential of Hemcrete to be used in sound-proong applications.

f) Structural

d) Fire

Fire testing carried out by the CSTB in France on 300mm thick walls made of Hemcrete blocks laid in lime mortar, with no plaster or render, showed that the wall remained intact for 1hr and 40 minutes. The Hemcrete blocks did not fail after this time, but the mortar joints did. Based on the results of these tests Tradical Hemcrete has been approved in locations where one hour re resistance is required.

Tradical Hemcrete has a typical compressive strength of around 1N/mm2 and consequently is not normally used in load bearing applications. Although it may be possible to use thick Hemcrete walls (particularly when tamped into place) in load bearing a situation for low-rise buildings, we recommend that Tradical Hemcrete is used in combination with a timber (or steel or concrete) frame. In this way the frame supports the vertical loads of the roof and upper oors. The Tradical Hemcrete may be used to provide part, or all, of the racking strength of the frame subject to the particular building and design application. Because of the use of a structural frame, the height of the building is dictated by the frame and not the Tradical Hemcrete. In France several multi storey buildings have been constructed for clients including the Ministry of the Environment and Housing, using Tradical Hemcrete and a concrete frame. In the UK, the existing steel frame of a typical business park unit has been augmented by a secondary timber frame and the Tradical Hemcrete spray applied onto permanent internal formwork to create 500mm thick super-insulating monolithic walls that will allow the building running costs to be slashed.

e) Durability

Although Tradical Hemcrete is a relatively recent material, its origins lie in the technology of ancient buildings. The use of plant based materials mixed with mineral binders such as lime or clay go back thousands of years. We know that the effects of the binder (high ph and good capillarity/vapour permeability) create a perfect environment in which to preserve the hemp shiv. Consequently we have condence in anticipating a life-span of Hemcrete buildings measured in centuries.

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2. Introduction to Walls
Tradical Hemcrete is used to build walls. In timber frame buildings it provides the wall form, the racking strength and the insulation. In steel and concrete framed buildings, it provides the wall form and insulation in one monolithic product. Among the important technical considerations for wall inlling materials of timber framed buildings, is that the excellent vapour permeability provided by Hemcrete is protecting the timber from deterioration mechanisms and extending its longevity. The lightweight of Hemcrete means that lightweight timber framing and foundation structures can be used which can reduce costs and construction time making Hemcrete a very efcient building medium. In steel and concrete structures, the vapour permeability also delivers a protective environment against corrosion. The high thermal performance and airtightness of the Hemcrete walls means that single skin structures are sufcient and do not require additional insulation layers, This avoids the need for cavity wall construction and makes construction speed and simplicity a very attractive feature of Hemcrete walling construction. The ability of the walls to breathe and the store heat allows for a passive self regulation of the temperature and humidity within the building in general, often reducing the need for air conditioning. As well as being ideal for new construction, Tradical Hemcrete is well suited for the renovation and repair of old timber-framed buildings as a viable and sympathetic replacement for the original wall in-ll.

a) Wall designs Illustrations of wall sections

Tradical Hemcrete Rendered wall with timber frame in centre For casting between temporary shuttering

20mm Limetec render

20mm Limetec plaster

50mm x 100mm timber frame

Tradical Hemcrete

Horizontal section through a corner and a window jamb

hemcrete
sustainable masonry for the 21st century

www.limetechnology.co.uk

Unit 126, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA Telephone: 0845 603 1143 Fax: 0845 634 1560 Email: [email protected] Website: limetechnology.co.uk

Tradical Hemcrete Walling with permanent internal formwork For shuttered Tradical Hemcrete

15mm Hereklith board Standard lintel 25mm Hereklith board

20mm Limetec plaster Tradical Hemcrete 50mm x 100mm timber frame

Facing brick laid in Limetec mortar

hemcrete
sustainable masonry for the 21st century

www.limetechnology.co.uk

Unit 126, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA Telephone: 0845 603 1143 Fax: 0845 634 1560 Email: [email protected] Website: limetechnology.co.uk

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Tradical Hemcrete Walling with permanent internal formwork For spray application of Tradical Hemcrete

Tradical Hemcrete Walling with permanent internal formwork For spray application of Tradical Hemcrete

Glass fibre reinforcement mesh Hereklith board

(size to suit size of opening for window openings over 600 mm)

Glass fibre reinforcement mesh

25mm Hereklith board

(for window openings up to 600 mm)

Tradical Hemcrete

15mm Hereklith board 50mm x 100mm timber frame 20mm Limetec plaster

Tradical Hemcrete

15mm Hereklith board 50mm x 100mm timber frame 20mm Limetec plaster

20mm Limetec render

20mm Limetec render

hemcrete
sustainable masonry for the 21st century

www.limetechnology.co.uk

hemcrete
sustainable masonry for the 21st century

www.limetechnology.co.uk

Unit 126, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA Telephone: 0845 603 1143 Fax: 0845 634 1560 Email: [email protected] Website: limetechnology.co.uk

Unit 126, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA Telephone: 0845 603 1143 Fax: 0845 634 1560 Email: [email protected] Website: limetechnology.co.uk

Tradical Hemcrete Rendered wall with timber frame in centre For casting between temporary shuttering

Tradical Hemcrete Weather boarded wall as permanent formwork For spray application of Tradical Hemcrete

20mm Limetec plaster

20mm Limetec plaster

20mm Limetec render Glass fibre reinforcement mesh 25mm Hereklith board Tradical Hemcrete

Counter battern (Optional) and breather paper

25mm Hereklith board

Tradical Hemcrete Weather board 50mm x 100mm timber frame 50mm x 100mm timber frame

hemcrete
sustainable masonry for the 21st century

www.limetechnology.co.uk

hemcrete
sustainable masonry for the 21st century

www.limetechnology.co.uk

Unit 126, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA Telephone: 0845 603 1143 Fax: 0845 634 1560 Email: [email protected] Website: limetechnology.co.uk

Unit 126, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA Telephone: 0845 603 1143 Fax: 0845 634 1560 Email: [email protected] Website: limetechnology.co.uk

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b) Construction

Shuttered, cast and tamped In general shuttered and cast/tamped walls are suitable for self build or smaller projects (less than 70 cubic metres), or where cheap or volunteer labour is available. In this instance temporary shuttering is xed to the timber frame with tubular spacers to form the nished size and shape of the walls. The Tradical Hemcrete is mixed in the proportion of 1 bale of hemp shiv (Tradical HF) to 2 bags of binder (Tradical HB) with approx 60 litres of water per bale of hemp. This material is then tipped into the shuttering and lightly tamped into place. After 12 to 24 hours the shuttering can be removed. Spray applied In general spray applied Tradical Hemcrete is suitable for larger projects (over 70 cubic metres) where fast-track construction is required. The Tradical Hemcrete is mixed dry in the proportion of 1 bale of hemp shiv (Tradical HF) to 2 bags of binder (Tradical HB), the water is added close to the nozzle of the spray system. This material is then sprayed against temporary or permanent, single sided shuttering and attened to the required surface. After 24 hours any temporary shuttering can be removed. Tradical Hemcrete will last indenitely if kept protected from the weather. As such the maintenance of Hemcrete is really the maintenance of elements that protect it from the weather. All of the following is common sense and good practice.:Roofs and gutters Roofs and gutters and downpipes must be kept in a good state of repair and regularly maintained in order to stop water penetration into the walls from above.

Plinth and ground level Over time ground levels can rise due to the accumulation of debris or overlaying of ground nishes. It is important that ground levels are maintained below the dpc level and that the drainage of rainwater/surface water is dealt with in order to prevent the base of the Hemcrete wall becoming wet. Surface nishes Tradical Hemcrete needs to be kept dry and covered with vapour permeable surface nishes. These nishes (render, plaster, brickwork, stonework, timber cladding etc.) should be kept in good condition and only painted with breathable paint nishes.

d) Demolition and Alteration

c) Maintenance

Tradical Hemcrete buildings are expected to last for centuries. When alterations are required any Hemcrete that needs to be removed can be cut out using simple hand or low power tools (saws or similar - be careful of services). The material that has been removed can be crushed up and remixed with more Tradical HB in order to form any new walls that are required. The same is true of Hemcrete resulting from the demolition of an un-wanted building. If the Tradical Hemcrete is surplus to requirements it can be crushed up and spread on ower beds or elds in order to increase the ph of the soil and introduce a mulch. However, in this situation the decomposition of the hemp releases the captured carbon. Nevertheless, the buildings construction and use has had less of an impact on the environment than if it had been built with conventional materials. Growing hemp on the mulched land for use in another building is perhaps a conscientious approach to take.

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e) Economics

Shuttered and cast walls. Typical 300mm thick, shuttered and cast wall. Timber frame Shuttering Tradical Hemcrete Lime Plaster Lime Render TOTAL Typical 400mm thick, shuttered and cast wall. Timber frame Shuttering Tradical Hemcrete Lime Plaster Lime Render TOTAL Typical 500mm thick, shuttered and cast wall. Timber frame Shuttering Tradical Hemcrete Lime Plaster Lime Render TOTAL

Building with Tradical Hemcrete can be very economic. The exact costs will depend on size, design and location of the building. The costs of the Hemcrete walls themselves are towards the top end of conventional construction costs, but the savings offered in other areas can help to offset this in order to produce very competitive buildings. As Tradical Hemcrete use becomes more widespread and construction techniques for the material advance, the costs are anticipated to reduce making Tradical Hemcrete more attractive than it already is. Typical Costs per m2 Spray applied walls. Typical 300mm thick, spray applied wall. Timber frame Tradical Hemcrete Lime Plaster Lime Render TOTAL Typical 400mm thick, spray applied wall. Timber frame Tradical Hemcrete Lime Plaster Lime Render TOTAL Typical 500mm thick, spray applied wall. Timber frame Tradical Hemcrete Lime Plaster Lime Render TOTAL

28 20 80 30 30 188/m2

28 20 105 30 30 213/m2

28 66 30 30 154/m2

28 20 130 30 30 238/m2

28 88 30 30 176/m2

28 110 30 30 198/m2

Minimising Costs Use a pre-nished dry lining board Use a one coat render on the outside Lightweight foundations Dont over design Smaller section of timbers in the wall framing subject to required capacities No membranes or vapour barriers. Simple construction details. Fast application when spray applied.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Tradical Hemcrete
Design Questions
Q Can I use smaller foundations for a Tradical Hemcrete house? A Yes, you may be able to use shallower/ smaller foundations, subject to the approval of your Engineer and Local Authority Building Control Ofcer. Q How thick do the walls have to be to comply with Building Regulations? A We recommend 300mm for most domestic applications. This achieves a U-value of 0.30 W/m2.K (see thermal data sheet). Q Can Tradical Hemcrete be used in a loadbearing capacity? A Tradical Hemcrete has a compressive strength of around 0.8 to 1.0N/mm2 (depending on method of application). It is normally used together with a timber frame (or steel or concrete), with the frame transferring the vertical load of the roof and upper oors. The Hemcrete can be used to provide racking strength to the frame if required. Q Is Tradical Hemcrete available as blocks? A Yes, blocks are available from Lime Technology Ltd (0845 603 1143). They come in two grades: - Structural blocks Target compressive strength 3N/mm2 Thermal performance Not considered yet CO2 emission target Carbon neutral - Thermal blocks Target compressive strength 1N/mm2 Thermal conductivity 0.11W/m2.K CO2 emission target 165kg CO2 capture/m3 (superb carbon sequestration) Q Is Tradical Hemcrete re proof? A Yes, in tests at the CSTB in France 300mm Hemcrete blocks lasted for 1hr 40 minutes and then the mortar joints failed. Monolithic Hemcrete walls should perform at least as well. Q Can Tradical Hemcrete be used for other building purposes besides walls? A Yes, Tradical Hemcrete has been successfully used in France and the UK for oor slabs, roof insulation and plasters. These product ranges will be launched in the near future. Q Does Tradical Hemcrete need weather protection? A Hemcrete walls are normally nished with a lime render or covered with a rain-screen cladding (masonry or timber) of some sort to protect them from the weather. We expect to launch a weather proof Hemcrete, which will not need rendering, in the near future.

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Q If it is used as an external wall does it need a cavity? A No. Tradical Hemcrete provides the insulation and is used as a monolithic (solid) walling material.

Material Selection
Q Does Tradical Hemcrete have a warranty? A Tradical Hemcrete carries a manufacturers warranty covering the replacement of any defective material. The contractor or sub-contractor installing the Hemcrete would warranty the work (subject to the conditions of the contract used). Q Does Tradical Hemcrete have an Agrement Certicate? A The process of applying for a BBA certicate has been started and it is expected that the certicate will be issued in 2008. Q Is Tradical Hemcrete approved by the NHBC or the Zurich insurance schemes? A Tradical Hemcrete is approved by Zurich Insurance and complies with their low and zero carbon housing technical standards. Q How much does it cost to build with Tradical Hemcrete ? A Cost obviously depends on scale and design, however spray applied Tradical Hemcrete is comparable with conventional construction costs. Please see Economics section. Q Is Tradical Hemcrete available as prefabricated panels? A Yes, prefabricated panels are available from Modcell Ltd (07711 081262). Typically 3m x 2m.

Q If used as a solid wall does it need additional insulation to comply with part L? A No. Provided the wall is a minimum of 300mm thick it achieves a U-value of 0.3w/m3 (See thermal data sheet) Q Does it need movement joints when used in long walls, if so how often? A No. The mechanical characteristics of Tradical Hemcrete are such that movement joints are not normally required. Q What protection from rising damp is required? A A masonry plinth constructed using lime based mortar and appropriate building bricks or blocks and incorporating a standard dpc conforming to current standards is recommended. Q How air-tight is Tradical Hemcrete ? A Because Hemcrete is used to build monolithic walls, it is extremely air-tight and air leakage through the walls is negligible. The actual gure is approx. 0.75 g/m2/mmHg. Typical air leakage 1-3 air changes/hour @ 50 pascals

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Q Can Tradical Hemcrete be used in the renovation of old buildings? A Yes, Tradical Hemcrete can be used to form inll panels for historic timber framed buildings. It can also be use as an insulating plaster or render system for the thermal upgrading of masonry buildings. These applications will be launched in the near future.

Maintenance Questions
Q Is Tradical Hemcrete resistant to pests? A The Tradical HB binder protects against rodent and insect infestation. Q How long will Tradical Hemcrete last? A The use of plant based materials mixed with mineral binders such as lime or clay go back thousands of years. We know that the effects of the binder (high ph and good capillarity/vapour permeability) create a perfect environment in which to preserve the hemp shiv. Consequently we have condence in anticipating a life-span of Hemcrete buildings measured in centuries.

Q What is the thermal conductivity of Tradical Hemcrete ? A Typically the thermal conductivity is 0.09W/m2.K Q How high can a building of Tradical Hemcrete be designed? A The Hemcrete is not load-bearing, so the limitation is only on the structural frame. Q How much CO2 is locked up in Tradical Hemcrete ? A Spray applied Hemcrete locks up around 110kg of CO2 per cubic metre. Shuttered and cast Hemcrete locks up around 110kg to 165kg of CO2 per cubic metre, depending on the level of compaction during construction. Q Does Tradical Hemcrete breathe? A Yes. The word breathability is often used to describe Hemcrete buildings. There are various ways in which materials deal with moisture (water vapour permeability, capillarity and hygroscopicity). Tradical Hemcrete performs well in all these areas in order to provide a healthy internal environment.

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Construction Questions
Q How do I know whether it is better to cast or spray the Hemcrete in my walls? A In general casting is used for smaller projects (less than 50-70 cubic metres) or where labour is provided by volunteers or self builders. Casting becomes more economic for larger projects (in excess of 70 cubic metres). Q Can Tradical Hemcrete be installed in the winter? A Yes, providing the temperature is not below 5C and the material is protected from frost and heavy rain. Q How do I nd a contractor to use Hemcrete? A Your Tradical Hemcrete supplier will be able to give you a list of spray contractors Who operate nationwide. Q How high can one build in a day with Tradical Hemcrete ? A There is no real limit other than practical arrangements on the site. Q Where can I buy Tradical Hemcrete ? A Tradical Hemcrete can be purchased directly from Lime Technology Ltd and by Special order (2 to 3 days) from most builders merchants within the Wolseley Group or supplying Castle Cement products.

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Case Studies
Adnams Brewery Warehouse and Distribution Centre Hemp Lime insulation walling for 4,400 m2 distribution centre
Client: Architect: Specialist Engineer: Principal Contractor: Location: Project Value: Completion date: Key Stats: Adnams Brewery Aukett Fitzroy Robinson Lister Beare Haymills Southwold, Suffolk, UK 5.8 million September 2006 100,000 compressed (high density) Tradical lime hemp blocks 1,000 cubic metres of low density Tradical Hemcrete Thermal performance of the walls incorporating over 100,000 blocks and 1,000 cubic metres of Hemcrete was a key focus because of the need to keep the stored drinks at a cool 12 to 14C during their time in the distribution centre. The success of the hemp lime design meant that, during the design period, it was decided to delete the air-cooling system from the project making a saving of 400,000 on the original costs. The environmental benet of using Tradical Hemp Lime in the construction means that more than 500 tonnes of CO2 emissions were saved during the building process, as Hemcrete captures carbon from the atmosphere and locks it up into the fabric of the building. Tom Woolley, Professor of Architecture at Queens University Belfast, Chair of the Hemp Lime Construction Products Association and author of Natural Building stated: the Adnams hemp walled warehouse catapults this environmentally friendly technology into main stream commercial building.

The client decided from the outset that the distribution centre, located in a disused quarry, would be built with a focus on environmental responsibility. This led to the selection of Tradical hemp lime as the material of choice for the walls of both the 4,400 m2 distribution centre and the associated commercial vehicle maintenance facility. Lime Technology, now partners with Lhoist UK, was involved in developing the technology of the wall construction over an eighteen month period. The nal construction form was of a diaphragm wall with high density Tradical lime hemp blocks, with an inll of low density Tradical Hemcrete. The high density, compressed blocks were made of a combination of quarry waste, Tradical hydrated lime and hemp.

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Lime Technology Ofce at Milton Park Hemcrete insulation walling for business park Head Ofce
Client: Architect: Specialist Engineer: Principal Contractor: Specialist Contractor: Location: Project Value: Completion date: Key Stats: Lime Technology Ltd. IJP Architect Lister Beare IJP Construction Laurent Goudet Milton Park, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK 0.8 million February 2007 80 cubic metres (160 m2) of Tradical Hemcrete walling 30 cubic metres (120 m2) of Tradical Hemcrete roof void insulation temporary boarding and these were stripped off within a week and glazing units installed. The existing suspended ceiling was removed and in its place a 250 mm thick layer of low density Tradical Hemcrete roof void insulation was sprayed into place above a joisted ceiling. The refurbishment of a typical business unit ofce and warehouse to form the Head Ofce for Lime Technology, partners with Lhoist UK, was an ideal opportunity to select Tradical Hemcrete as the material of choice for the walls of the steel framed, two-storey ofces section of the unit. The original thin section panel walling was removed and a secondary timber framing was installed to support the 500mm thick Tradical Hemcrete walling. The wall thickness was increased to a practical maximum in order to achieve the greatest benet from the insulation properties and therefore reduce the energy consumption for the ofces to a minimum. The calculated U value for the Hemcrete walling is 0.18 W/m2.K. A permanent shutter was installed and the Hemcrete was spray applied in a single layer application in just four days. Window and door openings had been formed with additional Thermal insulation performance of the walls and roof was evident immediately as the heatwave conditions experienced during construction demonstrated that the inner space of the ofce area was much cooler than being in the shade. The environmental benet of using Tradical Hemcrete in the wall and roof construction means that more than 11,800 kg of CO2 was captured during the building process, as Hemcrete captures carbon from the atmosphere and locks it up into the fabric of the building. The Hemcrete walling has a lime based render nish and the internal surfaces of the ofce are plastered with Tradical Hemcoat nish products. The whole of the refurbishment of the ofce and industrial warehouse is targeted to deliver a low carbon, low energy facility using a combination of the best available appropriate technologies.

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Practical Information
Hemp Agronomy Walls of Houses

1 Hectare = 2.5 Acres 1 Hectare will produce up to 10T of hemp (UK average is 8T) 60% of the processed hemp crop is shiv 1T of shiv is approx. 50 bales 1 bale of Tradical HF (hemp shiv) contains 200 litres when uncompressed 1 Hectare will produce 5 to 6T of shiv (250 to 300 bales) 1 Hectare will produce enough shiv to build a small house There are about 540,000 Ha of set aside in the UK

A small semi detached house of 48 m2 GFA with 300 mm thick walls, contains 33 m3 of Tradical Hemcrete This is 165 bales of Tradical HF and 7.25T of Tradical HB. This will lock up 3.6T of CO2 in the walls A small detached house of 52 m2 GFA with 300mm thick walls, contains 49 m3 of Tradical Hemcrete This is 245 bales of Tradical HF and 10.8T of Tradical HB. This will lock up 5.4T of CO2 in the walls A larger detached house of 100 m2 GFA with 500 mm thick walls, contains 120 m3 of Tradical Hemcrete This is 600 bales of Tradical HF and 26.4T of Tradical HB. This will lock up 13.2T of CO2 in the walls

Carbon Dioxide

1 Hectare of hemp will absorb up to 18T of CO2 as it grows (total crop shiv, bre and dust) The shiv from 1 hectare contains about 10 to 11T CO2 Tradical Hemcrete wall mix contains 108kg CO2/m3 (Spray applied at a density of 330kg/m3) Tradical Hemcrete wall mix contains around 150kg CO2/m3 (Shuttered and tamped at a density of 460kg/m3) Tradical Hemcrete roof mix contains 155kg CO2/m3 Tradical Hemcrete wall mix contains 85kg CO2/m3

Thermal Performance - U-Values

See Thermal Datasheet 300 mm wall gives 0.30 W/m2.K 400 mm wall gives 0.22 W/m2.K 500 mm wall gives 0.18 W/m2.K

Acoustic Performance

See 3c: Acoustic in the Technical and Practical section.

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Useful Contacts
Lhoist UK Ltd Hindlow Buxton Derbyshire SK17 0EL Castle Cement Ltd Park Square 3160 Solihull Parkway Birmingham Business Park Birmingham B37 7YN Lime Technology Ltd Unit 126 Milton Park Abingdon Oxfordshire OX14 4SA Hemcore Ltd Blackwater Trading Estate The Causeway Maldon Essex CM9 4GG The Hemp Lime Construction Products Association Tournai Hall Evelyn Woods Road Aldershot Hampshire GU11 2LL The Sprayed Concrete Association Tournai Hall Evelyn Woods Road Aldershot Hampshire GU11 2LL www.lhoist.com [email protected]

Technical Helpline: 0845 634 0254 Customer Services: 0845 600 1616 www.castlecement.co.uk

Customer Services: 0845 603 1143 www.limetechnology.co.uk

Tel: 01621 850 099 www.hemcore.com

Tel: 01252 357 837 www.hemplime.org.uk

Tel: 01252 357 842 www.sca.org.uk [email protected]

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The Building Research Establishment Garston Watford WD25 9XX BRE Centre in Innovative Construction Materials University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY DEFRA Nobel House 17 Smith Square London SW1P 3JR National Non-food Crop Centre Innovation Centre York Science Park Innovation Way Heslington York YO10 5DG Association of Environmentally Conscious Builders PO Box 32 Llandysul SA44 5ZA AKS Ward Lister Beare Manor Court 26 Bancroft Hitchin Hertfordshire SG5 1JW Aukett Fitzroy Robinson 14 Devonshire Street London W1G 7AE

Tel: 01923 664 000 www.bre.co.uk

www.defra.gov.uk

Tel: 01904 435 182 www.nnfcc.co.uk

Tel: 0845 456 9773 www.aecb.org.uk

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Zurich Insurance Zurich House Stanhope Road Portsmouth Hampshire PO1 1DU Prof. Tom Woolley Rachel Bevan Architects 80 Church Road Crossgar DownPatrick BT30 9HR Northern Ireland ModCell The Proving House 101 Sevier Street Bristol BS2 9LB Wolseley UK The Wolseley Centre Harrison Way Spa Park Royal Leamington Spa CV31 3HH

www.zurichinsurance.co.uk

www.bevanarchitects.com

Tel: 0117 954 7333 www.modcell.co.uk

www.wolseley.co.uk